WAW-45EDE1: CANNON BALL
A possible cannon ball made from cast iron. It is spherical and is 40.08mm diameter. It weighs 216g (7 ¾ ozs). The surface of the ball is corroded and flaking. A cannon ball weighing 8ozs was fired from a Robinet cannon, which the recorded example may be. These type of cannons were used in the 17th century (Blackmore 1990 Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries p. 83).
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/179914

BERK-160D95: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval cast iron cannon ball. The ball has a diameter of c.2.6 inches (c.66mm) and weighs c.2lbs (c.1Kg). This puts it in the category of 'falcon' which was a type commonly used during the 17th century both inland and at sea.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/185992

SUR-2D2E23: CANNON BALL
Three iron cannon balls. There are two 11lb balls, each 110mm diameter (4 5/16 inch), and one 9lb ball.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/237259

SUR-D402D5: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball which is 2 1/2 inches in diameter and weighs nearly 2lbs 5ozs.

KENT-12C4B8: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval cast iron cannon ball, probably dating from the 17th to 19th centuries. The ball is almost spherical and there are no casting marks visible. The ball has little corrosion and appears stable; the surface is pitted all over. The ball weighs 860g and is 61.6mm in diameter.

NCL-754A02: CANNON BALL
A cast-iron ball, probably a cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, 16th-17th centuries. The ball is spherical with a general corrosion across its entire surface, with one portion of the surface bearing a thicker, sub-conical accumulation of corrosion. It is 1.25lbs in (imperial) weight. Another possible function is as a grinding ball for industrial activity, which would most likely date to the 19th century.

NCL-7C0B46: CANNON BALL
Cast lead cannon ball with a diameter of 48.33mm. The object is circular, but with some pieces missing (the biggest of which is a long gash that measures 28.5mm long, 8.4mm wide and and 5 mm deep) which causes the shape to be irregular. There are many other dents and pits in the surface, which are also filled with dirt. Probably dates from the post-medieval period.

NARC-31BC85: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball. 85mm (3.5") in diameter and 275mm (approx. 11") in circumference and weights 2.646kilograms. A cannon ball of this size and shape would have been typical for amunition for a SAKER cannon. The Saker is a medium sized cannon developed during the early 16th century AD. The barrel of the Saker was typically 2.9m long and weighed approximately 860kg. Recent experiments in France have shown that the range of round shot fired from the Saker was over 2.5km (when fired at a 45degree angle). The cannon balls from the saker were designed not to explode on impact, but rather to bounce along the ground, causing as much damage in their wake as possible. In the 16th century, Sakers were predominantly used on ships to enhance the fire power of the naval fleet. In the 17th century, they were used on land during the to attack and defend fortified towns during the English Civil War (1642-1651). The cannon ball is in good condition, with some pitting on one side suggesting that this area was more exposed to the weather since its deposition in the ground. Found in gardens close to Rockingham Castle, and so the castle as an origin for this cannon ball seems reasonable, especially given the role of Rockingham Castle during the English Civil War. A contemporary Civil War date for the cannon ball therfore seems likely. David Shipton, Head Guide for Rockingham Castle states that: "The saker was the standard field piece of the English civil war era. It required a creew of 6 to operate and could fire up to 12 shots per hour". Dr. Stephen Bull, author of The Furie of the Ordnance: Artillery in the English Civil Wars, reports: "The saker was in use from the sixteenth century until succeeded by 6 pdrs (six pounders) during the latter part of the Civil War era, so...the ball could date from a period as broad as the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Being found near to Rockingham gives this a more than fair chance of being Civil War date (c.1642-1651) - with skirmishes in the area and Rockingham taken by Parliament".

WMID-E6FA72: CANNON BALL
A cast spherical iron cannon ball, which based upon its diameter and weight was fired from a Falconet, a piece of small artillery with a calibre of between 2 and 2 1/2 inches, firing shot of approximately 1 pound a maximum distance of approximately 1000 paces (Roy 1975, 261-263). This example is 49.33 mm in diameter (just short of 2 inches) and weighs 485.9 grams (1.1 pounds). It has a dark brown patina and is well preserved. Falconets were in use from the late 15th to 18th centuries AD. Ian Roy (ed.) The Royalist Ordnance Papers, 1642-1646 - Part 2. Wheatley: Oxfordshire Record Society, 1975 (Oxfordshire Record Series Vol.49) pp261-263.

SOM-8A93D3: CANNON BALL
About two fifths of a cast iron cannon ball. The majority of the cannonball is lost to an old break. This break may have happened after deposiiton due to rusting and fracturing of the iron. the piece now weighs 1118 grams suggesting an original weight of c.2,700 grams, 6 lbs. A cannon ball of this size and shape would have been typical for amunition for a saker cannon. The saker is a medium sized cannon developed during the early 16th century AD. The barrel of the saker was typically 2.9m long and weighed approximately 860kg. It required a creew of 6 to operate and could fire up to 12 shots per hour. Recent experiments in France have shown that the range of round shot fired from the Saker was over 2.5km (when fired at a 45degree angle). The cannon balls from the saker were designed not to explode on impact, but rather to bounce along the ground, causing as much damage in their wake as possible. In the 16th century, sakers were predominantly used on ships to enhance the fire power of the naval fleet. In the 17th century, they became the standard field piece used on land to attack and defend fortified towns during the English Civil War (1642-1651). They were replaced by 6 pounders during the latter part of the Civil War which continued in use until the earlier 19th century. The piece could therefore date form the 17th to early 19th century but given its findspot and the bombardment of Dunster during the 5 month siege in 1645-6 AD it it almost certainly dates from the Civil War.

PUBLIC-21C5E1: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, probably 16th or 17th century.

KENT-D933A7: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures 88mm in diameter and weighs 2690g. The size and weight of the cannon ball indicates that it may have been made for firing from a Saker or Minion type of cannon, used in Britain during the 16th and 17th centuries. The cannonball is very corroded.

HESH-E33384: CANNON BALL
Cannon ball of post-medieval (probably English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of 78.7mm (3 inches 1/8). It weighs 1.8 kilograms (4lbs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast, although there is no evidence of a seam or casting flange. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes. This might suggest either use or, more likely, damage in the soil. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a 3.5” inch bore cannon called a Minion which fired a ball weighing approximately 4lb (Bailey, G. 2000: Finds Identified, Greenlight Publishing: pages 94-95).

DEV-68FE74: CANNON BALL
Two post medieval cannon balls.The diameters are as follows:(Pictured from right to left) 1) 40.27mm diameter 2) 41.96mm diameter

DEV-8E3157: CANNON BALL
Two post medieval iron cannon balls weighing 10.6 kg in weight with a diameter of 14cm.

CORN-6AD6C3: CANNON BALL
Cast iron round shot or cannon ball, partly corroded so that there is little sign of a mid-rib or casting mark. The cannon ball weighs 480g which is about 1lb, and is almost 50 mm in diameter, or 2 inches, which was common in the 18th century. A cannon is any large tubular firearm designed to fire a heavy projectile over a considerable distance. Although a variety of such guns are commonly referred to as 'cannon', the term specifically refers to a gun designed to fire a 42lb shot as opposed to a Demi-cannon (32lb), Culverin (18lb) or Demi-culverin (9lb). This cannon ball weighs only 1lb and may have been fired from a naval swivel gun with a 2-3 inch bore. As this shot was found near the sea, this last option is the most likely. Read (1988) illustrates a 2 lb cannon ball on page 205, No.1436, which is dated to the 18th century.

CPAT-DB2C26: CANNON BALL
This is a cast iron Post Medieval cannon ball, perhaps from the 17th or 18th century. The ball is consistent with the size of cannon known as a Falcon. Although various weights and size tables can be found for the Falcon, this ball at 2 pounds and around 2.5 inches in diameter is consistent with the type. The ball has a clear cast line around the circumference and a casting spru is evident at 90 degrees to the casting line. The Falcon was a modest cannon, around six foot in length with a level range of around 200 yards. An interesting find when associated with its find location near Montgomery

NCL-3D1EA3: CANNON BALL
A chipped stone cannonball, probably of 16th or 17th century date. The ball is sub-spherical, chipped from a sandstone with pecked marks visible on the surface. Approximately one-third of the surface has a sooty, blackened surface, suggesting that it was fired from a cannon or powder-based artillery piece. This object is one of three examples found in the same area.

SUR-BF6F76: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball weighing 1lb 8 3/4 ozs.

SUR-223893: CANNON BALL
An iron sphere weighing about 4000g. The ball is either a cannon ball or, and perhaps more likely, a ball from a rolling mill.

CPAT-8D7E18: CANNON BALL
Iron ball found in garden in grounds of Old County Gaol, Montgomery, near archway now converted into accommodation. Size conforms to shot for a 17th century falconette light cannon. Found well inside Battle of Montgomery possible bombardment area. HOWEVER, has an unusual rectangular casting mark, or the remains of a bar. It was found in an area of considerable disturbance and may be a broken fragment of a 19th century artefact, perhaps associated with the gaol.

CPAT-8E3756: CANNON BALL
Stone ball found in garden of Oakfield Cottage, Montgomery, approximately the correct size of shot for a 17th century cannon (a falcon).

CPAT-8E9F32: CANNON BALL
Stone ball found in vegetable plot at The Beeches, Montgomery. Approximately the correct size of shot for a 17th century light cannon. The find spot is on the approximate position of the Royalist form-up line.

HAMP-905FD0: CANNON BALL
A broadly hemispherical corroded cast iron object: probably an incomplete post-medieval cannon ball. There is one area of loss on the inner surface, but the object appears to otherwise be an exact hemisphere allowing us to calculate its original weight. Although an inexact science, comparisons can be made with historic inventories of cannon shot, their dimensions and weights (see Blackmore 1976, 392ff.). These suggest that this ball might have been fired from a post-medieval 'falconet' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered.

DEV-F49888: CANNON BALL
Post medieval cannon ball.

SUR-563F66: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball. The ball is 51mm (2 1/10 inches) in diameter (this varies by 5mm). It weighs 547 g (1 lb 3 3/8 oz).

WAW-6EA8E7: CANNON BALL
The cannon ball is made from cast iron. It is spherical and is 58mm diameter. It weighs 2lbs 4ozs. The surface of the ball is smooth and brown. There is no corrosion and it appears quite stable. It possibly dates to c. 17th century and was fired from a 'Falcon' cannon.

GAT-DDF9D5: CANNON BALL
Small possible cannon ball found whilst metal detecting near to Amlwch. It is in good condition, and has a dark brown surface patina. It may be the type of cannon ball fired by a falconet cannon (Bailey 2000, 94-5). These are 1.5lbs in weight and fired from cannon with a 2 inch (5.08 cm) bore (ibid.). It was not possible to accurately date the object, but if it is a cannon ball it is likely to date from the 18th century although some sources have suggested that these cannon were in use from the 16th century. An alternative interpretation for the object is as a ball used to crush ore. This is also possible due to the proximity of the find spot to Mynydd Parys copper mine.

HESH-8C0315: CANNON BALL
Small cannon ball of probable post-medieval (English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD) The cannonball is spherical with a diameter of 44.1mm. It weighs 351 grams (12.25 ozs). It has been made in iron which has been presumably cast. There is a small linear ridge running around part of the ball, which might be the remains of the casting flange. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with small areas of slight flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition and with no obvious dents or grazes which might suggest use. The size is slightly odd and may have been made for a hand-held cannon (possibly a dragon or serpentine) rather than for a standard sized cannon.

HESH-0A8E63: CANNON BALL
Cannon ball of probable post medieval date (1500 - 1700). The cannon ball is sub-spherical with a diameter of 49.5mm. It weighs 664 grams (1lb 7¼ ozs). It is made of either lead or lead alloy which has been presumably cast; although no casting flanges are present. The surface of the cannon ball has a number of dents and scrapes. These may have been formed through use, however they seem to be regular and the cannon ball may have been trimmed. However, this trimming might have been a result of recycling. The ball is of a mid grey white colour with small areas of slight flaking and active corrosion. There is also some evidence of mineralisation build up on some areas; specifically a large amount of iron staining. This could come either form the natural (wet) depositional environment or from iron artefacts whose corrosion (rust) has discoloured the cannon ball in the ground. Found with the cannon ball were a number of well cast tokens (HESH-E5ECA0, HESH-E61942, HESH-E639B8, HESH-E651C8, HESH-E65DF2, HESH-E67611) and an open stone mould for making them (HESH-E487F2). Also found with these were a number of lead waste and poorly cast tokens (HESH-0A0041). This group could be interpreted as a metalworkers or token makers assemblage with both used (and recycled) tokens as well as a large amount of recycled or scrap lead. Similar tokens are often found and are dated to the post-medieval period (1500 - 1700)

HESH-B38553: CANNON BALL
Cannon ball of probable post-medieval (possibly English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of 76mm. It weighs 1569 grams (3lbs 7.25ozs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast. There is a small linear ridge running around part of the ball, which might be the remains of the casting flange. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes. This might suggest either use or, more likely, damage in the soil. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a 3.5 inch bore cannon called a Minion which fired a ball weighing approximately 4lb (Bailey, G. 2000: Finds Identified, Greenlight Publishing: pages 94-95).

DENO-633A85: CANNON BALL
Spherical iron cannonball, round shot, roughly 12lbs, probably 17th century. Diameter 51.5mm, weight 530g.

HESH-F5B587: CANNON BALL
Cannon ball of post-medieval (probably English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of 106mm (4.18 inches [4 inches 3/16]). It weighs 5.2 kilograms (11.5lbs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast. There is a small linear ridge running around part of the ball, which might be the remains of the casting flange. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes. This might suggest either use or, more likely, damage in the soil. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a 5 inch bore cannon called a Basilisk which fired a ball weighing approximately 15lb (Bailey, G. 2000: Finds Identified, Greenlight Publishing: pages 94-95). Comment 22/11/2012 - Peter Reavill The basilisk is a rare cannon and it is most likely instead to be from a Culverin or demi culverin. The Culverin had a bore of 5.5 inches and shot balls which weighed 15-18lbs. Culverin's were stationed at Shrewsbury under the command of Prince Rupert and were sent to the seiges of Brampton Bryan, Hopton Castle. For a similar ball see: HESH-CEFFA3 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/531169

HAMP-4F30D6: CANNON BALL
A spherical iron shot. Weight is 5.5oz

HAMP-4F4323: CANNON BALL
A spherical iron shot. Weight is 8 3/8 oz

DENO-F42841: CANNON BALL
Small iron cannon ball, spherical iron ball. Diameter 40.2mm, weight 228g. Weighing c. 0.5lb, and measuring 1.5 inches this could have come from a Serpentine gun, a small matchlock cannon with c.1.5 inches bore firing 0.5lb shot.

YORYMB767: CANNON BALL
slightly sub spherical, mottled, exfoliated surafce, small square shaped hole at one pole. Ferric staining over entire surface BUT NON MAGNETIC

WAW-4E4F31: CANNON BALL
The cannon ball is sphereical, 75mm in diameter, weighing 1756g (3lbs 14oz). It has been made in iron which has been presumably cast. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition with no active corrosion.

DENO-82B7E4: CANNON BALL
Small spherical cast iron cannonball. Diameter c.46mm, weight 305g. Weighing c.0.5lb and measuring 1.5" this could have come from a Serpentine gun, a small matchlock cannon with c.1.5" bore firing 0.5lb shot.

SUR-BD8697: CANNON BALL
A spherical cannon shot encrusted with concretions.

SUR-2D3E56: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball weighing just over five pounds and just over three inches in diameter. This was probably fired by a Saker artillery piece. This had a calibre of 3.5" and fired a shot of about 5.25lbs. Sakers could be used either in battles or sieges. Therefore it may relate to the siege of Donnington Castle or one of the two battles of Newbury, possibly the second one (27 October 1644), where the garrison on Donnington Castle saw the approaching flank movement of the Parliamentary Army.

CORN-ECF6A8: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval damaged cast iron cannon ball with evident casting sprue. The cannon ball has been coated by the finder to prevent further corrosion. The ball is one of a selection found in the area.

HESH-711E24: CANNON BALL
A large iron cannon ball of post-medieval (probably English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannon ball is sub-spherical with a diameter of c. 5 inches [4 inches 3/4) or 119.4mm. It weighs 7.2 kilograms (15lbs 8ozs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast - although the seams cannot be seen. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with a small area of flaking / active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes. This damage is as a direct result of the exposing of casting flaws by corrosion which has forced areas of metal away from the surface. It is highly unlikely that the ball has been fired / used. If the ball has been fired then it hasn't been damaged - suggesting it didn't hit anything substantial. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a cannon called a Culverin which has a 5.5" bore and fires a ball that weighs 17.5 lb (after Bailey, G. 2000: Finds Identified, Greenlight Publishing: pages 94-95).

NCL-EE9FE0: CANNON BALL
A cast lead (over stone) cannon ball of late Medieval to early Post-Medieval date, c. 1450-1750. The ball consists of cast lead in a spherical shape, but with considerable areas of loss and/or damage of the lead. In these areas, the underlying stone can be seen. The stone is a hard and dense sedimentary rock, a mud or siltstone, but which also contains quartz pebbles.

WMID-D36184: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball of probable post-medieval date. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition, though it suffers from some iron corrosion and the surface metal is flaking in places. The cannon ball has a diameter of 75.2 mm, suggesting it may have been shot from either a Minion or Falcon type of cannon, dating from the late 15th to 17th century. Such cannons were in use during the English Civil War, although whether this cannon ball is related to such activity is difficult to say.

SUR-3212C4: CANNON BALL
An iron artillery ball, now in a corroded state. The ball was found in a garden on the edge of Reading and may well relate to the siege of Reading during the English Civil War when, in April 1643, Parliamentary forces, using cannon, beseiged the Royalist garrison which later surrendered. The ball weighs 14 3/8 ounces (406g).

PUBLIC-244801: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball of post-medieval (probably English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of c. 3.08 inches or 78.2mm. It weighs 1.926 kilograms (4.4lbs). It is made of iron which has been cast with a visible seam . There is a circular indentation on one side (or base) 1.25inches or 31.7mm diameter with a raised roughly circular area in the middle of this c. .47 inches or 12mm diameter. The ball is of a mid-brown colour with areas of flaking and corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes.

HESH-E5E2C3: CANNON BALL
An irregular sub-spherical shaped piece of iron shot / small cannon ball probably of post medieval / civil war date (1600-1700 AD). The ball is of a mid-purplish brown colour with small areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition and with no obvious dents or grazes which might suggest use. It is slightly elliptical but there are no impact marks. The size is small but most probably used in a small cannon called a Falcon (with a 2.5" bore and a ball that weighed 2lbs). Falcons were light and relatively robust being used for close fighting where they could fire a solid shot - or grape shot most affective against troops and personnel. The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of 60.4mm (2.4 inch). It weighs 727 grams (1 lb 9ozs). This artefact has been donated by the finder to Hereford Museum - accession number 2013-17

NCL-A1C882: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannonball of Post-Medieval date, probably from a Civil War battle in the area dating to 1644. The ball weighs approximately 5 lbs with a diameter of 86.03mm. The ball was cast in a mould consisting of two hemispherical halves, as a flashmark is visible around much of the ball's centre. There are no further distinguishing features. The surface has suffered from corrosion.

DUR-B3464D: CANNON BALL
A complete iron projectile of Post-Medieval date (AD1600-1700). The object is broadly spherical with a central seam and an uneven surface due to corrosion. This seam may be due to casting or as a result of firing the projectile though there is no clear flattening as a result of impact. The metal is a dark brown in colour with a pitted uneven patina. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities database: Unique ID: LVPL-E95F5E, Unique ID: SWYOR-E227E4 and Unique ID: WAW-BF6AB1. Height: 51.22mm, Diameter: 52.58mm, Weight: g.

CORN-508D86: CANNON BALL
Incomplete cast iron cannon ball broken in half, probably at impact when it was fired. The ball is 2 and a half inches in diameter or 68 mm and so was probably fired from a 16th-century Spanish Falcon breech-loading swivel gun, which had an internal calibre of 72 mm on average. These guns were used by the Spanish Armada and also by the Spanish when they attacked Paul church in 1595 where this cannon ball was found. Paul was one of the communities along with Mousehole, Newlyn, and Penzance to be destroyed in the Spanish raid of 1595 carried out by Carlos de Amésquita, who was a Spanish naval officer. He is remembered for an action taken while on a naval patrol, known as the Battle of Cornwall, during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604. Amésquita commanded three companies and four galleys (named Capitana, Patrona, Peregrina and Bazana). They disembarked at Penmarch in Brittany on July 26, 1595, and then arrived in Mount's Bay in Cornwall on August 2, 1595. After burning the town of Mousehole, Amésquita and his men embarked on their galleys and sailed for two miles, after which they disembarked again, conquered and burned the forts of Penzance and Newlyn. They celebrated a mass in which they promised to build a church after England had been defeated.

WAW-66FF57: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval (late 15th to 17th century) cannon ball: It is a cast iron sphere and is 51.63mm diameter. It weighs 494g (1.09lb). The surface of the ball is corroded and appears to be stable. The cannon ball is probably used in a Falconet cannon based on the weight and diameter of the ball. This cannon is the smallest of the cannons developed in the late 15th century and continued in use into the 17th century https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon).

DENO-32D931: CANNON BALL
A stone post-medieval cannon ball probably dating to the sieges of Newark during the English Civil War (AD 1644-1646). Overall, the cannon ball measures 72.61mm in diameter. The cannon ball is broadly spherical, though slightly misshapen.

DENO-32E606: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball probably dating to the sieges of Newark during the English Civil War (AD 1644-1646). Overall, the cannon ball measures 90.93mm in diameter. The cannon ball is spherical, with small dents in its surface.

DENO-33AE98: CANNON BALL
A stone post-medieval cannon ball probably dating to the sieges of Newark during the English Civil War (AD 1644-1646). Overall, the cannon ball measures 105mm in diameter. The cannon ball is spherical and has a lozengiform perforation in its surface. The stone has quartz and other inclusions.

CORN-1B4113: CANNON BALL
Cast iron cannon ball spherical in shape with some lumps of iron oxide accretion on the surface, but generally undamaged. Without the accretions, the ball is about 41 mm in diameter or 1.6 inches and so was probably fired from a 16th-century Spanish muzzle-loading swivel gun such as the esmeril swivel gun which had an external bore of 2 inches. These guns were used by the Spanish Armada, particularly on the boat the Girona, and also by the Spanish when they attacked Paul church in 1595 on the other side of bay from where this cannon ball was found. Paul was one of the communities along with Mousehole, Newlyn, and Penzance to be destroyed in the Spanish raid of 1595 carried out by Carlos de Amésquita, who was a Spanish naval officer. He is remembered for an action taken while on a naval patrol, known as the Battle of Cornwall, during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604. Amésquita commanded three companies and four galleys (named Capitana, Patrona, Peregrina and Bazana). They disembarked at Penmarch in Brittany on July 26, 1595, and then arrived in Mount's Bay in Cornwall on August 2, 1595. After burning the town of Mousehole, Amésquita and his men embarked on their galleys and sailed for two miles, after which they disembarked again, conquered and burned the forts of Penzance and Newlyn. They celebrated a mass in which they promised to build a church after England had been defeated.

DENO-D55676: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Late Medieval to Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1475 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical. Iron corrosion is present on the surface of the object and appears to be stable. There is a casting seam that runs the circumference of the ball about half way down. There is a broadly circular depression at the base of the ball and a broadly triangular depression on the left side on the seam. The ball measures 66.4 mm in diameter and weighs 1073.8 g (1.74 kg, 37.87 oz and 2.3670 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests it was possibly for a Falcon cannon (2.5 inch bore, 2lb ball). Other examples of cannon balls of this size have been recorded on the database, including SWYOR-0D82C1 and SWYOR-E227E4.

DENO-D6394A: CANNON BALL
An incomplete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Late Medieval to Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1475 - c. AD 1700. The ball is roughly spherical but has flattened slightly on one side. Iron corrosion covers most of the surface of the object and appears to be stable. There are eight, small, broadly circular perforations present at the base of the object, as well as a larger broadly oval perforation off centre. There are three broadly circular depressions present also. These could be a result of a casting flaw or a result of corrosion. From the large oval perforation, it appears as though at least half of the cannon ball is hollow. This could be a result of a casting flaw or corrosion. No casting seam is visible. The ball measures 61.8 mm in diameter (however the precise diameter is unknown due to corrosion). It has a height of 61.3 mm and weighs 800.4 g (28.23 oz and 1.76 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests it was possibly for a Falcon cannon (2.5 inch bore, and 2lb ball), although due to corrosion it is difficult to be sure of the original size. Other examples of cannon balls of this size (approximately) have been recorded on the database, including SWYOR-5D91DC.

DENO-D6BF2B: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1500 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical. Iron corrosion covers most of the surface of the object and appears to be stable. No casting seam is visible. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition. However, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes, including a broadly circular depression at the base and a broadly circular depression and broadly oval perforation on the left side of the ball. This damage is as a direct result of the exposing of casting flaws by corrosion which has forced areas of metal away from the surface. It is highly unlikely that the ball has been fired / used. The ball measures 89.5 mm in diametre and weighs 2700 g (2.7 kg, 95.2 oz or 5.95 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests that it was for a Saker artillery piece (3.5" bore and 5.25 - 7.5 lb ball). Other examples of cannon balls of this size (approximately) have been recorded on the database, including YORYM-A088E7 and SUR-2D3E56.

DENO-06FCC9: CANNON BALL
An incomplete, cast iron, probably a small cannon ball or canister shot of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical in plan and is broadly circular in section. There appears to be no casting seam present on the surface of the ball, however there is evidence of heavy iron corrosion in the form of circular indentations or depressions in the surface resembling a golf ball. Precise diameter of the ball is unknown due to the unknown level of the iron corrosion. The ball measures approximately 32.9 mm (1.3 in) and weighs 141.3 g (4.98 oz). The ball is a mid to dark brown in colour with the iron corrosion showing as red and orange, it has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. This is probably a canister shot, possibly dating to the Civil War, but more probably dating to c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. Other broadly similar examples of this type of artefact have been recorded on the database including WAW-7D0064.

YORYM-0A96A9: CANNON BALL
An incomplete cast iron cannonball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a large area (roughly half) missing due to a worn break, possibly as a result of impact. It is approximately 3 inches / 7.5 cm in diameter and weighs 2lb 2.5 oz. The size and weight of the ball (approximated using the remaining portion) suggests that it would fit a 'Minion' cannon which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball. These were used from the 16th century to the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake'.

FAKL-C686D5: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval cannon ball, or ball from ball mill. Cast iron with a diameter ranging between 83.6mm and 80.5mm (c. 3.3 inches. The ball weighs 1997.1g (4.4 pounds) and fails to fit into any of the accepted calibres for Civil War, or later ordnance hence the suggestion that it may have come from a ball mill. This might be supported by its lack of symmetry. A ball mill consisted of a horizontal, revolving drum which contained iron balls. As the cylinder turned the constantly falling balls pulverised material placed in the drum. Ball mills were used in the preparated of powders for making paint and the preparation of clay.

NCL-5F0B55: CANNON BALL
A handworked cannonball of Post-Medieval date made from granite. The ball is sub-spherical and slightly oblate in form, with an uneven surface reflecting the difficulty of working in granite.

DEV-9894B5: CANNON BALL
A postmedieval iron cannon ball. The cannon ball measures 3.6 inches and is probably from a small cannon such as a falcon. It dates from 15th to the 19th centuries.

PUBLIC-DE9FA9: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval cast iron cannon ball, dating to between approximately AD 1500 and AD 1700. The item is sub-spherical, there are no obvious signs of impact damage indicating use. It is possibly intended for use in a Rabinet cannon, which had a bore of 1.5 inches (38mm). Maximum diameter of the cannon ball is 42.09mm (1.65 inches), it weighs 217g (0.48lbs). The surface is corroded and pitted, and has a rusty orange colour.

YORYM-3E150A: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date. The cannon ball is sub-spherical and the surface is damaged with numerous score marks and pitting. The metal is a dark blackish-grey colour with some orange iron corrosion present on the surface. The cannon ball is 61.62mm in diameter and weighs 834g. The size and weight of the ball suggests that it would fit a 'Falcon' cannon which had a 2.5 inch bore and shot a 2 pound ball.

SUR-9179AE: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball, now very corroded and flaking. The ball presently weighs 330g and was probably heavier at one time.

KENT-DC5DDE: CANNON BALL
A collection of two iron cannon balls and an iron shot of Post Medeival date. 1) 71.2mm diameter, 1340 grams. 2) 69.9mm diameter, 1320 grams. 3 ) (Shot) 35.3mm diamter, 225 grams.

YORYM-6CA699: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is roughly spherical and has a diameter of 55.5mm (2.2 inches). This would place the object within the diameter range of the Falcon cannon. The Falcon cannon came into use during the latter half of the 15th Century and were mounted on four wheels to make it more mobile, they were widely used during the Civil War. It should be noted that this object could also be a modern mill or industrial process such as a bearing or crushing ball from a large piece of machinery which, given the find spot, is a possibility.

SUR-75FFE6: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon or gun shot dating from the 16th or 17th century. The ball is nearly 30mm in diameter and weighs 85mm. The shot was probably used in a small calibre gun such as a robinet or a falconet

KENT-FFFE97: CANNON BALL
A near complete, cast iron, small cannon ball of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1550 - c.AD 1700. Description: The ball is spherical in plan and is broadly circular in section. There appears to be no casting seam present on the surface of the ball, however there is evidence of heavy iron corrosion in the form extensive irregularpitting across its surface. Precise diameter of the ball is unknown due to the unknown level of the iron corrosion. The ball is a mid to dark brown in colour with the iron corrosion showing as red and orange, it has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. Measurements: Approximately 57.2mm in diameter (180mm in circumference) and weighs 180g Discussion: This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. This example at 57.2mm (2.24in) is likely a ball for one of these types of cannon and the reduced diameter thanks to the noted extensive corrosion.

BERK-02D25B: CANNON BALL
Three complete iron cannon balls, possibly for a falconet. Weights 488grmas (x2) and 486 grams (just over a pound each). 510mm diamater (2 inches). Very faint casting seam visible around the girth of each one. Cannonball or agricultural balls?

LANCUM-165D04: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably a cannon ball. Given its weight and size, it may be from the 16th or 17th century. The diameter is 31mm and the weight 392.2g.

LANCUM-AEDC9A: CANNON BALL
A cast, copper alloy ball, probably a small cannonball dating from 1750-1850. The ball is sub-spherical and the surface is damaged with numerous score marks and pitting. This does not match any of the standard sizes known for late eighteenth or early 19th century cannonballs, the closest match being for a Serpentine, which fired balls of 1.5 inches in diameter. It is also unusual in being of copper alloy, but this has very little metal-on-metal friction, which made it invaluable for use in cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. It could be a cannon ball but it is unlikely to be military as the weight does not match any known type. The purpose of the ball is unknown possibly a machine part. The diameter is 64mm and the weight 879g. .

PUBLIC-5B67DD: CANNON BALL
A probable iron cannon ball of post-medieval (possibly English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of c. 3.39 inches or 86.3mm. It weighs 2.430 kilograms (5.5lbs).. There is a circular protrusion on one side (or base) measuring roughly 18.25mm diameter. The ball is of a dark-brown colour.. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting and dents

NMS-666A8D: CANNON BALL
Iron cannonball of probable post medieval date (c. AD 1575 - 1700). Heavily corroded with a flaking surface. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that cannon balls of this form may have been fired from a post-medieval 'falconet' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot. Weight: 528g, diameter: 51.5mm.

PUBLIC-26EDBF: CANNON BALL
A probable iron cannon ball of post-medieval date, (circa 1550-1700AD) The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter ranging from 97.93mm to 81.47mm. It weighs 1.80 kilograms . The ball is of a dark-brown or rust red colour.with blackening to one side and lighter greyish areas. The cannon ball is in used condition with multiple pitting and dents. This cannon ball may date to the Dutch raid on the Medway Ports (1667AD), having been recovered lying on the mud at low tide close off Upnor Castle.

WREX-DC1313: CANNON BALL
Stone sub-spherical cannon ball made from a sedimentary stone. The object has a section missing. The size and weight would suggest a demi culverin of the Civil war period c. 1640-1700. Such dressed stone is commonly referred to as gunstone prior to the 17th century and were fired from smoothbore cannons. Diameter: 113mm; weight: 1431.9g (3.157Ib)

WILT-FE596B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800; The cannonball is spherical, with a diameter of 56.89mm and a weight of 742 g. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a relatively smooth surface, with only light pitting. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a falconet, commonly used during the Civil War, being lighter and cheaper than other cannon.

DUR-4DBFEC: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period ( AD1680-1880). The weight of 217.8gm and diameter of 40.48mm indicate the ball was for use in a Falconet, a mobile weapon mainly used by Naval Forces. Falconets were invented in the late 15th century and were used throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The outer surface is quite corroded with related discoloration due to oxidisation. There is no sign of any casting seam.

PUBLIC-518E17: CANNON BALL
A complete cast lead cannonball of either late medieval or post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a numerous marked, flattened and scratched areas in the surface. It is 43.28mm in diameter and weighs 414.5g (roughly 14.6 ounces).

LANCUM-B8743B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a relatively smooth surface, with only light pitting. The diameter is 57mm. This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. This example at 57.2mm (2.24in) is likely a ball for one of these types of cannon and the reduced diameter thanks to the noted extensive corrosion. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO.

LANCUM-B87E37: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball, probably dating to the 17th century. It is cylindrical. It measures 95mm in diameter. The size suggests that it was intended to be fired from a demi-culverin, a medium cannon in use during the late 16th and 17th century. Other options might be that it is a ball from a ball mill for crushing minerals or a foreign cannon ball of unidentified type. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO. The diameter is 90mm.

DENO-06026B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval spherical iron cannon ball of uncertain post-medieval date. The object measures 46.7 mm in diameter and weighs 399.5 g. The surface is pitted and brown in colour, with patches of orange corrosion in many areas. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that this ball might have been fired from a post-medieval 'falconet' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c.1575-1700.

DENO-066263: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period. The cannon ball has a diameter of 38.7mm and weighs 217.6g. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that this ball might have been fired from a post-medieval 'robinett' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c.1575-1700. here is some sign of corrosion and a visible casting seam and scarring where the sprue was cut, there is some discoloration due to rusting.

BERK-AA7B29: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval iron cannon ball probably dating to the 17th Century AD. No photograph

DENO-DDD04E: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a pitted surface. This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO. Diameter: 40.8mm; Weight: 277.4g

YORYM-51CC3A: CANNON BALL
A possible lead cannon ball of Post Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1700). The object is a misshapen sphere with one face appearing more uniform round and plain and the other surface more misshapen. One surface of the ball is marked by a rectangular iron projection suggesting that the object has an iron core. The object has a light grey patina and the iron projection is a brownish-red colour. The object is 55.6mm in diameter and weighs 712g. The weight of this object (approximately 1.5lb) suggests it may have been fired from a Falconet cannon. Other similar crudely cast lead cannonballs are recorded on the database e.g. SWYOR-D58D38. The iron core and rectangular projection may suggest that this is a type of cannon ball called a bar or chain shot. An iron bar would have projected out of this cannonball and joined it to another cannon ball. Smaller but possibly contemporary examples are included on the database e.g. HESH-25A43C. The proximity of the find spot of this object to Skipton Castle could suggest this was a cannon ball used to attack the castle during the English Civil War. Bar or chain shots were commonly used against Parliamentarians in the civil war.

SUR-5A4EAE: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, probably a small post-Medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures c60mm in diameter and weighs 701.5g. The surface of the object is heavily corroded.

SOM-EFD598: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably round shot, that is a cannon ball, dating from the Post Medieval period, about AD1500-1900. The object, which is pitted and corroded, has a diameter of c.100mm and a weight of 3919g, c. 4kg. In recording a similar piece Kinnear states: This corresponds closely with the dimensions and weight of four inch, 'nine-pounder' (weighing 9lbs) ordnance. Shot of this size were used in the 16th and 17th centuries in a gun known as the Demi Culverin. However, the shot could also date from the later period. In the 18th century ordnance was regularised, and the Chief Firemaster, Albert Borgard established a standardised series of diameters and poundage of shot, and the four-inch, nine-pounder was one such (Collins, ). Artillery firing nine-pounders was used throughout the 18th century, and into the 19th, including in the French Wars ().

SUR-1E408A: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, probably a small post-Medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures c95mm in diameter and weighs 2.5kg. The surface of the object is heavily corroded.

NARC-9E5E75: CANNON BALL
A complete possible stone Cannon Ball of Late Medieval to Post Medieval date (1640-1760). The object is sub-spherical and made from what appears to be igneous rock, perhaps granite. At 3 inches diameter, this ball has a suitable bore for a Saker or Minion cannon used in the Civil War between 1642 and 1651. Diameter: 76.59mm

LEIC-A0A8E8: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval? Iron cannonball, 95mm in diameter and weighing 1,760 grams (3lb 3.4 oz.). The ball may have been fired as it has a flat patch with scratching (the area reflecting light in the photo). Although the ball was found at Dadlington, a place long associated with the Battle of Bosworth, it is not believed to be as early as that. However it is interesting that several 'cannonballs' have been noted in this area.

SUR-30CB21: CANNON BALL
A small iron cannon shot just over 30mm in diameter and weighing 107g. It is not certain what type of weapon fired this but it is likely to be of 17th century date.

CORN-251B02: CANNON BALL
Cast iron cannon ball, spherical in shape, pitted and corroded on the surface but not damaged from use. The diameter of 82 mm and weight of almost 2kg of the cannon ball compares well with examples of Civil War shot in the Royal Institution of Cornwall's collections, in particular a cannon ball from Castle Dore, Lostwithiel (TRURI 1992.91) and another from Tresillian Bridge (TRURI 1993.8), both Civil Ware battle sites. The size and weight of the ball suggests that it would fit a 'Minion' cannon which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball (Bailey, 2000, 95). These were used from the 16th century to the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake', derived from either the Latin word for dragon, draco, or from the famous seafarer Sir Francis Drake. The cannon ball was found just by the road from St Austell to Mevagissey and close to the river which would have been navigable in the 17th century, though it has since silted up from mine waste. The closest landing place would have been Pentewan which was used as a port before Hawkins' harbour of the 1820s in order to transport stone from the quarries at Polrudden from the 16th century. Even though there is not a battle site nearby the main southern estuaries in this area were all controlled during the Civil War, and the Parliamentarians must have travelled and foraged between battles in the Lostwithiel, Tywardreath and Par areas and the Tregony area of the Roseland, particularly in the summer of 1644 (Roger Smith pers comm).

NCL-A35666: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannonball of Post-Medieval date, probably dating to 1640 or later. The cannonball is spherical with an even coat of corrosion across its surface. There may be some indication through the corrosion of the flashmarks, from the two moulds from which the ball was cast. The weight is approximated at 2.5kg or 5lbs.

DUR-D5A8DD: CANNON BALL
A complete sandstone cannon ball from the Post-Medieval period c. AD1400-1700. The cannon ball is sub-spherical and the surface is mainly smooth, with some dents and areas of pitting. Just under half the cannon ball is light brown in colour, next to this is a strip of orange and then an uneven band of dark brown around the centre and the other side of the band is uneven in colour with patches of orange and dark brown to black. The cannon ball is c.185mm diameter and weighs approximately 20lbs. The cannonball was recovered from the River Wear in the vicinty of Framwellgate Bridge, found partially buried in river silts, hence the dark brown strip around the middle of the stone. Such dressed stone 'round shot', commonly referred to as gunstone prior to the 17th century, were fired from smoothbore cannons. The cannonball under discussion here is uncommonly large, and cannot be definitively assigned to a particular type of cannon; nevertheless, it is likely that the cannonball could have fired by a demi-cannon or larger artillery. Natasha Ferguson, commenting on a much smaller stone cannonball recovered from Trimdon (DUR-2A7B53), comments that 'Dating these things closely is impossible as they occasionally used stone cannon balls during the English Civil war if supplies or iron or lead were low'.

DENO-6309F1: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval cast iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD c. 1600-1800. The ball is spherical, well cast with no obvious waist, casting or set-up marks. However, the surface is corroded and pitted which may obscure some marking. The diameter is 60.03 mm, suggesting use with a falcon or falconett, artillery pieces in common use during the civil war period. Weight 800.2 g

WMID-8748EC: CANNON BALL
A cast iron Post Medieval cannon ball, probably dating to circa AD 1500 - 1700. The object is spherical in shape with pitting and corrosion visible on the surface. The cannon ball has an orange coloured patina across its surfaces. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail and full diameter and weight. The diameter and weight suggest that the type of cannon used to fire the cannon ball may have been the Demi-Culverin. This cannon had a 4 inch bore and fired a ball weighing 9.5 lb (4309 g). Gordon Bailey suggests that cannons were first mentioned in early 14th century manuscripts. Cannons were used in the Tudor and Stuart periods for both land and naval battles. The minion cannon was used in the 15th to 17th centuries and thought to have originated from the Civil War period, which could be the period this example dates from. There are other recorded examples on the database; (SWYOR-6D55C3) was discovered in Yorkshire and the Humber. Another example (DENO-06FCC9) was discovered in Nottinghamshire. It is also worth noting that iron balls were widely used in ball-mills for the production of powers for such things as pigments. Therefore it cannot be said with certainty that this object is a cannon ball as iron balls also had an industrial function. The cannon ball measures approximately 97 mm (3.82 inches) in diameter and weighs 3364 g (7.42 pounds). Bailey, G., (2000) Finds identified. Witham, Greenlight Publishing.

DUR-063F80: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is sub-spherical and has a diameter of 52.06mm (2.05 inches), weight 496g (1lb 13/4ins). This would place the object within the diameter range of the Falcon cannon. Alternatively, it is possible that balls of this size were used collectively as grape shot in larger cannon. The Falcon cannon came into use during the latter half of the 15th Century and was mounted on wheels to make it more mobile. They were widely used during the Civil War. It should be noted that this object could also be a modern mill or industrial process such as a bearing or crushing ball from a large piece of machinery. The ball is pitted and scaled with rust flakes. There are two lumps 4mm x 2mm set 25 mm apart these could be casting sprue although they appear a little small for this. Possibly they formed a link, now broken, for connecting the ball as chain shot.

YORYM-0A2531: CANNON BALL
A complete lead-alloy probable cannonball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1800. The cannonball is spherical with hammered edges making the surface irregular. It is not clear whether the cannon ball has been fired. The metal has a mid-grey patina and is worn. The object is 32.9mm in diameter and weighs 144g. The size and weight of the ball suggests that it would fit a 'rabinet' cannon which had a 1inch bore and shot a 0.50 pound ball.

KENT-EC4326: CANNON BALL
A probably 16th/17th-century stone (possibly basalt) cannon ball. The ball is sub-spherical in form, with an uneven surface. Part of the ball has been broken away. It is 83mm diameter and weighs 680 grams. Unfortunately this size and weight combination does not correspond with known cannon ball sizes.

SWYOR-00805D: CANNON BALL
A complete probable lead cannon ball dating from the Post Medieval period, about AD 1560-1800. The object has no obvious casting seam or sprue, and is abraded, with several recesses and incision marks. It has a patchy white patina, and a diameter of 30.5mm and weighs 143.07g. The diameter would be approximately correct for the smallest bore cannon ordnance, a rabinet. Compare the similarly sized examples SWYOR-503D18 and SWYOR-7E0827. All three objects were found within a relatively similar area within North Yorkshire.

DUR-F32AC4: CANNON BALL
A spherical, iron cannon ball of post-medieval date, c. AD 1575-1700 in good condition. The ball is slightly flattened and the surface is pitted and brown in colour. The diameter of 49.48mm indicates the ball was possibly used in a Falconet. Falconets were used throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The falconet was popular, due to its lighter weight as the smallest of the cannons, and endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot. There are numerous examples on this database including NMS-666A8D.

YORYM-1A63F8: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1580 - 1706. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a saker, minion or falcon, c. AD 1580 - 1706 Diameter: 68mm (2.67 inches). Weight: 1176g (2.59lbs).

YORYM-A088E7: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannonball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a fairly deep ovate dent in the surface. It is 87.1mm in diameter and weighs 2335g (roughly 5 pounds). The size and weight of the ball suggests that it would fit a 'Minion' cannon which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 5 pound ball. These were used from the 16th century to the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake'.

SOM-A0A8A2: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval iron cannon ball. It is spherical and is 38.2mm (1.5 inches) in diameter. It weighs 179g (6.25oz). The surface of the ball is corroded and flaking and probably some mass has been lost to corrosion. A cannon ball weighing 8ozs was fired from a Robinet cannon and this may be for a similar size cannon. These type of cannons were used in the 17th century (Blackmore 1990 Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries p. 83). the find spot may suggest a civil war association as Wellington was fired on from this area.

HESH-CEFFA3: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball of post-medieval (probably English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of c. 4.3 inches [4 inches 3/16]) or 110mm. It weighs 6.8 kilograms (15lbs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast - although the seams cannot be seen. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes. This damage is as a direct result of the exposing of casting flaws by corrosion which has forced areas of metal away from the surface. If the ball has been fired then it hasn't been damaged - suggesting it didn't hit anything substantial. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a 5.5 inch bore cannon called a Culverin (or possibly a demi-culverin) which fired a ball weighing approximately 15-18 lb (Bailey, G. 2000: Finds Identified, Greenlight Publishing: pages 94-95). The findspot lies in an area which was raised during the civil war - the exact nature of this clearance isn't straightforward as some properties were deliberately dismantled by the royalist strong hold (presumably to provide clear ground outside the town walls) whilst other areas were destroyed by the parliamentarian Sir Michale Woodhouse during preparations of the siege on the 24th April 1646 (Farraday 1991 pp172-176). The findspot therefore could indicate at least one cannon of this size being used - either within the wall or outside by the besiegers.John Barratt, a local authoprity on the civil war in South Shropshire comments that "I'm a little surprised if the Royalists had a gun as heavy as that in the garrison defences. They were not terribly rare, but on the other hand they were not very numerous either. Certainly Woodhouse borrowed them from Shrewsbury for the sieges of Hopton Castle and Brampton Bryan. Of course the other possibilities are that the shot was not deposited in your garden as a result of being fired, but by other means. Maybe a shot "lost" when the heavy guns passed through en route to or from Brampton Bryan? On the other hand, a culverin could have remained in Ludlow after those operations were completed. Alternatively, of course, maybe the Parliamentarians did have one at the siege in 1646 - though I doubt that".

YORYM-36F581: CANNON BALL
A complete cast lead object, possibly a cannonball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a numerous dents and scratches in the surface. It is 63.2mm in diameter and weighs 1229g (roughly 3 pounds).

DENO-341A18: CANNON BALL
A small iron cannon ball of post medieval date. The ball is spherical and well-finished; the 'waist' from casting has been smoothed and is only faintly visibly. The size, 29 mm, and weight, 94 g suggests it was for use with a small bore, long barrel artillery piece such as a Serpentine or Rabinet, or as cannister shot. Such shot is difficult to date, becoming common in the 17th Century, cannister shot continued to be used to the 19th Century.

CPAT-B944C6: CANNON BALL
Stone ball approximately 140mm in diameter and weighing around 5lbs (2268g). Pecked appearance, very odd stone, grey with lots of white flecking. Not a local stone. It is too heavy for compressed tarmac I think and too well compressed. Found by a workman building a new prison on the site of a former munitions factory. It was apparently found about 1 metre deep in some very black soil below the more modern brick buildings. The same man also has 2 complete stones and 3 halves, one sounds like its made of iron because he describes casting flanges. (Steve Grenter, WCBC, March 2015). Alternatively something associated with the former munitions factory on the site. NGR calculated by Mark Walters of CPAT based on information from Steve Grenter that the item came from near the centre of the site (Jeff Spencer, CPAT, September 2015).

DENO-66DFF7: CANNON BALL
An incomplete lead or lead alloy shot or small cannon ball probably of the Post Medieval period, probably dating from about AD 1600 - AD 1800. The object is broadly spherical and has presumably been cast however, no casting flanges are present. The ball has been flattened in some areas, which may be the result of impact; the surface has several scrapes throughout and a number of deep gouges over the surface. The object measures 27.6 mm (1.09 inch) in diameter and is 25.9 mm in height. It weighs 63.0 g (2.22 oz). The object is a mid grey in colour with an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil has resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. At about 1 inch in diameter, this shot could have been used in a Rabinet Cannon, but it is not the standard weight. It is also possible it is, hail shot, an idiosyncratic lead weight or even waste material. Similar objects have been recorded on the database including, SWYOR-2BB9A6, LANCUM-0EF770,HESH-0A8E63 and SWYOR-4C23D3.

BERK-9ED66D: CANNON BALL
An incomplete iron ball, possibly a cannon ball of post-medieval (probably Civil War) date. The ball is 100mm diameter and has been split in half, in fact just under half of the original ball survives. There is no casting seam around the cannonball, and no trace of a casting sprue can be seen on the remaining half. There is a hole that extends from the surface down through the ball to the middle; this is also now in half. The force required to break such a ball of iron in half is immense; it may have happened during firing if there were flaws in the casting, or alternatively it may be from impacting another solid object (such as a thick wall). The diameter of the ball suggests a gun such as a 'bastard carbine', which had a bore of c. 100mm and would shoot balls of between 5-8 pounds weight.

LANCUM-B86905: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably a cannon ball. Given its weight and size, it may be from the 16th or 17th century. The object is sub-spherical, there are no obvious signs of impact damage indicating use. This is probably a canister shot, possibly dating to the Civil War, but more probably dating to c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. It is possibly intended for use in a Rabinet cannon, which had a bore of 1.5 inches (38mm). Other broadly similar examples of this type of artefact have been recorded on the database including WAW-7D0064 (Blackmore 1990 Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries p. 83). The diameter is 37mm and the weight 173.72g.

NMS-C9E0FD: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval lead cannon ball. Part of the median casting seam is visible. A small area of the surface is flattened. Similar to two examples from the East Riding of Yorkshire (YORYM-4E97A1 and YORYM-A11833). Diameter 41mm. Weight 406g (14.321oz avoirduopis). The artillery piece that discharged this size of ball was a serpentine. Probably 17th century.

DENO-C478D9: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball, probably dating to the 17th century. It is cylindrical. It measures 94mm in diameter and weighs c.3000g. The size suggests that it was intended to be fired from a demi-culverin, a medium cannon in use during the late 16th and 17th century. During the First English Civil War, the manor house at Barton Blount, where this cannon ball was discovered, was garrisoned by Parliamentarian soldiers and a skirmish was fought nearby with Royalist soldiers from Tutbury Castle. It is therefore quite likely that this dates to 1644-1646.

DENO-641C1A: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball (AD c.1600-c.1700). The ball is broadly spherical with an obvious off-centre casting seam. The surface is pitted. Overall, the ball measures 53.2mm in diameter. The find's proximity to Newark indicates this may have been produced for use in the English Civil War when Newark was besieged three times.

DENO-F72452: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball of post medieval date (AD c.1450-c.1700). The surface is corroded and has concretions, but appears to have been well finished, with no obvious seam or sprue. The weight is 692 g, approximately 1.5 pounds, it has a diameter of 55 mm, which suggests it was fired from a Falcon or Falconet ('Identifying Cannon Balls and Musket Shot' - article by Nick Tucker in Treasure Hunting Magazine, February 1992, p 42).

KENT-3256D5: CANNON BALL
A post-Medieval (AD1500-1700) spherical cast iron cannon ball The surface is covered by iron oxide accretions and there are six small areas of corrosion, four on one side and two on the opposite side. Diameter: 43.88mm, weight: 325.0g

GLO-6F45E6: CANNON BALL
A stone cannon ball that dates to AD 1400-1700. The ball is sub-spherical in form, with a very uneven surface, overall the ball has a diameter of 63mm and weighs 338.38g

GLO-6F4CA8: CANNON BALL
A stone cannon ball that dates to AD 1400-1700. The cannon ball is broadly spherical, though slightly misshapen, overall the ball has a diameter of 65mm and weighs 341.21g

NARC-50CA37: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, weighing 4151grams (approx. 4kilos) and with a diameter of 100mm (4inches). The cannonball has been painted black, probably to prevent rusting and indicates a secondary use as a display or garden ornament. The sphere has several areas of damages, rusting and denting. This object has been recorded as a probable cannonball due to its weight and diameter, which match the calibre of 16th century cannons. However, it should be noted that large iron spheres were also used in milling machines of the industrial period, and so without definate context within an area known military activity this must remain as a possibility.

GAT-064063: CANNON BALL
Corroded iron ball, very dimpled with old corrosion sites and with some small patches of active corrosion still protruding from the surface. The diameter varies from 2.933 to 3.065 inches and it weighs 3lb 8.5 oz. It is likely that the diameter has been reduced somewhat by previous corrosion so that it would have had a calibre of something over 3 inches. This would suggest that it was round shot intended for a 'minion' cannon. This type of cannon was used from the 15th to 17th centuries but it seems most likely that it would have originated from the Civil War as several skirmishes are recorded on Anglesey. However, iron balls were also used in 'ball mills' for crushing ore, and with Parys Mountain copper mine nearby, it is possible that this was its use here. This would suggest a somewhat later date: 18th to 19th Centuries.

NCL-950857: CANNON BALL
An incomplete, cast iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c. 1500-1700. The solid ball is hemispherical, with the split probably occurring in antiquity. The entire surface is uneven in texture, pitted with corrosion. It's full weight can be estimated at 2.5-3lbs.

SOM-EC322E: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval spherical iron cannon ball. The ball measures 57.2mm in diameter and may have lost a small amount of the surface due to corrosion. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests balls of this size were fired from a 2.5 inch (63.5mm) bore cannon, the Falcon or falconet, which fired a ball weighing approximately 2lbs (907.2g). As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century including the Civil War, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c. AD 1575-1700.

BERK-7D12A0: CANNON BALL
A cast iron Post Medieval cannon ball . The ball has a diameter of 2.90 inches (72.0mm), and weighs close to 3 lbs. The ball would probably have been used as ammunition for a 'Minion' cannon which was in common usage during the English Civil War. Circa 1600 - 1700 AD.

WMID-12592D: CANNON BALL
A complete lead or lead alloy cannonball of probable Post medieval dating (AD 1500 to AD 1800). The cannon ball is sub spherical in shape, with a casting seam around the centre. There are multiple short grooves across the surface, these have probably been created whilst in the ploughsoil. The top of the probable cannonball has some casting voids. It has a diameter of 83.6 mm and weighs 2,355 g. The cannonball is a mid to dark grey colour.

GLO-AA0692: CANNON BALL
Solid cast cannon ball fragment that is made of iron. This is approximately one third of the original item, but enough of the exterior remains to suggest a diameter of about 100mm. See GLO-531670 for a similar and complete example.

SUR-39CE3F: CANNON BALL
A sphere of lead alloy measuring 39mm (1.5 inch) in diameter and weighing 338.5g. The object has no stamps or distinctive markings. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a long barrelled / small bore piece of artillery such as a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter.

CORN-C9052D: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a post-medieval cannon ball of 75.45mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1630g. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. Measurements: Diameter, 75.45mm; Weight, 1630g

BERK-1C993D: CANNON BALL
A complete post Medieval iron cannon ball possibly dating to c.1500-1700 AD. Possibly relating to the English Civil War. The canon ball is spherical in shape and dark brown in colour. It is 42.4mm in diameter and weighs 300g. Similar cannon balls can be seen on the database, see records SWYOR-9C2E89, DENO-06026B, and IOW-DE96D9.

DENO-E7C59A: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures 86.3mm in diameter and weighs 2019.9g. The size and weight of the cannon ball indicates that it may have been made for firing from a Saker or Minion type of cannon, used in Britain during the 16th and 17th centuries. The cannonball is very corroded.

WAW-F3D5F2: CANNON BALL
Three complete iron probable cannon balls dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1500-1800). All three cannon balls are spherical in shape and show signs of corrosion. For a comparable example see PAS record SWYOR-D0681D. Here Downes also suggests that such balls could have been from an industrial process, such as a crushing mill. All objects measure approximately 50mm in diameter therefore if indeed they are cannon balls their size would suggest they were used in a falcon type cannon. Their weights are as follows: Ball 1 - 437.6g Ball 2 - 439.2g Ball 3 - 442.4g

DEV-1E671E: CANNON BALL
A post medieval iron cannonball dating to c. AD 1600-1750. The object is spherical with a slightly raised line around the centre. It is corroded on the outer surface. The diameter, of 76mm, corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. Measurements: 78mm diameter, weight

HAMP-7F5752: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, weighing 225g and of 38mm (c 1.5 inches) diameter. There is a ridge around the midsection. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a long barreled piece of artillery such as a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter (firing shot weighing 0.75 lb), or a Rabinet cannon which fired shot weighing 8oz.

SUR-A736D8: CANNON BALL
An extremely corroded cast iron sphere, weighing 194.95g (c 7oz) and c40mm / 1.5 inches diameter. The surface is uneven. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a long barrelled piece of artillery such as a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter (firing shot weighing 0.75 lb), or a Rabinet cannon which fired shot weighing 8oz.

KENT-ACD717: CANNON BALL
A small lead artillery round, likely of 15th-17th century Description: The object is roughly spherical though heavily dented, warped and missing chunks due to plough or other depositional damage. Some damage on one side may show evidence of it skipping across the ground after it was fired. It has an off-white colour typical of patinated lead. Measurements: 41.91mm diameter and 430g in weight.

GLO-531670: CANNON BALL
Solid cast cannon ball that is made of iron, one side is heavily corroded resulting in an area of heavy blistering. At a diameter of approximately 4" this cannonball would most likely be used by a type of cannon called a demi-culverin. The Demi-culverin was a large artillery piece that because of its effective range and power was often used in sieges and building demolition. Moreover, after the failed siege of Gloucester in 1643, the Royalist army withdrew to overnight in Painswick after a small conflict centred around the church in the village. As a result, it is a compelling possibility to hypothesise that this could be a ball from one of the Royalist cannons that besieged the City of Gloucester during the Civil War.

SUSS-16B75E: CANNON BALL
A small corroded cast iron ball, possibly a small cannonball dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1500-1800). The object is spherical with a rough and pitted surface and corrosion forming prominent lumps on the surface. There is a possible casting seam visible on a small area of the original surface and there is a short lump of corrosion protruding from one point with a mass of corroded metal at the opposite point. The object is heavily corroded. Dimensions: diameter 51 mm; weight 369 g The ball is heavily corroded which has expanded the diameter, so it could have come from a small matchlock cannon. However, iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. Similar examples recorded on the PAS database include: DENO-82B7E4 and DUR-F2A819

NMGW-8B6363: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball, most likely of a post medieval date. The object is spherical with areas of concretion. There is corrosion and pitting to the surface, which is orange-brown in colour. The diameter and weight could be suggestive of the type of cannon ball used in a Demi-Culverin cannon. Similar examples can be seen here GLO-531670 WMID-8748EC and LANCUM-B87E37

WAW-89A774: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval (late 16th to 17th century) probable cannon ball: a broadly hemispherical corroded cast iron object which is heavily corroded. There are no signs of makers marks or casting seams, but these may be distorted by corrosion. It weighs 233g and measures c.65mm diameter. Although an inexact science, comparisons can be made with historic inventories of cannon shot, their dimensions and weights (see Blackmore 1976). These suggest that this ball might have been fired from a Robinet cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered. There is also the possibility that this item is modern large ball bearing; architectural features; the balls found in stone crushing machines, and other industrial objects. Blackmore, H.L., 1976. Armouries of the Tower of London: Ordnance London : HMSO I.

SWYOR-2F72A8: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball, and judging from the size and weight, probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It is 65mm diameter and 992g (2lb, 3oz). Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out.

LANCUM-F0EFAF: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to c. AD 1600 - 1800. The cannon ball is spherical in shape and has a slightly encrusted red-brown patina. It is 53.76mm in diameter and weighs 579g. See LANCUM-B8743B for an example of similar size and weight, which is recorded as possibly being from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War.

LVPL-A9CE61: CANNON BALL
A complete, corroded cast iron cannon ball / shot dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1600-1800). The shot is spherical with a rough and pitted surface. It shows no signs of impact. Dimensions: Diameter 38.38mm; weight 163.61g The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a Rabinet cannon which had a bore of approximately 38mm. There is no evidence of impact. Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

SUR-ED2B0C: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, probably a post-medieval cannon ball of 76mm diameter and 1603g. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which had a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. This cannon was popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges.

WILT-FB42A2: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a diameter of 61 mm. It weighs 900g (31.7ozs or just under 2lbs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast - although the seams cannot be seen. There is a small raised, circular section (8 mm diameter) evident which may be a sprue. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition with no evidence of pitting. If the ball has been fired then it hasn't been damaged - suggesting it didn't hit anything substantial. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a falconet, apparently commonly used during the Civil War, being lighter and cheaper than other cannon. However, the ball is a little large for this and is more likely for a minion (bore just over 2 and a half inches, ie c 66 mm).

WAW-2F401D: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval (late 16thto 17thcentury) possible cannon ball: a broadly hemispherical corroded cast iron object which is heavily corroded. There are no signs of maker's marks or casting seams, but these may be distorted by corrosion. It weighs 67.31g (2.4 oz) and measures 27.41mm diameter. Although an inexact science, comparisons can be made with historic inventories of cannon shot, their dimensions and weights. These suggest that this ball might have been fired from known as the Minion Drake cannon which dates from the 16th to 17th century. There is also the possibility that this item is modern large ball bearing; architectural features; the balls found in stone crushing machines, and other industrial objects.

HAMP-5399C3: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval (c.1590-1690) spherical iron cannon ball of uncertain post-medieval date. The object weighs 970g and measures 63.3mm in diameter. The surface is pitted (some deeper than others) and dark brown in colour, with patches of orange corrosion in many of the deeper pitted areas. There is no apparent damage to the surface. Blackmore, H.L. 1976 (pp. 293-8) suggests an English 'falcon' cannon for bore sizes of 2.5 inches (c.63mm) and 2lb in weight during the period c. 1590-1690. Reference: Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO.

SWYOR-8CD386: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval small iron cannon shot, probably dating from AD 1600 - 1800. It is sub-spherical and has bumps of corrosion on the surface. The ball is 37.4mm in diameter and weighs 183.94g. The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a Rabinet cannon which had a bore of approximately 38mm. There is no evidence of impact. Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

LVPL-818ACC: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post Medieval date c.1550AD – c.1715AD (Length 82.3mm and weight 1625g). The object is spherical in shape and a casting seam can be seen in places around the circumference. There is a spike protruding from one point connected to the casting seam. The surface of the metal is pitted, with the majority being is dark brown with interspersed patches of iron corrosion. The size and weight of the shot suggests that it would have been used to fire from a Minion, a small sized cannon. As referenced in SUR-3CAAEE, the minion had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball (Bailey, 2000: p95). The ‘minion’ was a popular cannon from the Tudor Period to the 17th century.

DENO-691482: CANNON BALL
A corroded iron cannonball of post-medieval, probably 17th century date (c. AD 1600 - 1700). The object has a diameter of 83 mm (3 1/4 in) and a weight of 2086 g (4.6 lbs). This is compatible with a 17th century cannon known as a Saker. This piece was popular in the civil war and superceded in the early 18th century after the standardisation of cannon sizes under Borgard. The surface is corroded, pitted and flaking, but a casting sprue and a circumferential casting line can be seen. See also https://www.arc.id.au/Cannonballs.html

WILT-4F4FAA: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval solid iron shot or cannon ball, probably from the Civil War, dating to c. AD 1600-1750. The object is spherical in form and was probably cast but no casting seam is visible. Although some light pitting can be seen in some area of the surface, the find is in very good condition. and there is no damage to suggest it has ever been fired. Dimensions: diameter: 75.8mm; weight: 1781.0g (3.92lbs). This diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a falcon, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The Saker fired solid iron shot which did not explode on impact, but would bounce along the ground until it crashed into an object.The Saker was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. This cannon ball was found in a back garden near to St James Church, Devizes, which played a part in the Civil War: 'On 11 and 12 July 1643, during the Siege of Devizes: the castle and town were bombarded by parliamentary guns and there was hand to hand fighting as far into town as Morris Lane. St. John's Church was store for gunpowder and this became a target during the siege. During the Civil War cannon balls also hit St. James Church. The holes can still be seen on the tower. The cannon ball holes are on the east side of the tower, bottom left and top right. These cannon balls are in the Wiltshire Museum, Devizes. They are made of iron and weigh 1.011 and 1.147 kg respectively (two and half pounds in old money). The Parliamentary army's guns, Falcon field guns, were situated in Coatefield somewhere near the old Jump Farm. They were firing at Devizes including St. James which presumably was part of theTown defences. This was on Wednesday 12th July 1643, the day before the Battle of Roundway'. (Battle of Roundway (devizesheritage.co.uk) accessed 05/05/2023). See other examples on the PAS database, including DENO-E7C59A, DEV-1E671E and DENO-691482.

CORN-9E0F41: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a Post-medieval cannon ball dating to c. AD 1600-1700. It is 78.37mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1824g. It features a small, circular, flattened area measuring roughly 36.36mm in diameter which could be a result of damage from firing or could be a result of the manufacturing process. The diameter of the object corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. The object has a fairly pitted surface and is patinated a mottled brown with areas of brown-orange iron corrosion present. Measurements: Diameter, 78.37mm; Weight, 1824g. There is a similar example recorded on the database, ref. CORN-C9052D.

SUR-C99481: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a post-medieval cannon ball of 75.5mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1737g. There is a prominent casting seam around the mid section which appears to have been ground down. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which had a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. This cannon was popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges.

SUR-2FE1AC: CANNON BALL
An extremely corroded cast iron sphere, weighing 84.43g (c 3oz) and 32.7mm diameter. The surface is uneven and likely heavily reduced by corrosion. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a small piece of 17th century artillery such as a Rabinet or perhaps an iron ball used in an industrial function for milling and crushing.

DUR-9EED3A: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is sub-spherical and has a diameter of 55.6mm (2.1 inches), weight 660 (1lb 7oz). This would place the object within the diameter range of the Falcon cannon. Alternatively, it is possible that balls of this size were used collectively as grape shot in larger cannon. The cannon ball is pitted and scaled with rust flakes The Falcon cannon came into use during the latter half of the 15th Century and was mounted on wheels to make it more mobile. They were widely used during the Civil War.

LEIC-236BAC: CANNON BALL
A Post-Medieval solid iron cast cannon ball, dating to AD 1600 - 1700. It is sperical with a casting seam visible along the radius. The outer surface has light pitting. Diameter: 83 mm Weight: 1090 g This is compatible with a 17th century cannon known as a Saker. This piece was popular in the civil war and superceded in the early 18th century after the standardisation of cannon sizes under Borgard. The surface is corroded, pitted and flaking, but a casting sprue and a circumferential casting line can be seen.

PUBLIC-B5A3E4: CANNON BALL
A spherical iron cannon ball (probably) of post-medieval date, now much pock-marked and oxidised. Measurements: diameter: c. 270 mm

SWYOR-21FE41: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball, which, judging from the size and weight, was probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The findspot could suggest a connection to the Battle of Wakefield in 1643. The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It is 64mm diameter and 1020g (2lb, 4oz). Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out.

SWYOR-AC5B2E: CANNON BALL
A cast iron possible cannon ball, which, judging from the size and weight, was probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It has a 10mm x 8mm hole projecting 33mm into the centre of the ball. Weight: 500g Diameter: 54.6mm Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out. See The hole could also suggest a use such as a gatepost finial or similar.

DENO-9A4ACD: CANNON BALL
A post medieval cast iron cannon ball, dating to the period c. AD 1600 - 1800. The cannon ball's diameter is 66.6 mm and it weighs and 1034.7g (2lb, 28oz), suggesting use with a falcon or falconet. A falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels; a number were used during the English Civil War. The iron ball is spherical, with a pitted and corroded surface.

YORYM-2BDA15: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1700. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a minion cannon. Diameter: 83.8mm (3.29 inches). Weight: 2184g (4.18lbs). The minion was a type of smoothbore cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. Cast iron roundshot is rarely found on battlefields, even though records suggest that it was the normal long-range ammunition; cannon may have been so hard to transport that they only arrived after the battle was over. Siege warfare used cannon, as speed was of less importance. A major use of cannon was also aboard ship, where of course there would be no transport problems. There are several problems with identifying cannon balls found away from known military sites. Spherical stone balls were also used in garden statuary from the 17th century onwards. Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. The reporter of this find has researched the area and notes that a demolished fortified Royalist manor house, New Hall Hunsingore, is present on the boundary of the field. The hall is said to have been destroyed by the Parliamentarians after the Battle of Marston Moor, which is just 4.5miles away. The cannonball was found in the field northwest of the Hall. New Hall was next to the ford across the Nidd. It is a Historic England site, and their entry for new Hall states “It was some time after the 1540s that the Goodricke family home was built on the site, probably utilising existing buildings. However, the hall did not last long and it is thought that it was destroyed during the Civil War in the 1640s.” See: Heritage Gateway - Results. Refs: Flynn, T. (2016) Finds Recording Guide: Shot (including musket balls, cannon balls and bullet moulds); (accessed 26/09/2023).

LVPL-3A74E7: CANNON BALL
A corroded, cast iron cannon ball, dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1600-1800). The object is spherical with a rough and pitted surface. with corrosion scale adhering loosely to the surface, dark orange-red in colour. There are no visible marks related to casting. Dimensions: Diameter 57mm; weight 750.6g The diameter and weight of the ball could be suggestive of its use in a 60mm or 70mm cannon (See: http://www.civilwarartillery.com/shottables.htm). The object was found in the Liverpool area which was besieged multiple times during the English Civil War. It is therefore possible the cannon ball relates to Civil War activities in the area. Iron balls have also been widely used in industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk or other minerals.

YORYM-7CBCCA: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1700. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a minion cannon. Diameter: 74.5mm (2.93 inches). Weight: 1729g (3.8lbs). The minion was a type of smoothbore cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. Cast iron roundshot is rarely found on battlefields, even though records suggest that it was the normal long-range ammunition; cannon may have been so hard to transport that they only arrived after the battle was over. Siege warfare used cannon, as speed was of less importance. A major use of cannon was also aboard ship, where of course there would be no transport problems. There are several problems with identifying cannon balls found away from known military sites. Spherical stone balls were also used in garden statuary from the 17th century onwards. Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. Refs: Flynn, T. (2016) Finds Recording Guide: Shot (including musket balls, cannon balls and bullet moulds); (accessed 29/01/2024).

SUR-59B5DC: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, 53.5mm (c. 2.1 inches) in diameter and weighing 491.63g (c. 17 oz). The ball is heavilly corroded and otherwise featureless. Possibly a cannon ball from a piece of light field artillery such as a Falconet or Falcon, which had nominal bore sizes of 2 inch or 2.5 inches respectively.