HESH-8D22E6: BROOCH
An incomplete, copper alloy Roman Colchester Derivative brooch of the Polden Hill type, dating from AD 80-120. The axis bar, spring, pin, foot, catch plate, and most of the wing caps are missing. The head of the brooch is 20.8mm wide, including the wings which are semi-cylindrical in shape. The caps at the end of the wings which would have held the spring and coil in place are missing. The head itself is humped shaped. At the front of the head, there is the remnants of a rearward facing hook. Roughly half of the bow of the brooch remains. It tapers in length from 9.8mm at the junction between the head and the wings, to 2.9mm at its terminal. The beginning of the moulding for the catch plate can be seen at the base of the bow. The brooch has been abraded during its time within the soil and consequently much of its original surface has been lost. The underside of the bow has been less exposed to wear and retains a smooth surface with a well developed patina. Generally, the brooch is a light brown colour due to remnants of the soil on its surface, with smaller patches of dark green visible. Similar examples can be found in Mackreth, Brooches In Late Iron Age - Roman Britain. For example, Chapter 3, Plate 51, No. 13527, which was excavated from Wall and has been dated to the mid-late second century.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1147806

HESH-D1BA43: BROOCH
Incomplete and worn Roman copper alloy plate Brooch (c.75-300AD). Measurements: max diameter 35.6mm; Thickness without lugs 1.8mm; thickness including lug 6.6mm; weight 11.00g
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1134857

HESH-C4949B: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman Colchester derivative(Polden Hill) brooch (AD 80-120). The spring and pin are now missing as is the catch plate The wings take the form of a cylinder capped with two perforated, oval wing caps and both sides are decorated with 4 incised and raised ribs inside which are a series of diagonal linear lines. The bow projects from the front and centre of the wings, is rectangular in cross section and tapers down its length, maintaining the rectangular cross section to it's narrowest point. All four facets of the bow are fluted. On either side of the head, closest to the wings is a small D shaped indentation. The object has a mid brown patina with areas of light brown, mainly inside the Flutes. Mackreth 2011, Chapter 3, Part 3, group 7. Date: 80-120 ad Length: 52.66mm, Width: 33.85mm, Thickness: 8.01mm, Weight:19.08gms
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1092120

HESH-D7FFB0: BROOCH
A near complete Roman copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style brooch (AD 120-240). The wings are complete with flat and pierced end caps and a decorative circumferential rib around the outer edge. The axis bar and part of the spring are present; the axis bar is formed from a length of copper alloy wire and holds the spring and pin in place. The spring and pin are also formed from copper alloy wire turned eight times and held in place by an external cord which is fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. This chord is lost and only 1/3 of the pin survives. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a rounded 'bun shaped' foot knop. The catch-plate is formed from a rib on the rear of the bow which starts below the head; it is crescent shaped and the external edge is rolled to form the pin rest; this external edge is heavily abraded. The whole of the bow is decorated on either side of a knurled central rib with lanceolate motifs - pairs of opposing lentoid shaped pellets arranged to form saltire crosses. This pattern fills the entire external edge of the bow. The foot knop is decorated with two incised transverse parallel lines but the lower bulbous knop is lost due to erosion. The surface of the brooch has areas of white metal / silvering remaining. Mackreth LIA & RB brooches, vol 1, Chap. 3, Part 3, Group 4.i2, and vol 2, plate 47, reference: 2004 Hattat Iron age and Roman Brooches 1993, page 86, reference: 380 Weight: 15.44gms. Length: 54.74mm. Width of wings: 23.02mm. Width of bow at head: 10.82mm. Thickness of bow at head: 11.38mm

HESH-F24849: BROOCH
A fragment of a copper alloy Roman Colchester derivitive Polden Hill style brooch from the late 1st century or early second century (AD 80-120). The pin, spring, catchplate and one wing are missing. The remaining wing is semi-circular in cross section and undecorated. The end / tips of the wings are lost but would have been pierced to hold the axis bar of the spring. The spring would have been turned and fixed to a very heavily eroded hook on the upper edge of the head. The reverse of the head has a deep conical concave hollow. The head of the brooch rises up from the wings and tapers downwards forming the bow of the object. The bow is D shaped in section and is broken where the foot would have been leaving an abraded stump. There remains a raised central rib running vertically down the the front and a series of angled raised ribs down the right hand side of the object. The left side is corroded but would also have carried the same pattern, which viewed from the front would have resembled chevrons. There remains patches of a white metal coating with the remaining surface having a mid-green patina. Length: 37.02mm: width at wings: 23.52mm; thickness of bow: 6.72mm: weight: 14.57gms

HESH-B0E584: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date (75-200AD). The head of the brooch is incomplete as the sides are lost through erosion; this has resulted in the loss of the spring fixing mechanism. An integrally cast head plate extends from the upper edge of the head - the upper edge is rolled back to form an eroded hook and a circular hole pierces it at the centre. The reverse face of the head is flat and the two D shaped lugs which would have held the sprung pin are lost. The bow is comma shaped extending at an angle of 90 degrees from the head of the brooch. It tapers in width and thickness along its length being broken across the lower bow. The upper bow is decorated with a series of inlaid enamel panels. The enamel is in poor condition being eroded and corroded and having been lost in parts of the design. The pattern consists of a central lozenge (diamond) shaped cell of probable blue enamel with two triangular panels aligned vertically of similar coloured glass. These three elements are flanked by triangular cells of red coloured enamel - creating a polychrome lattice patten. At the mid-point is a cast hole positioned at the centre. This would have taken an additional stud, possibly enamelled or of a different metal. The bow is D shaped but very angular. The sides are slightly faceted. There is little evidence of decoration present on the lower bow which is distorted by movement in the soil. The catchplate is formed from a slight rib on the lower edge of the bow, a small fragment survives. The foot is lost. The brooch is a mid green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. The brooch measures approximately 49mm in length,

HESH-486B46: BROOCH
A near complete copper alloy two-piece bow brooch of Roman date (AD 60-200). This find has been recorded from images supplied by the finder - it seems as if this brooch is a hybrid between a Polden Hill and a Wirral style brooch. The wings are complete with flat and pierced end caps. The axis bar and part of the spring are present; the axis bar is formed from a length of copper alloy wire and holds the spring and pin in place. The fragment of spring has been turned four times and would have been fixed to the head by an external cord fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The pin is lost. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a rounded eroded break and the foot knop is lost. The catch-plate is formed from a rib on the rear of the bow which starts below the head; it is heavily eroded but would have been crescent shaped with the external edge being rolled to form the pin rest. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast patterns and inlaid with polychrome enamel. On the head the D shaped lugs either side of the bow in line with the wing casing is decorated with triangular (tooth like) incised lines. The upper bow is also decorated with a pair of parallel vertical cells each filled with smaller alternating red and light blue / green coloured enamel squares forming a chequerboard pattern. At the mid-point of the bow is a bulbous knop which has a long tail that descends the and divides the lower bow vertically. A central groove divides both the knop and rib evenly in two. The foot is lost. The brooch is a mid - green colour with an even but abraded / dusty patina. In places the brooch has lost this patina and a slightly dusty patinated surface is present. The brooch measures 56mm length, is 25mm width across wings, and 17mm high. It weighs 17.65 grams Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 331 fig; 190 example 1538 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain p 168-169. The Wirral brooch is thought to have been derived from the trumpet brooch and dates from the 2nd century AD. This type of brooch is known as the Wirral type since the earliest discovery of this type was from the Wirral and it also now thought that this is where the main (if not only) production site was based (Philpott; 1999; 275 and McIntosh 2014). The main distribution of this type of brooch is the Wirral, Cheshire, North Shropshire and North Wales; with some outliers in the Vale of Glamorgan (Wales) and the North East. This example is interesting as it combines the form of the Polden Hill brooch with the decoration of the Wirral

HESH-6CCF56: BROOCH
A complete early Roman sprung Colchester derivative brooch, of Harlow type dated to the period AD 43 - 150. The brooch is complete and well preserved. The spring is held within by D sectioned short wings with transverse ribs at their apexes. It is attached to the brooch through two pierced holes through a central projecting rib - in the Harlow variant. The spring is formed of 12 turns with an external chord. the axis bar that passes through the brooch is also copper alloy. The bow is comma shaped and sweeps to a pointed foot. There is no decoration or applied surface present. The catchplate is formed from a short projecting rib that extends from a sweeping crescentic rib whose external edge is rolled.The brooch is a mid brown colour with a well formed surface patina The brooch measures 50.8mm long, 25.7mm wide across the wings and is 4.9mm wide across the mid-point of the bow; at the same point the brooch is 3.4mm thick. The brooch weighs 13.78 grams

HESH-116E64: BROOCH
A well preserved but incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill type of Roman date (AD 80-120). The wings are complete with flat and pierced end caps. The axis bar, spring and pin are all present but incomplete. They are held by both an axis bar and an external cord which is fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The incomplete spring consists of more than five turns. The head of the brooch bow is hump like and robust - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge above the foot. The catch-plate is formed from a rib on the rear of the bow which starts below the mid-point of the bow. The majority of the catch plate is also lost. The spine of the brooch is decorated with a wedge shaped raised panel which is divided vertically into two parts each decorated with incised grooves. The entire brooch has a mid green colour which is overlain by a light grey white metal surface. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 21.4mm length, is 13.6mm width across wings, 5.1mm width across bow, is 2.9mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 2.91 grams.

HESH-DCC06D: BROOCH
A complete cast copper alloy two piece Colchester brooch of very late Iron Age to Early Roman date (1-75 AD). The brooch has been deliberately folded in half and is now much shorter than originally designed. The head of the brooch is relatively small and two small stumpy wings extend from either edge. The wings are short and solid with a semi-cylindrical cross section. The spring is formed from a coiled length of copper alloy wire which has been coiled to form the spring of five turns and secured by an integral external chord to a rearward facing hook. The spring is incomplete. The pin is lost The cast hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge of the head of the brooch and secures the external chord of the spring using a backward facing hook. The terminal of this hook tapers and runs down the head. The bow head is hump-like with an angular profile and D shaped in cross section. It tapers to a pointed foot. The catchplate extends from a narrow rib which commences below the mid point of the bow and the pin rest has been formed by the outer edge of the catchplate being turned over (forming a U shape). The catch plate is pierced with triangular shaped hole . The bow is undecorated; the wings decorated with transverse grooves. The brooch is a brown green colour with a much abraded but polished patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also seriously distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 296 fig; 155 ref: 753 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 60-63. This type of brooch spans the period pre and post Roman conquest of Britain and it is difficult to therefore suggest either a purely Roman or Iron Age date The brooch measures 30.5mm length, 14.0mm width (across wings and spring), 2.9mm width across bow, is 3.1mm thick across the bow, and weighs 5.39 grams.

HESH-40C8C6: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from a cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill type of Roman date (AD 80-120). The wings, axis bar, spring and pin, lower bow, foot and catchplate are all lost. All that remains is a heavily rolled head and upper bow. On the reverse of the head is a oval depression which would have been filled with a sticky paste to hold the spring in place. The head of the brooch bow is hump like and robust - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge above the mid-point of the bow. the only decorative element present is a distinctive recessed grove which extends around the junction of the head and bow. The entire brooch has a mid green colour with a relatively well preserved surface patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 15.7mm length, is 11.23mm width across wings,and is 6.54mm thick across the bow; at the same point it is 8.27mm thick. The brooch weighs 3.4 grams.

HESH-40A8F2: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style brooch of Roman dating AD 80-120. The bow is angular and hump back, resembling a comma, with a moulded plate rising from the wings on each side, to mark the sides of the head and bow. The wings are complete with pierced endcaps that would have held a axis bar. This bar as well as the spring and pin are lost. The srping would have been held by an external chord which fitted to a hooked tab at the mid-point of the head. The lower bow and foot are lost. The catchplate would have been formed from the rib which descends from the head on the reverse of the bow. There is no cast or incised decoration present. The brooch has a mid green patina over much of the surface and a khaki patina where delamination has taken place. The foot is most damaged due to movement in the ploughsoil. The object measures: 11.96mm thick, 26.61mm in length, 19.02mm in width across the wings, 4.96mm in width across the bow and weigh 7.7 grams.

HESH-4099A7: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style brooch of Roman dating AD 80 - 120. The bow is angular and hump back, resembling a comma, with a moulded plate rising from the wings on each side, to mark the sides of the head and bow. The wings are complete with pierced endcaps; the axis bar, spring and pin are lost; however they would also have been held by an external chord which fitted to a rearward facing hook at the mid-point of the head. The lower bow / foot and catchplate are all lost. The catchplate would have extended from a downward rib which descends from the rear of the bow. There is no incised or applied decoration present. The brooch has a mid green patina over much of the surface and a khaki patina where delamination has taken place. The object measures: 11.46mm thick, 26.77mm in length, 22.40mm in width across the wings, 11.41mm in width across the bow and weigh 8.1 grams.

HESH-403E3D: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from a cast copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from AD 75 - 175. The brooch has lost both it's head and also foot to old abraded breaks. What remains of the bow of the brooch has an angular profile and an angular D shaped cross section. At the mid-point of the bow is a thickened heavily abraded band which has a drilled circular cup for decorative enamel. The exterior edge / spine is decorated with raised square shaped pellets. The brooch is a mid grey green colour with a corroded patina which covers all surfaces. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. All the brooches in this section are dated to the later 1st and 2nd century AD. The decoration on this example is very similar to HESH-402DAA which was found roughly in the same area. The two fragments do not conjoin. The brooch measures 32.6mm in length, 7.0mm width (across central moulding on the bow) is 7.7mm thick (at the same point), and weighs 4.0 grams.

HESH-402DAA: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from the head of a copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 75 - 175AD. The bow and foot of the brooch are lost. The upper bow tapers from a flared head to a worn and abraded stump suggesting damage in the plough-zone. The head of the brooch is near-complete, oval in plan, and tapers into the bow. The reverse of the head is convex and depressed and has a cast projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is complete and has a pierced hole through which the remnants of the pin / spring attaches. The pin / spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which is turned three times. The axis bar is also copper alloy. There is no evidence of a head-plate extending from the upper edge of the brooch. The external edge of the head has a raised cast ridge that extends around the circumference. Along the crest or spine of the brooch a series of raised rectangular pellets project with the area between being filled with a glass past. A small area of original colour remains suggesting a red enamel. The brooch is of a mid brown green colour with an abraded patina which covers all surfaces. It has been affected by movement in the ploughsoil. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. All the brooches in this section are dated to the later 1st and 2nd century AD. The brooch fragment measures 20.3mm in length, 17.3mm width (across head), 3.7mm width (across bow) is 6.9mm thick (across bow), and weighs 7.3 grams.

HESH-8FF97D: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from the head of a cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill type of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete having lost their pierced end caps. The axis bar and spring and pin are also lost. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken rolled and eroded point on the lower bow below the mid-point. The catchplate and foot are lost. The brooch is eroded and it is difficult to note if it were once decorated. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even but abraded / dusty patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures: 7.36mm thick, 15.13mm in length, 12.85mm in width and weigh 4.14 grams.

HESH-0967ED: BROOCH
A very well preserved copper alloy 'umbonate' style plate brooch of Roman date (AD 150-300). The brooch has been rolled, probably recently, in the ploughsoil. In plan the brooch is broadly circular with small projections extending evenly from the external edge - the majority of these have been removed through abrasion. In profile the brooch is D shaped. Extending from both the upper and lower edges are sub-rectangular knops. There is no head loop. The upper face of the brooch is decorated with a series of concentric circles arranged around a central incised ring / annulet which originally held red enamel. This is positioned at the centre of the brooch. Extending around this is an concentric ring formed of small cast triangular cells which are filled with alternating blue and red coloured glass / enamel. These cells form a sunburst pattern. This inner ring is contained by a broader more widely spaced larger triangular cells filled solely with blue glass. This outer ring of enamel is enclosed by a cast groove which echoes the external edge of the brooch. The reverse face is plain and undecorated. The centre of the brooch has a deep concave depression echoing the boss on the front face. The pin / hinge settings are complete. The hinge is formed from two D shaped projecting lugs positioned directly beneath the projecting knop on the upper edge of the brooch. These lugs are pierced; through this hole a copper alloy axis bar passes. This bar holds the pin in place. The pin is rectangular in shape and varies in cross section from rectangular at the top to rounded at the point. The catchplate is formed from a small bar like projection on the lower edge and projecting boss; it is formed by the upper edge being rolled back upon itself to form a C shaped pin rest which is lost / damaged through abrasion. The metal is a mid green colour with a well preserved patina that is abraded at the edges by lateral movement. The upper surface is tinned / silvered with a thick applied surface which is lost through abrasion. The enamel is well preserved and retains most of its original colour. Similar examples to this form and decoration of this brooch can be seen in Hattatt's visual catalogue of Roman Brooches; page 209 specifically 1060 unprovenanced - Britain and 128 Owmby, Lincolnshire. This brooch measures 30.83mm long, 23.93mm wide and is 11.31mm thick at the mid point. It weighs 5.2 grams

HESH-073A96: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill type of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete having lost their pierced end caps. The axis bar and spring and pin are also lost. The spring would have been held in place by an external cord which is fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken rolled and eroded point on the lower bow below the mid-point. The catchplate and foot are lost. The brooch is eroded and it is difficult to note if it were once decorated. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even but abraded / dusty patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. This object has a length of 16.37mm, a width of 13.76 and a height of 7.82mm This object weighs 2.5 grams

HESH-07125E: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill type of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete having lost their pierced end caps. The axis bar and spring and pin are also lost present. The spring would have been held in place by an external cord which is fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken rolled and eroded point on the lower bow below the mid-point. The catchplate and foot are lost. The brooch is eroded and it is difficult to note if it were once decorated. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even but abraded / dusty patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. This object has a length of 13.05mm, a width of 12.78mm and a height of 8.51mm This object weighs 2.7 grams.

HESH-4CA3DC: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from a cast copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (?) bow brooch of Roman date (43-150AD) - most probably a headstud brooch. The wings are incomplete and broken at the junction with the head - they were originally sub-cylindrical - the axis bar, spring and pin are all lost. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. In profile the bow is irregular and terminates in a heavily abraded point below the mid-point of the bow. The cast foot and catchplate are lost. A cast hole which pierces the brooch is present on the upper bow - it is broadly oval in shape and conical. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. There is no decoration present and the original surface is lost due to a combination of abrasion and corrosion. The brooch fragment is a mid grey green colour. The brooch measures 17.4mm length, 9.1mm width, is 7.0mm thick, and weighs 2.2 grams.

HESH-4B813D: BROOCH
A incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill type brooch of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are complete with flat and pierced end caps. The axis bar, spring and pin are all lost; the spring would have been secured by an external chord which was fixed to a heavily eroded rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to abroken edge below the mid-point of the bow. The catch-plate, pinrest and foot are lost. The brooch is eroded and no-decoration is present / survives. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even unabraded patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 22.1mm length, is 19.6mm width across wings, 8.2mm width across bow, is 11.0mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 9.0 grams.

HESH-4B67DC: BROOCH
A near complete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill type brooch of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are broken with one side being complete and the other lost. The complete wing has a flat and pierced end cap. The axis bar, spring and pin are all lost; the spring would have been secured by an external chord which was fixed to a rearward facing hook positioned at the midpoint on the upper edge of the reverse. The head of the brooch bow is hump like - being comma shaped in profile. The reverse has a rectangular recessed cell filled with iron corrosion - most probably being iron staining from the spring / pin. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a pointed jagged eroded point. The foot is lost. The catch-plate is formed from a rib on the rear of the bow which descends from the underside of the head and expands to form a crescent shape whose external edge is rolled to form the pin rest. The majority of the catchplate is lost. The brooch is sparsely decorated with a series of cast and applied patterns. These are limited to the end caps which are decorated with a circumferential groove. There are also D shaped lugs either side of the bow in line with the wing case. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even unabraded patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 50.4mm length, is 23.7mm width across wings, 8.3mm width across bow, is 5.2mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 17.6 grams.

HESH-0C8398: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper-alloy Polden Hill (Colchester derivative) brooch of early Roman date (AD 80 - 120). The brooch is T shaped in plan, bowed in profile and irregular in section. The wings are semi-cylindrical and terminate with an incomplete perforated wing cap. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. The bowhead is hump-like in profile and the reverse of the head has an oval shaped recess; a projection / lump on the head of the brooch is all that remains of the rearward facing hook to hold the external bar of spring. At the upper edge of the wings and bowhead there is an integral lug. The bow extends and tapers from the head to the foot and incomplete catch-plate. The catch-plate is formed from a cast ridge on the rear of the brooch beginning approximately half-way down the bow and descends to the foot; the pin rest is lost. Decoration on the brooch consists of a centrally positioned rib forming a vertical spine which has been heavily corroded, possibly with pellets in a vertical line either side of the spine. The decoration terminates as the bow tapers. The brooch has an even light-green surface patina which has been abraded in the plough soil. The brooch has also been bent approximately half-way down the bow. The brooch measures 76.8mm length, 27.4mm wide across the wings and 10.5mm wide across the bow; 6.9mm thick at the same point across the bow. It weighs 22.5grams.

HESH-0C5585: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper-alloy Polden Hill (Colchester derivative) brooch of early Roman date (AD 80 - 120). The brooch is T shaped in plan, bowed in profile and irregular in section. The wings are semi-cylindrical and terminate with incomplete perforated wing caps. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. The bowhead is hump-like in profile and the reverse of the head has an oval shaped recess; this recess is filled with a mid-grey coloured applied substance which is almost ceramic in nature; although this may be due to concretion in the burial environment. There is a small heavily abraded projection / lump on the head of the brooch which is all that remains of the rearward facing hook to hold the external bar of spring. The bow extends and tapers from the head to a broken and abraded point; the foot and catch-plate are lost. The remains of the catch plate is present on the lower bow; it survives as a heavily worn ridge. The brooch is abraded and worn and any extant decoration is lost. The surface of the brooch has a light and dark green patina which has been heavily abraded on the bow. Bayley and Butcher (2004: 160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands and suggest they date to the early Roman period c. AD80 to 120. The brooch measures 30.6mm length, is 17.82mm wide across the wings and 5.14mm wide across the bow; it is 4.19mm thick at the same point across the bow. It weighs 4.7grams.

HESH-A2334D: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy hinged two-piece Colchester derivative hinged brooch of Roman date (55-250 AD). The wings are near complete and cylindrical. A longitudinal hole filled with a iron corrosion concretion - probably the remains of an axis bar is present. At the centre of the wings, on the reverse face is a vertical slit. This slit would have held the pin. The bow head of the brooch has a low hump-like /slightly angular profile. The bow is angular in cross section being almost triangular with a slight cast central ridge running along the apex of the bow. The bow tapers along its length to a broken edge at approximately the mid point of the bow. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is lost; at the break is a small projection and this maybe the tip of the catchplate. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even polished but slightly abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Similar hinged Colchester derivative brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 299 fig; 158. The brooch measures 22.2mm length, 29.4mm width across the wings, 6.1mm width across the bow and is 4.8mm thick also across the bow. It weighs 7.66 grams.

HESH-21175E: BROOCH
"Gilded silver fibula brooch of a Dolphin/Polden Hill variant type. Dimensions and metal content: Length: 31mm; width: 15mm; weight: 6.9g. X-ray fluorescence analysis conducted at the British Museum indicated an approximate silver content of 98 per cent" - C.M. Johns Quote taken from the DCMS 2000 Treasure Report 'Silver brooch, with carefully defined areas of gilding. Pin and spring missing, and catchplate damaged. The foot of the brooch also appears to be broken off, though the broken area is so small as to make this uncertain. Gilding covers the crossbar elements, including the small encircling mouldings where they join the bow, a pelta-shaped area on the ends of the crossbar, the catchplate, and a strip down the centre of the bow, expanding to an elongated hexagon in the centre.' Quote taken from the British Museum database - 26/04/2016

HESH-07DB3E: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands) brooch, Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b. Plate 46, of Roman date (AD80-120). The wings are semi-cylindrical and the perforated wing / end caps are lost. The pin, axis bar, spring are also lost. A large depression is present on the reverse of the brooch; this is filled with a black coloured deposit. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The upper edge of the head has a flat triangular wedge shaped boss - which is probably all that remains of a rearward projecting spring hook. The bow has a faceted D shaped cross section. It extends to a broken and abraded point on the lower bow; the foot and catch-plate are lost. The bow of the brooch is not decorated but any decoration present maybe lost through corrosion and abrasion. A small area on the upper bow reveals a series of parallel double incised lines which probably extended down the spine of the bow. The brooch is a mid green colour with well formed surface patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches (pp 300 fig; 159) and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain (pp 89-92). The brooch measures 24.4mm length, 17.9mm width (across wings), 5.3mm width across bow, is 4.1mm thick across the bow, and weighs 4.99 grams.

HESH-C792C1: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill brooch of Roman date (AD 980-120). The rearward facing hook is missing its tip, one of the wings and cap, the spring, pin, foot and catch plate are missing. The remaining wing on the right hand side is cylindrical with a perforated wing / end cap. The remains of the rearward facing hook is visible, this is located at the centre of the bow on the upper edge. However the tip is missing. The rear of the brooch head where the spring would once have been has a sub-circular indentation. There is iron corrosion present that could suggest that the pin and axis bar were made of iron. This corrosion may also be where a fixing agent was originally placed in to the rear of the brooch to hold the axis bar in place. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow tapers to a broken terminal. The catch-plate on the rear has been lost due to the break. The bow of the brooch is decorated with a raised vertical rib at each outer edge where it meets the wings. There is no decoration present on the rear of the brooch. The brooch has a light to mid green coloured patina across all surfaces. There are many similar examples on the database that have been found in Bidford on Avon, Warwickshire (WAW-E3B44C), Telford and Wrekin area (HESH-64216D) and Middleton, North Warwickshire (WMID-97842C). Bayley and Butcher (2004:160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's (2000: 300 fig; 159, no.24) and Bayley and Butcher (2004: 89-92). The brooch measures 26.04 mm length, 16.71 mm width (across wings), 4.22mm thick at the top of the bow, and weighs 5.2 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection. London: Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-B83A8A: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.f. Plate 47 of Roman date (AD 80-120). The rearward facing hook is damaged. The spring, pin, footknob are missing. The catch plate is partially intact. The remains of the rearward facing hook is visible, this is located at the centre of the bow on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The back of the head is hollow, presumably to save weight (as described in a parallel cited it Bayley and Butcher, 2004).The wings are semi-cylindrical. The left handed wing cap terminates with a rib moulding. The right handed wing cap has been partially lost. The bow tapers to a broken terminal. The footknob is missing, most likely to due to plough soil damage as the patina is broken at this point. The catch plate on the rear has been lost due to the break. The break is not recent. The remains are triangular in profile. The upper bow has a band of punched circles or rings between two ribs, terminating in a raised moulded pellet, comprised of two lentoid raised mouldings, terminating in an oval shaped raised pellet. Due to corrosion the form is not fully clear. However, a similar example in Bayley and Butcher, (2004) has described the decoration as being zoomorphic. On the reverse there is fine zigzag ornamentation on both sides of the remains of the catch plate.The brooch has a mid to dark green coloured patina across all surfaces. The patina has been damaged in various places across the brooch. Parallels for the decoration of this brooch include can be found in Bayley and Butcher, (2004, p 91, no. 213). These examples were discovered in Croft Ambrey, Herefordshire (Stanford 1974, no. 2, p 144), Wroxeter, Shropshire (Bushe-Fox 1916, no. 5, p 23), and Woodcock Hall, Norfolk (Brown 1986, no. 128, p 27). A further example may be found on the database discovered in Kington, St Michael, Wiltshire (WILT-CCA397). The entire object measures 55.2mm in length, the width across the wing caps measures 29.2mm and the thickest point on the bow is 7.2mm, it weighs 21.7g. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection London: The Society of Antiquaries.

HESH-65E1BC: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester type one-piece bow brooch dating to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman Period circa (AD 25-60). The brooch is missing the spring, the pin, the forward facing hook and the catch-plate. The brooch has the partial remains of the wings that form a T-shape and have rounded terminals. The spring is missing behind the wings and only the remains of the projecting claw and forward facing hook to hold the spring in place are present. The bow projects outwards from the head which is angular in profile. The bow then tapers inwards towards the foot. The bow is without decoration on both faces or the decoration is now discernible due to corrosion. The remains of the catch-plate are evident as a small rib at the rear of the foot. Here the original surface of the brooch is visible suggesting the catch plate has been damaged in the plough soil rather than in antiquity. The brooch has a dark brown coloured patina across all surfaces. Mackreth (2011) illustrates a similar example on page 25, Plate 22, No.211, which is dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman Period. There are other examples on the database that have been discovered near Newquay, Cornwall (CORN-5E3C15) and Teffont, Wiltshire (WILT-025937). Mackreth, D.F., (2011) Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-6503CC: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Roman Aesica brooch dating to circa (AD 50-75). The upper bow is complete and the partial remains of one wing cap. The opposing wing cap, axis bar, pin, foot and catch plate are missing. The brooch has the left hand wing partially intact that is semi-cylindrical in profile. The upper bow is broadly triangular in plan with expanded knopped terminals in the bottom corners. On the lower edge of the triangular bow is a narrowed moulded collar comprised of two horizontal ribs. The collar extends to a broken terminal from which originally the lower fantail section of the brooch would have extended. The brooch is decorated with a central vertical rib that begins just below the upper edge of the bow and terminates at the lower edge of the triangular bow. On the reverse of the brooch, the spring and pin are missing and there is no decoration. The brooch has a fairly even mid green coloured patina. A similar brooch can be seen illustrated in Mackreth (2011 plate 29) nos 6125. This style of brooch dates from c. AD 50-75. There are many similar examples on the database that have been discovered in East Dorset (DOR-F4C3D2) and the Stratford upon Avon district, Warwickshire (LEIC-C3DC80). The brooch measures 22.49mm length, 17.2 mm width (across wings), 3.42mm thick across the bow, and weighs 4.83 grams. Mackreth, D.F., 2011 Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-64216D: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester-derivative Polden Hill (fMackreth Group 4, flat wing ends), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b, 4c, Plate 46 type, AD 80-120. The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are complete. The rearward facing hook, spring, pin, foot and catch plate are missing. The remains of the rearward facing hook is visible, this is located at the centre of the bow on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow tapers to a broken terminal. The catch-plate on the rear has been lost due to the break. The break is not recent. The bow of the brooch is decorated with a central vertical rib that extends the length of the bow, any further possible decoration is lost through corrosion and abrasion. On the upper bow there is a circular shaped indentation that has broken the surface patina. This could possibly be a purposely created cell to hold a piece of enamel or stud. The indentation is slightly off centre so it may have also been created due to plough soil damage. One of the wing caps has a small circular fragment of iron corrosion which suggests the brooch would have originally had an iron axis bar. The reverse of the bow where the axis bar would have been located, also has evidence of iron corrosion. This corrosion may also be where a fixing agent was originally placed in to the rear of the brooch to hold the axis bar in place. The brooch has a light to mid green coloured patina across all surfaces. There are many similar examples on the database that have been found in Bidford on Avon, Warwickshire (WAW-E3B44C) and Middleton, North Warwickshire (WMID-97842C). Bayley and Butcher (2004:160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's (2000: 300 fig; 159) and Bayley and Butcher (2004: 89-92). The brooch measures 34.13mm length, 23.72 mm width (across wings), 12.33mm thick across the bow, and weighs 9.65 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection. London: Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-95EE1C: BROOCH
A fragment of a copper alloy, Roman Polden Hill type brooch dating to (c.AD75-AD175). The fragment consists of the bow and head of the brooch. The spring, pin, foot and catchplate are missing. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow tapers to a broken terminal that would have formed the foot and catchplate on the reverse. The object has a light to mid-green coloured patina. Bayley and Butcher (2004:160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt (2000) (pp 300 fig; 159) many of these examples also have the rib decoration. Bayley and Butcher (2004) (p 159 fig. 128). There are many examples on the database that have been discovered across the country, such as Richard's Castle Shropshire (HESH-1651B5Z) and the Rugby district, Warwickshire (WMID-C979FB). The fragment measures 20.73 mm in length, 10.45 mm in width, 8.45 mm thick at the bow and weighs 3.61 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough CollectionLondon, The Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-954C5E: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative brooch of Roman date (AD75-175). The foot and catchplate are lost as is the spring and pin. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. On the reverse of the head at the upper edge are the remains of a hook that would have once held the spring in place. The wings are 'D' shaped in cross section. The bow is also D shaped cross -section. It extends to a broken and eroded point above the foot. The catchplate and pin rest are lost - the catchplate would have been formed from a single rib which descends on the reverse of the bow from the head. The bow is decorated with two linear ribs at either outer edge that run the length of the bow. The wings are also decorated; this consists of a central raised rib with two thinner ribs at either side. The decoration is duplicated on both of the wings. The brooch has a mid-greenish coloured patina. The brooch is a Colchester derivative possible (Polden Hill) type. Bayley and Butcher (2004:160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt (2000) (pp 300 fig; 159) many of these examples also have the rib decoration. Bayley and Butcher (2004) (p 159 fig. 128). There are many examples on the database that have been discovered across the country, such as Richard's Castle Shropshire (HESH-1651B5Z) and the Rugby district, Warwickshire (WMID-C979FB) The brooch measures 19.82mm length, 23.65mm width (across wings), 4.05mm thick across bow and it weighs 5.36 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection London, The Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-50F974: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Part 3, Group 4.a-b, flat wing ends type), of AD80-120. The wings are incomplete being semi-cylindrical with broken ends and eroded sides. The perforated wing / end caps are incomplete whilst the axis bar, spring and pin are lost. The spring was only held by the axis bar and not by a rearward facing hook which is more common. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow has a faceted D shaped cross -section. It extends to a broken and eroded point above the foot. The catchplate and pin rest are lost - the catchplate would have been formed from a single rib which descends on the reverse of the bow from the mid-point. The brooch is undecorated, although there are two D shaped lugs / moulded areas either side of the bow. The lower bow is distorted and heavily eroded by movement in the soil; on all other surfaces the brooch has a well formed and preserved mid grey green coloured patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches (pp 300 fig; 159) and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain (pp 89-92). The brooch measures 34.5mm length, 17.8mm width (across wings), 5.4mm width across bow and 3.2mm thick at the same point; it weighs 4.7 grams.

HESH-DF0010: BROOCH
A copper alloy 'umbonate' style plate brooch of early Roman date (100-250 AD). The brooch has been eroded on the outer edges, probably recently in the ploughsoil and is no longer complete. The pin and catchplate are missing. The brooch is broadly circular in plan and 'D' shaped in profile. The brooch has a pronounced angular conical central boss which is surmounted by two incomplete sub-rectangular projections, one on the upper edge, and the other on the lower. Originally there were probably projections surrounding the central boss in the form of small knops as seen in examples in Hattatt's (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. The central boss is decorated with a central circular inlay surrounded by a series of wedge shaped inlaid panels which have been enamelled, sadly most of this is now lost. These are set within an outer band of single triangular shaped cells that are evenly spaced and regular; the edge of the copper alloy cells acts as a border / separator between enamels. The enamels are mostly lost, although the colour survives in places as a deep blue colour. There were possiblyother colours that can be seen on other examples that have now been lost. The reverse face is plain and undecorated. The centre of the reverse of the brooch has a deep concave depression echoing the boss on the front face. The pin is missing as is the majority of the hinge and catchplate. The remains of the hinge are apparent in two raised lateral ribs on the upper edge of the brooch. The remains of the catchplate are on the opposite edge to the hinge and comprise of a single lateral raised rib. The metal has a mid-green patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Hattatt's visual catalogue of Roman Brooches; page 350, specifically no 128. These are broadly dated to the 2nd Century AD. There are parallels on the database discovered in the Leighton and Eaton Constantine area of Shropshire (HESH-A8D4F4) and Kelsall in the district of Cheshire West and Chester (LVPL-E04223). The brooch measures 29.2mm length, is 18.3mm width and is 5.1mm thick. It weighs 2.8 grams. Hattatt's (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-7565FB: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman copper-alloy Hod Hill brooch (AD43-75). Hattatt Class B (with side lugs). The top edge is stepped and is perforated with a copper pin that passes through the perforation rather than the pin being rolled in situ. The pin has been flattened at the top end and tapers to a point which has been bent and distorted so it no longer extends to the catch plate. The bow of the brooch is sub-triangular in plan with the side lugs extending either side which are rounded in form. The left hand side lug is partially missing. The bow has a horizontal rib traversing the point where the bow begins to taper to a bulbous out turned foot; the foot has been distorted in the plough soil. The catch plate is rectangular in plan and located at the centre of the foot. The catch plate is missing the fold that would have held the pin in place. The front of the bow is decorated with four vertical ridges across it. The other surfaces of the brooch are undecorated. It is probable that the brooch was tinned, there are small traces of this surface on the back of the brooch. There is also a small trace of active corrosion on the bow. The brooch has a light-dark green patina across all surfaces. The brooch finds similar parallels in examples published by Hattat (2000 p.322 fig.181). Similar examples can be found on the database and were discovered in West Oxfordshire (BH-ECFDC4) and North Rauceby,Lincolnshire (WMID-F3F324). The brooch has a length of 41.2 mm, a width of 20.7mm; the thickness of the bow is 2.6mm and the object weighs 6.7 grams. Bayley & Butcher (2004, p.153) suggest Hod Hill brooches went out of use c.AD70 and that most were tinned in part and few were decorated with niello and enamel. They also suggest that Hod Hill brooches are better known on the continent, although the type had certainly reached Britain in the conquest period. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection. Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 68, Society of Antiquaries of London. Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-74F8FC: BROOCH
A near complete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative (Polden Hill style) brooch, Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b, 4c, Plate 46, of Roman date (AD 80-120). The brooch survives well apart from a missing pin. In plan, the brooch is almost T-shaped, and D-shaped in cross section. The bow head is hump-like, and angular (comma shaped) in profile, with cylindral wings projecting from either side at the top which are perforated. The hook is present at the rear head of the bow which holds the spring. The spring of eight coils is intact. The bow tapers to the foot which is now misshapen. The catch plate is present at the rear of the base of the bow, consisting of a large triangular plate, with a folded edge to retain the pin (now missing). The foot consists of a circular knop. The brooch does not contain any surface decoration. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even polished surface patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159. There are also examples on the database discovered in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire (HESH-4F5143) and Brailed, Warwickshire (WAW-EB1174). The brooch is a Polden Hill type. Bayley and Butcher (2004:p160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. The brooch measures 56.3mm length, 19.2mm width (across wings), 7.9mm width across bow, is 4.08mm thick across the bow, and weighs 10.7 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S.(2004)Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough CollectionReports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 68, Society of Antiquaries of London. Hattatt,R. (2000)A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-73FBCD: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy trumpet brooch dating to c. AD 75 to 175. The head of the brooch is missing the wings and in plan is a horizontal oval. The upper edge has a trace of an integral perforated lug (headloop). The oval head tapers to a broken edge, the bow, terminal, foot, pin and catch plate are missing. On the reverse of the bow head there are two vertical sub-oval integral lugs. Between these lugs are the traces of two coils. The brooch fragment is undecorated. The brooch has a green/brown coloured patina. Similar complete examples can be seen in Bayley and Butcher (2004 p.160-164) and are suggested as dating to the 1st to 2nd century. Hattatt (2000) shows examples on page 326, Fig 185.Similar examples can be found on the database and have been discovered in Priors Marston, Warwickshire (WAW-0A7353) and Elmbridge, Worcestershire (WAW-1DC847). The fragment weighs 6.5g, and measures 20.4mm wide across the head of the brooch, 9.5 mm thick across the head and remains of the spring and 25.5mm long. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S.(2004)Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough CollectionReports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 68, Society of Antiquaries of London. Hattatt,R. (2000)A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-72C356: BROOCH
An incomplete brooch of cast copper alloy Colchester derivative (Polden Hill style), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b, 4c, Plate 46, of Roman date (AD 80-120). The wings are semi-cylindrical with the left hand side wing and cap missing. The axis bar, spring, pin, catchplate and foot are all lost. The spring would have been held by an external chord that attached to a rearward facing hook which is partially intact at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow would have extended to a foot which is missing. The filled rib which would have formed the catchplate is evident running vertically along the back face of the bow. The brooch has two vertical incised lines that originate either side of the hook at the centre of the brooch head and come together and taper to a point half way along the bow. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even polished surface patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159. There are also examples on the database discovered in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire (HESH-4F5143) and Brailed, Warwickshire (WAW-EB1174). The brooch is a Polden Hill type. Bayley and Butcher (2004:p160) comment that the distribution of Polden Hill brooches are concentrated in the West Midlands. The brooch measures 32.9mm length, 16.9mm width (across wings), 6.8mm width across bow, is 5.4mm thick across the bow, and weighs 9.1 grams. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S.(2004)Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough CollectionReports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 68, Society of Antiquaries of London. Hattatt,R. (2000)A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-7080F7: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Roman gilded disc (oval) brooch with dark black glass inset, probably dating to (3rd to 4th CenturiesAD). The brooch is oval in plan with a large centrally set conical paste or black glass 'gem'. Around the gem the metalwork has been gilded. On other examples this area has been decorated, however this example appears to be undecorated. The outer rim is slightly raised. On the reverse the pin lug is retained and the catchplate consists of an incomplete rectangular lug. The hinge is partially present on the opposing side of the brooch to the catch plate which is also rectangular in plan. The pin is missing. The back of the brooch is plain and undecorated. The edges of the brooch have been damaged as has the gilded surface in places. The back of the brooch has a dark grey to green patina. A small section of the black glass surface has also been removed. Hattatt (2007: p.364) shows direct comparisons in nos 172, 173, 1210, 641, and 1212. Similar examples have been discovered across the country and have been discovered in Digby, Lincolnshire (LIN-7CC211) and Long Itchington, Warwickshire (WMID-D96326). The brooch measures 27.01 mm in length and is 21.02 mm wide. The height has been measured from the top of the conical gem and measures 8.2 mm. The thickness of the plate is 1.8 mm. The brooch weighs 6.6 grams. Sally Worrell, National Finds Adviser - Prehistoric, Iron Age and Roman Artefactssuggests this type of brooch dates from circa AD 200-350. Hattatt,R. (2000)A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-5FBCC6: BROOCH
A complete Roman copper-alloy crescent type "Aesica" brooch of first century AD date, possibly dating to circa AD43-100. The brooch comprises an upper curved bow and a lower flat bow. The spring-case has a width of 16.4mm and diameter of 3.5mm. The spring consists of seven coils / turns with the external chord which lays over the top of the spring, and then passes through a pierced hole in the spring lug which holds it in place. The pin is intact and curves to the catchplate which is also complete. The pin measures 23.7 mm in length. The brooch has an upper plate which has a 'C' shaped curve that gives the brooch its crescent shape. At the centre of the bow is a prominent lateral rib that is in line with the integral sprung lug on the spring casing. To either side of this central rib is a less prominent rib that then extends further to the edge with a curved point. This curved point edge is missing on the left hand side of the bow. The upper curved bow is joined to the lower flat bow with a circular collar / cast rosette that forms a large pierced hole which can be seen when the brooch is in profile. The central collar has a number of incised lines around its circumference. The lower bow is flat and extends from the large circular opening that is formed from the upper and lower plates. The lower bow extends, following the contour of the circular collar, to a triangular fantail edge. The fantail foot is decorated with a vertical rib which is only slightly raised, possibly this has been worn smooth in the plough soil. The lower bow plate has a thickness of 0.7mm and a width of 12.2 mm. The lower edge of the foot terminates with a transverse raised rib. The catch-plate is positioned on the reverse laterally at the centre of the fantail foot and has been rolled to form a pin rest. The catch-plate is rectangular when the brooch is viewed in plan. The brooch has a fairly even mid green patina across its surface. The pin however has a paler green patina and appears to be made from a different alloy. The back face of the brooch has corrosion on it that may have been caused if the brooch was against cloth of some sort in the plough soil. The lower surface of the fantail foot has a grey/silvery appearance which could be possible evidence of tinning. There are similar examples discovered in Askern Spa, Yorkshire (CAM-97D6C8) and at Gussage St. Michael, Dorset (DOR-F4C3D2). Hattatt (2000: pg311 fig 170 nos 1481-290) has catalogued a number of examples which he dates to the 1st century AD. This brooch has a total length of 31.2mm, maximum width (across the wings) of 16.5mm, the maximum thickness at the lower bow is 0.7 mm and it weighs 9.7 grams. Hattatt,R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-288018: BROOCH
A fragment of a copper alloy, Roman bow brooch probably of Polden Hill type (c.AD75-AD175) or possibly a Trumpet brooch (c.AD75-AD175). The fragment is sub oval in plan. Due to its fragmentary nature it is problematic to assign a firm classification. It is broken at the head, therefore the spring, bow, pin, foot and catch plate are missing. Iron staining indicates the former position of the spring on the largest flat surface of the fragment. The object has a dark green patina. The fragment measures 16.6 mm in length, 11 mm in width and weighs 4.8 grams.

HESH-6A4BDA: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands, Mackreth 2011, 4.i2) brooch of Roman date (AD 80-120). One of the wings, the spring, pin, foot and catch plate are missing. The remaining wing is semi-cylindrical, the perforated wing / end cap is missing. Only the base of the rearward facing hook remains, this is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken terminal that would have originally attached to a knop / foot. The remains of the catch-plate is formed from a cast ridge on the rear of the brooch which starts at the mid-point of the bow, the pin rest is missing. The brooch is decorated with cast decorative motifs that consists of a repeating pattern formed by cast lentoid pellets around a central rib. Each pattern consists of four pellets arranged to form a diagonal cross around the rib. This pattern is repeated four times, with the break at the midpoint of the fifth. Due to other examples it is likely that the central rib is decorated by a line of incised dots which are evident on the upper part of the bow although they have now been worn. It is also possible that the brooch has been deliberately silvered. The brooch is a dark green colour with an abraded patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 no.380 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. This form of decorated brooch is very similar to other examples recorded on the database: see HESH-4FE278, HESH-CDD1E5 and HESH-BF58CB. The brooch measures 32.7mm length, 18.47mm width (including the wing), 6.9mm width across bow and weighs 12.37 grams.

HESH-1CA874: BROOCH
Incomplete cast copper alloy one piece Colchester brooch of very late Iron Age to Early Roman of 1st century date. . The brooch is 'c' shaped in profile. The spring is partially intact, the catchplate is partially missing and the pin is also missing. The head of the brooch contains two wings that extend from either edge of the head. The wings are short and triangular in plan. The spring is formed from a coiled length of copper alloy wire which has been integrally cast with the body of the brooch. This wire extends from the reverse head of the brooch and tapers to a sharp point. This spring would also have been secured by a rearward facing integral cast hook. The bow is circular in cross section. It tapers to a pointed foot. The incomplete catchplate extends from the bow and the pin rest is lost but would have been formed by the outer edge of the catchplate being turned over. There is evidence that the catchplate was pierced which is typical of this style of brooch. The lower part of the bow, along the spine is decorated with a cast vertical rib which has been knotched creating the appearance of a line of pellets. The brooch has a light green to brown patina. Similar brooches can be seen in Hattatt (2000:p. 296) fig; 155 and Bayley and Butcher (2004: pp 60-63) Nos 44-54. This type of brooch spans the period pre and post Roman conquest of Britain and it is difficult to therefore suggest either a purely Roman or Iron Age date. The brooch measures 68.3mm length, 18.9mm width (across wings), 3.7mm width and 3.3mm thick across the bow, and weighs 9.2 grams. References: Bayley, J. and Butcher, S. (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection. London, The Society of Antiquaries of London. Hattatt. R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient brooches. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

HESH-E95A94: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat end caps, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.b-4c, Plate 46 of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with a perforated wing / end cap. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost . The spring would have been held by an external chord that attached to a rearward facing hook which is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile and on both sides a moulding is present at the junction between the bow and the wings. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a blunted pointed foot. The catch-plate is formed from a cast ridge on the rear of the brooch which starts from the mid-point of the bow, the catchplate and pin rest are lost. The brooch is undecorated. It is a mid green colour with an even polished surface patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch especially the lower bow. There is little evidence of active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. The brooch measures 50.7mm length, 23.4mm width (across wings), 7.8mm width across bow, is 4.4mm thick across the bow, and weighs 11.0 grams.

HESH-E93F39: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands) brooch, cf. Mackreth 2011, 4.b. Plate 46. Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete with one being broken flush with the head of the brooch; the remaining wing is semi-cylindrical with a perforated wing / end cap. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost . The would have been held by an external chord that attached to a rearward facing hook which is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a turned cylindrical bulbous knop / foot. The catch-plate is formed from a cast ridge on the rear of the brooch which starts below the head and expands from the mid-point of the bow, the pin rest is formed by the exterior edge being rolled over to form a catch - this is crushed. The brooch seems to be undecorated although it has been abraded and corroded in the ground. It is possible that the brooch has been deliberately silvered as a grey surface is present in small areas. The brooch is a mid grey green colour with an even but much abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch especially the lower bow. There is little evidence of active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. The brooch measures 55.0mm length, 20.0mm width (across wings), 9.2mm width across bow, is 5.1mm thick across the bow, and weighs 15.8 grams.

HESH-FA35F7: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, Middle Severn Valley), cf. Mackreth 2011, 3. Plate 46, pg. 71. The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The axis bar, and spring are present - the pin is lost; the spring is held by a copper alloy axis bar and is formed of eleven turns and attached by an external loop which passes through a rearward facing lug positioned at the mid-point. The profile of the brooch is curved / comma shaped. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers to a broken edge above the mid-point of the bow. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is lost. The head and upper bow is decorated with a tapering wedge that extends from the lug at the mid-point. There are traces of cast vertical incised lines on the wing cases and the wing is also decorated with D shaped wedges - which echo the raised ribs on the wing tips. The brooch is well preserved with a polished mid green grey surface patina. Near the broken edge and the wing tips the patina is lost and a light green coloured corrosion product is present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159. The brooch measures 19.7mm length, 24.5m width across the wings and 4.7mm across the bow; it is 3.7mm thick at the same point. The brooch weighs 7.51 grams.

HESH-A4DD57: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy plate brooch dating to the Roman period, circa AD150-250. The brooch is oval in plan and irregular in section. On the face of the brooch, the plate thickens gradually from the edges to a raised oval rimmed border which surrounds an oval recess that would have originally housed an intaglio, enamel or glass decorative boss. The reverse of the plate is plain and flat and bears an integrally cast lug with drilled hole (approximate diameter 2.1m) and the stub of the catch plate. Gilding survives around the outside of the rim comprising of 2 rows of triangles forming a band. A section of gilding to the top edge of the brooch and another patch to the bottom indicates that the edges of the brooch would originally have had a gilded border. Most of the gilded border does not survive due to the nibbled edges of the brooch. The brooch has an uneven dark green patina. The edges of the plate, the decorative boss, the pin and most of the catch plate are missing due to old breaks. Maximum diameter of the brooch is 29.34mm. Maximum thickness of the plate at the rim is 2.82mm which increases to 8.35mm when including the hinge. Weight is 5.9g. A comparable brooch is recorded in Bayley and Butcher: 2004: p134, fig 386 and is dated from AD150-250. A more complete example of a comparable brooch is recorded under reference DUR-9B5295.

HESH-A49524: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy two-piece brooch of Roman date (c. 50 - 200 AD). The type of brooch is difficult to ascertain as certain specific diagnostic features are either badly worn or lost. The brooch comprises a relatively rare form of head / pin attachment which consists of an irregular (and incomplete due to an ancient break) and slightly corroded oval socket. The socket has a slight lip to it which has been lost in places; the inner part of the socket has a mid brown coloured cement / paste present, this is stained orange in places by iron. This iron staining may come from either the burial environment or the remains of the pin fitting. The outer edge of the socket is lost. There is no evidence of either the pin or spring, and there is also no evidence of a head loop. The bow of the brooch is relatively short and angular (stumpy); it is broadly an angular oval shape in cross section. The sides of the bow are parallel until the mid point where it tapers forming the lower bow (that is triangular ins section) and terminates in a corroded and eroded point. The reverse of the bow is very uneven and there is no sign of a catch-plate. The exterior surface of the brooch is eroded and so any cast or applied surface has been lost. At the change in angle of the bow - is a slight circular mark - possibly all that remains of a head-stud? The brooch is a mid green colour with an even but abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it has affected the exterior elements of the brooch, such as the foot, catchplate and head. Some of these abraded edges have active light green powdery corrosion present. A direct parallel has not been found for either the style of decoration or type of brooch. It is suggested that it is a head stud / trumpet variant due to the compact nature of the bow and the highly unusual head arrangement. These are typically dated to the end of the 1st century and continue until around 200 AD (probably AD 60 - 175). The brooch measures 34.1mm length, 10.5mm width (across head),7.5mm width across bow, 4.8mm thick (across centre of bow at the same point) and weighs 6.9 grams.

An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends), Mackreth 2011, 4.b-4c, Plate 46 of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are complete but both pierced end caps are abraded . The spring, axis bar and pin are all lost. At the junction of the bow and wings, on the upper edge is the remnant of a rearward facing hook. This hook would have held an external chord from the spring. The reverse of the bow has a rectangular depression. The bow head is hump-like (comma shaped) in profile on both sides a moulding is present at the junction between the bow and the wings. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge on the lower bow - above the catchplate, which is lost. The brooch is rolled and abraded - there is no decoration present / preserved. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an even abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 24.9mm length, is 23.3mm width across wings, 7.3mm width across bow, is 4.3mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 8.02 grams.

HESH-6304D4: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends), c.f. Mackreth 2011, 4.i1. Plate 47. The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are near complete but the axis bar, spring and pin are lost. Significant iron corrosion is present suggesting at least one of these elements was formed from iron wire. The pin / spring would have been attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook which is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. At the centre of the reverse of the head is a rectangular recess filled with a grey coloured cement / paste. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a turned cylindrical bulbous knop / foot. The catch-plate is complete and has not been perforated. It is formed from a rectangular central rib that begins below the head of the brooch on the reverse side. This rib expands and is triangular in profile, with one side being slightly concave On the upper edge of the catch-plate is a complete pin rest which is formed by the upper edge being turned over to form a semi-cylindrical hollow. The brooch is relatively well decorated with cast decorative motifs on this brooch. The largest of these is on the body of the brooch and consists of a repeating pattern formed by cast lentoid pellets around a central rib. Each pattern consists of four pellets arranged to form a diagonal cross around the rib. This pattern is repeated seven times. The central rib is also decorated by a double line of incised dots. Another area of decoration is on the end caps of the wings here a series of small sub-oval pellets decorate the outer edge of the wing cap. A similar decoration is also present on the foot of the brooch and on the collar above that. The final area of decoration is on the pin rest of the catch-plate. Here a series of low relief lentoid pellets are present. It is also possible that the brooch has been deliberately silvered / tinned as a grey silvery metallic surface is present on much of the brooch. The brooch is a mid grey green colour with an even but much abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch especially the wing caps. There is little evidence of active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. This form of decorated brooch is very similar to other examples recorded from Worfield (HESH-4FE278) and Telford (HESH-CDD1E5), Shropshire. This third example, from Claverley, Shropshire makes a very interesting and discreet distribution pattern HESH-4FE278 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/71035 HESH-CDD1E5 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/214928 The brooch measures 58.9mm length, 23.5mm width (across wings), 11.5mm width across bow, is 7.8mm thick across the bow, and weighs 30.79 grams.

HESH-61C0F4: BROOCH
A near complete slightly abraded copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch dating from 75 - 175AD. The bow has an angular profile and an angular D shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a flared head to a rounded / turned foot knop. The head of the brooch was originally oval, now slightly irregular in plan, and tapers into an angular bow. The reverse of the head is concave possibly with a vertical cast bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is well preserved; the upper edge of which swells slightly and is pierced by a circular hole (diameter: 2.2mm). The spring and pin are missing. The upper part of the head is worn but a small stub projects from the centre of the top edge - most probably all that remains for a small spike. The angle between the upper bow and head is almost 90 degrees, this seems deliberate and functional rather than an artefact of movement in the soil. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, are three sub-circular (D shaped) cast mouldings. Beneath the mouldings the lower part of the bow extends and tapers slightly to turned foot knop with small projecting knop at the base. The catch plate is lost and would originally have extended from a rib on the reverse of the lower bow. The head of the brooch is decorated with a series of debased 'Celtic' interlocking C shaped scrolls as well as a series / band of cast annulets / ring and dot. The lower bow is more formerly decorated with a pair of curvi-linear scrolls within which are a series of regular triangles. The brooch may have been further decorated with a tinned surface which has degraded to a powdery grey colour. All the cast decoration is well formed and in relatively high relief - there is no evidence of inlaid glass or enamel surfaces. The brooch is of a mid green colour with an abraded but well preserved polished patina which covers all surfaces. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. All the brooches in this section are dated to the later 1st and 2nd century AD. The brooch measures 49.5mm in length, 18.2mm width (across head),10.3mm width (across bow) is 9.1mm thick (at the same point). It weighs 17.10 grams

HESH-78FD72: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style, brooch of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete - one being broken / lost - the other with an abraded pierced end cap. An iron stain on the reverse of the brooch suggests that the axis bar or possibly the spring were formed from iron wire - both are lost. At the junction of the bow and wings, on the upper edge is the remnant of a rearward facing hook. This hook would have held an external chord from the spring. The reverse of the bow has a rectangular panel filled with a grey coloured ceramic like paste - which probably helped secure the pin. The bow head is hump-like (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken blunted point above the foot. The catch-plate is lost; it is formed from a slight rib on the rear of the bow which starts below the head. The brooch is rolled and no decoration is present / preserved. The brooch is a mid - light green colour with an uneven abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. The brooch measures 34.4mm length, is 22.7mm width across wings, 9.3mm width across bow, is 5.3mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 9.70 grams. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain.

HESH-4AE0F7: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy hinged Colchester derivative (Dolphin style) brooch of Roman date (43-120AD). The wings are complete and rectangular. The hinge is encased in a rolled case instead a single pierced hole; the axis bar holding the pin is made of copper alloy. The pin (which is broken) is fitted through a vertical slot at the centre of the wings. The terminal of the pin is flattened and rectangular in shape, it is broken at the junction with the case. The bow head is hump-like, and extremely angular in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge; the lower bow, foot and also the catchplate are all lost. Under the head, on the underside / reverse is a large wedge shaped depression. The head, bow and wings of the brooch are all decorated with cast designs; the wings have cast rectangular panels on their upper side with a single wedge shaped lozenge at the centre - the cells are deep enough to contain enamel - but none remains. The junction between the body and bow is further decorated with two vertical ribs on either side. The upper bow is also decorated with a cast centrally positioned pellet which is contained within a circlet (ring and dot). The brooch is a mid green colour with an even polished but abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. The brooch measures 20.9mm length, is 20.8mm width across wings, 8.8mm width across bow, is 5.3mm thick across the bow. It weighs 6.45 grams.

HESH-CCE4C8: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy one piece Colchester brooch of very late Iron Age to Early Roman date (25-60 AD). The head of the brooch is relatively small and two small stumpy wings extend from either edge. The wings are short and solid with a semi-cylindrical solid D shaped cross section. The spring is and pin are lost - it was formed from a coiled length of copper alloy wire which has been integrally cast with the body of the brooch. This wire extends from the reverse head of the brooch and has is broken close to the head. The bow head is slight with an angular profile, which has been distorted by movement in the ploughsoil. The bow is lentoid in cross section. It tapers to a pointed foot which is broken at the catchplate. The catchplate extends from a slight rib and is broken at a point where it starts to expand. It is possible that the catchplate was originally pierced. The spine of the brooch is possibly decorated with pellets but the detail is difficult to identify. The brooch is a mid green colour with a broken and abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Corrosion is most evident around the head where a light green active corrosion product is present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches (pp 296 fig; 155) and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain (pp 60-63). This type of brooch spans the period pre and post Roman conquest of Britain and it is difficult to therefore suggest either a purely Roman or Iron Age date. The brooch measures 40.8mm length, 8.7mm width (across wings and spring), 4.4mm width across bow, is 2.6mm thick across the bow, and weighs 3.17 grams.

HESH-BA5D93: BROOCH
An incomplete and badly abraded cast copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style, brooch of Roman date (43-120AD). The wings are lost as are the axis bar, spring and pin; originally the wings were semi-cylindrical in plan. On the reverse of the head at the junction of the bow and wings is a sub rectangular cast socket like depression / hollow, which is thought to have been filled with a type of adhesive paste. The upper edge of the brooch is eroded a small stump survives where a rearward facing hook projected. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken and abraded edge above the foot. The lower bow is distorted and the foot and catch-plate is lost. All that remains of the catchplate is a slight rib that starts at the mid point of the bow. The brooch is too heavily eroded to identify significant areas of decoration. At the junction of the wings to the bow are the corroded remnants of two D shaped projections and a series of three vertical ribs descend down the spine of the brooch emanating behind the hook on the head. The brooch is a dark-green colour with an uneven and heavily laminating patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green and purple coloured corrosion product are present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain The brooch measures 39.2mm length, is 11.5mm width across head, 5.5mm width across bow, is 5.3mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 8.21 grams.

HESH-4E0AA6: BROOCH
A complete cast copper alloy one piece brooch of probable Late Iron Age dating (1st Century BC to 1st Century AD). The brooch is almost complete, just missing a small amount from the base of the catch plate and the pin. It has been case from one piece of metal. The pin is straight with a circular cross section. This then continues straight into the spring, which is formed from three turns or coils, each with a rectangular cross section. This then continues into the bow of the brooch. Located about a third of the way down the bow, a small sub circular swelling or knop is present, with a horizontal recess at the top & a raised collar above the knop. Below this, the bow expands into the assymetrical shoulders, with the max width being 11.76mm. Below this maximum width, the bow gradually tapers down into the foot. A central ridge is present down this central expanded section. The foot consists of a pronounced circular knop. The catch plate extends back vertically, and is sub rectangular in shape. The brooch measures 77.53mm in length, 11.76mm wide and 17.35mm thick. It weighs 10.35 gram s No direct parallel has yet been found for this style of brooch. It is believed to be probably Late Iron Age as it displays similar traits to the La Tene III type and a continental form known as Knotfibeln. However the style of the spring is different to both of these, as it is one sided and the decoration on the bow is different. It is possible that it could be a Continental type of Roman brooch.

An incomplete cast copper alloy trumpet brooch, of Roman dating (c. 75 to 175 AD). Approximately 50% of the brooch is present, consisting of the head, bow, catch plate and foot. The spring and pin are missing, presumably lost in antiquity. The head of the brooch is oval in plan, and tapers into the bow. The reverse of the head is concave and there is a complete, integrally cast rectangular lug which is sub-rectangular in shape and with a point projecting upwards. There is no evidence of a head loop or plate. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross-section. At the junction between the head and the bow, there is a central moulding consisting of a circular collar, with a smaller collar above and below the larger collar. The small collar was decorated by two horizontal lines running around the circumference. The moulded decoration consists of a central line which splits into two at the top and bottom. The line then runs down parallel to the central ridge, but as a wavy / indented line. The bow terminates in a foot knop, with a circular collar and a point present at the base. The catch plate starts halfway down the back of the bow, and is sub triangular in shape, complete with moulded pin rest. The brooch is a mid to dark green colour, with an even surface patina. Soil is still present on the brooch, obscuring some of the original surface decoration. The brooch measures 63.45mm in length, 16.69mm wide and 24.82 mm thick. It weighs 24.6 grams. Trumpet style brooches typically date from 75 to 175 AD. Hattatt (2000, p326, fig 185) published a similar example #949 from Wroxeter, Salop. Mackreth (2011, p120) suggests that trumpet brooches with moulded knops are probably from one workshop and tend to have a limited distribution focusing on the Marches in Shropshire, and expanding into Gloucestershire and Wales. Mackreth published two similar trumpet brooches (#4984 from Alcester, Warwickshire & #4989 from Forden Gaer, Wales) in plate 81. Reference: Hattatt, R. 2000. A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxbow Books. Oxford. Mackreth, D. 2011. Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. Oxbow Books. Oxford.

HESH-08B674: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative, Polden Hill style, brooch of Roman date (43-120AD). The wings are incomplete having lost their end caps through abrasion; they are semi-cylindrical in plan. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. At the junction of the bow and wings, on the upper edge is the remnant of a rearward facing hook. This hook would have held an external chord from the spring. The bow head is hump-like (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken blunted point above the foot. The catch-plate is lost; it is formed from a slight rib on the rear of the bow which starts below the head. The brooch is rolled and little decoration is present; the remains of two D shaped projections at the junction of the wings to the bow. The brooch is a mid - dark green colour with an uneven abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain. The brooch measures 35.6mm length, is 23.8mm width across wings, 6.6mm width across bow, is 5.3mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 11.45 grams.

HESH-6B6366: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy hinged two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are complete and cylindrical. A longitudinal hole is present to take the axis bar. It is filled with orange iron corrosion (rust), presumably from an iron axis bar. At the centre of the wings, on the reverse face is a vertical slit. The pin is lost. The bow head of the brooch is relatively hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is an angular D shape in cross section. The bow tapers along its length to an abraded rounded point / foot. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is incomplete and abraded. It expands from a central rib located beneath the bow of the brooch at the mid-point. The outer edge of the catchplate is lost; it is likely that it was turned over to create a U shaped, slightly recessed, pin rest. The catch plate has however been severally distorted by movement. The brooch is decorated with a single vertical rib that descends the length of the spine. The brooch is a dark mid green colour with an even polished but slightly abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Similar hinged dolphin brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 298-299 fig; 157-158. The brooch measures 40.0mm length, 29.2mm width across the wings, 7.1mm width across the bow and is 5.0mm thick also across the bow. It weighs 12.89 grams.

HESH-6B23E0: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy disc brooch of Roman date (80-250 AD). The brooch is broadly circular in plan. The front face is slightly relatively flat with a raised cast design and central cast hole (diameter: 1.9mm). Little remains of the upper surface due to corrosion and abrasion. The deign seems be centred on concentric raised circular panels, the outer possibly being a wreath. Presumably through the central hole a projecting rosette or similar applied ornament was fitted. There is no evidence of a gilt or silvered applied surface. The circumferential edge of the brooch has a raised ridge around it, slight heavily abraded projections are positioned on the outer edge, possibly suggesting this maybe a lugged disc brooch (dated c. 100-200 AD). On the upper edge of the rear of the brooch are two projecting pierced lugs; through which a hinged pin would move. The pin is present but separate; it is broken and incomplete. Both the lugs and the pin have iron corrosion present suggesting an iron axis bar. On the opposite edge to the hinge are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile; the outer edge of the catchplate is abraded but was probably turned (rolled) over to form the pin rest. The brooch is a mid-light green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil. This plate brooch is similar to a number recorded in a Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches all of which have been dated to the 2nd century AD. The brooch measures 25.6mm diameter; is 7.2mm thick across the catchplate and 2.1mm thick across the plate of the brooch. It weighs 5.18 grams. The pin measures 17.9mm length, 1.6mm width x 1.6mm thick across the body of the pine, and 3.4mm x 1.2mm across the hinged part, it weighs 0.26 grams

HESH-47D3F3: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth 2011, Part 3, Transitional Type 2/3, Group 2.b2, flat wing ends, Plate 46) of Roman date (50-60AD). The wings are almost complete being semi-cylindrical in plan with abraded but probably pierced end caps. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. An abraded hump is positioned in the centrally on the wings although there is no evidence of a rearward facing hook. The bow head is hump-like, with a very flattened profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge just above the foot knop. The break is worn and abraded suggesting relatively old damage in the soil. The catch-plate is cast and formed from a sub-triangular cast ridge or rib which extends from the mid point of the bow. The catchplate is badly abraded and little survives it is likely that it was originally broadly sub-triangular. The brooch is decorated with a series of simple cast designs; all of which are located on the head and bow of the brooch. It is possible that the brooch was further decorated but a combination of corrosion and abrasion has removed most of the surface. The wings of the brooch are decorated with a series of parallel vertical ribs which are even and well applied; the design makes the wing looked as it is turned. At the junction between the wings and body sub-circular ridges are present. The brooch is a mid green colour with an uneven polished patina which is abraded in many places. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. The brooch measures 25.8mm length, is 31.2mm width across wings, 3.9mm width across bow, is 3.6mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 5.95 grams.

HESH-3D9F08: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative double-lug brooch of Roman date (43-100AD). The wings are complete being semi-cylindrical in plan with open ends. A central bar divides the wings vertically; extending above the wing case is a rounded head projection. The bar is pierced in two places; this would allow the axis bar and also the external chord of the spring to be secured though the lugs. A small remnant of copper alloy wire is present in the upper hole; the rest of the spring / pin axis bar is lost. The bow head is flat having a slight angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken abraded edge above the foot knop. The catch-plate is cast and formed from a sub-triangular cast ridge or rib which extends from a point below the mid-point of the bow. The catchplate, pin rest and foot are lost. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast designs which are badly abraded and the detail is lost. The bow of the brooch is decorated with a raised triangular rib that extends from the projecting lug to the break. Similar ribs are present on the wing case; one at each end. All other design is lost through abrasion. A direct parallel for this style of brooch has not been found but it is noted in the PAS brooch training advice as being a known variant of bow or T shaped Colchester brooch with a distinct central and eastern distribution. The brooch measures 49.9mm length, is 23.6mm width across wings, 8.7mm width across bow, is 4.2mm thick across the bow (at the same point). The brooch weighs 9.67 grams.

HESH-713766: BROOCH
A copper-alloy annulet or ring brooch dating to the medieval period (1250 - 1450). The frame is circular in plan and irregular in cross section. The upper surface of the frame is decorated with six collets (or turrets) which are evenly spaced. Between the collets the frame is decorated with a series of punched annulets arranged in two parallel rows. Between two of the collets the brooch bulges inwards to accommodate a pierced hole (diameter 2.1mm). Originally a pin, now lost, would have been fixed. There is no evidence of a pin rest on the opposite side of the frame, although this is also between two collets. The collets are circular in plan and all are filled with an abraded white coloured paste, which has a powdery friable surface. The reverse face of the brooch is plain and undecorated; it has been heavily filed which has left diagonal marks on almost all unseen (lower and inner) surfaces. Where original patinated surfaces survive the brooch is a mid matt silver grey colour, probably as a result of an applied tin surface. Where abrasion has affected the brooch a light-mid green corroded patina survives. A similar brooch with a different pin is published in Norwich Households page 14-15 for illustrations and page 16 for discussion, brooch no 58. Two comparable examples recorded by the PAS can be seen BH-69D745 and CORN-57C613 The brooch measures 23.7mm diameter, the frame is 4.4mm wide and 2.6mm thick, the collets project 0.5mm above the surface of the frame and are 3.6mm in diameter. It weighs 3.13 grams

HESH-9225D7: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a Roman bow brooch, probably either a Langdon Down or Rosette / Thistle brooch, dated to the 1st century AD (25-60 AD). The fragment consists of the lower bow, and catchplate. Both are heavily abraded and corroded. The fragment is broadly sub-rectangular in plan and cross section. From the rear face a rectangular rib extends, this is incomplete but would have formed the catchplate and pin rest. The front face is decorated with vertical cast bars with raised pellet like decoration. The fragment measures 26.9mm length, 11mm width, is 2.8mm thick and weighs 1.83 grams

HESH-12E3D0: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill brooch (Mackreth Class 4, flat wing ends type, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b. Plate 46. Of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are complete but very short being semi-cylindrical in plan with closed and abraded ends. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. Unlike many brooches of this type there is no rearward facing hook located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken point. The catch-plate is cast and formed from a ridge or rib which extends from the mid point of the bow. The catchplate is badly abraded and little survives it is likely that it was originally broadly sub-triangular. The brooch measures 26.1mm length, is 14.9mm width across wings, 4.2mm width across bow, is 3.2mm thick across the bow (at the same point). It weighs 4.23 grams. The brooch is heavily abraded and no decoration is visible. Some parts of the brooch are wasted due to the loss of metal. The brooch is a light green colour with an uneven much corroded and abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92.

HESH-42BC75: BROOCH
Fragment consisting of the bow and upper foot from a copper-alloy cruciform brooch of probable 6th century date (500-550 AD). The fragment is broadly sub-rectangular in shape, with two projecting wings (lappets) at the top of the foot making it an upside down T-shape. In cross-section the brooch is broadly sub-rectangular. The upper part of the bow is broken; this edge is unpatinated, suggesting a recent break. The head of the brooch is lost. The bow has a distinct curve to its profile; in the centre the cross-section is D-shaped, as the bow swells at the mid-ridge. There is a hint of a rectangular-section area at the top of the bow, and a more substantial rectangular-section area at the base. Beneath the bow is a sub-rectangular flat panel which forms the top of the foot; the fragment is broken at a transverse moulding at its lower edge. To either side is a lappet, each a quarter-circle in shape and decorated with a relief design consisting of a central pellet eye enclosed by a double relief frame. Both lappets are worn, one (to the observer's left) more than the other. The reverse of the brooch is undecorated. At the centre of the footplate is a vertical cast ridge; this is all that remains of the catchplate. The brooch is a mid green colour with an abraded pitted patina which covers most surfaces. Dr Kevin Leahy has confirmed the identification as a cruciform brooch, stating "This is a fragment of an Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch of Aberg's Group IV and will date from the first half of the sixth century". The brooch measures 39.6mm length, 34.3mm width across foot and 18.1mm width across bow, it is 3.9mm thick across foot and 4.6mm width across bow. It weighs 17.84 grams. Thanks are extended to Dr Leahy for his opinion.

HESH-D3F9E6: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy disc brooch with enamelled decoration of Roman date (80-250 AD). The brooch is circular in plan. The front face is slightly dished (concave) with a central recessed area. Little remains of the enamelled surface; however from what survives a blue and red checker-board like pattern of opposing enamel square is suggested for the outer border. The inner recess shows small fragments of deep blue enamel suggesting that this was filled. The circumferential edge of the brooch has a raised ridge around it. The rear of the brooch is slightly flat. The upper part is damaged and the pin setting of hinge / spring is lost spring. On the opposite edge to the spring are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile; the outer edge of the catchplate is lost but was probably turned (rolled) over to form the pin rest. The brooch measures 24.6mm diameter, is 6.9mm thick across the damaged catchplate and 1.8mm thick across the plate of the brooch. It weighs 3.05 grams. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil and this is most evident where the enamel has been removed. This plate brooch is similar to a number recorded in a Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches all of which have been dated to the 2nd century AD figure 203, page 344.

HESH-D3EA75: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy plate brooch with enamelled decoration of early Roman date (80-250 AD). The brooch is lozenge shaped (expanding to and tapering from the mid point of the vertical axis) in plan and sub-rectangular in cross section. At the centre (midpoint) of the brooch a raised dome is present; this corresponds with a concave recess on the rear. The front face is relatively flat although a raised outer ridge is present. The overall design of the front face consists of two panels of deep blue enamel above and below the central boss. Within both of these panels are three raised cast pellets arranged in apposing triangles with the apex positioned in the direction of the boss. The outer edge of the brooch is further decorated with integral cast knops; these are positioned on the mid point of each side and on the four outer corners. The central boss has a series of concentric cast ridges around its edge. The rear of the brooch is relatively flat. On the upper edge are the remains of a sprung pin of three turns and an internal chord. This spring was held in place between two lugs with a copper alloy axis bar running through the spring. These lugs are located at one edge of the brooch. On the opposite edge to the spring are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile. The outer edge of the catchplate is lost but would have been turned (rolled) over to form the pin rest. The catch plate and pin rest have both been damaged in the ploughsoil. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil and this is most evident where the enamel has been removed. The brooch measures 32.6mm length, 15.0mm width is a maximum of 10.3mm thick, and weighs 3.83 grams.

HESH-D29810: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from a cast silver brooch. In plan the fragment is a crescent shape, whilst in cross section it is sub-rectangular. The two broken edges are worn and irregular. Originally the brooch would have been annular (circular) in plan; there is no evidence for a constriction in the frame for either a pin rest or junction point although both these points may be lost due to the break. The outer rim of the brooch is raised slightly above the body. The upper surface is decorated with a series of incised irregular lines which seem to form an irregular oscillating (wavy) pattern. The quality and craftsmanship of this decoration is poor. The lower face is plain and undecorated.

HESH-D9EE73: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative (Dolphin style) brooch of Roman date (43-120AD). The wings are incomplete but originally were semi-cylindrical with pierced end caps. The axis bar, spring and pin are lost. A sub-rectangular hollow is present on the reverse of the head of the brooch and does not extend into the wings; this is filled with a brown iron corrosion. The pin / spring would have been secured by an external chord which fitted to a transverse groove running along the rearward edge of the head. The bow head is hump-like, and angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a broken edge near the foot which is much abraded. The foot and also the catchplate are lost. It is likely that the catch-plate was sub-triangular and extended from a cast ridge which extends from a point below the head / hump of the bow. The brooch measures 37.4mm length, is 25.6mm width across wings, 6.6mm width across bow, is 6.6mm thick across the bow. It weighs 9.49 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of intricate cast designs; these are much abraded and corroded. The body and bow of the brooch are most decorated but a series of vertical ribs are present on the upper edge of the extant wings. The bow of the brooch is decorated with two moulded decorations either side of the head and extending along the length of the bow. These taper from wide heads to elegantly shaped curled tails. Below these grooves a series of diagonal cast lines are present and these match a series of chevron grooves –present on the bow – although they are much distorted. The bow of the brooch is heavily silvered and this surface survives in several areas, presumably suggesting a silver wash. This surface extends to the underneath surface – but not onto the inner surface of the wings. The brooch is a dark brown green colour with an even but heavily abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred patches of light green corrosion product are present. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. A direct parallel for the decoration has not been found.

HESH-D81B16: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch / trumpet derivative brooch dating from late first or second century (75 – 175) AD. This brooch is extremely large in comparison to the majority of Trumpet brooch variants recorded. The lower part of the brooch is lost due to an old break. The head of the brooch terminates in an unusually large head plate which is incomplete but broadly oval in shape, from the lower half of this plate the bow extends. The brooch measures 36.2mm in length, 14.2mm width (across head), 6.0mm width (across bow) is 4.9mm thick (across head), and 8.7mm thick (across bow). The fragment weighs 21.68 grams. The head of the brooch is incomplete and abraded. It is broadly oval in plan, and the lower edge tapers into the bow. The reverse of the head has two projecting pierced lugs positioned on the lower edge on either side. These lugs are irregular in form and very unusual being broadly U shaped integrally cast staples with an internal diameter of 2.4mm. The two lugs are positioned 2.2mm apart and are each 5.4mm wide. It is assumed that these would have held an axis bar and sprung hinge although both are missing. The head plate is incomplete and badly corroded / abraded; this makes decoration difficult to distinguish. There are several marks on this plate which may be the remains if cast decoration but this is not clear enough to describe with any accuracy. The bow of the brooch is relatively thick and D shaped in cross section. It tapers slightly along its length until it flares at the mid point where a series of circumferential moulded decorations are present. These moulded decorations are consistent with that seen on other trumpet brooches. It consists of a larger central D-shaped projection above and below which are a series of small D shaped projections which have also been decorated with circumferential grooves. Below the lower of these the brooch extends and tapers. The break is uniform and worn suggesting it has some age, however, the patina across it is distinctly different. The lower brooch, catch-plate, pin rest and foot are all lost. The brooch is of a mid brown colour with an abraded but polished patina which covers all surfaces. There is little evidence of corrosion present and this is most prolific in abraded areas. A direct parallel has not been found and it is likely to represent a local variant to a common fashion.

HESH-C31016: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from a late Iron Age La Tène III style brooch c. 100BC - 50 AD, possibly being similar to a Winchester Type, bow brooch. The fragment is incomplete and consists of the upper bow - inturned foot / catchplate. The upper part of the bow, including the head and turned spring are missing. The break is relatively old and has a similar patina to that of the brooch suggesting damage in antiquity / pre-deposition. The brooch fragment measures 34.3mm length, 6.8mm width across the upper bow and is 1.9mm thick also across the bow at the same point. It weighs 5.95 grams. The upper bow, including the spring/ hinge and head of the brooch, is lost. The lower bow is formed from a decorated sheet of metal which is broadly sub-rectangular in cross section. The bow profile is broadly C shaped with a very angular turn (90 degrees) at the top and an inturned foot. The bow tapers along the length from the head to the foot which is relatively pointed. The lower foot of the brooch is turned outwards and back upon itself.. There is no defined catch plate or foot knop. The bow of the brooch has been decorated with a cast design. This consists of a panel on the upper part of the bow with a circular incised design. The centre of the design is a circular panel, possibly filled with red decayed enamel or white paste, none of this surface now survives. Around this is a concentric circle and this is enclosed with a square shaped panel. Beneath this decoration is a transverse double band from the centre of which extends a central recessed grove which extends along the length of the bow to just above the foot. This recessed groove is flanked by a series of cast notches which dip into the edge of the frame, creating a toothed or serrated edge. At the foot beneath this decoration is a square shaped boss from which projects the tapering terminal of the brooch which curves in a serpentine loop back upon itself. The interior edge of the brooch is plain and undecorated. The brooch is a dark brown colour with a polished and slightly abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 291 fig; 150 being similar, although not identical to those described as Winchester types.

HESH-8950E6: BROOCH
Incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends type, middle Severn Valley), Mackreth 2011, 3.b. Plate 46. The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar and spring are present. The spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which has been turned 7 times and secured by the external chord to a rearward facing hook located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The pin is lost. The bow head is hump-like, and angular (comma shaped) in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It extends to a pointed tapered foot. The catch-plate extends on the reverse face from a vertical rib. It is broadly sub-triangular in shape with an inturned edge forming a pin rest. The catch plate is decorated with a pierced design. The brooch measures 48.2mm length, 19.6mm width across wings, 6mm width across bow, is 3.6mm thick across the bow, and weighs 10.29 grams. The brooch does not seem to be decorated with cast or incised designs. The only decorative feature is the presence of a pierced catchplate. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with a much abraded and corroded patina. Where abrasion has occurred a light green surface is present. This is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar, better preserved brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92. The presence of a pierced catchplate suggests an earlier date probably within the 1st century AD.

HESH-894586: BROOCH
A fragment from the bow of a copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The fragment is sub-oval in plan and D shaped in cross section. It has a series of three cast sub circular (D-shaped) mouldings along the length. The central of these is relatively large and projects further than the others. The reverse of the fragment is flat and undecorated. The fragment measures 25.2mm in length, 6.8mm width, and is 5.9mm thick. It weighs 2.74 grams. The fragment is of a light - mid green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. Where the patina has been lost through abrasion areas of light green powdery corrosion have developed. The breaks at both ends of the fragment are relatively old and are covered with a similar patina to that described above. It is likely that this fragment represents the central molding on the bow of a trumpet brooch; there is not enough left of the fragment to further determine the style. It is likely that this example would have been relatively small in both plan and profile. This style of Roman brooch can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. These are all dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

An incomplete copper alloy Roman Trumpet (variant) brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The bow of the brooch has an angular profile and an angular D shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a flared head to a break on the lower bow. It is highly decorated with cast and incised patterns. The brooch measures 39.5mm in length, 14.1mm width (across head), 10.9mm width (across bow) is 9.5mm thick (across bow), and weighs 14.12 grams. The head of the brooch is complete although abraded. It is irregular in plan with a relatively flat break at the top of the head, presumably where a head loop would be. The head tapers elegantly into the bow, which is an angular comma shape. The reverse of the head is concave having a cast vertical projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is complete and has the remains of the hinged axis-bar present; this axis-bar is broken and is 13.1mm length and has a diameter of 2.9mm. The axis bar is fitted through the vertical bar probably through a drilled / pierced hole. This axis bar would have held the pin / spring which are both missing. There is an irregular abraded break where the head loop should be. The head of the brooch is decorated with a series of cast and incised designs. The overall pattern is geometric in style consisting of a horizontal band at the junction between the head loop and head of the brooch and similar vertical band which runs from the head down the spine of the bow. To either side of this vertical line are a series of recessed grooves. A cast sworl forms the border with the side and reverse of the bow. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, are three sub-circular (D shaped) cast mouldings. The central moulding is larger and more ornately decorated, although almost all detail has been lost due to abrasion. The upper and lower mouldings are relatively plain with circumferential raised rib like borders. Beneath the mouldings the lower part of the bow extends and tapers slightly; it is broken just above the start of the catchplate. It seems likely that the lower bow was also decorated with a similar vertical cast rib. The catch plate is lost but was formed from a rib which extends from a point beneath the three mouldings. The brooch is of a mid grey black colour with an abraded patina which covers all surfaces. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328 a direct parallel has not been found. All the brooches in this section are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

HESH-1C6A25: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy and enamel decorated umbonate brooch, dating from the Roman period (100-250 AD). The brooch is hexagonal in plan with a large raised centrally positioned circular boss. In profile the brooch is D shaped. At each corner of the brooch is a small oval shaped knop. On the reverse face there is a large centrally positioned concave hole, which tapers to a narrow opening at the centre of the boss. On the upper edge is the remains of the pin, a circular projecting knop, whilst on the lower edge is a smaller and much abraded catchplate. The brooch measures 20mm in length, 16.6mm is 8.6mm thick, and weighs 4.58 grams. The boss has a diameter of 14.2mm. The raised boss on the front face of the brooch is decorated with a series of tessellating sub-rectangular panels each filled with alternating blue glass or red paste (probably enamel). The applied blue coloured glass is better preserved than the red enamel, whose colour has deteriorated and surface been abraded. At the centre of the boss is a projecting ring, with a slightly recessed ridge, this would have held a central stone or glass setting. This does not survive and there is no indication of the nature of the setting. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with a well preserved but abraded patina. The breaks on the reverse (catchplate and pin) are worn and patinated suggesting damage in antiquity. Bayley and Butcher (“Roman Brooches in Britain: A technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection” 2004) comment that the brooch type (Hull T267B), “..occur all over Romanized Britain in both military and civil sites and on native sites such as Traprain. However, they appear to be missing from Hadrian’s Wall, and the Scottish forts in which they appear were occupied in Agricola’s advance; this suggests that they are a first century product.” In her “Brooch timeline”, Worrell (2007) dates umbonate brooches, which also includes larger types than that described in this record, to the period AD100-AD250.

HESH-7D5901: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment from the bow of a cast copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. All that remains of the brooch is the turned decorative mid section of the bow; the head has been lost through a relatively recent break and the foot terminates in a broken and blunted point. There is no evidence of the catch plate or foot of the brooch. The decoration on the bow consists of a swollen moulded D shaped expansion which is decorated by a single circumferential recessed groove. Above and below this central mould there is slight evidence for further swollen mouldings. The brooch fragment measures 28.1mm in length, 9.1mm width (across the central moulding), 9.1mm thick (across the central moulding), and weighs 5.56 grams. The brooch is of a light-mid green colour with an abraded patina which covers all surfaces. It has been heavily affected by movement in the ploughsoil. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. All the brooches in this section are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

HESH-59A876: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy knee brooch of later Roman date (200 - 400 AD). The head of the brooch is complete and the spring casing / pin attachment are present. The bow of the brooch is incomplete being broken at a point approximately half way along the length. The break is relatively fresh, corroded but unpatinated. The catch plate, pin rest and foot knop are all lost. The brooch measures 21mm length, 16.4mm width across head, 6.1mm width across the bow, is 4.1mm thick across the bow and weighs 4.41 grams. The head of the brooch is sub-oval with faceted edges. On the reverse face are two sub-circular projected knobs, which are pierced and hold a copper alloy axis pin. This pin holds the spring which is formed from a length of copper alloy wire turned to form a spring of four turns. Originally this spring would extend into a pin, however this is lost. Apart from the spring attachment the reverse face of the brooch is flat. The bow is very angular and broadly D shaped in cross section, it extends from the lower edge of the head plate and is very angular in nature. The edges of the bow are faceted and the reverse is hollow / concave. It terminates in a broken edge. There is no evidence of cast or incised decorative motifs on this brooch. However the brooch is a very dark green black colour which may indicate that it was once decorated with an applied surface which has since decayed. There is some abrasion present and has resulted in the loss of some of the original surface. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 334-335 fig; 193-4 and good parallels are examples 1224-1226. Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 100-101, and good parallels for this example are 245-6 which were found in contexts dating to the period mid third and fourth centuries AD (250-400 AD).

HESH-4B3C40: BROOCH
Cast and drawn length of copper alloy wire, fashioned into the spring and hinge for a Roman bow brooch, probably dated to the period 50-250AD. The wire has been coiled around a length of iron which would have functioned as an axis bar to the brooch. The wire is sub-circular in cross section and has been wound into a section of spring, which is incomplete. This fragment consists of four turns, of which the final one extends forming the pin. The pin is tapered along its length terminating in a sharp point. The cross section of the wire measures 1.8mm and the spring / pin measures 16.9mm length, 19.4mm width and is 4.8mm thick. It weighs 1.08 grams.

HESH-80F5D6: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill, Mackreth 2001, 4.b-c) of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar and spring are lost. The spring would have been formed from a length of copper alloy wire which would have attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge of the head of the bow. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and angular. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to a broken edge above the foot. On the reverse face of the bow is a small vertical rib which is badly abraded but would have expanded into a crescent shaped catchplate. The lower half of the bow has been bent to form a tight U shape. This must have occurred prior to deposition as there are no stress fractures in the metal or patina. The brooch measures 17.1mm length, 18.6m width (across the wings), 6.6mm wide across the bow, is 4mm thick and weighs 6.8 grams. The brooch is relatively plain and the only decoration present are two cast ridges at the junction between the bow of the brooch and the wing cases, and similar ridges on the ends of the wind caps. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even and mostly unabraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is slight and has only affected areas on the outer edges of the brooch. Similar styled brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92.

HESH-80E735: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin) bow brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are missing and the axis bar and spring are lost. The spring would have been formed from a length of copper alloy wire which would have attached by an external chord through a raised pierced rib. This rib is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The rib extends across the centre of the wing casing and forms a D shaped projection (similar to that seen on Trumpet brooches. This projection has been pierced and would presumably take the axis bar to give it added stability. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to blunt foot. On the reverse face of the bow is a slight vertical rib which is badly corroded and abraded. It would have expanded into a crescent shaped catchplate. The brooch measures 45mm length, 24.4m width (across the wings), 7.9mm wide across the bow, is 3.7mm thick and weighs 8.57 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast designs. The cast designs are limited to the upper face of the wing cases and bow. The design consists of a vertical line of pellets extending from the rearward facing rib at the head of the brooch to the terminal of the blunt foot. Similar vertical moulded and cast designs are present at the tips of the wing casing. The brooch is a mid green colour with a corroded and abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred a light green active powdery corrosion product is present. This affects all parts of the brooch. Similar styled brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pages 298-299, fig; 157-159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pages 82-88.

Incomplete cast copper alloy plate brooch of early Roman date (50-150 AD). The brooch is broadly oval in plan with a sub-rectangular projection at either end. The edges of the brooch have been heavily abraded resulting in a considerable loss of metal. The brooch measures 28.6mm length, 16.3mm width is 5.9mm thick at the hinge and 1.7mm thick across the central plate. It weighs 2.51 grams. The front face is relatively flat in profile with a series of geometric (circular) cast designs. At the centre of the plate is a shallow recess which may originally have held enamel. Around the outer edge of the plate are two concentric circles forming a border, both of these have been cast. The rear of the brooch is also flat with a central rib from which the hinge and catchplate are formed. On the upper edge are the remains of a hinge plate consisting of two ribs which have been pierced to hold the pin. The axis bar and pin were probably formed of Iron as a localised area of iron corrosion is present. At the opposite edge to the spring are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile. The majority of it has been lost through a combination of abrasion and corrosion and the pin rest is missing. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil and this is most evident on the external faces. This plate brooch is similar to a number recorded in a Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches all of which have been dated to the mid to late 1st century AD figure 201-202, page 342-43 especially examples 1561 and 510. Two similar brooches are also noted in Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain p 122-3, a good parallel for this example are 348-49 both are dated to similar periods as those in Hattatt’s catalogue.

Incomplete cast copper alloy one piece Colchester brooch of late Iron Age to Early Roman date (1-75 AD). The head of the brooch is relatively small and two small stumpy wings extend from either edge. The wings are short and solid with a semi-cylindrical cross section. The spring is formed from a coiled length of copper alloy wire which has been integrally cast with the body of the brooch. This wire extends from the reverse head of the brooch and has been coiled to form the spring which is formed from seven turns and secured by an integral external chord to a rearward facing hook. The spring is incomplete. The pin, which is complete but distorted, is oval in cross section and tapers to form a narrow point. The cast hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge of the head of the brooch and secures the external chord of the spring using a backward facing hook. The terminal of this hook has been flattened to make a small disc which is soldered to the head of the brooch. The bow head is slight with an angular profile, which has been much distorted by movement in the ploughsoil. The bow is lentoid in cross section. It tapers to a turned foot knop. The catchplate extends from a narrow rib and the pin rest has been formed by the outer edge of the catchplate being turned over (forming a U shape). The catch plate is badly abraded but does not seem to have been pierced. The brooch measures 53.4mm length, 16mm width (across wings and spring), 6.6mm width across bow, is 3.8mm thick across the bow, and weighs 6.13 grams. The brooch is much abraded and distorted. There is little evidence for decoration, the only visible decorative features is the oval shaped terminal of the rearward facing hook and the decorative cast three vertical bars on each wing. The brooch is a brown green colour with a much abraded but polished patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also seriously distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 296 fig; 155 ref: 753 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 60-63. This type of brooch spans the period pre and post Roman conquest of Britain and it is difficult to therefore suggest either a purely Roman or Iron Age date Donald Mackreth has commented on this record that he prefers its identification as being a "proto Headstud, not a one-piece as the foot-knob was made separately and then fitted". Reavill: on this information the dating of this example has been changed to reflect examples in Mackreth (2010) with similar examples from Dorchester (pl69 ref 14000) dated 75-120 (page 102). The description is kept above to reflect the original descriptions however the dating is altered below to reflect the changes made

HESH-420BE1: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin) bow brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar and spring are lost. The spring would have been formed from a length of copper alloy wire which would have attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to pointed foot. On the reverse face of the bow is a small vertical rib which expands into a slight crescent shaped catchplate. This has been abraded in the soil and there is no evidence for a turned over U shaped pin rest. The catch plate is not pierced. The brooch measures 37.4mm length, 21.2m width (across the wings), 9.9mm wide across the bow, is 4.7mm thick and weighs 8.35 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast designs. The cast designs are limited to the upper face of the wing cases and bow. The design consists of a double vertical line of pellets extending from the rearward facing hook at the head of the brooch to the terminal of the pointed foot. Similar vertical moulded and cast designs are present at the tips of the wing casing. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even and mostly unabraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is slight and has only affected areas on the outer edges of the brooch. Similar styled brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pages 298-299, fig; 157-159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pages 82-88.

HESH-9C3FD1: BROOCH
An incomplete fragment of a copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 150AD. The fragment consists of the head and upper part of the bow of the brooch. The head of the brooch is complete, oval in plan, and tapers into the bow. The reverse of the head has a cast projecting D shaped bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is also complete, relatively thick, and has small indents where a circular pierced hole should be. This hole would contain / aid the fixing of a turned spring. There is no evidence of a spike or head loop at the head of the brooch. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. At the mid-point of the bow are the remains of two (probably originally three) cast mouldings. These mouldings are relatively plain and simple in design. The front of the central moulding has a small recessed panel, presumably to take an enamel infill (which is now lost). Beneath the central moulding the brooch is broken. The break is relatively smooth and worn. The patina suggests damage in antiquity. It is possible that the break at this point is not a break and is in-fact caused by an air bubble in the mould – making this brooch a miscast. The reasons for this are the very smooth nature of the break and the lack of a pierced hole through the central lug – suggesting that the brooch was not finished. The brooch is of a mid green brown colour with an abraded but polished patina which covers all surfaces. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328 All the brooches in this section are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The brooch fragment measures 21.1mm in length, 9.7mm width (across head), 5.9mm width (across bow), and is 7mm thick (across bow). The D shaped lug on the reverse of the head is 3.8mm thick. The fragment weighs 6.11 grams.

HESH-3AC4C6: BROOCH
Possible cast lead alloy (pewter?) disc brooch of early medieval (later Anglo Saxon / 9th -10th Century) date (800-1000 AD). There is some debate as to whether this is actually part of a brooch or possibly a post medieval lead token; due to the large amounts of damage it is impossible to be certain of the identification. If the artefact is a brooch it would have originally been circular, however due to abrasion and plough damage, it is now more oval or sub-rectangular in plan and is slightly domed in profile. It measures 28.9mm length, 21.2mm width is a maximum of 3.4mm thick, and weighs 8.35 grams. The front face is decorated with a cast design which is much abraded. The overall design is based around a central raised boss, which is enclosed by a series of concentric circles formed from cast low relief curvi-linear ribs. The central boss is formed by a raised pellet. From the outer concentric circle a series of vertical and horizontal ribs extend. These are most clear to the left of the brooch. It is probable that these extend around the outer edge of the brooch but have been loss due to the damage described. The reverse face of the brooch is plain and undecorated. There is no evidence of either a hinge fitting or catchplate associated with a brooch. It is however, possible that these have been lost through abrasion. The brooch is a mid grey colour with an abraded patina. On most of the raised surfaces and on the edges the patina has been lost and light grey coloured powdery corrosion is present. On the broken edges lamination has started to occur. All of this damage is likely to be due to movement in the ploughsoil. Similar lead / pewter brooches have been recorded by the PAS (mostly in the east of the country) and it is suggested that the original designs for them are based on coins. A similar find from Shropshire has been recorded; however this example is clearly a brooch due to the fittings on the reverse (see HESH-C34EB7 for details). Weetch has allocated this brooch to her Type 32, other/unknown plate brooches.

Incomplete cast copper alloy Colchester derivative (Polden Hill style) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring and pin are missing. It is likely that the pin / spring would have been attached by an external chord to a (now broken) rearward facing hook. The remnant of this hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The reverse of the head of the brooch (between the two wings) has a oval shaped recess. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular in profile. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to an abraded broken edge. Originally it would have had a pointed foot. There is no evidence for a catchplate or vertical rib on the underside of the bow. The brooch measures 22.6mm length, 18.5mm width (across wings), 5.7mm width across bow, is 3.8mm thick across the bow, and weighs 4.42 grams. The brooch is abraded and the remains of the decoration are indistinct. It is possible that the bow head and part of the upper bow were decorated with a combination of vertical ribs and annulets. The other visible decoration consists of two ribs at the junction between the brooch and the wing casing, however these too are indistinct. The brooch is a mid grey green colour with an even but much abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. There is no evidence of active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92.

Incomplete silver penny of Edward I, Mint London, Class 2b January - May 1280. The penny has been reused to form a brooch with a small silver loop being soldered to the obverse face. It has been applied in such a way that the cross on the reverse is vertical. It is possible that the front face has also been gilt (although this may be a result of the burial conditions). The lower part of thE coin has been lost - probably as a result of movement in the soil.

Incomplete cast copper alloy plate brooch with heavily gilt (gold leaf?) decoration of later Roman date (100-400 AD). The brooch is an oval shape in plan. The edges of the brooch have been heavily abraded resulting in a considerable loss of metal. The front face is relatively flat in profile with a raised central border and sunken central setting. The rear of the brooch is also flat with the remains of a hinged pin fitting and catchplate. The brooch measures 23.8mm length, 17.2mm width is 5.9mm thick and weighs 3.93 grams. The front face of the brooch is decorated with a series of cast and gilt motifs. These are arranged around a central oval shaped dished area, which presumably would have contained either a cameo or a paste setting. There are no remains of this setting present and the outer edge of the border has a rolled lip, possibly suggesting a setting. The border of this area is marked by a raised cast oval band, which projects slightly from the surface of the brooch. Outside this band, between it and the outer edge, a heavily gilt / gold foil covered area is present. The outer edge of this foil covered area is further decorated by a series of raised saltire crosses, the extent of this decoration cannot be judged due to the abrasion damage. The outer edge of the brooch is much abraded and only small areas of original outer edge / rim are present. The reverse of the brooch seems to have been decorated with a silver wash. On the upper edge are the remains of a hinge plate consisting of a single raised and pierced lug. At the opposite edge to the spring are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile. The outer edge of the catchplate has been turned (rolled) over to form the pin rest. The catch plate and pin rest have both been damaged in the ploughsoil. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil and this is most evident on the external faces. This plate brooch is similar to a number recorded in a Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches all of which have been dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD figure 223, page 364 especially examples 637 and 1209. Two similar brooches are also noted in Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain p 134, a good parallel for this example are 386-87 both are dated to similar periods.

HESH-20BB34: BROOCH
Incomplete cast copper alloy oval plate brooch with enameled decoration of later Roman date (100-400 AD). The brooch is an oval shape (sub-rectangular with rounded edges) in plan. The edges of the brooch have been heavily abraded. The front face is relatively flat in profile with a raised central border. The rear of the brooch is also flat with the remains of a hinged pin fitting and catchplate. The brooch measures 30.6mm length, 21.7mm width is 6.2mm thick and weighs 5.06 grams. The front face of the brooch is decorated with a series of cast and enameled motifs. These are arranged around a central oval shaped dished area, which presumably would have contained either a cameo or a paste setting. The surface here is slightly pitted with slight iron corrosion. The border of this area is marked by a raised cast oval band, which projects slightly from the surface of the brooch. This band has a slight silver wash applied to it. Outside this band, between it and the edge, a much decayed enamel surface is present. This surface is very patchy and the colour of the enamel is much decayed. At present it is a yellowish green colour but this colour may be due to the decay of the surrounding copper alloy rather than indicating the original colour. There is no evidence for either multiple colours of enamel or an intricate design. It is suggested that the enamel would have been contained within a single oval panel. The outer edge of the brooch is much abraded and only small areas of original outer edge / rim are present. On the reverse of the brooch, there are remains of a hinge plate consisting of a single raised and pierced lug. The area around this lug is encrusted with an orange coloured corrosion product suggesting either an iron fitting or conditions in the burial environment. At the opposite edge to the spring are the remains of the catch-plate. This is cast integral to the brooch and is sub rectangular in plan and profile. The outer edge of the catchplate has been turned (rolled) over to form the pin rest. The catch plate and pin rest have both been damaged in the ploughsoil. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even but abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been distorted by movement in the plough soil and this is most evident where the enamel has been removed. This plate brooch is similar to a number recorded in a Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches all of which have been dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD figure 223, page 364 especially examples 1207-1208. Two similar brooches are also noted in Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain p 134, a good parallel for this example are 386-87 which are dated to similar periods.

Incomplete copper alloy knee brooch of later Roman date (150 - 300 AD). The head of the brooch is incomplete and the spring casing / pin attachment has been lost. The bow of the brooch has an angular (inverted L shaped) profile and an angular D shaped cross section. It tapers from the head to a relatively recent break above the foot. The catch plate, pin rest and foot knop are all lost. The brooch measures 19.8mm length, 8.8mm width across bow, is 4.6mm thick across the bow and weighs 4.09 grams. There are no cast or incised decorative motifs on this brooch. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even polished patina which covers all surfaces. There is some abrasion present and has resulted in the loss of some of the original surface. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 354-55 fig; 193-4 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 100-101, a good parallel for this example is 241 which was found in a context dated to the period 250-280AD.

HESH-1FDDB1: BROOCH
An incomplete and badly abraded copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The bow of the brooch has an angular profile and an angular D shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a flared head to an out-turned foot knop. The brooch measures 47.7mm in length, 13.3mm width across head, 9.7mm width across the bow, is 9.5mm thick across the bow, and weighs 10.64 grams. The head of the brooch is much abraded and irregular in plan. The reverse of the head has a cast projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is incomplete and irregular in shape. The spring and pin are missing. There is a slight projection / stump where the head loop should be. The reverse of the head is concave (dished). The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, are three sub-circular (D shaped) cast mouldings. These mouldings are cast on both the front face and the reverse of the brooch. Beneath the mouldings the lower part of the bow extends and tapers slightly. The bow terminates in a small moulded collar from which an out-turned ball shaped foot projects. The foot is set an angle from the bow but this may be a result of movement in the ploughsoil. The catch plate is formed from a rib which extends from a point beneath the three mouldings and terminates above the foot knob. The catchplate itself is lost and only the rib remains. Almost all of the decoration present on the brooch is lost. The majority of it was cast and there is no evidence of enamel present. The brooch also had a silver surface applied to all surfaces. This silver coating is present on some of the surfaces not affected by corrosion, especially on the reverse of the brooch. The brooch is of a dark green colour with an abraded and chipped patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch is also slightly twisted in profile. There are also large areas which have been affected by corrosion which has caused the surfaces to become laminated. A number of similar brooches of this type (in better condition) can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 326-328. All the brooches in this section are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

HESH-1FB8D6: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, Western Group), Mackreth 2011, 5.a2. Plate 49. The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring and pin are missing. It is likely that the pin / spring would have been attached by an external chord to an incomplete rearward facing hook. The remnant of this hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The reverse of the head of the brooch (between the two wings) has a relatively deep (7.7mm deep) oval shaped recess. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to a relatively recent break above the foot. The catch plate, pin rest and foot knop are all missing. The catchplate extends from a vertical rib which starts below the head of the brooch. The remains of the catch plate have been badly affected by abrasion in the ploughsoil. The brooch measures 39.4mm length, 26.2mm width (across wings), 11.5mm width across bow, is 7.4mm thick across the bow and weighs 15.82 grams. The brooch is decorated with a number of both cast and applied motifs. These have all too some extent been obscured by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The head of the brooch is decorated with two vertical ribs which extend / sweep from the rearward facing hook toward the foot of the brooch. Between these ribs are the indistinct remains of a number of small incised annulets - these have been removed from most of the brooch by the corrosion / abrasion. The other visible decoration consists of two large ribs at the junction between the brooch and the wing casing. The brooch is a dark green colour with an even but much abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92.

HESH-1F8EA3: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (the Dolphin, flat wing ends type), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b. Plate 46. Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring and pin are missing. It is likely that the pin / spring would have been attached by an external chord to a (now broken) rearward facing hook. The remnant of this hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The reverse of the head of the brooch (between the two wings) has an oval shaped recess. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is D shaped in cross section. It tapers to a broken point above the foot. The catch plate, pin rest and foot knop are all missing. The catchplate extends from a vertical rib which starts below the head of the brooch. The remains of the catch plate have been badly affected by abrasion in the ploughsoil. The brooch measures 42.9mm length, 17.2mm width (across wings), 9.5mm width across bow, is 6.3mm thick across the bow and weighs 7.97 grams. The brooch is heavily abraded and the remains of the decoration are indistinct. It is possible that there was once a single vertical rib, which extended down the length of the brooch, in line with the reward facing hook, however due to the preservation this, is only suggested. The other visible decoration consists of two large ribs at the junction between the brooch and the wing casing. The brooch is a dark green colour with an even but much abraded patina. Where abrasion has occurred it is most evident on the external faces of the brooch. Movement in the plough soil has also distorted the profile of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159 and Bayley and Butcher: Roman Brooches in Britain pp 89-92.

An incomplete and abraded copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The bow of the brooch has an angular (slightly stumpy) profile and an angular D shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a flared head to a break above the catchplate and the foot. The brooch measures 30.6mm in length, 9.7mm width, is 21.6mm thick, and weighs 5.45 grams. The head of the brooch is sub oval in plan and tapers into the bow. The reverse of the head has a cast D shaped projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar has the remains of a copper alloy spring through it. The spring is incomplete and may have had an internal chord. There is no evidence of a head loop present. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, is a series of three sub-circular (D shaped) cast moldings. The bow tapers below this point to a relatively new fresh break. The top of the catchplate is present. This extends from a rib beneath the mouldings. The pin rest and foot of the brooch are both missing. There is relatively little decoration present on this example. The most elaborate area is around the three mouldings on the catchplate; however, almost all the decoration has been lost through abrasion. There is no evidence of either an inlaid or applied surface. The brooch is of a mid brown colour with an abraded and heavily chipped patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch is also slightly twisted in profile. A number of areas of light green powdery copper corrosion are present, these are especially common and around the edges of the brooch and where the patina has been chipped away. A number of similar brooches of this type can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 328 figures; 435, 437, and 953. All these examples are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

HESH-7FDCA3: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy annular ‘ring’ brooch of medieval date (1200-1400). The brooch is sub-circular (slightly oval) in plan with a sub rectangular (rectangular with rounded corners) cross section. On one edge is a constriction to which a pin would have connected, this constriction is oval in cross section. The pin is missing. There is no evidence of a recessed pin rest on the opposite side. The brooch measures 43.9mm length, 39.8mm width, and is 2.9mm thick. The annular brooch has an internal diameter of 30.4mm x 28.5mm. The loop of the brooch is 6.7mm maximum width. The brooch weighs 11.89 grams. There is no evidence of a cast, inlaid or incised decoration present on the brooch. It is a mid brown colour with a patchy abraded patina. The patina has been abraded by movement in the ploughsoil and this has also distorted / twisted the brooch frame. Similar brooches have been recorded from excavations in London (Egan and Pritchard: Dress accessories 1150-1450). A direct undecorated parallel has not been found, however, this brooch is similar to a number of decorated ones, specifically examples 161 and 1318 pages 250-251.

HESH-EFB024: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (?) bow brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are complete and cylindrical, but badly abraded. A longitudinal hole is present to take the axis bar; this bar is made of copper alloy and projects from either end. At the centre of the wings, on the reverse face is a vertical slit. This slit is filled by the remains a hinged pin (?). The pin is incomplete but is oval in shape (and presumably pierced so that they could be held by the axis bar). It is broken close to the top of the pin, near the cylindrical wings. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. In profile the bow is irregular, with two dish shaped (concave) areas present. The first of these dishes is an irregular shaped cast hole which pierces the brooch. It is broadly oval in shape and conical. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length to an abraded pointed foot. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is incomplete. It expands from a central rib located beneath the bow of the brooch. This rib expands from a point ½ way along the length of the brooch. The brooch measures 34.6mm length, 22.5mm width, is 17.4mm thick, and weighs 10.95 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast and inlaid motifs. The two main areas of decoration present are located on either side of the bow of the brooch on the wings. The design on each wing mirrors the other. The design consists of a series of raised curvi-linear ribs that create small regular shaped recessed panels. These panels have been filled with enamel which only partially survives. It is likely that two colours of enamel were used; a blue which survives well and another colour which has decayed to a black opaque colour. This is likely to be due to both burial conditions and the corrosion present on the brooch. The pattern of the design consists of two irregular shaped sub-circular panels arranged vertically, with two ribs inclosing them and creating two sub-triangular panels to the left and right of the vertical ones. The other areas of decoration consist of cast motifs only. A vertical rib extends from the head of the bow to the foot and is interrupted buy the two 'dish shaped' concave panels. The first conical hole is likely to have held a stone setting. It is likely that this setting was originally held within the depression and subsequently it has been repaired to allow the setting to be held by possibly a pin from beneath. The evidence for this is the presence of a small hole which has been positioned off-centre. The second dished area may be just a cast decoration as there is no evidence for a recessed panel. The brooch is a mid green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Where the patina has been removed a mid brown green coloured corrosion product is present. This corrosion is most extensive around the edges of the brooch suggesting that it has been triggered by abrasion. A direct parallel for this style of brooch with a concave recessed hole for a fitting has not been found. The brooch is broadly similar to the Colchester derivative style (dolphin) brooches or the T shaped brooches. A discussion in Bayley and Butcher "Roman brooches in Britain" on pin attachment can be seen on pp32-34, the style of pin attachment is classified as type 20:9. Roman Finds Adviser: Sally Worrell Comments: that this brooch is most likely to be a headstud - or possibly head stud varient

Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type), Mackreth 2011, 4.e. Plate 47. Of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings are complete and are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring and pin are missing. The spring would have been attached to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length to a bulbous foot. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is missing; it is likely that it expanded from a central rib which commences from beneath the head of the brooch. The brooch measures 52.4mm length, 20.6mm width, is 15.1mm thick, and weighs 9.12 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast decorations which consists of ribs around the junction of the wings to the body of the brooch and around the wing terminals. There are also two ribs which taper from either side of the triangular rear facing hook forming a triangular shaped panel along the length of the hump like bow. Either side of this panel are two cast semi-circular (M shaped) recesses. It is likely that these originally held coloured enamel which has since been lost. The brooch is a mid green colour with a deep polished but slightly abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch and the loss of the catch plate. The foot and lower part of the bow of the brooch have both been heavily abraded resulting in the loss of a significant area of the surface. There is no evidence of corrosion present. Similar Polden Hill style brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: reference 375 and 898.

An incomplete equal ended brooch with a broad arched bow and central sub rectangular plate dated to the late third century AD (250-300). The brooch is broadly rectangular in plan with two rounded knops, one at the head and the other at the foot. In cross section the bow of the brooch is rectangular and the head and foot are D shaped. The brooch measures 38.2mm length, 17.8mm wide, is a maximum of 16.7mm thick and weighs 12.93 grams. The head of the brooch is a moulded rounded knop like projection which tapers and then expands into the rectangular 'plate like' arched bow. The reverse of the head is relatively flat with two cast D shaped projections. These projections form the hinge to hold the pin; they have both been pierced and a short iron (?) axis bar holds the remains of a copper alloy pin. The pin is broken beneath the hinge; at the break it is rectangular in cross section. It is suggested that the axis bar is iron due to an encrusted orange corrosion product surviving around the hinge. The rectangular plate like bow is rectangular in cross section and highly decorated with both cast and enameled designs (described below). The bow does not taper or expand along its length. At the base of the bow is a similar D sectioned knop like projection; this forms the foot of the brooch. The reverse of the foot is again relatively flat with a single linear rib like projection. This projection forms the catch plate and pin rest. The catchplate is triangular in profile and rectangular in cross section. The widest edge projects from the base of the bow and terminates at the base of the rounded foot knop. The pin rest is formed by the edge of the catch plate being turned over to form a shallow U shape. Only part of this survives due to abrasion in the plough soil. The decoration on the bow of the brooch is limited to the front face only. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The decoration consists of a series of cast and enameled panels. The central design is on a raised horizontal rectangular panel at the centre of the bow. Within this central panel are a series of eight triangular shaped enameled recesses arranged in two equally spaced rows. The enamel in these triangles is badly decayed and in some areas has been lost completely. Therefore the colour of these panels cannot be suggested. On either side of the central panel is another area of horizontal decoration. This is cast and in the form of a beaded or rope like band. The beads are formed from diagonal set oval shaped pellets. At the head and the foot of the brooch are similar parallel horizontal bands. These are similar in appearance to the central panel, and each have a series of four triangular shaped enameled panels. Again the colour of these panels cannot be suggested due to decay. All of the horizontal panels described above are enclosed within a single raised rectangular border which respects the edges of the bow. There are also several areas where a silver applied surface can be seen. It is likely that this surface would have covered the front face of the brooch, as well as the head and foot. There is no evidence for the reverse of the brooch having a similar applied decoration. The brooch is a dark green colour with an even well developed patina which covers all surfaces. There is very little damage from abrasion present. The two broken edges (on the pin and catchplate) have both developed a patina which differs from that formed on the rest of the brooch, this suggests that the damage is relatively old and that it is likely to be a result of movement in the ploughsoil; possibly when the brooch was lifted from its original subsoil position. A direct parallel for this brooch has not been found in the published literature. A similar brooch, HAMP566, has been recorded by Katie Hinds (FLO for Hampshire) from Kimpton, Hampshire. In her record she parallels her example with brooches found in excavations of the legionary baths at Carleon (Brewer, R. 'The Bronze Brooches' in Zienkiewicz, The Legionary Fortress Bath at Caerleon: Volume II, The Finds Cardiff [pages: 170 ref: no. 7 fig. 54]). This example is dated to the late 3rd century AD.

HESH-21DCB0: BROOCH
A fragment of cast copper alloy probably from the base of a Roman Bow Brooch dating from 45-250 AD. The fragment is sub rectangular in plan and slightly bowed in profile. It is oval in cross section. The fragment slightly tapers along its length and terminates in a rounded bulbous foot. On the reverse of the bow is a central cast rib, this probably represents the remains of the catchplate and pin rest. This rib has also been badly damaged. The fragment measures 40.3mm long, 9.5mm wide, is 7.5mm thick and weighs 7.97 grams. The fragment has been rolled and badly abraded in the plough soil and the break at the top of the fragment is relatively old and worn. There are several elements of decoration present; however they are all worn. The decoration consists of a series of light vertical raised ribs that extend from the break to just above the moulded bulbous foot knop. The fragment is a mid grey green colour with an incomplete abraded patina. The colour and weight of the fragment indicates a large amount of lead in the alloy. Direct parrellels for this fragment have not been found, however it is probably that it may have come from either a Colchester derivative or a trumpet brooch; both of these brooch types date from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

An incomplete and abraded copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The bow of the brooch has an angular profile and an angular D shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a pointed foot. The brooch measures 43.8mm in length, 6.7mm width, and is 13.4mm thick. It weighs 4.14 grams. The head of the brooch is sub oval (almost triangular) in plan; this sub-oval area tapers into the bow of the brooch. The reverse of the head is relatively flat with a cast D shaped projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar is abraded but complete; it is possible that the remains of the axis bar or hinged pin are present but these are encased in orange (iron) corrosion. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, is a series of three sub-circular (D shaped) cast moldings. The area beneath the moldings is undecorated and tapers to a small point at the foot of the brooch. The catchplate and pin rest are complete. The catchplate is sub triangular in plan and expands from a rib which starts beneath the three mouldings. The brooch is of a mid brown colour with an abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The abrasion has removed most of the decoration present, it is possible that the triple moulded area on the bow may have been decorated with acanthus leaves but this area is now distorted. The brooch itself is also slightly twisted in profile and the pin rest at the edge of the catch plate has been damaged. A number of this type of plain undecorated trumpet brooch without the distinctive head loop can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 328 figures; 437, 438b, 960, and 953. (both examples 438b and 960 have head loops). All these examples are dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Incomplete copper-alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends, Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b. Plate 46). The wings are complete and are semi-cylindrical in section with perforated end caps, both of which are complete. The axis bar and spring are present, the pin is missing. The spring is formed from a single length of copper alloy wire which has been turned eleven times and attached by an external chord beneath a rearward facing hook at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The axis bar, which holds the spring, is probably formed from iron as the whole of the wing / spring case in encrusted with orange/brown iron corrosion. The head of the bow is humped and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length to a new fresh break approximately ¾ along the length of the bow. The catch plate on the back of the bow is missing; it is likely that it expanded from a central rib located beneath the bow of the brooch. This rib expands from a point ½ way along the length of the brooch. The brooch measures 50.4mm length, 30.3mm width, is 18.2mm thick, and weighs 22.01 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of moulded decorations which consists of ribs around the junction of the wings and bow and around the wing terminals. There is also a single rib which expands from the triangular rear facing hook along the length of the bow and probably terminates at the foot of the brooch. Either side of this rib are a series of four lentoid pellets at oblique angles. These probably represent leaves. This pattern repeats itself along the length of the brooch. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. The movement has also resulted in the loss of a large area of metal surface on the hump of the brooch. In this area there are several areas of light green powdery copper corrosion present. Similar Polden Hill style brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: reference 380.

HESH-0E1B24: BROOCH
An incomplete and much abraded copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 45 - 200AD. The bow of the brooch has an angular profile and an angular oval shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a broken point below the mid-section moldings, but above the catch plate. The brooch measures 36.3mm in length, 10.2mm width, and is 12.1mm thick. It weighs 9.19 grams. The head of the brooch is sub oval in plan; this sub-oval area tapers into the bow of the brooch. The reverse of the head is relatively flat with a cast D shaped projecting bar which divides the head into two parts. This bar has is badly abraded and incomplete; there are no remains of the axis bar or hinged pin. The bow of the brooch is oval in cross section. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. Halfway, along the length of the bow, is a single badly abraded sub-circular (D shaped) cast molding. The area beneath the moldings is undecorated. The break in the lower bow is relatively old as a patina similar to the rest of the brooch has developed. The break is just below the point where the pin rest / catchplate expands. The brooch is of a light - mid green brown colour with an abraded patina which covers all surfaces. Where the patina has been lost through abrasion areas of light green powdery corrosion has developed. A number of this type of plain undecorated trumpet brooch without the distinctive head loop can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 328 figures; 437, and 953. These are all dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, Western Group), Mackreth 2011, 5. a1. Plate 49 of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are incomplete due to damage from abrasion in the ploughsoil. Both wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring, and pin are not present. It is likely that the spring was attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge but is incomplete due to abrasion. There is a large sub-oval concave depression in-between the two wings on the reverse. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length to a relatively old worn and abraded break approximately ¾ along the length of the bow. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is missing; it is likely that it expanded from a central rib located beneath the bow of the brooch. This rib expands from a point ½ way along the length of the brooch. The brooch measures 30.3mm length, 26.7mm width, is 13.5mm thick, and weighs 15.3 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast and possibly incised decoration. The cast decoration consists of recessed ribs around the junction of the wings to the body of the brooch and around the wing terminals. There is also a single rib which expands from the triangular rear facing hook along the length of the hump like bow. This has been decorated with small diagonal incised lines in a rope-like pattern. Any other decorative elements have been lost due to abrasion. The brooch is a mid green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. There are also several areas of light green powdery copper corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: reference 25.

HESH-7AA715: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece bow brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings, spring, pin and head of the brooch are missing. The bow of the brooch is broken below the head and is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length and terminates in a pointed foot. The catchplate is present on the reverse of the brooch and extends from a point approximately ¾ of the way along the bow. The catchplate is broken and the pin rest is not present. It is likely that the catchplate was originally pierced; however this has created a weak spot and the catchplate has broken at this point. The brooch fragment measures 36.4mm length, 7.5mm width, and is 8.9mm thick. It weighs 4.39 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast and pierced motifs. The cast decoration consists of a series of moulded leaves on the upper part of the bow. It is possible that these may be acanthus leaves which are common designs on the bows of trumpet brooches. The pierced decoration is present on the catchplate and has already been discussed. The brooch is a mid-light green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. The abrasion has resulted in the majority of the patina being removed and the detailed decoration being destroyed. There are also several areas of light green copper corrosion present. As only part of this brooch survives it is difficult to find parallels, the pierced decoration and the cast acanthus leaves suggest an early date. It is possible that the form of the brooch would be similar to that of either a Colchester Derivative or a Trumpet Brooch; if this is the case then the brooch would be dated to the late first to mid second centuries AD (75-150 AD).

HESH-AAA903: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy hinged enameled brooch of Victorian era dated to the Post-Medieval period. It is sub-rectangular (diamond shape) in plan and slightly domed (D shape) in cross section. The lower part of the brooch does not survive. The front face is highly decorated with an enameled design. The reverse of the lid is undecorated, on the top corner is a small integrally cast hinge. The hinge is formed from two rounded cast projections which have been pierced. Through the pierced holes is a short copper alloy axis bar. The hinge is slightly bent but there is no evidence of the pin It measures 23.8mm length, 19.3mm width, is 4.7mm thick (the lid is 2.1mm thick) and weighs 1.95 grams The front face of the brooch is highly decorated. This decoration is both cast and also applied. The cast decoration consists of a series of projecting knops or rounded terminals. These project from the four coroners of the diamond shaped lid; however, only two of these survive. It is likely that there were two different designs of terminal knops present. On the left and the right hand corners are relatively simple rounded projections with a single domed pellet (only the left hand projection survives). The projections at the top and the bottom were more ornate. Only the terminal on the hinged (top) corner survives. This consists of a sub- rectangular wasted projection with a raised cast rounded terminal. The top of this rounded terminal has a small circular panel of enamel; the enamel is a white / transparent crystalline glass and seems to have been applied in a silvered recess. Small amounts of white metal can be seen (under magnification) in the recess where some of the enamel has been lost. The terminal at the base of the lid has been lost; however what survives would suggest a similar, possibly smaller, projection to that described at the top. The central area of the lid has a well executed and precise enameled design suggesting very high craftsmanship. The design consists of a central diamond shaped green enameled panel which is formed from four conjoined equilateral triangles; the overall affect is that of a central cross on a green enamel background. Each of the four enameled recesses seem to have a radial design over which the enamel has been applied. This may be an effect of the decay of the enamel but the design is very strong and might have been intentional. The central design is enclosed by a border of raised annulet settings each with an enameled surface. In total there are twenty settings arranged evenly with five settings per side. The enamel on these settings has decayed and the true colours have been lost. These annulets are also enclosed with a cast raised rope like border at the very edge . The front and the rear faces of the brooch were also covered with a gilt surface. Fragments of this applied surface survive on the front face, however more is preserved on the reverse. This might suggest that both the interior and exterior of the brooch were gilt. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with an even but very slightly abraded patina. There is no evidence for corrosion present. The damage to the projecting knops and the applied gilt surface suggests some movement in the ploughsoil but this has not been enough to distort the overall shape or appearance.

Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin style) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are incomplete, only the left hand wing survives. However it is likely that they were both semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete and the axis bar, spring, and pin are not present. It is likely that the spring was attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge but is incomplete due to abrasion in the ploughsoil. There is a large sub-oval concave depression in-between the two wings on the reverse. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers along its length to a relatively new break approximately ¾ along the length of the bow. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is missing; it is likely that it expanded from a central rib located beneath the head of the brooch. This rib runs from the head of the brooch to the modern break. The brooch measures 39.7mm length, 19.4m width, and is 15.3mm thick. It weighs 16.87 grams. The brooch is decorated with a series of cast and possibly incised decoration. The cast decoration consists of recessed ribs around the junction of the wings to the body of the brooch and around the one surviving wing. There is also a single raised rib which expands from the triangular rear facing hook along the length of the hump like bow. Any other decorative elements have been lost due to abrasion. The brooch is a mid brown green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. There are also many areas (approximately 35% of the brooch surface) of light green copper corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 299 fig; 158: reference 359, however this example has a hinged pin rather than a sprung one.

HESH-D95202: BROOCH
Cast and wrought copper alloy penannular brooch of Type D probably dating to either the late Roman or the Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) period (300 - 1000 AD). The bracelet is formed from a length of irregular oval sectioned cast copper alloy wire. This wire has been bent into an irregular oval shape (broadly C shape in plan) to form the bracelet. The wire measures 3.8mm width and is 2.6mm thick. The two terminals of the bracelet are formed from bending and flattening the last 7.5mm of each end of the bracelet back upon themselves. This forms two U shaped sub-rectangular terminals. The upper area of each of the terminals has been decorated with a series of four transverse incised oval lines. The bracelet measures 40.4mm length and 37.9mm width and is 5.1mm thick. The internal diameter of the bracelet is 34.7mm x 25.2mm. It weighs 5.23 grams. Apart from the incised decoration on the terminals there the bracelet is plain with no other incised or cast designs. The bracelet is a mid dark green brown colour with an even (but abraded) patina which covers all surfaces. The abrasion and movement in the soil have resulted in the bracelet becoming slightly misshapen. The abrasion has also removed areas of the thick patina revealing the metal beneath. There are also small patches of active light green corrosion present. These are most apparent on both the damaged areas and around the terminals. The size of this bracelet is remarkably small and this would suggest that it probably belonged to either a small adult or more probably a child (possibly an infant). This type of penannular bracelet is difficult to date due to the longevity of the overall form. From the style and the thick deep patina present a late Roman or Early Medieval date has been suggested. Both Crummy 'Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester' pages 42-43 (figures 1683-1684, 1687-1688 and 1702) and the Macgregor and Bolick 'Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Collections in the Ashmolean Museum' pages 166-167 (figures 26.10, 26.12 - 26.13-26.16) have comparable parallels of this form of bracelet; however, a direct parallel with the same shape in plan and decorated terminals has not been found.

HESH-466EF6: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Part 3, Group 4.g, flat wing ends type) of Roman date (160-320 AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with perforated wing / end caps. The wing caps are complete and the axis bar and spring are present. The pin is missing. The spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which has been turned eleven times to form the spring and is attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook. This hook is located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The axis bar is made of copper alloy. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers to a bulbous shaped foot. The catch plate on the reverse face of the bow is missing; it is likely that it expanded from a central rib located beneath the head of the brooch. This rib runs from the head of the brooch to the foot. The brooch measures 57.2mm length, 23.4m width, and is 17.9mm thick. It weighs 22.82 grams. The cast decoration on the bow consists of a triangular recessed panel on the head of the brooch. This panel expands from the triangular rear facing hook present. The cast decoration is also present at the junction between the body of the brooch and the wings. Here there is a large rib on either side of the body. This design echoes that present on the wing caps which are raised above the level of the cylindrical wings. The other part of the cast decoration is present on the foot. Here a single cast linear recess divides the bulbous knop into two parts. The other major area of decoration is on the bow / spine of the brooch. This decoration consists of two evenly spaced vertical lines each formed from a series of small inlaid enamel triangles. The enamel has been lost completely and none survives. However, the area where the panels originally were is well preserved and suggests that the original design took the for of two chains of interlinked triangles (which look similar to a row of teeth). It is also likely that there was a central rib of enamel along the spine of the brooch separating the other two lines - again none of this survives. The metal around these two areas has been coated either with a tin or silver wash which has decayed to a black colour. This area of decoration has been distorted by abrasion and corrosion. The brooch is a mid brown green colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. There are also several small areas of light green copper corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: However, a parallel with similar applied decoration has not been found.

HESH-53EAC7: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch dating from 75 - 175AD. The bow of the brooch has a curved (slightly stumpy) profile and D-shaped cross section. The brooch measures 54.3mm in length, 17.6mm width, and is 24.2mm thick. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a narrow point above a bulbous turned foot knop. The brooch weighs 17.14 grams. The discussion of the brooch is in three parts; the head, the bow and the foot. The head of the brooch is sub oval and tapers into the bow. The head is decorated with a series of cast and inlaid elements which are based around two vertical lines each with three regularly-spaced dots which are inlaid with red enamel. Each of the red enamel dots is enclosed by a concentric circle, inlaid with either decayed enamel or a corroded silver wire. These concentric circles are joined by two vertical central ribs. At the top of the head is an abraded tab or spike which was probably intended to minimise the movement of the loop and collar. This feature is more prominent and elongated than is usually the case on Trumpet brooches. The back of the head is concave with a vertical bar that divides the head into two parts. This bar is complete and pierced with a sub-circular perforation which would have held the axis bar and spring. Neither the spring mechanism or pin survives. There are small elements of iron corrosion present which might suggest an iron axis bar or pin mechanism. The bow is D-shaped in cross-section with the reverse side being relatively flat. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. There are three distinct sub-circular (D shaped) cast mouldings. The central of these is relatively large and projects from the bow of the brooch. All three mouldings are decorated with a series of incised dots arranged in linear bands. Beneath these mouldings is a semi-cylindrical panel which is divided in two by an inlaid design. These designs mirror each other and consist of a similar decayed enamel / inlaid silver wire to that described above. On the reverse of the bow is a linear rib which extends into the catch plate. It is roughly sub-triangular in profile and measures 20.9mm length, 8.9mm in width, and 4.4mm thick. The catch plate has a small turned and recessed catch / pin rest. The foot of the brooch is bulbous and formed from a series of three transverse mouldings decorated with linear bands of raised dots. The lower mouldings terminates in a small rounded bulbous point. The brooch is of a mid-dark greenish/brown colour with an even patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has several small areas of abrasion present which has removed the patina exposing the metal beneath. This damage is most obvious on the head. Where the abrasion has removed the patina a light green corrosion product is present. Similar examples can be seen in 'Roman Brooches from North Britain' (Snape 1993, 16-17) and in Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Roman Brooches pages 326-328. These brooches have all been dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

HESH-5D41D2: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are incomplete; what remains are semi-cylindrical in plan. The axis bar, spring / hinge and pin are all missing. There is a large sub-oval concave depression in-between the two wings on the reverse. The spring would probably have been attached by a chord to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. A small abraded scar is present suggesting that the hook has been lost through abrasion. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers to a broken edge approximately ¾ along its length. The break is not recent and has been abraded. A small portion of the catch plate survives near the break. This catch plate expands from a central rib located beneath the head of the brooch. The brooch measures 44.3mm length, 15.5mm width, and is 12.7mm thick. It weighs 14.69 grams. The brooch is heavily abraded and there is a large amount of light green powdery corrosion. Any decoration present has been lost or masked by these products. The brooch is a light green brown colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt’s Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 298-299 fig; 157/158: however, the majority of these examples are highly decorative.

HESH-7D73E4: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends type), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b, 4c, Plate 46 (80-120 AD). The wings are incomplete; what remains are semi-cylindrical in plan and have a perforated wing / end cap. The axis bar, spring / hinge and pin are all missing. There is a large sub-oval concave depression in-between the two wings on the reverse. The spring would have been attached by a chord to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The hook is broken and abraded. There is a large amount of orange staining between the wings and this might be the remains of a corroded iron spring or axis bar. The bow head of the brooch is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers to a broken edge beneath the head. The break is not recent and has been abraded. A small portion of the catch plate survives near the break. This catch plate expands from a central rib located beneath the head of the brooch. The brooch measures 35.7mm length, 17mm width, and is 11.9mm thick. It weighs 8.91 grams. The brooch is corroded and abraded, however, a small amount of cast decoration is present. This consists of two cast vertical ribs at either side of the junction between the wings and the body of the brooch. The brooch is a mid green grey colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: examples 898 and 379.

HESH-956CB4: BROOCH
Incomplete Roman copper-alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands) ,brooch, Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b, 4c dating to 80-120 AD. The wings are semi-cylindrical in section and have perforated end caps. The end caps, copper-alloy axis bar, spring are complete however, the pin is missing. The spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which has been turned ten times to form the spring coils and attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The hook is complete but abraded. The spring has been damaged probably when the integral pin was lost. The bow head is humped, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in cross section. It tapers to a broken edge beneath the head. The break is not recent and has been abraded. The brooch measures 24.7mm length, 21.5mm width, and is 11.4mm thick. It weighs 9.58 grams. The brooch is corroded and abraded, however, a small amount of cast decoration is present. This consists of two cast vertical ribs at either end of the wings and another rib at either side of the junction between the wings and the body of the brooch. The brooch is a mid green grey colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil and has resulted in damage around the extremities of the brooch. There are also several areas of light green active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Guide to Ancient brooches pp 300 fig; 159: examples 24, 898 and 397.

HESH-FB3C21: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands) of early Roman date (80-120 AD. The wings are semi-cylindrical and both the end caps are pierced. The remains of a rearward facing hook are present at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. Under this reward facing hook is a cylindrical recess, probably to hold the external cord of the spring. The axis bar, spring and pin are missing. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point. The brooch measures 29.6mm length, 20.2mm width, and is 10.5mm thick. It weighs 6.47 grams. The only decoration present on the brooch consists of a series of cast ridges either side of the hump like bow. The brooch is a mid green colour with an even patina which covers all surfaces. The patina covers the broken bow and this suggests that the damage occurred in antiquity. There is some abrasion present on the extremities of the brooch and this is probably caused by movement in the plough soil. An example of a similar type of Polden hill brooch can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Visual Catalogue of Ancient Brooches; page 300, example 24.

HESH-3E57A8: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete; therefore the axis bar, spring and pin are all missing. There is a small rearward facing pierced lug at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point below the head. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 17.5mm length, 29.4mm width, and is 10.7mm thick. It weighs 5.25 grams. The brooch is decorated with a number of cast motifs. These have all been abraded in the plough soil. The decoration consists of a double cast vertical rib that extends from the head of the brooch. A similar decorative element is located halfway along each wing. It differs as there are three cast vertical lines with the central one being made up of cast pellets. The brooch is a mid green grey colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil resulting in the damaged areas around the extremities. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-3E48E5: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill / Dolphin) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD). The wings of the brooch are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The pin of the brooch is missing but the axis bar and spring are present. The spring is formed from a length of wire, probably iron as it is encased in orange corrosion, which has been turned and attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The hook is broken. The axis bar is probably also made of iron as a large amount of orange corrosion is present around the head and wing caps of the brooch. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point above the catch-plate (now lost). The break is not recent. The brooch measures 29.5mm length, 21.6mm width, and is 14.8mm thick. It weighs 8.84 grams. The brooch is decorated with a number of cast motifs. These have all been badly abraded in the plough soil. They survive best on the wings and on the head of the brooch. The decoration consists of a single cast vertical rib that extends from the head of the brooch. This element is mirrored on the wings. The brooch is a light green colour with an even but much abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil. It has resulted in damaging the areas around the extremities of the brooch, especially the wing end caps. There are also several areas of light green active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-040BF6: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy plate brooch of Roman date (probably 100-300 AD). The brooch is lozenge (diamond) shape in plan and stepped rectangle in cross section. The centre of the brooch has an enamelled design. Around the edge of the brooch are a series of seven small integral cast sub-rounded knops. The reverse of the brooch is hollow. At the top of the reverse are the remains of the hinge fitting for the spring. This consists of two perforated sub rectangular lugs through which an axis bar would have passed. The pin and the catch plate are both missing. The brooch measures 38.8mm length, 26.8mm width, and is 7.5mm thick. It weighs 4.56 grams. The central design on the front face of the brooch consists of several elements. The first is the cast design. This is made up of a series of geometric cast patterns which have created hollows in which enamel has been set. The central element of this is a raised circle filled with red enamel. This circle is enclosed by a lozenge (or diamond) which is filled with blue enamel. Extending from the two vertical corners of the diamond are two cast arrows (one pointing to the hinge – top, and the other towards the catch plate – bottom). Both of these arrows (and the blue lozenge) are contained within a mid – light green coloured enamel. The colour of this enamel has decayed and may have originally been either yellow or green. Surrounding this central panel are two further cast lozenges, these are steeped away from the raised central design. The first lozenge is decorated by a series of small cast lines evenly spaced around the edge. The outer lozenge has seven sub rounded cast knops. It is possible that the knop at the base of the brooch has broken off resulting in an uneven pattern. These seven knops are evenly spaced at the top three corners of the brooch and halfway along the sides. The knops are decorated with a cast ring and dot design. The reverse of the brooch is plain and undecorated. The brooch is a mid-dark green colour with an even well formed patina which covers all surfaces. There is little evidence of abrasion apart from the possible loss of the lower knop, damage to the pin and catch plate. Similar plate brooches can be seen in ‘Hattatt’s Visual Catalogue of Brooches’. These are all dated to the 2nd century AD (pages 348-349). A direct parallel has not been found.

Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth 2011, Part 3, Group 4. a.-b.) of Roman date (80-120 AD). The wings of the brooch are heavily abraded and are semi-cylindrical in plan. The end / wing caps do not survive. The pin, axis bar and spring of the brooch is missing. It is likely that the spring was attached to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The area where the hook is located is badly abraded. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point near the foot. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 30.3mm length, 12.2mm width, and is 10.3mm thick. It weighs 5.17 grams. The brooch is decorated with a number of cast and applied motifs. These are arranged around a central cast vertical rib that extends from the head of the brooch. On either side of this rib are two sub oval depressions flanked by small sub -triangle depressions. These areas would have been filled with enamel. This no longer survives. Other cast linear lines are present on the head of the brooch. This design has been distorted by abrasion. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with an even but abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil. It has resulted in damaging the areas around the extremities of the brooch, especially the wing / end caps. There are also several areas of light green active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

An incomplete copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 75 - 175AD. The bow of the brooch has a curved (slightly stumpy) profile and an angular D-shaped cross section. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a broken edge below the mid-section moldings. The brooch measures 28.7mm in length, 11.4mm width, and is 17.8mm thick. It weighs 17.77 grams. The head of the brooch is sub oval in plan; this sub-oval area tapers into the bow of the brooch. The head of the brooch is relatively plain with no cast decoration. However, attached to the upper face of the brooch is a cast projection or head stud. This projection is sub oval in plan and sub-rectangular in cross section with a small sub oval cast pellet in the upper part. The reverse of the head is concave with the remains of two vertical bars that divide the head into three parts. Both the bars are broken and abraded. It is likely that this bar would have held an axis bar or hinged pin. This was probably made from iron as there a large amount of orange corrosion adheres to the reverse of the brooch. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section with the reverse side being undecorated and flat. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. The upper part of the bow is decorated with a series of cast motifs. These decorative elements are formed from a series of small cast pellets and curvi-linear cast ribs. Below this decoration halfway, along the length of the bow, are three distinct undecorated sub-circular (D shaped) cast moldings. The central of these is relatively large and projects from the bow of the brooch. Beneath these moldings are five vertical ribs that extend towards the break across the bow. The brooch is of a mid green brown colour with an even patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil and this has resulted in the loss or distortion of some decoration. As already mentioned the reverse of the head of the brooch has an amount of iron corrosion present. There are also several areas of light green powdery active copper corrosion present. The whole of the brooch has had a tin or silvered surface applied to it. Much of this has been lost through abrasion. A direct parallel for this variation of trumpet brooch has not been found. Similar examples (without the decorative head stud can be seen in 'Roman Brooches from North Britain' (Snape 1993, 16-17).

HESH-5FDEE1: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy Colchester derivative Polden Hill brooch (flat wing ends, West Midlands) of Mackreth 2011, 4.i1 of Roman date. The wings of the brooch are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The pin of the brooch is missing but the axis bar and spring are present. The spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which has been turned and attached by an external chord to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The hook is broken. The axis bar is probably made of iron as a large amount of orange corrosion is present around the head of the brooch. This corrosion has encased the spring completely. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken edge beneath the head. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 17.4mm length, 20.8mm width, and is 11.3mm thick. It weighs 7.15 grams. The brooch is decorated with a number of cast motifs. These are arranged around a central cast vertical rib that extends from the head of the brooch. On either side of this rib is a repeating design formed by cast lentoid pellets. Each pattern consists of four pellets arranged to form a diagonal cross around the rib. Some of the pellets are divided longitudinally in half by an incised line, which suggests that they might represent leaves. This pattern repeats three times and extends onto the lower part of the brooch which is now lost. The brooch, excluding the spring, has been silvered. The majority of this applied surface has been lost through abrasion. The brooch is a light green grey colour with an even but abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil. It has resulted in damaging the areas around the extremities of the brooch, especially the wing end caps. There are also several areas of light green active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-A442D4: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment from the foot of a cast copper alloy brooch probably dating to the Roman period. The fragment is cylindrical in profile and is sub-circular (D shaped) in cross section. The upper edge has been broken. The break is not recent. The base of the foot is rounded and there is a cast horizontal band approximately two thirds along the fragments length. The foot is a mid green colour with an even partially abraded patina which covers all surfaces. The foot is likely to be from the base of a bow brooch. The foot fragment measures 10.7mm length, 8.2mm width, and is 9.5mm thick. It weighs 3.85 grams.

HESH-A3F3B0: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD) The wings are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete; therefore the axis bar, spring and pin are all missing. There is a small rearward facing hook or lug at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point / terminal above the catch plate. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 29.2mm length, 22.2mm width, and is 10.8mm thick. It weighs 6.02 grams. There are no incised or cast decorations on either the head or wings of the brooch. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with an uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil resulting in the damaged areas around the extremities. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-A3BCF4: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD) The wings are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete; therefore the axis bar, spring and pin are all missing. There is a small rearward facing hook or lug at the centre of the wings on the upper edge. This holds a small length of the external chord of the spring. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken terminal at approximately the mid point of the bow. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 13.2mm length, 16.9mm width, and is 9.8mm thick. It weighs 2.44 grams. There are no incised or cast decorations on either the head or wings of the brooch. The brooch is a light green grey colour with a very uneven abraded patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil resulting in the damaged areas around the extremities. There are several areas of light green active corrosion present. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-A3ABA2: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD) The wings are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The pin of the brooch is missing but the axis bar and spring are present. The spring is formed from a length of copper alloy wire which has been turned eight times and attached to a rearward facing hook, located at the centre of the wings on the upper edge, by an external chord. The axis bar is probably made of iron as a large amount of orange corrosion is present around the head of the brooch. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken point / terminal below the catch plate. The break is not recent. The catch plate is sub-triangular in shape and extends from a rib below the head of the brooch. The brooch measures 28.9mm length, 15.6mm width, and is 12.2mm thick. It weighs 4.26 grams. There are no incised or cast decorations on either the head or wings of the brooch. The brooch is a mid green brown colour with a very uneven abraded and chipped patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil resulting in the damaged areas around the extremities. This movement has also resulted in the bow being bent at an angle of 30 º to the head of the brooch. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-A2CE96: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Polden Hill) brooch of Roman date (43-150AD) The wings are semi-cylindrical with pierced wing / end caps. The wing caps are incomplete; therefore the axis bar, spring and pin are all missing. In the centre of the cylinder there is a sub- oval depression. There is a small rearward facing hook or lug at the centre of the wings on the upper edge, but this is broken. The bow head is hump-like, and slightly angular. The bow is semi-circular (D-Shaped) in section. It tapers to a broken terminal at approximately the mid point of the bow. The break is not recent. The brooch measures 26.3mm length, 37.2mm width, and is 14mm thick. It weighs 8.56 grams. There are a number of decorative cast linear ribs on the brooch. The most significant of these ribs are on the wings and beneath the hump-like head. The brooch is a light green grey colour with a very uneven abraded and chipped patina. This abrasion is probably caused by movement in the plough soil resulting in the damaged areas around the extremities. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-C79722: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 75 - 175AD. The bow of the brooch has a curved (slightly stumpy) profile and D-shaped cross section. The brooch measures 51.8mm in length, 18.1mm width, and is 24.2mm thick. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a narrow point above the bulbous foot knop. The brooch weighs 17.77 grams. The discussion of the brooch is in three parts; the head, the bow and the foot. The head of the brooch is sub oval in plan, this sub-oval area tapers into the bow of the brooch. The head is decorated with a series of cast elements. These elements are based around five evenly spaced cast pellets which are arranged in a semicircle around the head. Each of these pellets is enclosed by a curvilinear rib. The central pellet and the two outer pellets in the chain are enclosed by circular ribs whilst the two others are enclosed by comma shaped swirls (circles with tails). Where the head tapers into the bow of the brooch are another three pellets enclosed within circles arranged in a line. The circular ribs are interconnected in a figure of eight pattern. The reverse of the head is concave with a vertical bar that divides the head into two parts, This bar is broken and abraded, however, it seems to have been pierced 3/4 of the way along its length. This would suggest that the axis bar and spring would have attached here through a loop; neither the head loop, spring mechanism, or pin survives. There are small elements of iron corrosion present which might suggest an Iron axis bar or pin mechanism. The bow of the brooch is D shaped in cross section with the reverse side being undecorated and flat. The head of the brooch tapers into the body which remains uniform in width. There are three distinct undecorated sub-circular (D shaped) cast moldings. The central of these is relatively large and projects from the bow of the brooch. Beneath these moldings is a rectangular panel which is divided in two by a cast central rib. Both the sub-divided areas are further divided by a curvi-linear rib that forms a series of ten interlocking triangles. On the reverse of the bow is a linear rib which extends into the catch plate. It is roughly sub-rectangular in profile and measures 21.4mm length, 3.3mm in width, and 1.2mm thick. This has been damaged and only partially survives. The foot of the brooch is plain and sub-cylindrical in shape. At the base of the foot is a small point, this may be decorative or could represent part of the mould. The brooch is of a mid-dark green brown colour with an even patina which covers all surfaces. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so some of decoration has been lost or made indistinct. Also there are patches of iron corrosion, discussed above. Similar examples can be seen in 'Roman Brooches from North Britain' (Snape 1993, 16-17).

HESH-BD1AD8: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy disc brooch of probable late Roman or early medieval (Anglo-Saxon) date (200-720 AD). The brooch is sub-circular in plan. It has a diameter of 32.3mm and is 4mm thick. The front of the brooch is concave; however, there are a series of raised concentric decorative ridges and a central convex circular dome. The rear of the brooch is flat apart from a large concretion of iron corrosion. This is located in the upper half of the rear and measures 16.4mm long and 26.8mm wide; it projects 6.2mm. The brooch weighs 10.61 grams. The front of the brooch is formed from a single cast disc of copper alloy. The profile of the front of the brooch is concave and none of the decoration rises above the height of the outer rim. The majority of the decoration is cast. This decoration comprises of a domed central boss (7.4mm diameter) around which is a circular ridge. This concentric ridge is sub-divided by a series of short incised linear lines which form a beaded or pelleted chain. Around this central decoration is a large raised concentric ring. It is 1.7mm wide with a diameter of 15mm. The ridge is in the shape of an inverted V and is the highest of all the cast decoration. Encircling this cast ridge is another concentric ring with a diameter of 19.6mm. On the inner edge of this ring are a series of cast radial lines which sub-divide the ring into twenty four small sub-rectangular panels. These three concentric rings and the boss make up the central decoration on the brooch. The outer decoration is formed by another concentric ring (25.3mm diameter) and the outer raised rim of the brooch. Between these two elements is a third band of pellets which form a beaded chain. The outer decoration elements are linked together by a series of eight evenly spaced raised isosceles triangles. The base of each triangle is positioned on the outer rim with the apex touching the inner concentric ring. The reverse of the brooch is plain. On the upper half of the reverse is a large concreted mass of iron corrosion. This is most likely to be the remains of an iron pin as it seems to be attached to the brooch rather than being a by-product of the burial environment. However, this cannot be proved without a series of x-rays. The front of the brooch is a light -mid green colour with an even patina which covers all surfaces. There are small patches of orange iron corrosion which has leached from the concretion on the back. There are also small patches of light powdery bronze corrosion which distorts areas of cast decoration. The rear of the brooch is a mid-brown orange colour probably caused by leaching and decay of the iron pin. Small patches of light green coloured patina are present near the rims suggesting the rear of the brooch is copper alloy. Both the front and rear of the brooch have been abraded in the plough soil. The central boss also seems to have been dented or damaged. Finding parallels for this brooch have proven difficult, hence the large date range. A similar example can be seen in Hattat's Ancient and Romano- British brooches (example 127 p141); however the central bosses in all of the examples project above the outer rim of the brooches. Also this example does not have the side knops and lugs which are characteristic of many Roman disc brooches. Similar problems have been encountered looking through sources for an early medieval parallel. Therefore a date from the late Roman period to the early medieval ( or early Anglo-Saxon) period (200 - 720) has been suggested. Donald Mackreth has commented on this record that he believe this brooch to be of an Early Medieval / Anglo Saxon date rather than Roman. I have therefore altered the dating range below to reflect this but left the original description above.

HESH-9619F3: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type), Mackreth 2011, Type 3, Plate 46. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile and has a D shaped cross section. It is 18mm long, 19.4mm wide and 10.6mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick sub-rectangular head to where it is broken. In the centre of the head is a broken rearward facing lug (possibly a hook), this projects 1.2mm from the body and is square in section. The reverse of the head of the brooch is partially hollow with a rounded depression in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-cylindrical in plan, and have a D shaped profile. The projecting wings measure 7.2mm long, 17.9mm wide, and are 4.2mm thick. At the end of each wing is a semi-circular end plate. In each of these there is a small broken abraded circular hole. The brooch weighs 6.28 grams. The spring mechanism and pin of the brooch are not present. It is probable that they were attached by a rearward facing hook. A small broken projection is present in the centre of the head, which suggests that there might once have been a hook that has been lost due to abrasion. At the end of the wings are two broken perforations. These are likely to have held an axis bar to attach the spring. The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There are a number of decorative cast linear ribs on the brooch. The most significant of these tapers from the head onto the bow. The other area of decoration is on both sides of the head at the junction with the wings. Here there are a series of small undecorated linear ribs. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces. The brooch has also been abraded and rolled in the plough soil damaging several areas around the extremities. The break has a similar patina which has been abraded. This suggests that this occurred in antiquity. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-949EA8: BROOCH
Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends type), Mackreth 2011, 4.h. Plate 47 with unusual motif on the head, of Roman date (43-150AD). , The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile and has a D shaped cross section. It is 21.4mm long, 10.9mm wide and 12.5mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick sub-rectangular head to where it is broken. In the centre of the head is a broken rearward facing lug (possibly a hook). This has been badly abraded and projects 0.4mm and is square in section. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-cylindrical in plan, and have a D shaped profile. The projecting wings measure 7.7mm long, 21.5mm wide, and 6.8mm thick. At the end of each wing is a semi-circular end plate. In each of these there is a circular hole (1.2mm in diameter) with an axis bar through it. The brooch weighs 9.69 grams. The spring mechanism and axis bar of the brooch are present and complete. The pin is broken and lost. The spring is attached by an iron (iron is suggested by the large amount of orange corrosion around the spring case and wings) central axis bar which passes through the two small circular perforations in the endplates. The spring and pin are created from one single length of copper-alloy wire, which is turned ten times to form the spring with an external chord. This external cord is secured by a rearward facing hook, present but abraded. There are a number of decorative cast linear grooves on the brooch. The most significant of these tapers from either side of the head onto the bow. Either side of the grove are a series of repeating wave shaped patterns. These patterns have been applied to the brooch and are either decayed silvering or some form of black paint or oil. Another area of decoration is on both sides of the head at the junction with the wings. Here there are a series of small undecorated linear ribs. On the reverse of the body of the brooch is a long linear rib, which extends from the head to the break. This rib is triangular in section and could have flared into the catch plate. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces. There is a large amount of orange corrosion around the spring, this might indicate that the axis bar is iron. The brooch has also been abraded and rolled in the plough soil damaging several areas around the extremities. The break on the bow has a similar patina to the rest of the brooch which has been abraded. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

Incomplete fragment of a copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.c, Plate 47, no. 12041. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile and has a D shaped cross section. It is 22.5mm long, 9.9mm wide and 6.3mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick sub-rectangular head to where it is broken. In the centre of the head is a broken rearward facing lug (possibly a hook), this projects 2.1mm from the body and is square in section. The reverse of the head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub-rectangular depression in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-cylindrical in plan, and have a D shaped profile. The projecting wings measure 7.4mm long, 19.8mm wide, and 7mm thick. At the end of each wing is a semi-circular end plate. In each of these there is a small broken circular hole. The brooch weighs 6.96 grams.. ing mechanism and pin of the brooch are not present. It is probable that they were attached by a rearward facing hook. A small broken projection is present in the centre of the head, which suggests that there might once have been a hook that has been lost due to abrasion. At the end of the wings are two broken perforations. These are likely to have held an axis bar to attach the spring. The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There are a number of decorative cast linear ribs on the brooch. The most significant of these tapers from the head onto the bow. This rib is decorated with a series of sub-rectangular pellets. The other area of decoration is on both sides of the head at the junction with the wings. Here there are a series of small undecorated linear ribs. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces. The brooch has also been abraded and rolled in the plough soil damaging several areas around the extremities. The break has a similar patina which has been abraded. This suggests that this occurred in antiquity. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-B51FA5: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece brooch of Roman date. The brooch is incomplete and the bow is broken. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 17.8mm long, 11.2mm wide and 8.8mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a rounded head to where it has been broken, approximately ¼ along its length. The rounded head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub oval depression in the rear. There is no evidence for wings on either side of the body. This might be due to the very abraded nature of the brooch. The brooch weighs 3.15 grams. The spring mechanism, pin, catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little or no decoration visible on this brooch. Any decoration once present has been eroded by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The brooch is a light green colour with an uneven very abraded patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also the wings. The bow, as mentioned above, has broken approximately ¼ along its length. The break is old being covered by the same patination described above. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are many patches new light green powdery corrosion present which has eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

HESH-B4DAA0: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative brooch of Roman date. The brooch is incomplete and the bow and wings are broken. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 17.1mm long, 8.3mm wide and 8.5mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a rounded head to where it has been broken, approximately ¼ along its length. The rounded head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub oval depression in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. They have been very badly abraded and appear as sub-oval stumps in plan. The projecting wings measure 6.5mm long, 12.4mm wide, and 2.9mm thick. The brooch weighs 2.71 grams. The spring mechanism, pin, catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little or no decoration visible on this brooch. Any decoration once present has been eroded by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The brooch is of a mid-light green colour with an uneven abraded patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also the wings. The bow, as mentioned above, has broken approximately ¼ along its length. The break is old being covered by the same patination described above. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old and new light green powdery corrosion which has eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

HESH-4FE278: BROOCH
Copper alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends type, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.i. Plate 47. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 52.6mm long, 10.4mm wide and 14.8mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to a small bulbous foot below the catch-plate. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-cylindrical in plan, and have a D shaped profile. The projecting wings measure 7.9mm long, 23.2mm wide, and 7mm thick. At the end of each wing is a circular end plate with a diameter of 8.6mm. In each end plate there is a small circular hole with an iron axis bar (diameter of 1.9mm) through it. The brooch weighs 23.83 grams. The sprung pin mechanism and axis bar of the brooch are present and complete. The pin and spring are attached by the iron central axis bar which passes through the two small circular perforations in the endplates. The spring and pin are created from one single length of copper-alloy wire, which is turned eleven times to form the spring with an external chord. The pin is sub-circular in cross section and tapers to a point. It measures 29.3mm length and 1.8mm width. The spring mechanism is secured by a rearward facing hook that attaches over the external cord of the spring. This hook projects from the centre of the head of the brooch and measures 4mm in length and 2.3mm width. The catch-plate is perforated and complete. The catch-plate is formed from a rectangular central rib that begins below the head of the brooch on the reverse side. This rib expands and is triangular in profile, with one side being slightly concave. The two areas of perforated decoration are located in the widest area. Each of these perforations are sub-rectangular in shape and are formed by either cutting or filing. On the upper edge of the catch-plate is a slightly damaged pin rest. This is formed by the upper edge being turned over to form a semi-cylindrical hollow. The catch-plate measures 20.8mm length, and 3.4mm in width. The foot of the brooch is complete and undamaged. It consists of a cylindrical bulbous knop, which is formed from the base of the catch plate. It is separated from the catch-plate and body of the brooch by a small cast collar and a concave horizontal ban. The foot measures 6.7mm in length and 7mm in diameter. There are a number of cast decorative motifs on this brooch. The largest of these is on the body of the brooch and consists of a repeating pattern formed by cast lentoid pellets around a central rib. Each pattern consists of four pellets arranged to form a diagonal cross around the rib. Some of the pellets are divided longitudinally in half by an incised line, which suggests that they might represent leaves. This pattern is repeated seven times. The central rib is also decorated by a double line of incised dots. Another area of decoration is on the end caps of the wings here a series of small sub-oval pellets decorate the outer edge of the wing cap. A similar decoration is also present on the foot of the brooch and on the collar above that. The final area of decoration is on the pin rest of the catch-plate. Here a series of crude linear horizontal and diagonal lines have been incised, forming an irregular zigzag pattern. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces including the pin mechanism. The brooch has also been slightly abraded and rolled in the plough soil. This has damaged the pin rest and also made the pin shaft and mechanism very loose. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9.

HESH-D198C3: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy Roman brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.a. Plate 46, dating 80-120 AD). The brooch is incomplete. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 77mm long, 14.9mm wide and 13.6mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to a small bulbous foot below the catch-plate. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. The projecting wings measure 8.9mm long, 29.6mm wide, and 5.2mm thick. At the end of each wing is a circular end plate with a diameter of 8.6mm. In each end plate there is a small circular hole (diameter of 2.6mm) for attaching the axis bar. The brooch weighs 29.68 grams. The pin mechanism and axis bar of the brooch are not present. The pin would have been attached by the central axis bar which passed through the two small circular perforations in the endplates. The spring mechanism would have been held in place by a rearward facing hook. This projects from the centre of the head of the brooch and measures 3.7mm x 3.9mm x 1.4mm. The catch-plate has broken and only a small fragment survives. The catch-plate is formed from a central rib that begins halfway down the length of the body. This rib expands and is triangular in profile, with one side being slightly concave. The surviving catch-plate measures 38.7mm length, and 7.7mm in width. It is impossible to judge whether the catch-plate was originally perforated as the broken end is abraded and damaged. The foot of the brooch is bulbous knop, which formed from the base of the catch plate. It is 5.1mm in diameter with a small cast collar above the terminal. There are few cast decorative motifs on this brooch. The largest of these is on the head of the brooch. Here the rearward facing hook is located on top of a cast semi-circular raised area. Other areas include: two raised semi-circles either side of the body of the brooch where they meet the wings; and a small series of raised pellets alongside the catch plate forming a small ridge. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. The foot of the brooch has also been damaged and bent, causing it to become asymmetrical. Similar brooches can be seen in Margaret Snape's book; Roman Brooches of North Britain, 1993: pp 10-13, fig 1.9

HESH-7E44B7: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman Trumpet brooch dating from 75-175AD. The bow of the brooch has a curved profile and D-shaped section. It is 45.4mm in length, 13.3mm width, and is 27.9mm thick. The bow tapers from a wide flared head to a broken blunted point halfway along the catchplate. The brooch weighs 13.34 grams. There is circular beading around the head which separates the head from the bow. The upper bow has a slight central rib which is badly abraded. At the centre of the bow is a molding with areas of waisting on either side. Below this, there is a slight central rib which extends from to the foot-knob, which is also obscured by abrasion. The spring mechanism and pin of the brooch are not present. They would have been attached to the bow of the brooch through a perforated lug behind the head (on the same axis as the bow) which is 8.6mm in length. The lug is encased within a mid-brown/orange iron corrosion from the axis bar. The brooch has broken across the catch-plate for the pin. The catch-plate is formed from a central rib that begins halfway down the length of the bow. This rib expands and then tapers towards the foot. It is roughly sub-rectangular in profile and measures 23.1mm length, 3.3mm in width, and 1.6mm thick. The catch plate, due to its fragility, has broken in a number of places along its length and has also been badly abraded in the plough soil. The foot is missing. The brooch is of a mid-dark green brown colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface and decoration has been lost. Also there are patches of iron corrosion, discussed above. Similar examples can be seen in 'Roman Brooches from North Britain' (Snape 1993, 16-17, nos. 23-24).

HESH-7DE5F4: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative brooch of Roman date (43-100AD). The brooch is incomplete and the bow is broken. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 20.3mm long, 6.7mm wide and 10.7mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to where it has been broken. The rounded head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub oval depression in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. They are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. The projecting wings measure 5.4mm long, 21.7mm wide, and 3.9mm thick. Both the wings and the body of the broosch have been heavily abraded in the plough soil. The brooch weighs 5.58 grams. The spring mechanism, axis bar, and pin of the brooch are not present. It is possible that a spring mechanism might have been attached by a rearward facing hook. A small broken projection is present in the centre of the wings, which suggests that there might once have been a hook that has been lost due to abrasion. There are also slight ridges or partial perforations in the end plates of the brooch which have been badly eroded. This suggests the presence of an axis bar which would have held the spring. There are no wing caps on the brooch. The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little or no decoration visible on this brooch. Any decoration once present has been eroded by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The brooch is of a mid-dark green brown colour with an even abraded patina that covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The break in the bow is old and has been covered by the same patination. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

HESH-2CBA21: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Group 4, flat wing ends type), stamped decoration dating from 75-175 AD. The bow of the brooch has a curved, comma shaped profile, and has a D-shaped cross section. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to a narrow point above the catch-plate. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. There is a pierced plate at the end of each wing. . The pin of the brooch is not present. However, part of the central axis bar, which held the and pin, is intact. This bar is 11mm long and 1.5mm wide, but is very corroded and friable. The bar is broken approximately ¾ along its length, and seems to be formed from rolled copper sheet. The pin would have been attached by the central axis bar which passed through the two small circular perforations (described above) in the wing plates. There is no evidence of a rearward facing hook and therefore it is unlikely that the axis bar would have been attached in this way, (like the Dolphin brooch types). The brooch has broken across the cast catch-plate for the pin. The catch-plate is formed from a central rib that begins halfway down the length of the body. This rib expands and is triangular in profile, with one side being slightly concave. The catch-plate measures 9.7mm length, and 2.4mm in width. It is impossible to judge whether the catch-plate was originally perforated as the broken end is abraded and damaged. The foot of the brooch is not present. There are a number of cast decorative motifs on this brooch. The first and most significant is the central raised cast linear rib which extends from the head of the brooch to where it has broken at the catch-plate. This rib covers the head of the brooch and then tapers along the length of the bow. On the rib at the head is another decorative motif, here contained within two cast linear lines are a series of curvi-linear lines which form sub-oval ellipses. These are arranged in diagonal offset rows of three and give the impression of raised pellet decoration. The other area of decoration is on both the wings of the brooch where they join the body. Here there is evidence of a small raised linear rib, which is decorated with small recessed sub-triangles that produced a serrated effect. However, much of this decoration has been lost through corrosion. The projecting wings measure 5.7mm long, 15.1mm wide, and 5.5mm thick. The brooch weighs 6.68 grams. It is 27.9mm long, 8mm wide and 11.6mm thick. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface and decoration has been lost. Also there are patches of new active light-green corrosion as well as old corrosion which has eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands), Mackreth 2011, 4.a-4.b. Plate 46 of Roman date (80-120AD). The brooch is incomplete. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 30.4mm long, 7.1mm wide and 8.9mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to a point at the foot. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. At the end of each wing terminal / plate is a small circular hole for attaching the axis bar and pin. The wings measure 6.9mm long, 17.5mm wide, and 5.5mm thick. The brooch weighs 4.65 grams. The pin and axis bar of the brooch are not present. However, the pin would have hinged on the axis bar which passed through the small circular holes in the wing plates (described above). There is no evidence of a rearward facing hook on the head of the brooch. The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little or no decoration visible on this brooch. Any decoration, once present, has been eroded by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

Incomplete copper alloy two-piece Colchester derivative (Dolphin) brooch of Roman date (43-100AD). The brooch is incomplete and the bow is broken. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile, and has a D shaped cross section. It is 21.8mm long, 8.1mm wide and 9.8mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to where it has been broken, above the catch plate. The rounded head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub oval depression in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. They are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. The projecting wings measure 5.2mm long, 13.6mm wide, and 2.4mm thick. Both the wings have been heavily abraded in the plough soil. The brooch weighs 4.07 grams. The spring mechanism and pin of the brooch are not present. It is probable that they were attached by a rearward facing hook. A small broken projection is present in the centre of the wings, which suggests that there might once have been a hook that has been lost due to abrasion. There are no wing caps or perforations in the end plates of the brooch and therefore it is unlikely that an axis bar would have been attached in this way, (like the Polden Hill types). The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little or no decoration visible on this brooch. Any decoration once present has been eroded by a combination of corrosion and abrasion. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The bow, as mentioned above, has broken approximately ¾ along its length. The break is old being covered by the same patination. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted.

HESH-1AC991: BROOCH
Incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill (Mackreth Part 3, Group 4a.-b, flat wing ends type) of Roman date (80-120 AD). The brooch is incomplete. The bow of the brooch has a curved (comma shaped) profile and has a D shaped cross section, with a cast rib along the length of the rear (pin side) of the body. It is 48.4mm long, 11.9mm wide and 12.2mm thick. The body of the brooch tapers from a thick rounded head to a point at the foot. The rounded head of the brooch is partially hollow with a sub oval hole (measuring 6mm wide, 5.4mm long, and 7.4mm deep) in the rear of the head. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. These are sub-rectangular in plan, but have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. The wings measure 5.7mm long, 26.5mm wide, and 2.9mm thick. The brooch weighs 13.11 grams. The spring and pin of the brooch are not present. It is possible that they may have been attached by a rearward facing hook. A small knop is present in the centre of the wings, which suggests that there might once have been a hook that has been lost due to abrasion and corrosion. There are no end caps or perforations in the end plates of the wings therefore, it is unlikely that an axis bar would have been attached in this way, (like the Polden Hill types). The catch plate and foot of the brooch are not present. There is little decoration on this brooch. One possible motif is the central raised cast linear rib which extends from the head to the foot on the rear of the brooch (mentioned above). Another, less obvious, area is on the front of the bow of the brooch. Here there is evidence of a linear rib produced from cast pellets which forms a beaded line. Again, almost all this decoration has been lost through corrosion. Other decoration includes two vertical cast linear designs on the wings either side of the bow. The brooch is of a mid-light green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the bow and wings. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted. This pitting has destroyed or distorted much of the decoration present.

HESH-ED64C4: BROOCH
Cast copper alloy, enameled and silver gilt zoomorphic (Duck) brooch of early Roman date, probably 2nd Century AD (100 - 200 AD). The body of the brooch is sub-ovoid (egg) shape in plan, with a convex bowed or D shaped profile. The back of the brooch is concave and hollow. The cross section is C shaped. It measures 29.4mm in length, 17.6mm in width, and is 5.2mm thick. The neck of the bird / duck is cast and has been broken. This decorative feature is sub-rectangular in plan and profile. It measures 7.8mm in length, 5.1mm in width, and is approximately 6.8mm thick. The brooch weighs 6.22 grams. The pin of the brooch is broken at the hinge side and only a small part of it survives. It is sub-rectangular in both plan and profile, with slightly tapering edges. The cross section of the pin is also sub-rectangular. It measures 6.5mm length, 1.4mm width, and is 2.2mm thick. The pin was attached to the brooch by a hinge; formed from two integral perforated cast lugs and an axis bar which passed through both the lugs and the pin. This mechanism survives in a fragmentary and friable condition. The two cast lugs are sub-rectangular in shape and profile. Each measures 5.5mm in length, 1.2mm in width, and are 4.7mm thick. The axis bar is made of copper alloy and has a diameter of 1.8mm. The catch plate of the brooch is also cast but has been badly abraded in the plough soil. All that remains of the catch plate is an integral sub rectangular lug, which measures 6mm in length and 1.9mm in width. The bird / duck brooch has been highly decorated with a number of both cast and enameled features. The most impressive of these are the enameled and gilt areas. These are arranged and described in four areas; the wings, spine, and tail. The decorations on the two wings mirror each other. Each wing decoration is formed from a linear panel (19.5mm x 6.8mm), which is divided into seven crescent shaped parts (feathers?). Each of these seven subdivisions is filled with either red or blue coloured enamel. The divisions between these panels are silver gilt, giving the impression of silver edged feathers. The spine of the duck is also formed from a narrower linear panel (15.6mm x 3.6mm). This is sub-divided again into a number of interlocking D shaped subdivisions. These are filled with alternating red and yellow pieces of enamel. Again, like the wings, the divisions between the panels have been gilt with a silver wash. The final piece of enamel decoration is the tail. This is formed from a sub-oval shaped panel (5.1mm x 7.3mm). The majority of this panel is filled with red enamel, although there are two circular sub panels of blue enamel. Again the areas without enamel have been silvered. The other major piece of decoration is the cast neck and head. This has been damaged and now only the stub of the neck survives. The neck is in line with the spine area described above and projects 4.7mm above the surface of the brooch. This has also been silvered, but much of this decoration has been lost. The last decorative feature of the brooch is a cast curvi-linear indented line. This would originally have formed a border around the body of the brooch, enclosing the areas of enameled decoration. However, due to the brooch being rolled in the plough soil it only survives on the very front of the brooch. The brooch is of a mid-light green colour with an even patina which covers all the un-enameled surfaces. There are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas slightly pitted. This pitting has destroyed or distorted some of the decoration present. There are also a few areas of light green powdery active corrosion around the edge of the brooch, as well as on the pin and associated lugs. As mentioned above, the brooch has also been badly abraded in the soil and so is now slightly asymmetrical in shape. All of the areas of enameling have suffered from abrasion and corrosion, but the colour in the majority of them is clear (although a little faded) and the panels themselves are intact. The areas of silvering have been rubbed and abraded which has resulted in the majority of the surface treatment being lost. Similar zoomorphic brooches can be seen in ‘A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches’ (2000: Oxbow; Oxford. page 360 figure 219). The closest parallels to this ‘Duck’ brooch are examples 168, 169, 621, 1165, and 1166.

HESH-49FBD8: BROOCH
A cast copper alloy fragment from a probable Iron Age (La Tene III) Nauheim derivative brooch, circa 150BC - 75AD. The body of the brooch has a bowed profile, which tapers towards the head and towards the foot. It also has an irregular polygonal (D shaped) cross section. The brooch is 65mm long, 6.5mm wide, and 6.4mm thick. The brooch fragment weighs 14.47 grams. The brooch is broken above the bow close to where the integral spring would have been located. At the foot of the brooch is a small integral catch plate. This catch plate is 12.2mm long, 6.6mm wide, and 3.9mm thick. It is sub- triangular in plan with a small sub-rectangular recess to hold the pin. The body of the brooch has been decorated with a series of cast and incised linear motifs. There are three areas of decoration. The first is on the upper surface (spine) of the brooch. This decoration consists of a pair of vertical parallel incised lines (1.8mm apart) which run along the whole length of the bow. Within these two vertical lines are a series of horizontal parallel lines, which divided the space into sub-rectangular panels. Each of these panels differs in size and shape suggesting that this decoration has been achieved by hand. The average panel measures 1mm long by 1.8mm wide. Much of this decoration has been damaged by corrosion. The second and third areas have the same decoration and are located on both sides of the brooch. This decoration consists of two rows of cast triangles, which are indented. The upper row of triangles on both sides is inverted so the two rows of triangles interlock / tessellate. These decorations have also been obscured by corrosion. The reverse (back) of the brooch is plain with no areas of decoration. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour and has an even patina which covers the surface of body and the break at the head of the brooch. This suggests that this break is relatively old and not the product of modern damage. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas pitted. This pitting has destroyed or distorted much of the decoration present. Amongst this old corrosion are patches of active, light green, corrosion. Similar parralells for this type of brooch can be seen in Richard Hattatt's Ancient and Romano-British brooches (1994) pages 57-59.

HESH-B9C7E1: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman Colchester derivative Polden Hill (flat wing ends type, West Midlands). The curved bow has a D-shaped cross section and tapers from a thick, rounded head to a pointed foot. The bow is 35.4mm long, 8.2mm wide and 6.5mm thick. The wings have a D shaped profile, with a concave recess at the back to house the spring. The wings are 7.7mm long, 17.3mm wide, and 4.5mm thick. The brooch weighs 8.11g. The spring mechanism and pin are missing. (It is possible that it might have been attached by a rearward facing hook). There are no perforations in the end plates of the brooch and therefore it is unlikely that the axis bar of the spring would have been attached in the Polden Hill manner. (There is little decoration on this brooch. The only possible motif is a central raised cast linear rib which extends from the head to the foot. However, much of this detail has been lost due to abrasion and corrosion. .Much is of a mid-dark green colour with an even patina which covers all the surfaces of the body and also on the wings. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted. This pitting has destroyed or distorted much of the decoration present.

HESH-B6BA68: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman two-piece Colchester-derivative brooch (43-100AD). The bow has a curved profile and has a D shaped cross section. It is 30.6mm long, 7.6mm wide and 3.4mm thick. In the centre of the head is a broken rearward facing lug (possibly a hook), this projects 2.8mm from the body and is square in section. The wings project at 90 degrees from the bow. The wings are sub-rectangular in plan, and have a D shaped profile, with a cast concave depression on the back. The wings measure 7.3mm long, 22.5 wide, and 4.5mm thick. The catch plate and foot of the brooch are also not present. The brooch weighs 6.83g. The spring mechanism of the brooch is not present. However, it is likely to have been attached by a rearward facing hook (present but damaged). It is likely that the spring was secured by an iron axis bar as a large amount of mid-brown corrosion and staining adheres to the concaved recess on the reverse of the wings. The brooch has been decorated with a series of linear motifs. These include raised linear lines and areas of raised linear pellets, which form beaded lines. This decoration is applied to both the front of the body and to the wings, but the reverse is entirely undecorated. The brooch is of a mid-dark green colour and has an even patina which covers the surface of body, the wings and also the breaks. This suggests that these breaks are relatively old and not the product of modern damage. The brooch has been abraded and rolled in the plough soil so much of the original surface has been lost. Also there are patches of old corrosion which have eaten into the surface of the brooch leaving some areas heavily pitted. This pitting has destroyed or distorted much of the decoration present.

Small cast copper alloy annular brooch with looped and broken copper alloy pin. This brooch probably dates from the late medieval, early post-medieval period The brooch is 20mm in diameter and is 2.5mm thick. It weighs 1.65 grams. The brooch is circular in plan and sub-rectangular (rectangular with rounded corners) in section. There is a small constriction on the body of the frame where the pin is attached. This constriction is undecorated. The frame of the brooch is decorated with a cast pattern. This pattern is in the form of twisted cabling. The entire object would have orginally been gilt, however, only small amounts of this still adhear to the surface. The attached pin is 14mm long, 2mm wide and 0.25mm thick. It is rectangular in section and has been broken approximately two thirds along its length. This break is releatively old due to the patination of the surrounding metal. The pin is formed from a thin copper alloy sheet that has been bent around a small undecorated constriction on the frame of the brooch. The pin itself has one single bar decorative feature. This is situated where the pin meets the frame of the brooch. Again, the pin was originally gilt, only small amounts now remain attached to the surface. A comparible example is recorded in G. Egan and F. Pritchard, 1991: Dress Accessories c1150-1450 p252-253. Catalogue Number 1325.