NMS-E39636: KNIFE
Iron strip, perhaps the blade from a knife. It is 120mm long and one end is encased in delaminating corrosion. Away from this end, it is generally around 19mm wide, with one edge straight and 3mm thick, tapering to the other edge which may represent the cutting edge. The end without the corrosion layers has the cutting edge curving up to meet the back of the blade in a rounded point. The corroded end is broken and has no evidence of a whittle tang. The strip is now bent at a slight angle about halfway along its length. It weighs 45.0g. The identification as a knife is very tentative, as the strip is corroded, very thin and has no evidence of a tang, but as it was found close to several early Anglo-Saxon objects it could also be of that date.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1160378

NMS-E36935: RING
Neatly circular iron ring, 51.5mm in diameter. In cross-section it is circular, 8mm in diameter. It weighs 31.8g. The ring was found close to several early Anglo-Saxon objects and is likely also to be of that date. It may have been used as a suspension ring.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1160372

SUR-C0FC32: KNIFE
An incomplete terminal from the handle of a post medieval scale tang knife. The terminal is rounded. One side of the tang retains a portion of a copper alloy sheet metal facing with two copper alloy rivets with silver plated heads. The rivet at the front end is noticeably off centre. The other side of the handle has extensive rusted iron concretion.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1158232

SUSS-AB720F: AXEHEAD
A Medieval Iron axehead, dating to c.AD 1000 - 1500. The axehead has a triangular or 'wedge'- shaped blade with a slight curve to the cutting edge; it projects downwards more than it projects upwards from the central body of the axe. The socket is filled with corrosion but is triangular in shape with a triangular wing surviving on one side, extending downwards. When viewed from the rear, the butt of the axe appears rectangular. The metal surface is heavily corroded and laminated. Measurements: Length: 210 mm Width at cutting edge: 167 mm Thickness at socket: 37 mm Weight: 1005 g The form of this axe suggests that it fits within a sub-class known as bearded axes, these were widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The socket was form simply by folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop; although in this example corrosion has obscured the join. Common throughout much of the Medieval period and maybe even earlier it probably dates from c.1000-1500 AD. It can be paralleled with a similar 'transitional type IV' in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue' Fig: 13, no: 6. with a winged socket and hammer-butt. Compare LEIC-503ABE and HAMP-70D9DB

GLO-05105E: SLAG
Five fragments of bloomery slag that appear to have been produced from the tapping process. All display smooth molten ridges and channels on the face characteristic of runs of solidified molten taped slag. Where broken the core is seen to be dense but filled with abundant, small bubbles and cavities. These fragments measure 1, 35mm by 33mm 2, 50mm by 35mm 3, 70mm by 50mm 4, 42mm by 30mm 5, 115mm, by 80mm

WMID-731076: SHOE
A 19th century iron shoe patten. The object consists of an oval shaped body, with fixtures that project on either side. One extends upwards before bending at a right angle, followed by a circular plate with a nail affixed to it, and a final rectangular lug extending outward and terminating in a break. The other side has a similar attachment, but the plate is trapezoidal in shape and has two nails. The object has an abundance of rust. Measurements: Height: 47.5mm Length: 189mm Width: 86.8mm Thickness of iron bar: 7.9mm Weight: 122.9g A patten was an over-shoe worn to give the wearer extra height to keep their shoes and the hem of their skirt out of the mud and detritus on the roads. They normally consisted of a wooden sole attached to an iron hoop which provided the height, with a leather toe and sometimes also a heel piece and leather straps with buckles to attach the patten to the shoe or foot. Leather pattens for indoor use to give the wearer extra protection against the cold are also known (Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition by Geoff Egan, 2005). References to pattens are known from as early as 1390, but it is believed that early ones may have been made entirely of wood and that the type with an iron hoop did not come into widespread use until the post medieval period. Many iron hoops can be dated to the seventeenth century, and this is also likely to be the date of this example. Some signs can still be seen outside churches requesting the women in the congregation remove their pattens before entering. One example can be seen at Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire. The practise of wearing pattens continued in some areas until the Second World War, but they were gradually replaced by rubber boots and soles (Detector Finds 2 by Gordon Bailey, 2001). Several similar shoe pattens have been recorded on the PAS database including: SWYOR-0D5F52; SWYOR-6BF9E6 and SUR-F987B0.

HAMP-5B644C: KNIFE
An incomplete whittle tang iron knife, dating to the medieval period, c. 13th-14th century AD. The knife has a triangular shape, with whittle tang central on blade and a straight shoulder. The section of the blade is triangular and the section of the tang is rectangular. There are no visible decorations or marks. The tip of the blade has broken off. Overall length is 214.26mm. Blade measurements: Length 117.76mm, base 20.87 wide and 5.85mm thick at back and .49mm cutting edge, tip 6.27mm wide,3.14mm thick at back and .47mm wide at cutting edge. Tang 92.90mm long, 9.84mm wide near shoulder and 2.06mm wide at tip.

SUR-59B5DC: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, 53.5mm (c. 2.1 inches) in diameter and weighing 491.63g (c. 17 oz). The ball is heavilly corroded and otherwise featureless. Possibly a cannon ball from a piece of light field artillery such as a Falconet or Falcon, which had nominal bore sizes of 2 inch or 2.5 inches respectively.

WMID-1DD124: FURNITURE FITTING
An incomplete lock escutcheon from a piece of furniture, of Post Medieval dating (AD 1700 to AD 1800). The lock escutcheon is irregular in shape, but with a flat cross section. Iron corrosion products do obscure the surface. The lock escutcheon has a pelta shape above with a sunburst stamp on a it. The lock escutcheon is irregular in shape, with a semi-circular top with a squared lys terminal at the base. It measures 46.4 mm in length, 49. 8 mm wide and 10.3 mm thick. It weighs 31.9 g.

NARC-377D73: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron Horseshoe of Medieval date (AD 1150-1350). Clark's (1995) Type 2B, 'wavy-edged' horseshoe type. The object is composed of one half of its original form, with an old, abraded break. The retained portion has an inner raised ridge with three rectangular countersunk nail holes and a retained calkin at the lower end. Length: 93.75mm, Width: 57.25mm, Thickness: 10.08mm, Weight: 56.0g

NLM-22F7C5: ARROWHEAD
Iron arrowhead. Wrought iron socketed broad-blkaded or general purpose arrow head. Suggested date: Late Medieval, 1350-1450 Length: 65.6mm, Width: 26.5mm, Thickness: 8.6mm, Weight: 13.04gms

OXON-A3600D: BROOCH
A very corroded, incomplete, iron Roman brooch dating to c. AD 1st-2nd centuries. Probably Polden Hill type, although any detail of the bow or head is now obscured by the corrosion layer. The brooch is missing its pin, spring and catchplace, and only a small section of the bow survives. The brooch is 18.21mm long, 16..27mm wide, 5.02mm thick and weighs 3.95 grams.

YORYM-7CBCCA: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1700. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a minion cannon. Diameter: 74.5mm (2.93 inches). Weight: 1729g (3.8lbs). The minion was a type of smoothbore cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. Cast iron roundshot is rarely found on battlefields, even though records suggest that it was the normal long-range ammunition; cannon may have been so hard to transport that they only arrived after the battle was over. Siege warfare used cannon, as speed was of less importance. A major use of cannon was also aboard ship, where of course there would be no transport problems. There are several problems with identifying cannon balls found away from known military sites. Spherical stone balls were also used in garden statuary from the 17th century onwards. Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. Refs: Flynn, T. (2016) Finds Recording Guide: Shot (including musket balls, cannon balls and bullet moulds); (accessed 29/01/2024).

OXON-3C02E4: KEY (LOCKING)
A large Post-Medieval to Modern iron key, dating from c. AD 1600-1900. The bow is kidney-shaped, with the stem projecting into the bow. The stem is corroded, but is essentially sub-circular in cross-section and becomes smaller in diameter at the point where the bit is attached. The bit consists of two wands that are roughly symmetrical in shape: each has one cleft on one (the outer) side and two clefts on the other (inner) side. The stem then extends for 12mm beyond the bit. The surface of the key is rough and mostly a reddish orange colour, with multiple white patches. The key is 150.36mm long, 47.94mm wide, and 10.82mm thick along the shank. It weighs 78.12 grams. A similar key can be found in Margeson (1993, no. 1296) who notes that keys with stems that extend beyond the bit are mostly from Post Medieval contexts (ibid, 159). The kidney shaped bow and internal shaping are also more common in the Post Medieval periods. The parallel in Margeson dates to the 17th century, so this key is likely of a similar date. Compare also OXON-A4BCD7, BERK-F7C446 and SWYOR-985749.

SUSS-126978: HORSESHOE
A complete Late Medieval to Early Post Medieval iron horseshoe dating c. AD 1350-1550. The shoes is complete with a broad web and two rectangular nail holes one branch and and four on the other. The nail-holes flare inwards from the ground surface of the shoe and the shoe has a smooth outside edge. The inner arch extends to a rounded point at the apex. A right angled calkin protrudes from one heel. Measurements: length 120.83mm, width 122.44mm, width of web 41.75mm, thickness at toe 9.48mm, thickness at calkin 18.85mm, weight 266g. The horseshoe fits Clark (1995) type 4, which in London appear from 1270-1450; but those with rectangular holes are largely later and date post 1350 (ibid: 88). Similar horseshoes on the PAS database include NMGW-088977 and IOW-D223E3.

SUSS-1137A4: HORSESHOE
A complete Late Medieval to Early Post Medieval iron horseshoe dating c. AD 1350-1550. The horseshoe is Clark's type 4, with a broad web. There are three rectangular nail holes on each branch and no countersinkings; the nail-holes flare iinwards from the ground surface of the shoe and the object has a smooth external edge. The inner arch extends to a point at the apex. There is a worn right angled culkin on one branch terminal. Measurements: length 101.14mm, width 104.19mm, width of web 34.62mm, thickness at toe 10.26mm, thickness at calkin 12.04mm, weight 180.78g. The horseshoe fits Clark (1995) type 4, which in London appear from 1270-1450; but those with rectangular holes are largely later and date post 1350 (ibid: 88). Similar horseshoes on the PAS database include NMGW-088977 and IOW-D223E3.

SUSS-10262D: BUCKLE
A corroded and incomplete Post Medieval iron shoe buckle with a loop chape and pitchfork tongue dating c. 1720-1790. The rectangular frame is undecorated with rounded corners and is drilled to accommodate the separate spindle. Attached to the spindle is a pitchfork tongue and the stubs of the base of a loop chape. The side profile of the frame is curved to fit the foot. The object is covered in orange and brown corrosion. Measurements: length 48.11mm, width 59.29mm, thickness 3.65mm, weight 24.78g. Similar examples are illustated in Whitehead (2003) p. 104 and 105; and in Griffiths et al (2007) p. 218, no: 3060.

SUSS-0F8133: BUCKLE
A complete Medieval to Post Medieval iron assymetrical buckle with double strap/pin bar dating c. 1350-1700. The frame is asymmetrical with a D-shaped loop and a flat transverse bar separating the D-shaped loop from the trapezoidal half. A second flat bar dividing the trapezoidal half functions as the pin bar, with a waisted centre to accommodate the wrap around pin. Both bars are decorated with grooves running inside each long edge. The triangular pin is flat with moulded decoration comprising two rectangular panels separated by a broad transverse groove with a central raised rib. A pair of grooves extend lengthwise from one panel towards the attachment end and a single raised rib extends from the other panel towards the point of the pin.The object is heavily corroded, so that the pin is fused to the dividing flat bar. Measurerments: length 49.30mm (pin 36.97mm), width 42.16mm, thickness 6.15mm, weight 27.70g. No identical parallels have been found, but in form it is similar to asymmetrical buckles illustrated in Whitehead (2016), p.88 with flat constricted pin bars, particularly no:542, with similar grooved decoration on the pin bar. These date to 1350-1450. Whitehead suggests that iron buckles of this type were used mainly on horse equipment until the 17th century. (ibid: 87).

LEIC-A5CB62: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete socketed Iron spearhead of uncertain date, dating to c.AD 43 - 1600. The working end and some of the socket are missing. The socket is open and would be circular in section if complete. It extends, narrowing, to an incomplete leaf shaped blade which is lentoid in cross-section, no decoration is apparent. The object is heavily corroded. Length: 131.3 mm Width: 36.1 mm Weight: 113.15 g

SUR-110B21: HORSESHOE
A bent and extremely corroded iron horsehoe of post medieval date. The central aperture has a maximum width of 48mm and is keyhole shaped. The shoe has a web of 43mm maximum width and lacks calkins or a toe clip. There is no evidence of fullering. The degree of corrosion makes the nailhole count difficult to determine.

SWYOR-C038B9: CHISEL
An iron chisel, splitter or other tool of unknown date, Roman - Post Medieval, AD 43 - 1950. The chisel is wedge shaped at the widest point, although very rusted. It tapers sharply to the narrow end which is a rounded lozenge shaped in cross-section. Although it is thin at the wide working end, it is thicker towards the narrow end, possibly with slightly concave faces where it narrows. Length: 165mm; Width: 64.37mm; Thickness: 25.53mm and Weight: 566g. Manning (1976) illustrates similar chisels dated from the Roman period including page 48 item 59, described on page 25. This tool is likely to be Modern, but its discovery at Slack near Huddersfield may allow a Roman date owing to its proximity to a Roman fort.

OXON-407535: BUCKLE
A complete Medieval cast Iron annular buckle with cast iron pin, probably dating to c. AD 1200-1450. The frame is circular in plan, and oval in cross-section, with no constriction for the pin. The frame is undecorated. The pin is also made of iron that is circular in cross section with an expanded circular terminal which wraps around the frame of the buckle. The buckle is badly corroded and an orange brown colour The frame is is c.50.3mm in diameter, c.3.8mm wide and thick. The pin c.52.5mm long from its loop to its rounded point and is 11.7mm thick. Annular buckles are difficult to date due to the lack of diagnostic decorative features. Whitehead (1996, 17) offers a wide date range of c. 1250 - c. 1450, however iron examples found in London illustrated in Egan and Pritchard (1991, 59-60) tend to come from late 13th-century/early 14th-century contexts. P. Ottaway suggests that seperating human dress buckles from equine harness buckles is difficult and that those over 50mm might be considered for equine use (Ottaway in Griffith, D. et al 2007: 188-189, Pl. 38, no 2407). Based on this suggestion, this example is probably a Medieval horse harness buckle rather than part of the Medieval costume.

SUR-42ABFF: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail of probable Roman date. The head is subrectangular in section and subconical in profile. The shank is curved and around 8.5mm in length.

SUR-41B61D: STIRRUP
A complete and decorated iron stirrup of medieval date (c. 14th-15th century). The stirrup is triangular in shape and asymmetrical, with the left side notably longer than the right. The top of the stirrup has a narrow strap bar with a plate running around the front to protect the strap. This plate has a slight point in the middle of the upper edge and a decorative scalloped border bound by an incised line across the lower edge (second image). The sides of the stirrup are around 13mm wide with a flat cross section. The footrest is sightly oval in shape, widening to 28.8mm wide at the centre, where there is a downward pointing (and now folded back) decorative trilobed flange or tongue at the centre of the front edge.

ESS-1D194C: KNIFE
A group of two iron knives of probable early medieval date (c.410-1066). Knife 1: Description: The knife remains as the complete blade and tang. The blade is oval in cross-section and triangular in plan with a straight top edge which slopes downwards slightly at the tip. At the other end, the top edge rises to a curve straightening again along the top edge of the tang which also slopes downward slightly. The bottom edge of the blade is angled consistently towards the tip where it sharply curves upwards. At the tang end, the blade meets the tang at a c.45 degree angle. The tang appears to be rectangular in cross-section. At the end of the tang is a vertical protrusion from the top edge. The blade has a drilled hole at the centre of its widest point. Measurements: length: 90.8mm; width: 16.3mm; thickness: 7.9mm; weight: 19.15g Discussion: Compare with LIN-52E856 which also has a hole and no. 2056 in Evans and Lovelock (2009, fig.5.28) which has a similar 's-shaped' profile and possible hole. Knife 2: Description: The blade is oval in plan and wedge-shaped in cross-section. The top edge of the blade is curved, sloping downward gradually on each side to meet the tip and the tang. The incline towards the tip is slightly more angular and sharp than the incline towards the tang. The bottom edge of the blade is also less curved along most of its length, although it meets the tip at a steeper but more rounded curve than the top edge does. Both the top and bottom edges of the blade meet the tang at a similar angle. The tang is rectangular in cross-section. Measurements: length: 10.7mm; width: 12.5mm; thickness: 5mm; weight: 14.25g Discussion: Compare with no. 2134 in Evans and Lovelock (2009, fig.5.29).

HAMP-058516: AXEHEAD
A heavily corroded post-medieval iron axehead. The axe consists of a single blade which is curved downwards. The top curves upwards slightly. The blade is sharpened to a V section at the cutting edge. At the attachment end of the axe is a hole which would have initially socketed into a wooden haft which has come loose or eroded over time. Iron axes can be hard to date, as the forms change little, but the heavy and ongoing corrosion suggests that this axe has not been in the ground for many centuries. It measures 172mm in length, 31.7mm in width (in the middle), 70.2mm in width at the cutting edge, and 51.9mm wide at the attachment edge. It is 27.4mm thick in the middle, 43.5mm thick at the attachment edge and aprox 6.5mm thick at the cutting edge. It weighs aprox 1kg

WILT-051084: DAGGER
An incomplete probably Medieval or Post Medieval iron double edged dagger blade, slightly bent, dating to cAD 1450 - 1600. It is a lozenge shaped in section, double-edged and tapering to a rough point. It is probably almost complete as a blade, narrowing a little at the upper end before an early rough break but there is no indication of a haft or attachment to a handle. It is heavily encrusted with rust and bent at the tip. Dimensions: 119.7mm in length; 21.1mm in width; 6.4mm thick; 36.67g in weight Possibly a quillon dagger or a simple Baselard, such as those recorded by Borg (1991) in the Salisbury Museum Cat. Part 1 pg88-89 No. 103-104.

SWYOR-0435D4: MATTOCK
An incomplete corroded iron mattock, adze or pick of uncertain date, Roman to Post Medieval, AD 43 - 1950. It is sub-rectangular, tapering to a thin, incomplete wide and at one end, and narrowing and thickening to an incomplete socket at the other end. The blade is broken across the socket for the handle. On one face there are narrow flanges running from the socket down each side of the blade and round the socket. Length: 148.34mm Width: 63.47mm Thickness: 14.05mm Weight: 283g See Manning (1976) items 65 and 66, page 26, illustrated page 49, fig.16 which are Roman in date. The object could well be modern, however it was found at Slack near Huddersfield, in the proximity of the site of a Roman fort which may allow a Roman date.

SWYOR-0264F2: BUCKLE
A incomplete Medieval cast Iron annular buckle with cast iron pin, probably dating to AD 1200-1450 or later. The frame is circular in plan, and oval in cross-section, with no constriction for the pin. The frame is undecorated. The pin, which is broken off at about two thirds of its length, is also made of iron that is circular in cross section and then divides into an expanded circular loop which wraps around the frame of the buckle. The buckle is badly corroded and an orange brown colour. Measurements are; total length 60.6mm, diameter of the ring 56.3mm, total thickness 20.1mm, thickness of the ring 6.2mm and weight 36.06g. Annular buckles are difficult to date due to the lack of diagnostic decorative features. Whitehead (1996, 17) offers a wide date range of c. 1250 - c. 1450, however iron examples found in London illustrated in Egan and Pritchard (1991, 59-60) tend to come from late 13th-century/early 14th-century contexts. Compare IOW-94B4C3.

SWYOR-703FD4: PADLOCK
An incomplete copper plated iron barrel padlock of early medieval to medieval date, about AD 950 - 1400, perhaps more likely to be from the later end of the range suggested. Only a fragment of the case survives. It is part of a cylinder made of iron with a copper alloy surface coating. The outer face is decorated with longitudinal ridges. Only part of one end plate survives and it is not clear if the incomplete hole in it is an intentional keyhole or corrosion. Measurements are; length 34.1mm, width 26.6mm, thickness 14.9mm and weight 15.0g. Compare WMID-D898F7, BUC-BBEC0A and NARC-BCB263 as well as

CORN-6093E5: CAULDRON
Fragment of an iron-alloy cauldron/pot leg. Due to the nature of this object, it is hard to date exactly, but iron cauldrons were in common use throughout the post-Medieval periods, and into the Victorian era. Weight: 70.4g Dimensions: Remaining body length: 49mm Remaining body width: 32mm The leg is at a slant, so two measurements were taken. Leg height (min.): 24mm Leg height (max.): 36mm Average leg height is therefore: 30mm

SWYOR-4B11A7: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron artefact, of Roman date, AD 41 - 410. It is sub-rectangular in plan, square at one end and tapering and curving to a rounded point at the other. The main body of the artefact is thicker along one edge than the other and the rounded point, which is set at a slight angle to the orientation of the main portion, is also thinner than the main body. One side of the main body is flat and the other side is slightly concave, though this may be a consequence of the heavy degree of corrosion. The artefact is 84.2mm long, 31.4mm wide and 13.1mm thick. It weighs 53.84g. Though unidentified, this object is highly likely to be Roman because it was found about 8 inches below the bottom of an excavated archaeological trench which was 16 inches deep and produced Roman material.

SWYOR-4B0556: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron socketed tool of Roman date, AD 43 - 410. It is roughly triangular in plan, and rectangular in cross-section. One end has parallel sides and tapers in thickness to a break, and in the other direction tapers to the remains of a socket. The socket area expands in width, and has incomplete sides that start to turn over at the top. The wide end may also be broken. Measurements are; length 92.8mm, width 43.3mm, thickness 16.1mm and weight 114.95g. It could be a socketed area at one end of an adze, chisel, or other socketed tool. Compare number 80, figure 18 of Manning (1976) which is a socketed turf cutter with a long rectangular shank. Though it is undiagnostic alone, a Roman date is suggested because it was found about 8 inches below the bottom of a previously excavated archaeological trench which produced Roman material.

SWYOR-4AF449: NAIL
A group of 6 iron nails found in the same area. They are very likely to be Roman in date, AD 43 - 410. Measurements are; 1. length 49.5mm, weight 8.57g. Head measures 13.0mm by 11.9mm. 2. length 51.1mm, weight 7.28g. Head measures 10.4mm by 7.2mm. 3. length 52.3mm, weight 6.57g. Head measures 6.8mm by 5.8mm. 4. length 36.1mm, weight 4.78g. Head measures 11.6mm by 12.9mm. 5. length 56.9mm, weight 5.46g. Head measures 9.6mm by 5.6mm. 6. length 20.9mm, weight 2.45g. Head measures 11.8mm by 11.0mm. They were found about 8 inches below the bottom of a previously excavated archaeological trench which was 16 inches deep, and which produced Roman material.

SWYOR-49BB5E: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A baluster shaped unidentified object of probably Post medieval date, AD 1700 - 1900. It has an iron core, and an outer of a grey, grainy material that can be scratched with a finger nail, and leaves a streak on paper (possibly a burnt ceramic or organic material). The iron appears to be a thin rod or wire in the centre. The object is rounded at both ends. Measurements are; length 29.7mm, maximum diameter 7.0mm and weight 5.94g. It is possibly a decorative element from a larger object.

SUR-4694D9: HOB NAIL
A large iron hobnail of probable Roman date. The head is subrectangular in section and subconical or pyramid shaped in profile. The shank has a sub rounded cross section and is around 10mm in length.

LON-0833C6: FORK (UTENSIL)
A Post Medieval iron two pronged fork with anthropomorphic bone handle dating to the late 16th-17th century. The handle has a oval cross-section and is hollow to secure the tang of the blade. The handle expands to the end and the cross-section changes to a pointed oval. The terminal is carved to form a three-dimensional human head. The top of the head is decorated with a series of carvedl lines. The Iron fork has a short stem with collar and two two incomplete pronges. Dimensions: length: 104.79mm; width: 13.08mm; thickness: 8.63mm; weight: 10.59g. Similar utensil handles on the database are LON-A2DDE5, and LON-EEBF75.

YORYM-CBDA1C: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A corroded iron object of uncertain date, function and completeness. Probably modern, c. AD 1800 onwards. The object is large and oval with a large hole in the centre. The width of the hoop varies. The width and shape of the hole also varies with one side circular and the other oval. The object has covering rusty colour corrosion. The ring is 84.89mm in diameter and has a central hole of 29.58mm diameter. It is 33.86mm thick and weighs 555g. The object is likely be modern but its use is uncertain and it is undiagnostic.

SUR-5DF106: HORSESHOE
A small wrought iron tongue horseshoe (1700-1815), likely for a pony. The web is relatively wide (max. 32.3mm) with a slightly pointed tongue-shaped aperture and pronounced right-angled calkins at both ends. The shoe does not appear to be fullered and the nail holes are now completely obscured by concretion and corrosion.

BUC-4A2498: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval to post-Medieval iron rotary key, dating to c. AD 1300-1750. The bow is D shaped, with the shoulders rounded. The shank of the key projects into the bow with two triangular projections and a notch in the centre. This is full of iron staining. Below the shoulders is a widened cylindrical collar, the shank is narrower and circular in cross section. The bit is in two sections, which are the shape of two back-to-back, 'S-shaped' sides, separated from each other by an 'I-shaped' cleft.The key is a brown red colour, and is fragile from corrosion. It measures 142.44mm in length, 48.9mm in width, and weighs 83g.

LVPL-38E0CE: KNIFE
A complete iron dagger guard or quillon of late Medieval to Post Medieval date (c. AD 1400 - 1600). The guard would have been for a single bladed knife or dagger. The object is relatively simple and formed from a lozenge shape. A sub-rectangular perforation is present off centre through which the tang would pass. The surface appears undecorated and is corroded. The object has a brown patina. Measurements: length 63.1mm, width 15.8mm, thickness 8.5mm, weight 32.03g. Similar objects on the database include: LVPL-D462A7, WAW-8FFAF6 and WMID-D426EA

OXON-3360E2: BUCKLE
A complete Post Medieval Iron buckle and pin dating to c. AD 1575-1700 The frame is D-shaped in cross section and aymmetrical in plan, with one trapezoidal shaped loop and the other D-shaped which are seperated from one another by a vertical axis bar. The pin survives as a iron sheet narrowing from its folded loop to a narrow point resting on the trapazoidal frame edge. The object is a reddish brown colour and corroded. The buckle is 24.9mm long, 20.1mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 3.24 grams. The buckle dates to the Post Medieval period. Whitehead (2003:91, No. 564) dates this type of buckle to the late 16th to 17th centuries. Egan (2005: 36) dates two similar buckles (Nos. 100 and 101) to c. 1630 and c.1650.

WILT-23638A: OX SHOE
A complete Medeival to Post Medieval right side iron ox shoe, one of a pair, the other missing, dating to c AD 1250 - 1900. Unlike horses, oxen have cloven or bifurcated hooves so when working, their shoes had to be made in two pieces. It is a 'comma' shape, rectangular in section. Ox shoes commonly had four piercings for attachment along the outer edge, but this one apparently has only three. One can be seen and is oval in shape, the other two retain their nails, with oval heads and rectangular section spikes. The shoe is heavily rusted but retains its shape, being thicker at the rear than at the front, perhaps due to wear. Dimensions: 99.1mm in length; 40.1mm in width; 9.5mm thick; 95.82g in weight. Nail 22.4mm in length; head 17.6mm x 14mm. Ox shoes are difficult to date due to the fact that they retain a similar design throughout the majority of the medieval to post medieval period. Other examples on the PAS database include: DEV-2A06FA, WILT-ADCB1D and SWYOR-B6E5A4.

SWYOR-22277B: HORSESHOE
An iron horseshoe dating from the 19th to early 20th century. It is made of wrought iron and is of a heavy cast bar toe clip type, not fullered (grooved) and with calkins at each terminal. There are four rectangular holes on each side to allow iron nails to attach the shoe to the horse's hoof. The remains of one of the nails is still in situ. This horseshoe is quite heavily corroded and has a mainly dark brown patina. Measurements are; length 198.7mm, width 167.9mm, thickness 35.6mm and weight 1148g. See Sparke (1998) Old Horseshoes, especially page 24. Toe clips came into fashion for draught horses in the early 1800s and were still in use in the 1930s.

WILT-BA497D: BROOCH
A fragment of Roman iron brooch, of Hod Hill type, dating to c. AD 43-75. The head consists of a hinge with axis bar within. The head narrows before joining the bow. The upper section of the bow consists of a panel decorated with six vertical ribs on the front, which has two horizontal knobs projecting from the top sides of the panel. The upper section is mostly intact aside from some corrosion to the lower part. The bow profile gently arches near the head. The middle and lower section of the bow are missing. Additionally absent are the pin, catchplate and footknob. The brooch has a gunmetal black and rust-orange patina. Length: 23.5 mm; width: 22.7 mm; thickness: 3.4 mm; weight: 3.48 g. cf Mackreth (2011) Hod Hill, plate 92, no.9316

SUR-A62C2E: KNIFE
A copper alloy and iron terminal from the handle of a scale tang knife of later post medieval to modern date. The object has a sheet metal copper end cap which sheaths the edges of the iron on both sides, and joins to a trefoil terminal with incised line decoration on the end. Both broad sides of the object show rusted iron, with copper alloy wire inlay next to a copper alloy rivet at the broken end, which would have created a decorative stalked trefoil motif on either side. It is not clear whether any organic or other material covered the iron.

SWYOR-F9BEB3: BUCKLE
An incomplete cast white metal coated iron single-looped buckle dating to the Medieval period, about AD 1066 - 1400. The loop is irregular D-shaped in plan and flat in cross-section. It has a prominent expanded outer edge, which curves slightly downwards, and has a biconcave termina. It is missing the pin, bar and the plate. The front face is seperated with a thick central groove, transversely across the outer edge, acting as a pin rest, within a field on each side with floral design, or possibly pinecones. The reverse face is undecorated. The object has a smooth grey patina with some small patches of rust. Dimensiions: The buckle is 18.3mm in length, 33.2mm in width, 2.9mm in thickness and it weighs 3.85g. Similar buckles are illustrated in Whitehead (1996), p. 24; no. 107. Whitehead suggests that these buckles date from the 13th and 14th centuries. See also the Meols Catalogue, numbers 758 and 762 on page 103. For reference of similar objects in the PAS database, see SWYOR-424405 and SWYOR-AA13C0

NARC-F8F504: AXEHEAD
A complete iron Axehead of Medieval date (AD 1000-1550). Type I or Type 4 'bearded' axehead. The axehead is solid cast and has a crescent wedge-shaped blade. In cross section the socket is wide and shield-shaped, like a wide triangle with rounded vertical sides. Length: 123.29mm, Width (blade): 108.38mm, Width (butt): 46.81mm, Thickness (blade): 47.57mm, Thickness (butt): 7.80mm, Weight: 649.00g Length (aperture): 41.51mm, Width (aperture): 18.41mm The metal is dark brown and heavily pitted. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: DUR-F7E257, LVPL-AEA265, NMGW-108701 and WILT-919D8F. The object dates to the Medieval-Post Medieval period due to the shape of its socket, which is similar to the woodsmen type 1 axehead seen on page 57, Figure 12 No 4 A13508. The object also has similarities to the Type 4B Medieval bearded axes seen in The London Medieval Museum Catalogue 1940, page 62 Figure 14 Nos 3 and 4, A1476 due to the shape of the blade, however it is more similar to the Type 1 as it is not clear whether the blade projects downwards due to corrosion and the blunt nature of its blade. The axe lacks the projecting hammer end of Roman axeheads meaning it is dated to the Medieval-Post Medieval periods. Axeheads likely were individually hand made by local Smiths, conventional patterns are not necessarily followed and without any more secure dating context a wide date range is necessary.

ESS-653B36: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron unidentified object of unknown date Description: The object remains as a gentle 'S' shaped piece of iron with a circular cross section. One end is flattened into a broadly oval shape. Measurements: length: 100.3mm; width (widest end): 15.3mm; thickness (narrowest point): 8.9mm; weight: 37.04g Discussion: Other iron S-shaped objects recorded on the database include chain links such as BM-AADD88 and latchlifters including LVPL1513

KENT-10D6ED: WEIGHT
A complete cast iron trade weight dating to the Post-Medieval to Modern period (c.AD 1600-1826). Description: The weight is circular in shape with a raised rim with recessed centre on the upper surface There are two incised concentric circles in the centre. At 12 and 6 o'clock are stamped the City of Westminster 'portcullis'; the in the style of the pre-imperial standard (pre 1826) mark. The lower surface has a wide flat rim with indented centre. Within this are three concentric ridges surroundinding a raised central nub, this has been incised with what appears to be an extended W, that terminates in an arrow head, this may be the makers or owners mark. Measurements: Diameter 60.0mm; thickness 13.5mm, weight 200g Discussion: The weight of this trade weight is pre-metric, 8oz/half pound. The design of the mark changed in 1826, when 'Imperial Standard' weights were established and the mark changed to include the date 1826 above the portcullis. Thus, this example certainly dates prior to 1826.

ESS-D4067A: SEAX
An incomplete iron seax of early medieval date (c. 450-600 AD). Description: The object is mostly complete but worn and remains in five parts of varying size, the largest being the tang and base of the blade. The tang is rectangular in cross-section and gently curved in profile narrowing gradually to its terminal where it expands in height. The blade is heighest just before the downward curving tip but this may be due to wear on the rest of the blade's edges. The object has a dark red, corroded patina with some medium green patching. Measurements: length: c.205mm

SWYOR-D2E7B4: CHISEL
An iron chisel or other tool of unknown date, Roman - Post medieval, AD 43 - 1950. The tool is covered in corrosion, but is probably broken at both ends. It has a shaft which is circular in cross-section, which flattens and widens into a working end. The wide end is 41.3mm wide, and flat in plan. The shaft is 26.3mm diameter and 39.3mm in length. The blade part is triangular in profile. The overall length is 91.2mm, the maximum thickness is 22.9mm and the weight is 198.16gThe surface of the chisel is cracked and corroded. Being incomplete, the tool is impossibly to identify or date. Tools of similar shape are NLM96 and LON-FF4D35, one of which is an early Medieval chisel, and the other a Post Medieval caulking tool. It could also be part of a harrow tine or similar agricultural implement.

SUR-7D0489: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail of probable Roman date with a pyramidal head 6.8mm wide and 5.4mm high. The shank has a square section and a bend towards the tip.

WMID-550961: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete, but heavily corrorded iron key of Post Medieval to Modern date c. AD 1700– 1900. The bow is plain and oval shaped. The stem is solid, and broadly hexagonal in cross section and swells slightly in size immediately before the bit. The stem projects beyond the bit. The bit is simple and consists of two rectangular projections with a slight oval centre. Measurements: length 126.2mm, width 42.6mm across the bow, 29.6mm width across the bit, thickness 7.5mm across the stem and weight 48.9g. Similar keys can be found on the PAS database, all with a similar date range. Example include: SWYOR-1B6C88 and SUR-A0DF00.

WAW-C19FFE: HOB NAIL
A total of 25 copper alloy Roman hobnails and tacks. The nails are of varying sizes, with broadly circular sectioned shanks and pointed domed heads. The largest weighs 1.26 grams and measures 15.6 mm in length, 9.9 mm in width and 7.1 mm in thickness. There are three smaller ones which are incomplete. The smallest weighing 0.15 grams. Of the smallest complete nail, it measures 9.4 mm in length, 8.8 mm in width, 5.5 mm in thickness. It weighs 0.56 grams. The objects have a dark brown patina. The nails were possibly used for a Roman hobnail boot. The objects were discovered in a field near other Roman artefacts including coins and brooches.

HAMP-C14574: BUCKLE
Wrought iron plain double looped rectangular buckle dating from AD 1570- 1700. The buckle has a rectangular frame with a recessed strap bar in the centre, and is concave in profile. Some of the iron pin appears to be corroded to the strap bar. Strap bar is broken.

WILT-58CD7C: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete, large iron Medieval to Post Medieval key, dating to c. AD 1150-1650. The object resembles a Type 8 key (Saunders, 2012). The bow is oval. The stem thickens in the middle, is circular in shape, and extends beyond the bit. The bit is rectangular and symmetrical in shape, indicating it is probably a door key, and has a central cleft. The bit and stem are in line. The key displays some corrosion, and if there originally was any decoration on the stem or bow, it is no longer visible. The object is covered with corrosion products. Dimensions: Length: 132.7 mm; width at bow: 48.4 mm; width at bit: 28.9 mm; thickness: 10.6 mm; weight: 63.26 g. This example is a type 8 key (Saunders 2012) which are solid stemmed and were common in the medieval period due to the demand for large keys for door locks. Examples of this type are published in (Saunders, 2012: 166) Fig.17 and date from the 12th century into the post medieval period. Saunders et al, 2012, p.165, Fig. 17. Goodall, 2011, p. 293, no.1551. Biddle, 1990, p.1034, fig. 329.

WILT-58801C: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete, large iron medieval to post-medieval rotary key, dating to c. AD 1150-1650. The object resembles a Type 8 key (Saunders, 2012). The bow is kidney-shaped. The stem thickens in the middle, is circular in shape, and extends beyond the bit. The bit is rectangular and symmetrical in shape, indicating it is probably a door key, and has a central cleft. The bit and stem are in line. The key displays significant corrosion, and if there originally was any decoration on the stem or bow, it is no longer visible. The object is covered with corrosion products. Dimensions: Length: 152.7 mm; width at bow: 53.7 mm; width at bit: 35.7 mm; thickness: 11.4 mm; weight: 76.26 g. This example is a type 8 key (Saunders 2012) which are solid stemmed and were common in the medieval period due to the demand for large keys for door locks. Examples of this type are published in (Saunders, 2012: 166) Fig. 17, and date from the 12th century into the post medieval period. Refs: Saunders et al 2012, p.165, Fig. 17. Biddle,1990, p1034, fig. 329, no. 3839.

WMID-2D6955: SHOT
A probable cast iron shot dating to the Post Medieval period, circa AD 1500 - 1700. The object is spherical in shape with pitting and corrosion visible on the surface. The cannon ball has a dark brown coloured patina across its surfaces. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail and full diameter and weight. The cannon ball measures approximately 52.8mm in diameter and weighs 423 grams There is no evidence of impact. See the finds recording guide for further detail on cannon balls: https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/, which suggests there are other uses for balls of this size such as in a crushing mill.

YORYM-2BDA15: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1700. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a minion cannon. Diameter: 83.8mm (3.29 inches). Weight: 2184g (4.18lbs). The minion was a type of smoothbore cannon used during the Tudor period and into the late 17th century. Cast iron roundshot is rarely found on battlefields, even though records suggest that it was the normal long-range ammunition; cannon may have been so hard to transport that they only arrived after the battle was over. Siege warfare used cannon, as speed was of less importance. A major use of cannon was also aboard ship, where of course there would be no transport problems. There are several problems with identifying cannon balls found away from known military sites. Spherical stone balls were also used in garden statuary from the 17th century onwards. Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. The reporter of this find has researched the area and notes that a demolished fortified Royalist manor house, New Hall Hunsingore, is present on the boundary of the field. The hall is said to have been destroyed by the Parliamentarians after the Battle of Marston Moor, which is just 4.5miles away. The cannonball was found in the field northwest of the Hall. New Hall was next to the ford across the Nidd. It is a Historic England site, and their entry for new Hall states “It was some time after the 1540s that the Goodricke family home was built on the site, probably utilising existing buildings. However, the hall did not last long and it is thought that it was destroyed during the Civil War in the 1640s.” See: Heritage Gateway - Results. Refs: Flynn, T. (2016) Finds Recording Guide: Shot (including musket balls, cannon balls and bullet moulds); (accessed 26/09/2023).

SUR-29729E: SPUR
An iron rowel spur of post medieval to modern date. The frame has straight, tapering arms with plano convex cross section. The terminals have been lost to corrosion. The rowel box is small relative to the frame, with an oval collar and narrow arms which terminal in rounded lobes drilled for an iron spindle, which retain an incomplete rowel. This was originally around 13mm in diameter, with eight narrow points.

LVPL-AEA265: AXEHEAD
A complete iron potential Type I or Type 4 'bearded' axehead of Medieval-Post-Medieval date ( c. AD 1000-1550). The axehead is solidly made. In plan view, the axehead has a crescent wedge-shaped blade. In cross section the socket is wide and shield-shaped, like a wide triangle with rounded verticle sides. The metal is a deep orange in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. There are a number of similar axeheads on this database which have been assigned a Medieval date - DUR-F7E257, NMGW-108701 and WILT-919D8F. The object dates to the Medieval-Post Medieval period due to the shape of its socket, which is similar to the woodsmen type 1 axehead seen on page 57, Figure 12 No4 A13508 its thickness and the projections around the socket in plan view are also similar. The object also has similarities to the Type 4B Medieval bearded axes seen in The London Medieval Museum Catalogue 1940, page 62 Figure 14 Nos 3 and 4, A1476 due to the shape of the blade, however it is more similar to the Type 1 as it is not clear whether the blade projects downwards due to corrosion and the blunt nature of its blade. The axe lacks the projecting hammer end of Roman axeheads meaning it is dated to the Medieval-Post Medieval periods. Axeheads likely were individually hand made by local Smiths, conventional patterns are not necessarily followed and without any more secure dating context a wide date range is necessary.

SUSS-99E334: SPUR
An incomplete post medieval iron rowel spur probably dating between AD 1600-1800. The object consists of the integral neck and partial sides of the spur. The sides have broadly D-shaped cross-section, the outer surfaces of the sides are convex. One side ends with a worn break at roughly 60mm from the neck, the other side continues down toward a complete double looped terminal. The sides taper into the neck that is narrow at the base with a broadly circular cross-section, then widening into the rowel box with a rectangular section. The spur is covered in iron corrosion on all surfaces. Measurements: length: 100.06mm; width: 83.66mm; thickness at neck: 13.22mm and weight: 39.71g.

DENO-9A4ACD: CANNON BALL
A post medieval cast iron cannon ball, dating to the period c. AD 1600 - 1800. The cannon ball's diameter is 66.6 mm and it weighs and 1034.7g (2lb, 28oz), suggesting use with a falcon or falconet. A falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels; a number were used during the English Civil War. The iron ball is spherical, with a pitted and corroded surface.

OXON-84A4F6: SPUR
Medieval (mid to late 15th century) iron rowel spur: The iron arms of the spur have been squashed together and one arm is incomplete. The complete arm is a slender long rectangle in section, has a horizontal band and the terminal tapers and is angled upwards at c. 70° terminating with two loops (figure-of-8 loops) angled at 45° to the upturned arm. One loop has the remains of a iron ring through it. The outer face of the arms appears to be decorated and has a high relief inscription which is illegible. At the heel of the spur, on the upper edge there is a crest which flares outwards. The neck is of mid length and oval in section. The terminal of the neck divides into two arms with a side protruding knop at each terminal. The neck also appears to be decorated and has a high relief inscription which is illegible. The rowel is hinged on an iron axis and has 8 teeth or points, some of which are incomplete. The surface of the spur is slightly corroded with some areas of flaking having occurred. It measures 137.05mm long, 24.95mm wide across the heel, 24.87mm deep at the heel and weighs 78.80g. The spur probably dates to the second half of the 15th century. Ellis (1991) illustrates a similar spur, Figure 21 No. 37, although in iron, and dates it to the second half of the 15th century. The Museum of London Catalogue illustrates another iron spur of broadly the same shape and is also decorated on the arms and neck which dates to the 15th century, Figure 35, No. 1. Ellis, M. A. 1991, 'Spurs' in Saunders, P. and Saunders, E. 1991 Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Medieval Catalogue, Part 1 Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum: Salisbury Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1940 London Museum: Medieval Catalogue HMSO London

OXON-84716D: BRIDLE BIT
A complete Medieval to Post Medieval corroded iron horse harness of Ward Perkins type IIIc. This includes a snaffle bit (or possibly half of it) and one of the cheek pieces now fused together by corrosion. The snaffle bit is a curved, rounded iron bar with a round loop at each end placed at 90 degrees to one another. One loop is narrow, the other is wider and has a larger, D shaped,hoop and bar attached that form the cheek-piece. The bar of the cheek-piece runs at right angles to the snaffle bit. The cheek-piece fits into Ward Perkins (1940, 80, fig. 19a) Type C, while the snaffle bit may fall into half of a Ward Perkins (1940, 80, fig. 19b) Type II or a complete Type I. Overall, the object is 107.5mm long, 99.5mm wide and c.15mm thick. It weighs 62.19 grams. A further working example is illustrated by Ward-Perkins (1940: 84, fig 21.1). Similar examples on the database include LANCUM-0FF9B7, DENO-491F1B and LON-3F07D5. The first is given a Post Medieval date, while the latter examples are suggested to be Medieval in date

OXON-E07F8D: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of probable Post Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1700). It is missing hte tip of the blade. The iron blade has a straight back, with a projecting triangular tang that is rectangular in cross section. The blade curves abruptly downward away from the tang before curving to form the cutting edge of the blade. The blade is traingular is corss section with a hammered edge. The tip of the blade has broken away leaving a worn break. The object is heavily corroded. The knife is 135.8mm long, 20.5mm wide, 8.87mm thick and 46.6g. Iron knives are difficult to date as the corrosion obscures details, and the functional designs do not vary much. In this example the knife back and tang are in line, and the extant curve running up to where the tip would have been is not angled, which seems to suggest a Medieval or later date. Similar examples recorded on the PAS database are: WAW-C07E3C, BH-77E5FF, and SWYOR-120898.

CORN-CAB73B: BRIDLE BIT
A circular domed mount made from iron, probably a bridle boss dating to c. AD1350 -1850 The mount is circular in form and measures 67.41mm in diameter. It has a central dome which measures 37.96mm in diameter and is 11.37mm tall. Around the dome there are three evenly spaced but rather large and crudely made iron rivets. . On the reverse, corroded iron spreads from the rivets across the centre which makes the reverse now flat. Measurements: Height: 24.42 mm; Weight: 145.68 g; Diameter: 67.41 mm There are several similar bosses recorded on the PAS database, such as SUR-A033A8, BH-E51A04, LANCUM-D88325 and HESH-BB9DA5. The lettering two of these (HESH-BB9DA5 and SUR-A033A8) dates them to the late 14th or 15th century and the late 15th or early 16th century respectively, although bossed mounts are also known from much later (17th- to 19th- century) horse harness. The function of these bossed mounts is not yet certain. Large flat circular mounts are known from medieval and later horse harness (e.g. Clark 1995, fig. 40, no. 9); they may be from harness, or may alternatively be from large books, furniture or boxes. It weighs 34.95g.

WAW-603136: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron nail, probably a hob nail of Roman date (c. AD 43-410). The object would have had a domed head and a shank with a sub-square cross section that terminates in a point. Dimensions. Length (head): 6.06mm. Width (head): 4.86mm. Height: 12.13mm. Weight: 0.53g.

WAW-5FF90E: NAIL
An iron nail of possible Post Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1800). The nail is handmade from wrought iron and has a sub-oval head (13.28mm long, 10.38mm wide) and a shank that has a rectangular cross section that tapers from 8.89mm long and 6.12mm wide at the top to a wedge shaped end. Dimensions. Length (head): 13.28mm. Width (head): 10.38mm. Height: 17.27mm. Weight: 2.73g.

WMID-5CC8B0: MOUNT
An iron fragment of an axe-shaped mount, dating to the Early Medieval period, circa AD 580-650. The object consists of an axe-shaped fragment from a mount terminal. The obverse is decorated with an axe shaped border made from a copper-alloy strip. Within the border is a decorative pattern in light relief, consisting of style II, animal art. The pattern has been gilded. The reverse and sides of the object are undecorated and covered in orange corrosive material. No attachements are on the reverse. The object measures 28.1mm in length and 43.5mm in width. It has a maximum thickness of 8.2mm and weighs 16.5 grams. Similar mounts have been recorded on the PAS database, although none are made from iron. GLO-267BD4, is a more complete example of an axe-shaped arm attached to a large circular plate, with the plate containing the attachment lugs. DOR-5C1D49 and NMS-844AA9, are also very similar in shape and decoration. All are dated to the late 6th - 7th ceturies AD. Kevin Leahy, National Adviser, Early Medieval Metalwork has identified this object as a find of note.

SUR-33BC10: KEY (LOCKING)
A large cast iron key of post medieval date. The bit is rectangular with two clefts on each end. The stem has a circular cross section and is hollow. The bow is openwork and comprises a pair of circular openings with a rearward projecting rectangular terminal at the centre, which has small flanking ridges and a flat ridged bar at the end. There is a collar at the junction between bow and stem.

BH-F8ACD4: INGOT
A cast white metal coated iron ingot of uncertain function and date, possibly the Early Medieval to Medieval periods. The object is an obliquely truncated cylinder in plan and an obliquely truncated rectangle in cross-section. The base of the ingot has rounded edges and is slightly concave. The surfaces are light grey in colour, this being an applied white metal coating. In areas this has corroded there is iron corrosion product. Dimensions (mm): length 18.57, diameter 10.82. Weight: 9.19g

LVPL-F38E76: SPUR
A complete spur rowel dating to the medieval to post medieval period (c.AD 1300-1600). The rowel is in the form of a 7-pointed star and each projection is flattened. In the centre is a separate iron rivet which is surrounded on both faces of the rowel by heavy corrosion products. The main object has a dark green patina, and the iron corrosion is a rusted orange / brown. Similar examples are illustrated in Read (2001: 41 & 66; refs. 347, 505-507). Similar examples can be found in the database e.g. WILT-433916

SWYOR-9FA1C6: AXEHEAD
A hand-forged Medieval to Post Medieval wrought iron Axehead dating from about AD 1250 - 1800. The axehead has a near straight top-edge with slight curve to the end of the blade, and a slight bulge at the socket. The underside angles from the heel of the blade to the handle to form a tapering triangular shape. It starts to curve down at the socket, but damage here makes it impossible to suggest the extent of any possible "beard". The socket is triangulat in plan with a thickened butt-end and an overlapping wrought joint. The material appears to be wrought iron, an axehead material which was largely replaced by steel during the 19th century. Measurements are; length 182.5mm, width 81.7mm, thickness 42.3mm and weight 616g. Compare LANCUM-338C74 and NMS-14063B for which the record argues that "The size and modest degree of back-weight to the axehead suggests this is not a felling axe but a light woodman's axehead. On the face of it the form fits references from the Medieval period - see J.B.Ward Perkins. London Museum Medieval Catalogue (1993 reprint) p55, Fig11. Type I. Regarding his Type I Ward Perkins also comments "..it is a simple and efficient tool which has retained a more or less stereotyped form since the Roman period" which in its sense of practicality can equally be projected forward from the Medieval period."

NLM-9DC9E9: BUCKLE
Iron buckle. Rectangular wrought iron buckle frame, with corrosion flaking from areas along with the original metal surface. Suggested date: Late Medieval to Early Post-Medieval, 1350-1650 Length: 42.6mm, Height: 37.8mm, Thickness (includes corrosion): 9.1mm, Weight: 16.73gms

SUSS-243DB2: JEWS HARP
An incomplete iron jew's harp dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1500-1800). The harp has a pen-annular head from the base of which extend the straight arms, are extremely worn and corroded but are broadly lozenge-shaped in cross-section. On one side of the head is a small depression; the rabbet which held the iron tongue, now missing. Measurements: length: 52.2mm; width at head: 30.02mm; thickness at head: 8.13mm and weight: 13.48g. Jews harps or jews trumps have been around for many centuries,with a wide geographical distribution, forming an important element of traditional music (Leahy and Lewis 2018: 198). Most found tend to be Post Medieval in date, although Medieval examples are also discovered. Some medieval examples published in Wardle in Egan (1998, 285; fig. 217) have a distinctive flattened head, or a rounded head far smaller than the characteristic post-medieval instrument. The iron spring strip, which was plucked on the instrument whilst the harp was held in the teeth, rarely survives in archaeological examples. Most examples recorded on the database are copper alloy with only 16 iron examples.

NLM-BAA288: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Copper alloy sheathing an iron core, unidentified object fragment. Source record suggests Late Bronze Age to Late Iron Age date; the accompanying database gives this as Late Iron Agel. Suggested date: Late Iron Age 100BC-AD100. Length: 41.2mm, Width: 30.9mm, Thickness: 8.6mm, Weight: 21.69gms

YORYM-50F594: LATCHLIFTER
A complete Iron latchlifter dating from the Iron Age to the Early Medieval period, c. 100 BC - AD 800. Wrought iron stem with a projecting suspension hook at one end, and a plain bit formed by a projecting bar at a right-angle to the stem. The ferrous material is very corroded and damaged. The iron has a brown patina. The latchlifter is 126.16mm in length, 29.66mm at its widest with a stem diameter of 6.58mm. It weighs 17.69g. The bit is not of a complex form for use with a barrel padlock, so a use as a latch-lifter is suggested. The term ‘latchlifter’ is often applied to simple hooks with a handle which could be used to open a bolt. Manning (1985, 88-89, pls. 37-40) lists several iron examples from late Iron Age and Roman sites; they also occur in the early-medieval world, up to the 9th century (Ottaway in Evans and Loveluck 2009, 190). They do not appear to have been made from copper alloy, typically being made from iron. Manning, W.H., 1985. Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum. London: British Musuem Press. Ottoway, P., Wastling, L.M., Rogers, N., Foreman, M. and Starley, D., 2009. Domestic Fittings and Implements. In D.H. Evans and C. Loveluck (Eds.) Life and Economy at Early Medieval Flixborough, c. AD 600-1000: The Artefact Evidence. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

NLM-D64525: KEY (LOCKING)
Iron key, large handle, large beard or bit and short shank. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1600 Length: 52.6mm, Width: 30.7mm, Thickness: 5.1mm, Weight: 9.98gms

SWYOR-BEE704: SHOT
A complete Post Medieval cast iron shot dating from around AD 1700-1850. It is sub-spherical, solid and is pitted from corrosion. This size shot could have been fired as a single shot from a rabinet or Serpentine cannon, or from a larger weapon as part of grape or canister shot (see Civil War Artillery for gun and shot sizes). It has a diameter of 27.2mm (about 1 inch) and weighs 71.04g. Iron balls were also used as ball bearings and in industrial processes, so cannot be certainly identified as shot.

WMID-6C4958: KNIFE
An incomplete knife blade and tang, of possible Roman to Post Medieval dating (AD 43 to AD 1700). The blade is triangular in shape and extends to a rectangular-sectioned tang. The upper edge of the blade is almost flush with the upper edge of the tang. The lower edge of the blade, which tapers to a blunt and corroded edge is slightly curved. The tang tapers in width and depth to a blunt point. It measures 113.2 mm in length, 27.1 mm wide and 11.5 mm thick. It weighs 40.3 g. The knife blade is a mid to dark orangey brown colour and is covered with iron corrosion products. The knife blade should be stored in a 'dry box' aka a sealed tupperware box with plenty of silica gel to reduce any active corrosion occurring. Similar triangular shaped iron blades have been recorded as GLO-E70D24, OXON-921AF8 and LON-1D8109 and are considered to range in date from Roman to Post Medieval.

OXON-5576D6: ARROWHEAD
A complete wrought iron possible socketed arrowhead of Bodkin type dating to the medieval period c.AD.1200-1550. The object is formed of a cylindrical socket that makes up the majority of the object's length. This is 8.6mm in diameter at its mouth and narrow to 7.5mm in diameter over 18mm. At this point it hen expands into a bulbous form (8.4mm diameter) before narrowing to a sharp point. The object is a dark red brown colour and too worn to identify facets at the point from hammering. The arrow head is 33.5mm long, 8.6mm wide and weighs 5.27 grams. This is similar in form to objects held by the British museum (acc no. 1868,0904.16)

NCL-536D56: HORSESHOE
Complete iron horseshoe of modern date (c. AD 1850-1920). With a broadly oval plan and break at its rear end, this horseshoe has a protruding toe-clip at the front and two symmetrical caulkins (downward facing projections) at the rear. Because of universal corrosion no nails or nail holes are visible. The horseshoe has a broadly irregular plan, suggesting that it was handmade. The large size suggests it was worn by a large draught horse. Toe-clips were routinely added to horseshoes after 1850 to add stability to the hoof in the shoe, while caulkins have been a feature of horsehoes since the medieval period, to provide added grip to horses working in uneven terrain. Iron was widely used for horseshoes from the later medieval period until the early 20th century when non-corrosive metals became the standard material.

LEIC-413B18: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An oblong piece of encrusted iron, possible salvage from wreck, of unknown date. The item comprises of a sub-rectangular shank which extends roughly 36 mm before gradually widening to a narrow iron ring which measures 5.7 mm 28.9 mm wide, 5.3 mm long and 20.3 mm high. This ring is only visible on one side of the item, as the other is now completely encrusted by stone concretion. from this narrow ring, the object then extends in an irregular, encrusted sub-oval body which has a maximum length of 38.5 mm. On one length of the outer edge of this oval, the iron shank continues, now slightly wider, to run in a straight, but slightly concave, iron strip which then curves downward to form the far, short edge of the oval. The other faces of the sub-oval body are rounded and generally convex. The object has a dark green/brown patina with areas of shallow dark orange rust present, particularly around the triangle between the shank and narrow ring. The sub-oval body of the item is heavily encrusted in stone concretions. Length: 131.7 mm Height: 26 mm Width: 38.5 mm Weight: 141 g

HAMP-2C85F8: SPEARHEAD
An iron socketed spear head of Early Medieval date, from the 7th - 9th century AD (Swanton Group E2). It is angular and has a welded socket with a single circular perforation measuring 2.91mm in diameter, located near the base of the socket. The majority of the spear head is made up of the blade, which is separated from the socket by a short solid neck which curves into the shoulders of the blade. The blade is kite shaped in plan and lozenge shaped in section, with slightly concave upper sides. The blade tapers from the shoulders to the tip The socket is circular in section and measures 26.29mm in diameter at its base and tapers to 13.75mm wide at the base of the spear-head. The socket is 53.29mm deep. The widest section of the spear measures 34.03mm and 7.80mm thick. The spear head tapers to its tip which is 9.02mm wide and 3.64mm thick. Compare NMS-BCAB82.

SUSS-1C1668: AXEHEAD
A complete heavily corroded early medieval to early post-medieval (c.1000-1550) wrought iron 'bearded' axehead. The axehead has a triangular or 'wedge- shaped blade with a waisted section near the socket flaring into the curved cutting edge. The upper edge is broadly straight, whereas the lower edge incurves sharply from the socket, at an angle around 130º's then extending in a slightly concave edge to cutting edge. The socket is broadly triangular in shape, each lower side edge extending into a triangular wing. There is no evidence of it being folded and welded, but this may be concealed beneath the corrosion. The axehead is badly corroded with a large lump of iron concretion on one side of the blade near the socket. Measurements: length: 226mm; width at blade: 109mm; thickness: 63 mm and weight:1770g. This type of axe would have had many uses ranging from boat building to house building; the style has changed little since the Roman period and therefore these axes can be difficult to date. According to Ward Perkins, 'bearded' axes of this form were well known during the Viking period in Scandinavia, where their production seems to have halted around the 10th century. Elsewhere, however, their use continued throughout the following centuries, with a peak in production during the latter part of the medieval period (1967: 59-61). Ward Perkins suggests the frequency in occurrence of this type of axe suggests it was a 'cheap, general-utility tool for civil use' (ibid.61). This example is similar in shape to a number of examples in the London Museum Medieval Catalogue, Fig.11, Type IVb which are dated to between the 13th –16th century. Other examples recorded on the database include: DUR-F7E257; HAMP-70D9DB.

NMGW-088977: HORSESHOE
A complete wrought iron horseshoe of late Medieval to early Post Medieval date (c. AD 1270-1600). The horseshoe has a broad web of 30.3mm tapering towards the 8.9-7.8mm pointed heels, which both have double folded calkins. The 56.5mm wide internal aperture has a pointed oval shape. The horseshoe has three rectangular countersunk nail holes either side of the toe. The toe itself has a thickened transverse ridge on the ground surface. The shoe has corrosion product on its surface but is in remarkably good condition for a medieval iron object, with much of the original surface retained intact but patinated. This can be seen in the smooth wear on the toe ridge and one calkin. The shoe is of Clark’s (1995) Type 4, which in medieval London was present from c. 1270, becoming ubiquitous by 1350 and was likely in use well into the 16th century. The remarkable condition of this shoe is likely due to its preservation by the anaerobic conditions of the riverbank in which it was found. Length: 129.4mm Width: 108mm Thickness: 15.4mm Weight: 246.3g

SWYOR-0527E3: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A corroded iron ring of uncertain date. but probably modern, AD 1800 onwards. The ring is a flat, oval disc with a large circular hole in the centre. The width of the hoop varies. The iron appears to be a strip which is shaped to overlap one part of the loop, and finishes with a rounded end, through which there appears to have been a rivet. The ring has a rusty colour corrosion. The ring is 33.8mm in diameter and has a central hole of 16.9mm diameter. It is 3.5mm thick and weighs 8.0g. The object is likely be modern but its use is uncertain and it is undiagnostic.

SUR-854C45: VESSEL
A large cast iron foot from a post medieval cauldron. The foot has a flat cross section with a prominant midrib which terminates at a third central toe. The reverse is flat. Circa 16th-17th century.

SUR-2FE1AC: CANNON BALL
An extremely corroded cast iron sphere, weighing 84.43g (c 3oz) and 32.7mm diameter. The surface is uneven and likely heavily reduced by corrosion. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a small piece of 17th century artillery such as a Rabinet or perhaps an iron ball used in an industrial function for milling and crushing.

OXON-EF383A: KNIFE
A corroded Medieval or Post-Medieval iron whittle-tang knife blade with an incomplete tang. The back is flat, and the former cutting edge tends to taper gently and generally in a straight line, disregarding several irregular serrations, from the hilt to about 4 millimetres before the extant tip. From there it tapers more steeply and convexly to meet the back edge. The serrations seem to be a consequence of corrosion and fragmentation rather than an intentional feature. The tang is broadly rectangular in cross-section and projects from the blade close to the back edge. It tapers in width and terminates in an old break after approximately 18.7 millimetres. Both parts are covered in red-brown corrosion products and the blade is slightly bent towards the tip. The object is 144.2mm long, 23.7mm wide, 7.3mm thick and weighs 46.29 grams Similar examples on the database include SF-EAF8A6, NMS-F03EC4 and SWYOR-11F16E. Ferrous knifes are difficult to date without secure, stratified contexts. This piece is consistent with an Early Medieval whittle-tanged knife. The form is broadly congruent with Ottway's Class C (Evans and Loveluck 2009) and Evison Type 2 (1978: 113) and similar to an illustrated example: Evans and Loveluck 2009: pg 216: no 2111. Similar examples are known from Post Medieval contexts, however, including: GLO-18A67E

LON-EEBF01: MAIL ARMOUR
A fragment of iron wedge riveted mail armour, dating from the 15th- early 16th century. Most of rings retain their mobility and have not corroded together, The fragment consists of 21 rings. While wedge riveting is predominant from the later 15th century, the ring size and quality would suggest a 16th century date for this fragment. Dimensions: length: 98.50mm; width: 15.12mm; thickness: 3.36mm; weight: 11.23g Other examples of mail armour on the database are LON-72FE79, LON-664EA2, PUBLIC-5F69C7 and SUR-F11D27.

BUC-7933D7: BUCKLE
An incomplete, iron, Post-Medieval, double looped buckle, AD.1640-1800. The object comprises the frame, mid bar and part of the pin of the buckle. The frame has a rounded square shape that has an arched profile. The upper surface of the buckle is decoared, possibly with silver wire inlay, though iron corrosion has obscured much of the design. The buckle is a substantial size and likely from either decorative horse harness or another heavy duty strap.

LVPL-607104: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A complete iron socketed axehead dating to the early Iron Age (c. 800-600 BC). The axehead is sub-rectangular in plan with a socketed mouth, crescentic cutting blade and incomplete single side loop. The mouth is oval in shape and has a prominent collar around the edge. The mouth measures legnth: 46.5mm; width 38.1mm; thickness 4.8mm. The main body has a consistent width the mouth and presents a single complete side loop at one side. The body of the underside of the loop is open to the socket. From the base of the body the blade begins to expand in width and narrow in thickness. The blade is formed of a broad crescentic cutting edge with rounded corners and a curved, thin blade. It has a width of 70.3mm. The surface of the object is heavily corroded which obscures any casting seams or decoration. The object has a dark brown / orange patina. Dimensions: Overall length 124.2mm; width (mouth) 38.1mm; width (cutting edge) 70.3mm; weight 462.78g A similar axhead is recorded under LANCUM-BB4329 which comments: Iron socketed axes were rapidly replaced by axes in which the haft passes through an eye, the type that remains in use today. This axe therefore represents the transition from bronze to iron. Iron socketed axes are rarely found in the British Isles, with finds from the Berwyn Mountains of Wales (Savory 1976, 20), Walthamstow, Essex / Greater London and Cold Kitchen Hill, Wiltshire (Cunliffe 1974, fig.14:2.4 and 2.5). Dot Bougton (pers comm. May 2023) comments that there are only 30-40 of these known in the country. The present example is one of the largest and most complete examples of these objects.

NARC-CCC76A: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete iron Arrowhead of Medieval date (AD 1200-1300). The object is broadly sub-triangular in plan with a central spine which extends from the broken tip to a base of the socket. Sub-triangular blades expand from the spine. In cross section the arrowhead is broadly lozenge shape with a prominent but abraded mid-rib. The socket is incomplete and circular in section and expands toward breaks around its perimeter. Similar examples (sub-classified in Jessop's paper MP 8) have been found on castle sites in contexts of varying mid-13th century dates including Montgomery in the Welsh Marches. Jessop classifies these as Multi-Purpose arrowheads mostly associating with hunting but whose uses are not exclusive to sport. Length: 59.74mm, Width: 16.95mm, Thickness: 4.99mm, Diameter (socket): 10.05mm, Weight: 10.0g The metal is dark brown in colour with a corroded patina. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: HESH-5D5059, GLO-BF0875 and NARC-980BB6.

SUR-CB24A9: KNIFE
A badly corroded iron whittle tang knife, potentially of medieval to early modern date, with a well preserved antler handle. The handle tapers to the blade and has a sub oval cross section of 21.2mm by 12.8mm with one side being flatter than the other. There are small steps cut into the upper and lower surfaces near the terminal; in front of these the surfaces are facetted along the medial line to the blade. The blade is badly corroded and of uncertain shape. There are no maker's marks.

SUR-CAC45E: HORSESHOE
An iron horsehoe of post medieval date. The central aperture has a maximum width of 50mm and is keyhole shaped. The shoe is slightly convex, with an asymmetrical web of 40mm maximum width and appears heavily worn at the front, largely on the right side. The shoe lacks calkins or a toe clip and there is no evidence of fullering. The degree of corrosion makes the nailhole count difficult to determine.

CORN-B6C615: VESSEL
An incomplete cast copper-alloy vessel leg, probably from a cauldron, posnet or skillet, of Post-Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1700). The pot leg is sub-rectangular in plan with a rounded lower terminal and rectilinear upper. The leg is broadly triangular in cross section.There is a fairly worn break on the upper terminal, severing the fragment from the rest of the leg. The break is just above the lower edge of what would have been a raised transverse collar. The rear has a raised web for strength. It is patinated black-brown with patches of brown-green on the outer surfaces. Measurements: Length, 59.9mm; Maximum Width, 50.6mm; Minimum Width, 32.15mm; Thickness, 20.47mm; Weight, 188.05grams. There are similar examples recorded on the database, such as nos. DEV-8AF3E8 and SOM-11E545. The vessels to which these were attached were usually of a tripod form and were widely used from circa AD 1200-1700 for serving and cooking. Butler, Green and Payne (2009) suggest there were four main types of leg used and would classify this is a Type C in use from the late 16th century and ubiquitous by the 17th (p.6, fig. 4c). These legs are very common finds from England.

NLM-6175BA: HECKLE
Iron possible heckle comb tooth. Tapered cast square-section shank, lightly curved. The material was identified by testing with a magnet. A wooden comb handle mounted with rows of teeth would be used to separate the fibres of flax or hemp, or to card wool. The good condition and regular curvature of this object prompts an identification other than as a nail fragment. It may arise from the use of a high quality steel to make comb teeth. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800 Length: 30.7mm, Width: 3.9mm, Thickness: 3.2mm, Weight: 1.39gms

SWYOR-21FE41: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball, which, judging from the size and weight, was probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The findspot could suggest a connection to the Battle of Wakefield in 1643. The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It is 64mm diameter and 1020g (2lb, 4oz). Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out.

SWYOR-218337: BILL HOOK
A complete iron bladed knife, a billhook or other form of curved knife, of unknown date, Roman to Post Medieval, AD 43 - 1800. It has a scale tang with two incomplete wooden scales forming the handle surviving. Three iron rivets secure the scales to the tang. The blade is the same width as the tang. In most modern examples, the blade is wider and steps narrower to the handle. The blade has a curved tip and is sharpened on the inner side of the curve only. The tip of the blade has a hard white substance adhering to the blade - possibly part of a sheath. Length 178.6mm, width 48.4mm (at curved tip of blade), 30.3mm (handle), Thickness 2.2mm (blade), 12.7mm (handle) and weight 66.3g. Bill hooks and similar knives such as leatherworker's knives do not change much in design, making them difficult to date. Roman examples commonly have sockets or whittle tangs, but all methods of fixing handles are used throughout history. Robert Burgess who curates a website dedicated to Billhooks (https://www.billhooks.co.uk/) writes that "The 'scale' tang is not common on English billhooks, but can be found on similar tools such as leatherworkers' knives, or lino knives." The good condition of this example may suggest a modern date, but the design differs from examples in 19th and 20th century catalogues. Since it was found in an area where many Early Medieval iron tools have been recovered, it is recorded as potentially being of that age. A socketed example form a known early medieval site is LANCUM-08AF65.

LON-1F66EF: STRIKE A LIGHT
A Post Medieval iron strike-a-light ‘fire steel’ probably dating from AD 1500-1700. The 'fire steel' has a stepped rectangular body and curving square-sectioned arms which return touching the rectangular body before curving up and terminating in coils. One arm is broken and missing. Dimensions: length: 80.20mm; width: 39.14mm; thickness: 5.49mm; weight: 47.07g Other strike-a-lights on the database are OXON-EB193E, PUBLIC-1CC6C6, LON-71B542 and LON-6357F6. Museum of London write "This strike-a-light or ‘fire steel’ was used to light a fire or candle. When you strike iron against a piece of flint it makes an extremely hot spark. Most households would have had a tinder box where they kept scraps of material or wood shavings, a strike-a-light and a flint for starting fires."

OXON-1DBC7E: SWORD
Medieval or Post Medieval (15th to 18th century) possible sword pommel: The possible pommel is made of iron, is a horizontal sub-oval in plan and rectangular in section. The base has an integral protrusion which has a sub-square void. This is possibly where the end of the sword tang was fitted. In the body of the pommel there are two circular perforations in the lower portion of the pommel body. The surface of the pommel is corroded and not stable. The pommel measures 35.84mm long, 42.95mm wide, 19.75mm thick and weighs 78.91g. The pommel is difficult to date, but it probably dates to the late Medieval to Post Medieval date.

PUBLIC-E4DBC6: HOB NAIL
An incomplete Roman hobnail of Manning's type 10, dating to the period c. AD 43 - 410. The nail exhibits a domed head and a curved and tapering sub-rectangular shank, which terminates in an old break. The nail is covered in a thick layer of iron oxide. Length: 15.4mm. Diameter (head): 11.0mm (max). Weight: 1.12g.

CORN-76DCD5: AXEHEAD
A complete iron axehead of uncertain dating, possibly Medieval to Post medieval (c. AD 1000 - 1800). The axehead is broadly triangular in form with a curved cutting edge. The socket is broadly rectangular in form with rounded upper and lower projections. The perforation in the socket is triangular. The axehead has a straight flat butt end. The main body of the blade has a more tapered downward projection as opposed to the upper edge that is more angular as it tapers to the cutting blade. The object measures 151.7 mm in length, 93.1 mm in width across the blade cutting edge and 45.96 mm across the socket. The axehead has a thickness of 26.01 mm across the blade at the point where it meets the socket. It weighs 327.8 grams. The axehead has an orange to brown coloured surface patina that is well abraded and pitted. The shape and construction of the axe suggest that it can be classified as a bearded axe, as seen in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue (1940 page 60, fig 13, with parallels in no’s 3,5 and 6). There are no visible surface marks or stamps as seen on parallels illustrated by Ward Perkins, although these may be lost through corrosion. Ward Perkins describes how these axes were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The sockets were formed by simply folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Ward Perkins suggests in Scandinavia this form of axe didn’t survive past the 10th century, however their use continued elsewhere. Widely used throughout the Medieval period, this example could date to circa AD 1000-1500, however a broader date range is used as seen in other examples recorded by the PAS for example (HESH-128F1C) discovered in Worcestershire. An example discovered in Staffordshire (WMID-4AFC87) was X-rayed and showed how the socket has been made by folding over the ends and hammering them together. Similar parallels can also be found in Goodall’s (2011) ‘Ironwork in Medieval Britain’ Figs. 3.3, 3.4.

WILT-4F4FAA: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval solid iron shot or cannon ball, probably from the Civil War, dating to c. AD 1600-1750. The object is spherical in form and was probably cast but no casting seam is visible. Although some light pitting can be seen in some area of the surface, the find is in very good condition. and there is no damage to suggest it has ever been fired. Dimensions: diameter: 75.8mm; weight: 1781.0g (3.92lbs). This diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a falcon, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The Saker fired solid iron shot which did not explode on impact, but would bounce along the ground until it crashed into an object.The Saker was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. This cannon ball was found in a back garden near to St James Church, Devizes, which played a part in the Civil War: 'On 11 and 12 July 1643, during the Siege of Devizes: the castle and town were bombarded by parliamentary guns and there was hand to hand fighting as far into town as Morris Lane. St. John's Church was store for gunpowder and this became a target during the siege. During the Civil War cannon balls also hit St. James Church. The holes can still be seen on the tower. The cannon ball holes are on the east side of the tower, bottom left and top right. These cannon balls are in the Wiltshire Museum, Devizes. They are made of iron and weigh 1.011 and 1.147 kg respectively (two and half pounds in old money). The Parliamentary army's guns, Falcon field guns, were situated in Coatefield somewhere near the old Jump Farm. They were firing at Devizes including St. James which presumably was part of theTown defences. This was on Wednesday 12th July 1643, the day before the Battle of Roundway'. (Battle of Roundway (devizesheritage.co.uk) accessed 05/05/2023). See other examples on the PAS database, including DENO-E7C59A, DEV-1E671E and DENO-691482.

NMS-AA4DC8: PADLOCK
Incomplete spring mechanism of a medieval to post-medieval iron padlock, circular end-plate (5mm thick) with remains of two strips set at 90 degrees to each other. Two projections on the outside of the end-plate may be the stumps of a loop handle but are probably the ends of the strips. No brazing is visible. Weight 88.70g. Diameter 36.5mm. Extant length 49mm. 13th - 17th century

SWYOR-FB7B08: NAIL
A copper alloy coated iron object, probably a nail or a similar fixing, probably of Post Medieval date, AD 1600 - 1900. It has a broadly square flat head, which is slightly curved. It appears green in colour, but gives a strong magnetic response. Projecting from the centre of the convex face is a central broken possible shank, sheared off on two faces. On the concave face is a ridge across the centre of the face. Measurements are; length 23.5mm, width 21.7mm, thickness 14.7mm and weight 10.52g.

WILT-D49496: AXEHEAD
A largely complete Early Medieval/Viking era iron axehead dating to c AD 800-1000. It is symmetrical, has a sub triangular blade with convex cutting edge and sub rectangular neck and butt (handle end) with an oval 'eye' (opening for the handle), now missing. There are two sets of spurs on each side of the neck (housing for the handle), one pair points upwards, the other down, to add stability to the connection with the handle. There are small sections of these spurs which have flaked away. The axehead is very corroded and with accretions but it seems there was a angled ridge close to the cutting edge beyond which the blade would have been sharpened. Dimensions: 203.0mm in length (butt end to cutting edge); 137.0mm in height (of cutting edge); thickness of blade c20.0mm - tapering to c10.0mm; neck (handle end) 53.6mm length x 41.4mm thickness; inside measurement (housing for handle) 39.5mm length x 26.8mm; weight 775.0g (figure kindly supplied by finder). Grateful thanks to Dr Kevin Leahy for his assistance with identification and his suggestion that this find is similar to Wheeler's Type V in ‘London and the Vikings’ (1927, 18-26) and dates to ninth/tenth century.

PUBLIC-982744: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron nail, probably a Roman hobnail of Manning's type 10, dating to the period c. AD 43 - 410. The nail exhibits a domed head. The shank has broken away at the interface with the head and is missing. The nail is covered in a thick layer of iron oxide. Length: 6.7mm. Diameter (head): 9.7mm (max). Weight: 1.02g.

PUBLIC-97F538: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron nail, probably a Roman hobnail of Manning's type 10, dating to the period c. AD 43 - 410. The nail exhibits a domed head and a sub-rectangular shank, which terminates in a break close to the head. The nail is covered in a thick layer of iron oxide. Length: 10.4mm. Diameter (head): 11.3mm (max). Weight: 1.40g.

PUBLIC-97CE11: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron nail, probably a Roman hobnail of Manning's type 10, dating to the period c. AD 43 - 410. The nail exhibits a domed head and a tapering sub-rectangular shank, which terminates in a break as it begins to bend. The nail is covered in a thick layer of iron oxide. Length: 12.5mm. Diameter (head): 11.5mm (max). Weight: 1.32g.

WILT-ADE4E5: TOY
An incomplete Post Medieval cast iron miniature toy musket dating to c AD 1600 - 1700. It has a lightly faceted hollow pentagonal barrel and a wide 'fishtail' butt. At the trigger end of the barrel is an open circular pan, at which point the butt angles downwards with a large sub rectangular trigger guard on the underside, the lower part of the guard missing. Dimensions: 105.5mm in length; 27.0mm in width (butt) Slightly bent barrel 9.5 to 6.5 barrel diameter; weight: 25.19g. Similar toy muskets were found in London and are illustrated and discussed by Egan and Forsyth (2005: 88-97). According to the authors, the fishtail-shaped butt seen on all of these pieces is found on standard English muskets of the period 1600-1640, although the toys may have been made over a longer period (ibid. 89-90).

SWYOR-AC5B2E: CANNON BALL
A cast iron possible cannon ball, which, judging from the size and weight, was probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It has a 10mm x 8mm hole projecting 33mm into the centre of the ball. Weight: 500g Diameter: 54.6mm Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out. See The hole could also suggest a use such as a gatepost finial or similar.

SUR-70C0A7: STRAP FITTING
An iron post medieval strap fitting or belt hook, 45mm in length. The plate is oval with two rivet holes containing iron rivets. The lower terminal curls into a rounded hooked loop holding a small iron suspension ring.

SWYOR-418202: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A spherical iron object, probably of Post Medieval date, AD 1700 - 2000. The object is 9.3mm in diameter and weighs 3.10g. It could be a bearing, shot or another object.

LANCUM-2D15E7: BLADE
An incomplete wrought iron flat leaf shaped blade, of uncertain dating but probably Medival to Post Medieval The object is heavily corroded and it is therefore difficult to discern any dateable features. It does not appear to have a prominent ridge, which may rule out a prehistoric date. The blade has a sharply pointed tip, the tang is missing. It measures 64mm in length, is 30mm wide and weighs 20.45g. The artefact is a light to mid brown colour, with an uneven flaky patina. To reduce the risk of further corrosion occurring, the artefact should be stored in a sealed air tight 'dry box', such as a tupperware box with a liquid seal, lined with silica gel and acid free tissue paper

NLM-B05258: NAIL
Iron possible horseshoe nail. A small shank fragment with expanded head, head and shank both recently chipped. Suggested date: possibly Post-Medieval, 1600-1900 Length: 18.8mm, Width/Thickness (at head): 11.4mm, Weight: 3.39gms

NLM-B029FD: NAIL
Iron probable nail. Shank of possibly rectangular section with an expanded square head, possibly with an expanded lower shank though this may merely be the distorting effect of corrosion. The mass of the object suggests the good survival of its metal core, and hence a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1900 Length: 70mm, Width (head): 18.5mm, Thickness (lower shank): 13.7mm, Weight: 38.43gms

NLM-AC1CDD: NAIL
Iron horseshoe nail. Bent shank with an expanded flat head, bent. The original metal surface may either have been lost or may remain under corrosion. Tip lost. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1700 Length (as found): 30.7mm, Width (head): 11.4mm, Thickness [overall]: 5.4mm, Weight: 4.30gms

OXON-9D2026: SHOT
A small cast spherical iron canon ball with a diameter of 78 mm weighing 1758 grams dating to c. AD 1550 – 1750. It is spehrical and a dark orange brown colour. It likely relates to the civil war. The size of the ball suggest that it is from a Falcon, Minion, or possible it might have been used in a larger calibre field piece, firing canister shot. The Minionis referenced at P 55 - Principal English guns of the sixteenth century - Artillery Through the Ages https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20483

OXON-9ADD17: HOB NAIL
A complete iron Roman hob nail dating from c. AD 43-409. The object has a hemi-sperical head and a sub-rectangular complete shank. It measures 8.68mm across the head, 13.44mm in length and weighs 0.98g. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae). Three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Similar hob nails are recorded on the Portable Antiquities database: OXON-1038FF, OXON-10441C and WAW-2AC6C9. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. United Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

LON-32EE73: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval to Post Medieval iron key dating from AD 1350-1650. The shank is octaganal in cross-sectionwith faceted corners evolving into a rectangular cross-section at the shoulder. The key has a kidney-shaped bow with a kidney-shaped aperture. The bit is shield shaped, with with a square clefts either side up the shield forming a capital 'I' shaped aperture. A similar key is illustrated in Egan (1998:102-103 No. 270) Dimensions: length: 84.78mm; width: 32.88mm; thickness: 5.67mm; weight: 28.75g Reference: Egan, G. 1998 The Medieval Household - Medieval finds from excavations in London. HMSO. London

GLO-31696B: BUCKLE
Iron double looped buckle with oval frames that have bevelled outer edges and a narrowed, recessed strap bar. The pin is misisng

PUBLIC-B5A3E4: CANNON BALL
A spherical iron cannon ball (probably) of post-medieval date, now much pock-marked and oxidised. Measurements: diameter: c. 270 mm

DUR-9EED3A: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is sub-spherical and has a diameter of 55.6mm (2.1 inches), weight 660 (1lb 7oz). This would place the object within the diameter range of the Falcon cannon. Alternatively, it is possible that balls of this size were used collectively as grape shot in larger cannon. The cannon ball is pitted and scaled with rust flakes The Falcon cannon came into use during the latter half of the 15th Century and was mounted on wheels to make it more mobile. They were widely used during the Civil War.

BERK-46EFFB: AXEHEAD
An iron axehead of Medieval date. The axe has a squared, bearded blade which projects below and slightly above the body. The socket has a heel set at the base of the socket. The poll is square and flatteded suggesting it was used as a hammer.

NARC-098426: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete iron Arrowhead of Medieval date (AD 1200-1300). The object is broadly sub-triangular in plan with a central spine which extends from the broken tip to a base of the socket. One sub-triangular blade expands from one side of the spine with the second missing due to an old abraded break; the base of the retained portion extend to form a small triangular barb. In cross section the arrowhead is broadly lozenge shape with a prominent but abraded mid-rib. The socket is incomplete and circular in section and expands toward breaks around its perimeter. Similar examples (sub-classified in Jessop's paper MP 8) have been found on castle sites in contexts of varying mid-13th century dates including Montgomery in the Welsh Marches. Jessop classifies these as Multi-Purpose arrowheads mostly associating with hunting but whose uses are not exclusive to sport. Length: 33.91mm, Width: 11.12mm, Thickness: 4.85mm, Diameter (socket): 8.60mm, Weight: 3.7g The metal is dark brown in colour with a corroded patina. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: HESH-5D5059, GLO-BF0875 and NARC-980BB6.

NLM-61EBFE: CHAIN
Iron chain fragment. S-shaped wrought iron loop or chain link fragment, now delaminating to reveal its metal core, probably with the total loss of the original object surface. Suggested date: possibly Post-Medieval, 1600-1900 Length: 43.1mm, Width: 15.7mm, Thickness: 5.1mm, Weight: 5.33gms

LON-5D505D: SPUR
An incomplete Medieval iron prick spur dating from the late 13th century. This is a Ward-Perkins type BB(ii)8. The spur has a bolted terminal prick with short neck and strongly curving arms with a D-shaped cross section. At the end of one arm is a circular attachment terminal, the other arm is bent and broken, missing its terminal. The arms of the spur have been squashed inwards. The Ward Perkins (1993:101-102 no.C1219) illustrates a similar spur from Upper Thames street, London. Dimensions: length: 119.20mm; width: 44.42mm; thickness of arm: 4.52mm; weight: 36.26g Reference: Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1993. London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940. Anglia Publishing; Ipswich.

SWYOR-35E1C2: SHOT
A cast iron round shot of Post-Medieval date, about AD 1500 - 1850. It is 72.8mm in diameter and weighs 1449g. The size and mass suggest that it was meant for use in a small cannon such as a minion. The ball is rusty with lumpy corrosion in places. Cannon balls of similar size and weight are recorded on the database; compare for example records CPAT-DB2C26, SWYOR-0D82C1 and HAMP-5399C3. See Spherical iron balls can also be from milling and crushing mills and other industrial processes.

YORYM-CF3C4E: WEIGHT
An incomplete cast iron trade weight with copper alloy insertion (or outer layer) of early medieval date, c. 900-1100. This object is an oblate spheroid (flat topped sphere) trade weight with probable Viking association. Weights like this were possibly imported alongside Islamic systems of measurement and appear in excavation contexts in Scandinavia and in England. It consists of an iron core in the shape of a sphere with flattened ends. There is a copper-alloy element in the flatter end of this object, which is possibly an insertion as coins and other objects are sometimes found inserted into Viking weights; it may also comprise part of a copper-alloy exterior which has since been mostly eroded away, exposing the iron interior. The copper alloy disc is decorated with dotted decoration in concentric circles around a central symbol made up of lines and rings. The weight is heavily corroded and maintains a deep orange/purple colour as a result of its iron content. This object is very similar in form to YORYM-01C134, which was also used as an example of a Viking trade weight in a blog post by Dr Jane Kershaw which can be found here: Viking Metal: Viking Weights: Part 1 (vikingmetalwork.blogspot.com). The object measures 22.9mm in diameter, 17.7mm in height, and weighs 34.8g.

SUR-63B8F3: SHOT
An incomplete cast iron cannon ball, c. 90mm / 3.5 in in diameter, most likely a cannon ball. The bore broadly corresponds to that of the small cannon called a 'Minion', which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball (Bailey (2000: p95)). These were used from the Tudor period until the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake'. For comparable examples see SWYOR-6D55C3, DENO-06FCC9 and WMID-5B003C.

CORN-24C780: AXEHEAD
An iron axe, axehead or hatchet of uncertain date probably of post medieval date (1500 - 1800 AD). The axe is broadly sub-rectangular in plan. The socket of the axe is broken formed by the tail of the axe being folded and welded; the socket was a sub-triangular in shape. The butt of the axe is lost. As the blade expands in width it tapers in section; forming a wide even cutting edge. The axehead is a dark orange brown colour and is suffering from heavy iron corrosion. From the shape and construction of this axe it is suggested that it fits within a sub-class known as bearded axes, these were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The socket was form simply by folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Dating for these seems vague as they were probably used throughout much of the Medieval period and maybe even earlier, however it probably dates from c.1000-1500 AD. Similar examples can be seen on the PAS database, see DENO-8A29E5 and HESH-BCAF29 Measurements: Length, 146mm; Height, 42.38mm; Width, 104.26mm; Thickness, 15.59mm; Weight, 559g

Very large Roman iron nail with a probably square head (obscured by corrosion) and a square-sectioned non-bent shank. This would have had a structural function. Length 220mm. Weight 178g. Mid 1st - 4th century.

CORN-248B10: AXEHEAD
A Medieval Iron axehead, dating to c.AD 1475 - 1500. It is largely trapezoidal, it has a triangular or 'wedge'- shaped blade with a slight curve to the cutting edge; it projects downwards a little more than it projects upwards from the central body of the axe. The socket is triangular in shape with a triangular wing to either side, extending downwards. This is formed by bending the loop around and welding it to the other side, often resulting in a slight ridge. When viewed from the rear, the butt of the axe appears rectangular. From the shape and construction of this axe it is suggested that it fits within a sub-class known as bearded axes, these were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The socket was form simply by folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Dating for these seems vague as they were probably used throughout much of the Medieval period and maybe even earlier, however it probably dates from c.1000-1500 AD. It can be paralleled with similar examples (no's: 2, 3 and 6), in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue'. Similar parallels can also be found in Goodall’s (2011:33) ‘Ironwork in Medieval Britain’ Figs. 3.5. B24 which is dated to c.1475-1500 Measurements: Length: 164.97 mm; Height: 28.42 mm; Width: 126.57 mm; Thickness: 19.21 mm; Weight: 608 g

NMS-246951: NEEDLE
Iron netting needle or pin with a sub-circular-sectioned shank and a head curled over to form an eye or loop, in a similar form to that of a modern garden skewer. Length 87mm, width of head 10mm, weight 7g. No parallel has been noted, but the context suggests the object is Roman, mid 1st - 4th century.

DUR-2373F6: BELL
An incomplete cast iron bell of the post medieval to Modern period (AD1800-1900). The outer side of the bell has two basal rims above which it is decorated with seven raised triangles with the point upwards forming alternate triangles between them. The apex is flat and bears a fragment of a form attachment; the clapper inside the bell is missing. All surfaces of the metal are pitted with corrosion and some edges are very rough. This bell would probably have been used as a doorbell on a small cradle with a rope attached to a clapper. Height: 46.85 mm Thickness: 6.6 mm Weight: 237 g Diameter: 66.52 mm

DUR-2321E4: VESSEL
An incomplete iron bowl of the post medieval period (AD1850-1900). The bowl is circular in shape formed from a hemisphere,it has a flat base which has been soldered on. The side of the bowl shows no decoration. Due to corrosion the rim of the bowl is broken in several places,large pieces of the base are also missing because of corrosion. All surfaces of metal are very pitted and have corrosion affecting all areas. It cannot be said for certain what this bowl would have been used for however, because of its robust form it was possibly for a utilitarian use. Thickness: 5.16 mm Weight: 322 g Diameter: 89.43 mm

WAW-3AFB1B: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete, iron object of unknown date, potentially a part of a nail or stud though this is uncertain. The object is circular in plan and heavily corroded. The object is slightly convex on the obverse and slightly concave on the reverse, though this could be a product of corrosion rather than a reflection of how the object originally was. Dimensions. Diameter: 25.16mm. Thickness: 8.36mm. Weight: 8.04g.

LVPL-FFB98B: SHOT
A complete, corroded solid iron ball / shot dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1600-1800). The shot is spherical with a smooth surface and some corrosion deposits. It shows no signs of impact. Dimensions: Diameter 22.7mm; weight 43.5g There are several problems with identifying cannon balls found away from known military sites. Spherical stone balls were also used in garden statuary from the 17th century onwards. Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. See: https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/

NARC-FCB154: SPUR
An incomplete iron Rowel Spur of late Medieval to Post-Medieval date (AD 1500-1700). The object is composed of one retained arm and the rowel box. The object is undecorated, the arm 'D'-shaped in cross-section, flat on the inner face. The slightly curving integral neck is oval in cross-section with a step at either end of the moulded collar. Each section of the rowel box is 'D'-shaped in cross-section. At each lobed end of the rowel box perforation terminates in an old, abraded break. The metal is dark brown in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. Length: 66.22mm, Width: 23.94mm, Thickness (arm): 5.50mm, Thickness (with rowel box): 9.59mm, Weight: 15.5g. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: LIN-7F66D4, YORYM-ECB2A7 and SF-458641.

SUR-E799DB: HORSESHOE
A large "tongue-type" horseshoe of post medieval date (c. end of the 17th to the early 19th century), 156mm in length and 155 wide, probably for a large draught horse. The horseshole is slightly concave and fullered with seven nails on one side and at least five on the other, possibly with further nails going around the toe. The nail heads are subrectangular and convex. The shoe has no toe clip or calkins. The aperture is tongue shaped and around 53mm in maximum width.

WAW-70EF2C: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete, iron object of likely Roman date (c. AD 43-410), possibly a furniture fitting or strip binding from a box. The object is roughly leaf shaped in plan, with a rounded point at one end and a broken rectilinear bottom. The object appears to have been sub triangular in cross section, with a raised central rib running along the centre of the exterior face and a largely flat reverse, though it appears to be bent slightly upwards towards the point. There are what appears to be the remains of two rivet holes in the object, one nearer the rounded point, starting 13.46mm along the object, and one 45.58mm along the object, with a potential remnant of a third rivet hole near the bottom of the object. The object is heavily corroded, and, due to being found in an area with largely Roman material, it is possible that it is Roman. There are potentially similar objects on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, including BH-EDE3E7 (a Roman iron binding from a box) and BH-EDF92A (a Roman iron strip binding from a box). Dimensions. Length: 86.64mm. Width: 32.64mm. Thickness: 6.24mm. Weight: 39.08g.

DENO-691482: CANNON BALL
A corroded iron cannonball of post-medieval, probably 17th century date (c. AD 1600 - 1700). The object has a diameter of 83 mm (3 1/4 in) and a weight of 2086 g (4.6 lbs). This is compatible with a 17th century cannon known as a Saker. This piece was popular in the civil war and superceded in the early 18th century after the standardisation of cannon sizes under Borgard. The surface is corroded, pitted and flaking, but a casting sprue and a circumferential casting line can be seen. See also https://www.arc.id.au/Cannonballs.html

WAW-54E347: HOB NAIL
An incomplete, iron hob nail or stud of Roman date (c. AD 43-410). The head is shaped like a triangular pyramid (9.44mm long, 9.26mm wide) with a rounded point at the top. The shank has a sub-square cross section and is incomplete. Dimensions. Length: 9.44mm. Width: 9.26mm. Height: 12.08mm. Weight: 1.41g.

LEIC-178335: SWORD
A complete Medieval iron sword pommel, dating to c.AD 1100 - 1400. The pommel is spherical with eight fluted ridges running between rectangular slots for the tang at either apex. These ridges may once have had decorative copper alloy inlaid strips. Originally the pommel would have been secured to the sword tang by a small end cap. Height: 44.2 mm Diameter: 49.8 mm Weight: 128.7 g As Ward Perkins (1940) Type VI / Oakeshott (1981) Type R. This is a type found on swords in use during the 12th and13th century AD and surviving into later periods, the design probably derived from earlier Viking and Norman types. See also SWYOR-F4A3E6, BERK-9C804A and BERK-65B4A2 for comparable examples.

SUR-0215CB: VESSEL
A fragment of a cast iron cooking vessel of late medieval to post medieval date. The fragment comprises part of the lower side and base along with a stump of a leg which has a D-shaped cross section; originally there would have been three or four of these spaced equidistant around the base, which is round-bottomed to sit over a fire. The body has two ridges running around the circumference and would probably have been globular with an everted rim. The original exterior diameter would have been around 300mm.

YORYM-FF7603: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron rotary key of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1500. Possibly Winchester Type 4. The key has a lozenge-shaped openwork bow, a hollow stem and a rectangular bit. The bow has an ovate section with a worn break to one point. A circular sectioned bow extends from one point of the bow, terminating in a flat tip. An integral rectangular bow projects at right angles to the stem at the tip end. It is heavily encrusted to no defined wards and clefts can be determined. The metal has a dark grey/brown patina and is in poor corroded condition. The key is 100.1mm long, the bow is 31.4mm wide and 4.8mm thick, the bit is 28mm wide and 13.9mm thick. It weighs 34.8g. Ref: Geake, H. (201) Finds Recording Guide: Keys; (accessed 12/01/2023).

WMID-D37795: AXEHEAD
A complete iron axehead of Medieval to Post Medieval date (c. AD 1000-1600). The object has a wedged shape blade and an open triangular socket. None of the haft remains. It is 162mm in length and 84.3mm in width/height at the cutting edge. The blade tapers towards the socket where is it 33.7mm in width/height, then widens to 43mm at the far end of the socket. The triangular aperture is 36.6mm x 38.1mm. The thickness of the blade is 12.5mm at the join with the socket and 7.8mm at the end of the blade. The thickness of the metal around the aperture varies but is around 7.1mm at the sides and 11.5mm at the the far end. It weighs 462 grams. The metal is a dark orange / brown colour with a very pitted and corroded patina.

LEIC-BD3C15: HORSESHOE
A late Medieval Iron horseshoe, dating to c.AD 1400 - 1500. The horse shoe is broadly C-shaped and rectangular in section. The shoe's heels narrow to rounded square terminals Clark (1995) type 4. Length: 115 mm Width: 105 mm Weight: 246 g

HAMP-54DD16: CHISEL
Iron chisel or hatchet-like tool of uncertain date. An incomplete iron possible tanged chisel dating to the Iron Age- Post Medieval period The chisel is broken at the top of the blade and is missing most of the tang. The widening at the top of the blade may suggest a rectangular collar. The blade is broadly triangular, flaring out to a rounded sharpened edge. The chisel has a tang with a rectangular cross section at the base but which is broken off at a point where it has a circular section . At the junction with the blade is an asymmetrical bulge; the blade is 75.65mm in length and is 14.04mm wide at the tang, expanding to 46.16mm wide at the curved cutting edge. The rectangular base of the tang is 12.07mm thick, and the tip of the chisel is 2.39mm thick. The profile of the blade is flat on one side, and slightly concave on the other.

WAW-48B0CD: AXE
An incomplete, iron axehead of unknown date, probably Early Medieval to Modern (c. AD 900-1900). The axehead starts at 96.77mm high near the blade, tapering to 53.98mm high near the back whilst also expanding from 6.01mm wide to 18.78mm wide towards the back of the head. At this point, it suddenly curves towards a triangular section that starts at 7.34mm wide and tapers to 3.51mm wide near the end. There are no remains of a socket and the axe is corroded and incomplete. Dimensions. Length: 109.21mm. Width: 18.78mm. Height: 96.77mm. Weight: 570g.

A Post Medieval iron object, possibly shot or a ball bearing. It weighs 3.57g, which is roughly 127 bore. This would mean that it could be a pellet from a shotgun, potentially from the 18th century or 19th century, or a ball bearing from the 19th century. There does not appear to be any signs of damage from being fired. The object is largely reddish brown in colour.

CORN-9E0F41: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a Post-medieval cannon ball dating to c. AD 1600-1700. It is 78.37mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1824g. It features a small, circular, flattened area measuring roughly 36.36mm in diameter which could be a result of damage from firing or could be a result of the manufacturing process. The diameter of the object corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. The object has a fairly pitted surface and is patinated a mottled brown with areas of brown-orange iron corrosion present. Measurements: Diameter, 78.37mm; Weight, 1824g. There is a similar example recorded on the database, ref. CORN-C9052D.

SUR-8525C8: LOCK
An escutcheon plate and decorated lock cover which remain in situ on a rusted iron fragment of a lock, perhaps from a door or large chest. The cover plate is arrow shaped, 51.2mm by 33.6mm in length and width, with a trefoil projection at the top which is pierced to provide a rotating closure and has a moulded quatrefoil around the hole for the spindle. This projection is flanked by rounded lobes at each upper corner of the main part of the plate which is triangular, tapering downwards, and depicts a deeply moulded design of a displayed eagle, with head left. The cover plate is rusted in place half open; behind it and to the left of it is the lock escutcheon itself, which has a trapezoidal lower portion and a rectangular upper portion with a hole for a key which is infilled with rusted iron and is around 22mm long. The iron fragment behind this has no decoration, fixtures or other clues as to its function. Probably of 19th century date.

YORYM-CE632A: CROSSBOW BOLT
A complete iron possible crossbow bolt of medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1200 – 1600. The head is lozenge in section and tapers to a point at one end. The other end opens into a circular socketed shaft. The metal has a dark red/brown patina and is worn. The object is 39.2mm long, 16.1mm wide. 14.5mm thick and weighs 5.8g.

LEIC-503ABE: AXEHEAD
A Medieval Iron axehead, dating to c.AD 1000 - 1500. Possibly a bearded axehead. It is largely trapezoidal, it has a triangular or 'wedge'- shaped blade with a slight curve to the cutting edge; it projects downwards a little more than it projects upwards from the central body of the axe. The socket is triangular in shape with a triangular wing to either side, extending downwards. This is formed by bending the loop around and welding it to the other side, often resulting in a slight ridge. When viewed from the rear, the butt of the axe appears rectangular. Length: 190 mm Width: 73 mm Height: 135 mm Weight: 1130 g From the shape and construction of this axe it is suggested that it fits within a sub-class known as bearded axes, these were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The socket was form simply by folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Dating for these seems vague as they were probably used throughout much of the Medieval period and maybe even earlier, however it probably dates from c.1000-1500 AD. It can be paralleled with similar examples (no's: 2, 3 and 6), in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue'. Similar parallels can also be found in Goodall’s (2011) ‘Ironwork in Medieval Britain’ Figs. 3.3, 3.4. Similar examples on the database include HESH-66CF45

WILT-23DAA0: WEDGE
A complete probably Post Medieval iron wedge, dating to c AD 1550 - 1800. It is square headed , the surface of the head slightly convex, angled downwards. In profile it is sub rectangular with the slope of the head at one end of its shaft, and a U shape at the other. On one side of this profile there is a step where the thickness of the shaft suddenly narrows, perhaps as a result of its tight fit with another object. On the other plain, the shaft tapers from the head to become almost flat with a sharp edge at the base. Wedges like these were hammered into the sockets of the handles of axes to hold the axehead firm. Dimensions: 66.9mm in length/height; 20.9mm in width; 48.56g in weight See NLM-ADF20B which desribes a similar object as a nail.

WAW-D142A6: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete iron key dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1600-1800). The key has a solid, square bit with a notch on the inner edge. The shank is sub-circular in section leading to a D-shaped bow. The object is heavily corroded tbus obscuring further detail. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include: BERK-DA4231, SWYOR-E75BF2 and SWYOR-90A491. The overall dimensions are as follows: 138.78mm in length, 57.14mm in width, 15.50mm in thickness and 124.32g in weight.

SUR-4E70FC: KNIFE
A complete whittle tang iron knife with wooden handle, probably dating to the medieval to early post medieval period. The blade is iron, 79mm in length and narrow (13mm wide) with a triangular cross section and a straight back. The cutting edge is incomplete and curves up to meet the tip. The handle is made from a single piece of wood, 70mm in length, with a teardrop shaped cross section 28mm deep. From the rear end, which is flat, projects the end of the whittle tang. There is no decoration, makers mark or decorative fittings.

LVPL-3A74E7: CANNON BALL
A corroded, cast iron cannon ball, dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1600-1800). The object is spherical with a rough and pitted surface. with corrosion scale adhering loosely to the surface, dark orange-red in colour. There are no visible marks related to casting. Dimensions: Diameter 57mm; weight 750.6g The diameter and weight of the ball could be suggestive of its use in a 60mm or 70mm cannon (See: http://www.civilwarartillery.com/shottables.htm). The object was found in the Liverpool area which was besieged multiple times during the English Civil War. It is therefore possible the cannon ball relates to Civil War activities in the area. Iron balls have also been widely used in industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk or other minerals.

SUR-10594D: HORSESHOE
A late medieval wrought iron horseshoe (c. 1400-1500), which is slightly bent. There are three rectangular holes on either side which appear slightly chamfered; one retains part of an iron rectangular-headed nail. There is no fullering. The heels narrow to rounded terminals and one has been bent into a calkin. The web has a maximum width of 32mm and the aperture has a slightly pointed oval shape. Cf. Clark (1995) type 4.

OXON-A68769: BUCKLE
An incomplete single looped spur buckle with integral buckle plate dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1250-1400). The single looped spur buckle is formed by a sub-oval frame with straight outer edge, with the buckle plate being pointed and integral to the frame. The buckle frame has a very prominent single barrel moulding on the outer edge of the frame. The plate takes the place of the strap bar. It has two rivet holes punched through it. One of the rivet holes is near to the strap bar end, with the other at the opposite terminal, this retains the iron rivet. The buckle although iron is very similar to copper alloy buckle from the medieval period and has therefore been given the same date ranges. The iron buckle is very corroded, but due to its age and the fact it is made of iron it survives in a very good condition. The buckle and plate measure 54.5mm in total length, the frame is 28.6mm wide at its widest point tapering to 11.2mm at the plate. The frame is 6.0mm thick and the plate 3.5mm thick. The overall weight is 13.9g. Whitehead illustrates a similar example (2003), p. 34, no. 193, which is dated from c. AD 1550-1650. Similar examples are found on the PAS database: NMS-65A164, SUSS-3F54B8 and KENT-2137B7.

WILT-67DCEF: RING
A complete iron ring probably intended to swivel, uncertain date, but perhaps dating to the Roman or Medieval periods, cAD 43 - 1600. It is circular with a possibly sub square hoop. It is difficult to be sure as large chunks are missing from the corroded iron. On one part of the ring the hoop widens a little, then flattens into a sub circular feature which is pierced with a circular hole (diameter c5.5mm). Likely a leash ring. Dimensions: 23.2mm in diameter; inner measurement 16mm; 4 .84g in weight IOW-E258EB cites Ashley (2006) and notes that "Swivels are likely to have had a number of related uses: for example, on the leashes of hunting dogs or lapdogs, with the smaller examples perhaps being used on straps for raptors when hawking". See WAW-432FFA, SUR-F57133, NLM-B4D3B5 for similarites. Most rings like this on the database are given a date cAD1400 - 1600.

SUR-64CDFE: BUCKLE
An incomplete cast iron annular / circular framed buckle, 24mm in length with central bar, possibly a shoe buckle. The sides of the frame are bevelled, the bar has a square cross section and the buckle retains a pointed iron pin. Circa late 15th or 16th century.

SUSS-16B75E: CANNON BALL
A small corroded cast iron ball, possibly a small cannonball dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1500-1800). The object is spherical with a rough and pitted surface and corrosion forming prominent lumps on the surface. There is a possible casting seam visible on a small area of the original surface and there is a short lump of corrosion protruding from one point with a mass of corroded metal at the opposite point. The object is heavily corroded. Dimensions: diameter 51 mm; weight 369 g The ball is heavily corroded which has expanded the diameter, so it could have come from a small matchlock cannon. However, iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting. Similar examples recorded on the PAS database include: DENO-82B7E4 and DUR-F2A819

WILT-00BEB3: SPUR
A complete Medieval to Post Medieval iron star-shaped spur rowel dating to c.AD 1300-1700. The rowel is in the form of a six-pointed star, but the central hole is obscured by heavy encrustation and corrosion. Dimensions: Length: 30.0mm, width: 28.0mm; weight: 3.0g. See HAMP-3F53E6 on the PAS database for a similar example. Similar star-shaped spur rowels are published by Read (2001: 60-61) fig. 42, who broadly dates them from the 14th to the 17th century.

LVPL-818ACC: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post Medieval date c.1550AD – c.1715AD (Length 82.3mm and weight 1625g). The object is spherical in shape and a casting seam can be seen in places around the circumference. There is a spike protruding from one point connected to the casting seam. The surface of the metal is pitted, with the majority being is dark brown with interspersed patches of iron corrosion. The size and weight of the shot suggests that it would have been used to fire from a Minion, a small sized cannon. As referenced in SUR-3CAAEE, the minion had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball (Bailey, 2000: p95). The ‘minion’ was a popular cannon from the Tudor Period to the 17th century.

SUSS-8084AB: AXEHEAD
An early medieval to early post-medieval (c.1000-1550) wrought iron 'bearded' axehead. The axe is almost complete with a fresh transverse break across the blade with approximately half the cutting edge missing. It has a triangular or 'wedge- shaped blade with a waisted section near the socket flaring into the curved cutting edge. The upper edge is slightly concave flaring upwards towards the cutting edge, whereas the lower edge incurves sharply from the socket, almost to 90º's before extending in a slightly convex edge to the broken edge. The socket is triangular in shape and there is no evidence of it being folded and welded, but may be concealed beneath the corrosion. The socket is filled with the organic remains of the wooden haft and a thick corroded iron shank that extends beyond the socket at the top. The axehead is badly corroded. Measurements: length: 150mm; width at blade: 67.50mm; thickness: 37.0mm and weight: 361g. This type of axe would have had many uses ranging from boat building to house building; the style has changed little since the Roman period and therefore these axes can be difficult to date. According to Ward Perkins, 'bearded' axes of this form were well known during the Viking period in Scandinavia, where their production seems to have halted around the 10th century. Elsewhere, however, their use continued throughout the following centuries, with a peak in production during the latter part of the medieval period (1967: 59-61). Ward Perkins suggests the frequency in occurrence of this type of axe suggests it was a 'cheap, general-utility tool for civil use' (ibid.61). This example is similar in shape to a number of examples in the London Museum Medieval Catalogue, Fig.11, Type IVb which are dated to between the 13th –16th century. Other examples recorded on the database include: DUR-F7E257; HAMP-70D9DB.

DEV-58A33D: SHOT
A piece of cast iron shot, probably a cannon ball, dating from the post-medieval period, c. AD 1550-1750. It is spherical, with a medial casting seam. At one point is a small raised circular area, presumably a plug deriving from the manufacturing stage. The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a cannon such as a saker which had a c. 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. There is no evidence of impact. Measurements: Diameter: 83 mm (c. 3 1/4 inches), Weight: c. 2,250 g It should be noted that there are other uses for iron balls of this size such as in a crushing mill.

WILT-4234CF: PADLOCK
An incomplete Medieval to Post Medieval iron possible padlock shank/shackle, dating to c AD 1250 - 1700. It is a circular section, U shaped object with a transverse sub cylindrical feature at one end and a slightly flared flattened section at the other where something is missing to an old break. The cylindrical feature (the heel), with outer parts deeply grooved, would be part of a hinge and would have engaged with a feature within the case of the lock, while the flattened section (the toe) would have fitted into the other end of the case to lock the shank to it. When unlocked the shank would swing upwards. It is from a rotary key type lock. Dimensions: 50.6mm in length; 23.5mm in width (across feature at one end); 7.1mm diameter section; 22.02g in weight

NLM-45C334: PLATE
Iron boss [not a shield boss]. A cast iron concavo-convex hollow boss with a hammered and burred pin passing through its apex. A domed boss is surrounded by two superimposed sunken rings, all being cast in one piece. Probably an item of building ironwork. Part of the outer rim is lost. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1700-1900 Diameter: 115mm, Height: 42mm, Thickness (at break): 4mm, Weight: c.330gms

NMGW-4582D1: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete wrought iron barbed arrowhead of Medieval date (c.AD 1200-1300). The arrowhead is comprised of the point, a portion of a barb and the socket with a total overall length of 74.3mm. The arrowhead is triangular in plan and likely of LMMC type 14 with long barbs that would have originally come down as far as the socket, but much of the barbs have bene lost to old damage (resulting in a maximum surviving head length of 46.1mm and width 27.1mm). The cutting edge is set at the end of a long conical socket (now packed with corrosion product) measuring 12.2mm in diameter at the base and gradually tapering to 8.0mm before the blade. The object weighs 18.40g and is heavily corroded with a greyish brown colour and encrustations that are darker orangey brown. Jessop (1996) identifies arrowheads of this type as having a specialist use for hunting, the long sharp barbs allowing for a long cutting edge. A similar arrowhead was recovered from a mid-13th century context during excavations at Coppergate, York, illustrated in Ottaway and Rogers (2002: p.2968 fig.1532 no. 12838). Similar objects are also recorded on the PAS database e.g. NLM-EB0C1B, NARC-E46D7E References: Jessop, O. 1996. A new artefact typology for the study of Medieval arrowheads. Medieval Archaeology 40, 192-205. Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N. 2002. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Medieval York. The Archaeology of York Volume 17: The Small Finds. York: Council for British Archaeology.

WAW-41E7A7: AXEHEAD
An incomplete iron axehead dating to the Early Medieval to Medieval period (c. AD 800-1500). The axehead is triangular in plan and profile. The socket is sub-triangular in shape with a rectangular-shaped butt. The axehead tapers slightly before widening to a flared crescentic blade. The axehead is heavily corroded and the very tips of the blade are now missing. For a comparable example see PAS record LEIC-084A97. As stated in the record, the axehead appears to fit with Petersen Type G (Wheeler Type IV), a more precise date cannot be attributed as this type of axehead was used from the Early Medieval period through to the late Medieval. The object measures 170mm in length and 90mm in width.

NMGW-8B6363: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball, most likely of a post medieval date. The object is spherical with areas of concretion. There is corrosion and pitting to the surface, which is orange-brown in colour. The diameter and weight could be suggestive of the type of cannon ball used in a Demi-Culverin cannon. Similar examples can be seen here GLO-531670 WMID-8748EC and LANCUM-B87E37

SWYOR-2F72A8: CANNON BALL
A cast iron cannon ball, and judging from the size and weight, probably for use in a Falconet or similar small artillery weapon, dating from about AD 1500-1900. A Falconet was a small cannon used both on land and in light naval vessels. A number were used during the English Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconet_(cannon). The iron ball is spherical and corroded. It is 65mm diameter and 992g (2lb, 3oz). Iron balls were also used in various industrial milling operations, such as crushing chalk for whiting, so a modern date cannot be ruled out.

DEV-1B9E08: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete Medieval iron rotary key. The rectangular bit is at right angles to the shank. The shank is broadly square in cross section and is 6.5mm thick. The simple bit has two clefts, 5.5mm and 8.5mm in length. The key is heavily corroded and is flaking. Dimensions: length 61mm, width 22mm, thickness 6.5mm, weight 10.8g

WMID-05A9D2: AXEHEAD
A complete iron axehead of uncertain dating, possibly Medieval to Post medieval (c. AD 1000 - 1800). The axehead is broadly triangular in form with a curved cutting edge. The socket is broadly rectangular in form with rounded upper and lower projections. The perforation in the socket is triangular. The axehead has a straight flat butt end. The main body of the blade has a more tapered downward projection as opposed to the upper edge that is more angular as it tapers to the cutting blade. The object measures 109.9 mm in length, 62.7 mm in width across the blade cutting edge and 37.8 mm across the socket. The axehead has a thickness of 29.6 mm across the blade at the point where it meets the socket. It weighs 327.8 grams. The axehead has an orange to brown coloured surface patina that is well abraded and pitted. The shape and construction of the axe suggest that it can be classified as a bearded axe, as seen in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue (1940 page 60, fig 13, with parallels in no’s 3,5 and 6). There are no visible surface marks or stamps as seen on parallels illustrated by Ward Perkins, although these may be lost through corrosion. Ward Perkins describes how these axes were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The sockets were formed by simply folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Ward Perkins suggests in Scandinavia this form of axe didn’t survive past the 10th century, however their use continued elsewhere. Widely used throughout the Medieval period, this example could date to circa AD 1000-1500, however a broader date range is used as seen in other examples recorded by the PAS for example (HESH-128F1C) discovered in Worcestershire. An example discovered in Staffordshire (WMID-4AFC87) was X-rayed and showed how the socket has been made by folding over the ends and hammering them together. Ward Perkins (1940) London Museum Medieval Catalogue, London, HMSO.

SWYOR-F17656: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A gilded, copper alloy and iron object, possibly a dagger or knife pommel, a mount or a shield boss of probable Early Medieval date, about AD 600 - 700. The piece is sub circular in plan with a flat top and domed reverse. It appears to be a flat gilded copper alloy cap over a central iron object. It is not clear how much is missing from the sides. It is decorated with interlaced ribbons which have border lines filled with a row of dots. It appears to be in Salin style II, but in an unusual figure of eight composition, forming a mat that covers the surface of the object. Measurements are; length 34.8mm, width 27.6mm, thickness 10.0mm and weight 17.68g. See Due to the incomplete nature it is hard to suggest a parallel for this object as the majority of the complete artefact is missing. It could be a mount from a bucket similar to KENT-811752 or a shield boss apex like LIN-1F3D6D. Kevin Leahy (pers comm) suggests a parallel in George Speake’s ‘Anglo-Saxon Animal Art and its Germanic Background’ (1980) from Fétigny, Switzerland, (Pl. 2k) which has the same ‘figure of 8’ interlace. He suggets that the object recorded here may be Continental in origin.

WAW-B3B8B0: SHIELD
An incomplete, iron shield boss. Likely of Iron Age to early Medieval in date (c. 800 BC - AD 1000). The external surface of the shield boss is stepped with equidistant concentric circles leading to the centre. There are sections of the boss missing around 3 o'clock, 4 o'clock, and 8 o'clock to 9 o'clock.

NLM-855325: KEY (LOCKING)
Iron key. Large key. Suggested date: Late Medieval, 1350-1500 Length: 82.6mm, Width: 30.3mm, Thickness: 7.5mm, Weight: 25.82gms

WILT-62A7EC: OX SHOE
An incomplete iron ox shoe of probable medieval to post medieval date (c. AD 1250 - 1900). The ox shoe comprises a broadly C-shaped plate for one half of the cloven hoof of the ox with an integral loop at the toe end consisiting of a length of iron which projects from the inner edge of the shoe and has been bent backwards to meet the outer edge, possibly to help keep the shoe in place. It exhibits four visible rectangular nail holes along the outer edge of the plate. Ox shoes are difficult to date due to the fact that they retain a similar design throughout the majority of the medieval to post medieval period. Dimensions: Length: 112.2mm; width: 64.4mm; thickness: 3.9mm; weight: 127.35g See WILT-ADF3B9 for similar on the PAS database.

OXON-4E0383: FINGER RING
Roman (1st to 2nd centuries) finger ring: The incomplete, iron finger ring, has a oval intaglio set in the bezel. The nicolo paste intaglio has a milky blue front panel set in an opaque blue-black rear. It can be described as a Henig Type F4 in relation to the shape of the intaglio. The design engraved into the intaglio has a has a seated figure sat on a winged horse and below a smaller winged, four-legged animal, possibly a horse. It appears to be leaning downwards. The breaks of the loop are not too recent. The finger ring, within which the inaglio is set is otherwise undecorated. The shoulders appear to the loop, but only a trace of the loop remains and it has a slender D-shape in section. The surface of the ring is corroded but stable. The finger ring is also coated in a white waxy substance. The finger ring measures 25.85mm long, 17.01mm wide across the bezel and weighs 7.75g. The finger ring is Roman is a Henig Type II or III or a Guiraud Type 2 dating to the late 1st to 3rd centuries.

PUBLIC-3A2F52: NAIL
A complete wrought iron nail from a secure archaeological context dating to the fourth century AD. The head is sub rectangular and has both ends bent downwards at 90 degrees to the top. The shaft is rectangular and is hammered thinner towards the point which is missing in antiquity. Measurments :- Head ( including shaped ends ) 82mm x 22.2mm , Width 46.11mm , Total length 83.85mm , Shaft width max 20.14mm x 9.69mm , Weight 90.1g

PUBLIC-39E602: NAIL
A complete wrought iron nail from a secure archaeological context dating to the fourth century AD. The head is sub rectangular and L-shaped in profile. The shaft is rectangular and terminates in a hammered point. Measurments :- Head 32.23mm x 23.3mm , Total length 76.89mm , Shaft width max 15.41mm x 6.78mm , Weight 78.7g

PUBLIC-39CD52: NAIL
A complete wrought iron nail from a secure archaeological context dating to the fourth century AD. The nail is T-shaped in profile. The head is sub rectangular and large in proportion to the length of the shaft. The shaft is rectangular and terminates in a thin hammered point. The shaft curves below the head. Measurments :- Head 49.75mm x 44.82mm , Total length 90.42mm , Shaft width max 17.75mm x 13.15mm , Weight 138.1g

PUBLIC-398053: NAIL
A complete wrought iron nail from a secure archaeological context dating to the fourth century AD. The nail is T-shaped in profile. The head is sub rectangular above a long rectangular shaft which terminates in a hammered point. The shaft bends at an approximate 10 degree angle below the head until roughly half way down the shaft length then straightens from there to the hammered point. Measurments :- Head 26.69mm x 17.23mm , Total length 192mm , Shaft width max 11.57mm x 8.75mm , Weight 100.9g

SWYOR-35FBB7: SHOT
A piece of cast iron shot, probably a cannon ball, dating from the Post Medieval period, AD 1550 - 1900. It is spherical and very corroded, with corrosion forming prominent lumps on the surface. The size and weight, allowing for the corrosion, suggest that this could be for use in a cannon such as a Falcon which had a 2.5 inch bore and fired a 2lb ball. There is no evidence of impact. Weight: 1154g Diameter: 75.37mm See the finds recording guide for further detail on cannon balls: https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/. It should be noted that there are other uses for iron balls of this size such as in a crushing mill.

HAMP-BAE33C: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron "tongue-type" horseshoe of post medieval date (c. end of the 17th to the early 19th century). The shoe has eight well defined square nailholes, inset within square punched holes and is not fullered. One hole retains a nail which has a rectangular head. The rear ends of the shoe appear to be missing, so it is not clear if any calkins were present. The front edge has worn away and is now angled.

SWYOR-A207BC: KNIFE
An iron possible knife of uncertain date, Early Medieval to Post Medieval, AD 400 - 1900. It is a flat tool with a rounded tip at one end, and a projecting whittle tang at the other. The tang is rectangular in cross-section and is bent at the outer end. It gradually gets wider from the bend to the shoulder. The shoulders are asymmetrical. One is concave and is lower than the other, which is angled. The sides of the tool are straight and taper away from the shoulders. The end is rounded. The "blade" has a D shaped cross-section, being flat on one face and slightly convex on the other. This, and the thickness of the blade area makes use as a knife uncertain. Measurements are; length 116.7mm, width 27.5mm, thickness 6.1mm and weight 51.54g. The object is very similar to SWYOR-FF7D03 which was thought to be an early medieval knife based on other material found nearby. The D shaped cross-section of this example is less convincing, and this object may be another tool or componenent.

NARC-12611B: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete iron spearhead of Early-Medieval date (AD 550-650). Ascribed culture: Anglo-Saxon. The object has a narrow tapering head which forms an elongated lozenge appearance with worn rounded shoulders, the blades on either side are parallel and terminate in a point. The split socket has been truncated by a break, resulting in the loss of a portion of the socketed end. Length: 185.59mm, Width (broadest): 45.00mm, Width (narrowest): 9.77mm, Thickness: 9.38mm, Weight: 122.8g The metal is brown in colour with a pitted patina.

SWYOR-121046: LINCH PIN
An incomplete iron linch pin probably dating from the Roman period, AD 43-410. It possesses a rectangular-sectioned shaft, broken at one end, and expanding at the other end into a spatula shaped head. The head is flat and is a fat D shaped, with the straight line across the base, the shaft extending from the centre. There is the remains of a broken loop on the reverse. It extends from the top of the head backwards and is broken. Due to the corrosion present it is not possible to determine how far the loop used to extend along the spatula shaped head. The linch pin has a brown and orange corroded surface. Measurements: Total length136.6 mm; (length of shaft 80.9mm); width of shaft 11.9 mm; width of head 53.3mm, the thickness of the head is 11.3mm, length of the head is 57.8mm. See BH-5FB814 and KENT-4D248F for similar examples. See also Leahy and Lewis (2018) page 311, example SUR-9319F4 which suggests this type of linch pin was most likely used for a farm cart. A post-Roman date cannot be entirely ruled out. The findspot has produced Roman and Post medieval material.

SWYOR-11A7C2: SPEARHEAD
An iron socketed spearhead with a short leaf-shaped blade of unknown date, Iron Age to Medieval, about 600 BC - AD 1500. The object is heavily corroded, and details are obscured. It is uncertain whether it is complete. It has a socket of circular cross-section. This does not appear to be open or wrapped. There is no solid shank between the socket and the blade. This makes it less likely to be Early Medieval. The blade is a narrow pointed oval, and with the corrosion, is quite thick (10.8mm). It is possible that the blade was larger and the thinner outer edges have corroded away. In cross-section, it is a pointed oval, tending towards lozenge shaped. Measurements: Length 90.4mm, width of blade 19.3mm, (thickness of blade 10.8mm) external diameter of socket 18.0, depth of socket 19.4mm, and weight 42.5g.

BUC-BBEC0A: PADLOCK
An incomplete, iron, Medieval, barrel padlock, AD.1100-1400. The object comprises an iron cylinder, sealed at one end with a plate that has a square hole in the centre. The other end of the cylinder is broken and only a part of the end plate remains. Upon one side of the cylinder an iron plate runs perpendicular to the cylinder.

OXON-10441C: HOB NAIL
Roman (c.AD 43 to 409) x5 ron hob nails: They have a hemi-sperical heads and a square incomplete shank. Together they weigh 4.66g. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

OXON-1038FF: HOB NAIL
Roman (c.AD 43 to 409) iron hob nail: It has a hemi-sperical head and a square incomplete shank. It measures 10.04mm across the head, 15.12mm long and weighs 1.07g. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

SUR-F970C3: AXE
A small iron axehead, probably from a carpenter's axe. The blade is triangular and straight sided, 211mm and 105mm deep. The rear end has a tubular socket 67mm long and 22mm wide with a triangular aperture for the handle. The socket appears to be slightly asymmetrical which suggests wrought rather than cast iron construction and thus a pre-modern date. Axes are hard to date as they do not change much in style from the Roman period to the Post-Medieval. This axe does however conform closely to Ward Perkins' (1940) Type II (page 57, number 2) which are thought to be carpenter's axes of thirteenth to sixteenth century date. See also also NARC-1807F3, WILT-656D09, KENT-D0B3B1, YORYM-C70664 and SUSS-FCD431.

SWYOR-E94198: SHOT
Two Post Medieval iron probable shot from an artillery weapon dating from AD 1600 - 1900. They are spherical solid balls of iron with extensive surface corrosion. The small size of about 1 inch diameter, suggests use in a small cannon or gun such as a rabinet or an even smaller weapon. See https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/ which notes that iron balls may also have an industrial function in milling and crushing, so these objects may not be a cannon ball. The largest is 39.4mm in diameter and weighs 168.75g, the smaller is 31.3mm in diameter and weighs 121.51g.

LVPL-A9CE61: CANNON BALL
A complete, corroded cast iron cannon ball / shot dating to the post medieval period (c.AD 1600-1800). The shot is spherical with a rough and pitted surface. It shows no signs of impact. Dimensions: Diameter 38.38mm; weight 163.61g The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a Rabinet cannon which had a bore of approximately 38mm. There is no evidence of impact. Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

SWYOR-549F8A: SHOT
A Post Medieval iron probable shot from an artillery weapon dating from AD 1600 - 1900. It is a spherical solid ball of iron with some surface corrosion. Diameter is 30.7mm and weight 84.23g. The small size of about 1 inch diameter, and low mass of 0.16 lb suggests use in a small cannon or gun such as a rabinet or an even smaller weapon. See https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/ which notes that iron balls may also have an industrial function in milling and crushing, so this object may not be a cannon ball.

SUR-80834B: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete and extremely corroded iron Medieval key or early post medieval key, dating to c.1300-1600. The bow is lost. The bit is triangular in cross section, with a wide rectangular lower edge and longitudinal grooves above.

GLO-5ACBD3: BUCKLE
An iron double looped buckle with oval frames. The a narrowed and recessed strap bar has an expanded knop at both ends.

BERK-4004F1: NAIL
An iron nail of possible Roman date. The head is rounded and domed. The stem is square in section.

PUBLIC-1CC6C6: STRIKE A LIGHT
A Post Medieval iron "strike-a-light" implement for striking a flint to raise a spark to ignite tinder for a fire. these objects are also known as a fire steel. The object has a sub-rectangular striking plate with two curved handles, probably dating to 17th Century AD. Measurments :- Length 62.15mm , Width 30.07mm , Thickness 7.92mm , Weight 31.3g Similar objects shown on the PAS database :- OXON-EB193E , LON-71B542 and LON-6357F6. A very similar object is shown on the Museum of London's website under the Great fire of London exhibition :-

SWYOR-985749: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete large Post Medieval to Modern iron key dating from AD 1600 - 1900. The bow is kidney shaped with the stem projecting into the bow. The stem is corroded, but is essentially sub-circular in cross-section and has a projecting tip beyond the bit. There is a collar nearer the bow end. The bit is incomplete, but has two wards with a complex cleft between them. Measurements; length 139.6mm, width 49.6mm, thickness 12.3mm, weight 91.72g. A similar key can be found in Margeson (1993, no. 1296) who notes that keys with stems that extend beyond the bit are mostly from Post Medieval contexts (ibid, 159). The kidney shaped bow and internal shaping are also more common in the Post Medieval periods. The parallel in Margeson dates to the 17th century, so this key is likely of a similar date. Compare also BERK-F7C446.

KENT-05D649: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete cast iron key of medieval to post-medieval date (c.1400-1550) Description: The key has a D-shaped bow which widens slightly at the centre of its outer side. The stem is circular in cross-section, with a collar at the centre, and which narrows to a point beyond the bit. The bit has three rectangular wards of equal length, the central one being slightly narrower than the outer two. Measurements: length: 151.4mm, width: 55.3mm, thickness: 10.3mm, weight: 86.8g Discussion: Keys with pointed stems and wards perpendicular to the stem are classified by Ward Perkins (1993) as Type VII and dated to the 15th century. The key falls into Winchester Type 8, having a symmetrically- shaped bit with ward cuts running its full depth and a stem which stops over the bit (Saunders 2012).

NMS-EFAB28: VESSEL
Leg and foot of a post-medieval cast iron cooking vessel, probably a cauldron. The cross-section is pentagonal with the two outward facing sides being narrower than the others. The width and thickness taper in a straight line from the top to the ankle and then widen to the base. Height 115mm. Width and thickness at top 42.5 and 48.5mm, at the ankle 21 and 20mm. Footprint 27 x 32mm. Weight 491g. Probably 18th - 19th century.

NMS-EF2E21: SHOT
Post-medieval spherical cast iron shot with no evidence of impact. Diameter c.40mm. Weight 226g / 8.0 ounces Avoirdupois. Perhaps for a Robinet cannon, see SOM-A0A8A2. 17th century.

CORN-C9052D: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a post-medieval cannon ball of 75.45mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1630g. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. Measurements: Diameter, 75.45mm; Weight, 1630g

NMS-4BB75A: HORSESHOE
One half of a medieval to post-medieval wrought iron horseshoe with a calkin at the heel. No nails or nail holes are visible. Type uncertian. Length c.105mm. Estimated width c.110mm. Width of the web 35mm. Perhaps 15th - 17th century Finder's number POD15/17

NMS-4B0D14: HORSESHOE
Incomplete medieval to post-medieval wrought iron horseshoe, one branch missing along with part of the outer edge of the web. There is no calkin on the surviving heel. One nail is visible and one nail is truncated by a break. Type uncertain. Perhaps 15th - 17th century. Finder's number POD15/14

NMS-4AC5D4: HORSESHOE
Incomplete medieval to post-medieval wrought iron horseshoe, one heel missing. There is no calkin on the surviving narrow heel but it is slightly thickened. Nails and nail holes are not visible. Width of the web c.27mm. Overall length c.110mm. Estimated width c.105mm. Clark 1995 Type 4. 15th - 16th century. Finder's number POD15/10

WILT-0AFFDA: AXEHEAD
A complete Early Iron Age socketed axehead, dating to c 800-600 BC. It is of Late Bronze Age form, wedge shaped with an almost vertical cutting edge, which has rounded corners splaying outwards slightly. The upper and lower edges of the axehead are parallel, the mouth sub rectangular (with rounded corners) and the socket echoes this. The whole item is heavily corroded with a reddish brown and darker brown to black crust, flaking in places. It is uncertain whether there is a moulding at the mouth. The loop is almost central on one edge and there is a groove in its arc, as if to hold the 'string' which would have helped hold the head to a handle. It is not possible to discern any markings or casting sprues. Dimensions: 66mm in length; 39.5mm in height; cutting edge 36mm; mouth 34mm x 27.8mm; loop 20mm x 10.5; weight 113.92g. The iron is dry and stable, but flaking and requires conservation. Similar in size and general design to NMGW-5AB6F2 and NMS-FF5E45 but in this case the loop is more central. This object is one of a small number of socketed axes made from wrought iron. While the form is relatively easy to cast in a two part mould and a clay/sand core to from its hollow socket, it would be very difficult to produce as a forging. Iron socketed axes were rapidly replaced by axes in which the haft passes through an eye, the type that remains in use today. This axe therefore represents the transition from bronze to iron. Iron socketed axes are rarely found in the British Isles, with finds from the Berwyn Mountains of Wales (Savory 1976, 20), Walthamstow, Essex / Greater London and Cold Kitchen Hill, Wiltshire (Cunliffe 1974, fig.14:2.4 and 2.5).

WAW-F440EE: BUCKLE
An incomplete iron object, likely a double loop buckle that is post Medieval in date (AD 1550-1650). It is convex and roughly oval in shape and consists of two circular loops joined together. The bar no longer remains, and the pin is missing. It is heavily corroded.

DUR-F2A819: SHOT
An incomplete iron cannon ball dating from the Post Medieval period (AD1550-1715). The object is spherical in shape and a casting seam can be seen in places around the circumference. There is a spike protruding from one point with a mass of corroded metal at the opposite point. At right angles to this there is a small flat section on the surface with a blunt point visible with a similar shape at the opposite surface. The surface of the metal is very pitted and corroded with dark and light brown patches interspersed with iron corrosion. Diameter: 84.05 mm; Height: 99.5 mm; Weight: 1990g The size of this ball suggests that it was used to fire from a Saker which was a medium sized cannon developed developed during the early 16th century and often used by the English. It was named after the saker falcon, a large falconry bird native to the Middle East and used by the British and other nations until circa AD1715. A Saker would ordinarily fire a 5-6lb ball (c.2.3-2.7KG) with a calibre of around 3.25 inches (c.82mm) and is said to have the capacity to "damage structures a mile away" (Nash 2016). The type of shot described above was designed to be fired along the ground and was intended to explode on impact. Reference: Nash, D. 2016 Seventeenth Century Bronze Saker Cannon. Research Worcestershire; Museums Worcestershire. Accessed 15/07/2022 (accessible at:

BERK-5FB183: TACK
Three Roman tacks/hobnails. Each object has a slightly domed head and square sectioned shaft. 1.Length: 15.7 mm, Width: 7.1 mm, Thickness: 5.7 mm, Weight: 0.58 g 2.Length: 14.6 mm, Width: 100 mm, Thickness: 7.7 mm, Weight: 1.28 g 3.Length: 12.8 mm, Width:10.4 mm, Thickness: 9.2 mm, Weight: 1.21 g

WAW-0BBFA1: SPOON
An iron spoon likely post-Medieval in date. The spoon is covered in rust with some Verdigris patina over parts of it, suggesting that it was originally an iron spoon coated with a copper alloy. The spoon is bent in various places along the handle and the bowl, resulting in the bowl facing backwards and being relatively flat. There is a thin tear in the bowl around 9 o’clock in the current position it is in. There are letters stamped on the handle towards its end point, which appear to read “ON” or “NG”. The rest of the legend has been worn away. The bowl is 28.56mm wide at the widest point on the bowl and 0.62mm thick. At the start of the handle, it is 4.86mm wide and 2.16mm thick, gradually changing to 12.69mm wide and 1.92mm thick before the rounded end of the handle.

SWYOR-B89422: SLAG
A large piece of iron tap slag of uncertain date, probably Roman to Post Medieval, about AD 43 - 1600. It is dense, magnetic and black to purple in colour with some rusty patches. It forms a thick plate which is rough and irregular on the lower face and sides, with characteristic runs of solidified molten metal across the top face. Both ends of the piece are broken. In cross-section it is D shaped. Measurements are; length 1694mm, width 1035mm, thickness 453mm. Tap-slag is slag that is 'tapped' from a bloomery furnace. This is carried out during smelting so as to allow the long continuance of the operation. An opening in the side of the furnace is opened to allow the liquid material to run out. It cools to a solid slag with marked flow lines. There were fewer bloomeries after the Medieval period. The presence of slag can indicate a bloomery site. The D shaped cross-section of this peiec probably indicates the shape of the channel through which the liquid slag ran. Compare SWYOR-26DAE7 and also see especially figure 16 and figure 25. Puddling furnaces used from the 1790s to 1960s also produce tap slag of similar appearance, but the location of the find makes this date less likely. In theory, archaeomagnetic dating could be used to narrow down the date range of this find, but the Historic England Guidelines for Best Practice note that "Dating ironworking features can be challenging [...] Samples for archaeomagnetic dating should be taken by, or under the supervision of, a relevant specialist." Further advice would be needed to know if this piece was a suitable sample. The piece recorded here is just one of many pieces that were recovered from the same location. It is reported that the farmer was exacavting the field, so the pieces are from fairly deep in the soil. After discovery they were moved and the present location of the rest is unknown. The farmer may still have it. This piece was recovered by a member of the local archaeology group as an example of the material.

WAW-63223A: SHOT
A spherical cast iron object, potentially a post-Medieval bullet. If it was a bullet, due to it weighing 14.38g, it could have been a pistol bullet of 33 bore. The main location of rust is at the top of the object, with there being scattered patches of rust on the surface.

SWYOR-261E19: SPEAR
An iron implement, possibly an Early Medieval socketed spear dating from AD 450 - 1000. It has an open split socket which is U shaped in cross-section and has a square peg hole. The socket tapers to the solid neck which is square in cross-section. The neck continues to taper to a point. It is uncertain if this is a break or whether the object is complete. It is 143.9mm long, 22.7mm wide and 16.4mm thick. 77.9g. It is unclear whether the pointed end is a break and the object would have continued into a spear head, perhaps one similar to WAW-71A829, or whether this is the intended design, and the object is a spike like LANCUM-89FEA4 which is also from Craven district. If it is a spear, it is impossible to classify with none of the head surviving.

SWYOR-25ACEB: BELL
An iron hand bell of probable Early Medieval date, AD 700 - 1100. It has a rounded rectangular opening at the base, and tapers to the top so the two main faces are rectangular and the sides are triangular. It was made by folding a sheet of iron, so there is a seam down the centre of each side. There are two broken projections from the top, which were probably part of a ring handle; one can be seen extending into the inside of the bell too. The clapper is missing. The surface is rusted and has lumps of corrosion. There is no visible copper surface, so it is not possible to say if the bell was brazed or not. It is 87mm tall, 69mm wide and 56mm thick. The wall is 2.7mm thick. 131.3g. Similar bells on the PAS database include LANCUM-0898F4, WMID-09C695 and LIN-B17DA7 and other from the same site. There is also an interesting collection from Flixborough (Ottaway in Evan and Loveluck, 2009, page 141). It is argued that brazed bells of similar construction may have been used for ecclesiastical purposes, or as animal bells. See Wilmott and Daubney (2020) for a discussion:

SWYOR-2566D9: SHOT
A Post Medieval small iron probable cannon shot, probably dating from AD 1550 - 1900. It is spherical and has evidence of some corrosion on the surface. The ball is 60.6mm in diameter and weighs 923g. The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a cannon such as a Falcon which had a 2.5 inch bore and fired a 2lb ball. There is no evidence of impact. See the finds recording guide for further detail on cannon balls: https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/shot/. It should be noted that there are other uses for balls of this size such as in a crushing mill.

NMS-E73E87: PADLOCK
Small fragment, broken on all edges and with no discernible curvature, of the exterior of a medieval brazed iron padlock case. Little of the iron survives. A narrow and irregular ridge runs across the brazed surface. Weight 1.7g. 17 x 17mm. 13th - 16th century.

LIN-EBB8E3: TOY
A modern corroded cast iron toy blacksmith's anvil dating from AD1800. The anvil head is subrectangular tapering to a point at one end and sits upon a sub-rectangular base which has curved indentations along each of the longer sides. The toy is heavily corroded with rust. Length of the anvil head:88.9mm, width of the anvil head: 16.3mm, Height: 44.6mm. Length of the base: 49.9mm; width of the base: 35.2mm; weight: 252g

NMS-AB2759: METAL WORKING DEBRIS
Five pieces of iron smelting slag, probably Roman, weight 434g, mid 1st - 4th century.

NMS-AAEF1D: PADLOCK
Two very small fragments of iron, probably of medieval to post-medieval cylindrical padlock cases, both with traces of brazing. No dimension accurately measurable. Weight 11.7g. 13th - 16th century.

NMS-AA79FA: METAL WORKING DEBRIS
Three pieces of iron slag, 2 smelting (weight 70g), 1 smithing (weight 79g). Their findspot suggest they are probably Roman.

GLO-AA0692: CANNON BALL
Solid cast cannon ball fragment that is made of iron. This is approximately one third of the original item, but enough of the exterior remains to suggest a diameter of about 100mm. See GLO-531670 for a similar and complete example.

SUR-A97496: BUCKLE
A complete medieval iron spur buckle with integral frame and pin. The frame is rectangular, 19.7mm wide and has flat sides. The pin is narrow and pointed and remains attached to the pin loop at the front of the plate, which itself is rectangular, with a narrowed collar at the frame and a small hooked projection at the rear. In the centre of the plate is a small iron fragment, rusted onto the plate but of uncertain function. The buckle is curved in profile.

WAW-029A1A: NAIL
An incomplete, heavily corroded iron nail, potentially Roman in date, though it could date through to the post-Medieval era. The head of the nail is roughly pentagonal in shape, though it likely was rounded at the time of manufacture. At this point it is 12.75mm wide, 10.58mm thick, and runs 4.66mm along the length of the nail. Below the head, the nail has a rectangular cross section, being 5.41mm wide and 7.25mm thick, tapering to 5.59mm wide and 5.42mm thick just before the break. The nail is slightly bent.

WAW-0277A6: NAIL
A heavily corroded iron nail, potentially Roman in date, though it could date through to the post-Medieval era. The head of the nail is roughly hexagonal in shape, though it likely was rounded at the time of manufacture. At this point it is 12.51mm wide, 7.93mm thick, and runs around 6.05mm along the length of the nail. Below the head, the nail has a rectangular cross section, being 8.52mm wide and 6.24mm thick, tapering to 4.05mm wide and 4.57mm thick just before the tip. The nail is slightly bent.

WAW-02473C: NAIL
A heavily corroded iron nail, potentially Roman in date, though it could date through to the post-Medieval era. The head of the nail is roughly hexagonal in shape, though it likely was rounded at the time of manufacture. At this point it is 11.46mm wide, 10.99mm thick, and runs around 4.75mm along the length of the nail. Below the head, the nail has a rectangular cross section, being 6.73mm wide and 6.19mm thick, tapering to 2.58mm wide and 6.15mm thick just before the tip. The nail is slightly bent.

WAW-406591: LATCH
An incomplete iron probable latch dating to the Post Medieval to Modern period (c. AD 1500-1900). The object has a sub-circular loop at one end from which a square-sectioned bar extends and tapers to a squared point. At the mid-section is a cross bar, which appears to be incomplete on one side. The object is heavily corroded. Comparable examples in iron and copper alloy recorded on the PAS database include LIN-97F773, NLM-22F7F5 and WAW-AE6963. The overall dimensions are as follows: 105.69mm in length, 32.77mm in width, 7.50mm in thickness and 25.45g in weight.

HAMP-3E4111: MUSKET
A socketed wrought iron terminal from a musket accessory (scourer) used to clean out debris from the interior of the barrel of a musket. The object has a circular cross section with a conical socket which gently tapers into a long shaft, the final 40% of which has a rectangular cross section and is split into two flat prongs. These end at a head which has flared, folded semi circular tips, 13.4mm in diameter which are folded at 90º to the shaft. The terminal would have fit onto the end of a wooden ramrod of 8.5mm diameter.

SUR-EEBC21: HOB NAIL
A corroded iron hob nail, 15.9mm in length with a domed head 11.7mm across and a hooked shank with sub rectangular section.

SUR-EE30F0: HOB NAIL
Two corroded iron nails, possibly Roman hob nails, 12.9mm and 11.9mm in length. Both have conical heads and stumps of a square or sub rectangular shank.

WAW-775B40: ARMOUR
An incomplete iron probable chest plate or chest guard of Modern date (c. AD 1900-1950). The object is roughly oval in plan and, curves on the outer face and concave on the reverse. The edges are chipped and there is a patch of iron corrosion in the centre of the outer face. The upper section has broken away from the whole but is still present. The object measures 410mm in length, 355mm in width, and 6.57mm in thickness.

WAW-FADA2F: HARNESS RING
A corroded iron harness ring with a circular cross section. It could date from the Roman to the post-Medieval era. It has an external diameter of 31.62mm and an internal diameter of 24.37mm. The thickness varies around the ring due to some areas likely being more worn than others from use. The thickest sections are 3.63mm thick, whilst thinner sections are 2.29mm thick. The band width is 3.39mm.

WAW-F5A5DC: STYLUS
A heavily corroded iron stylus, possibly dating from the Roman to the Early Medieval era (AD 43 - 1000). The stylus comprises a roughly circular cross-sectioned shaft that tapers towards a break just above the terminal. The diameter above the break is 3.61mm. The other end of the shaft widens, but there is a break before the spatulate eraser. The diameter before the break is 7.65mm.

SUR-F59894: BOLT (FASTENING)
A heavily corroded large iron fitting, possibly a bolt, with a trapezoidal head 45mm wide, with plano convex section. The shank is 54mm in length with rectangular section and slightly curved, tapering to a blunt tip.

SUR-F5902A: BOLT (FASTENING)
A heavily corroded large iron fitting, possibly a bolt, with a flat trapezoidal head 44mm wide and a stump of a shank of sub rectangular section.

SUR-C99481: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, possibly a post-medieval cannon ball of 75.5mm diameter (c. 3 inches) and 1737g. There is a prominent casting seam around the mid section which appears to have been ground down. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which had a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. This cannon was popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges.

LIN-373867: AXEHEAD
An iron axe head, probably of post-medieval date c.AD 1500-1600. It has a rectangular cross-section and in plan is broadly triangular. The socket is hollow and elliptical measuring 62.43 mm in length and 35.78 mm (max thickness) and the lower edge of the blade is slightly curved, suggesting a later medieval to early post-medieval date. There are no visible makers marks or decoration. There is corrosion all over the axehead. This object closely parallels the axehead listed in the Royal Armouries Collection no. VIII.86. Length: 210 mm; Width (widest portion of blade): 143.78 mm; Thickness (socket): 35.78 mm; Weight: over 200g.

WAW-E586F9: MOUNT
The finder believes it is a brooch, but there does not appear to be any remnant of a catch plate, pin, or needle. Probably a Medieval mount. The object is made from a thin, circular sheet of iron, as indicated by the colour of rust. Around the edge of the object, there are 20 small lugs, evenly spaced and each measuring around 1.31mm long and 1.38mm wide. There is an external outer rim that the lugs are connected to that is around 0.64mm thick. The diameter of the object, including the lugs, is 17.33mm. The diameter without the lugs is 14.71mm. The face of the object is decorated. Inside of the outer rim, there is a depression that has a diameter of 13.32mm, before a second internal rim of around 0.54mm thickness and a diameter of 9.69mm. The diameter of the internal main circle is 8.61mm. There are three smaller circles of diameter 3.22mm each evenly spaced inside of this inner circle, with what appears to be trefoil shaped designs in between them and a central, raised point. There appears to be remnants of copper alloy around the object, with much of the object being covered by a Verdigris patina. Inside of the outer ring, there seems to be remnants of blue enamel. The reverse of the object has evidence of being coated with a copper alloy due to the Verdigris patina covering much of it. There is some evidence of parts of the object being missing. This could have been where part of the mechanism for a brooch was. There was a small hook that seemed to be associated with the object. It is also made from iron and has some traces of copper alloy on it. The hook extends 4.13mm before bending at a right-angle, after which it gradually curves upward. It has a total width of 3.72mm and is 0.83mm thick.

WAW-CD41D7: STYLUS
An incomplete iron stylus of the Manning type 1a. At the top is an eraser that measures 12.27mm in length and 10.44mm in width. It starts at 3.06mm thick, before gradually increasing along its length to 6.26mm at the start of the shaft. The shaft has a rectangular cross section and is 36.98mm long and stars at 6.57mm wide, slowly tapering to 2.92mm. The thickness starts at 6.26mm, before tapering to 4.05mm. Bits of the stylus have chipped off in the past, including a section of the eraser. It is heavily corroded, and there is a fracture along the eraser.

WAW-BA6541: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron Roman hob nail, dating AD 43-410. The head of the hob nail is roughly oval, with a width of 8.17mm and a length of 6.78mm. There is a significant chip on the head. The shank has a rectangular cross section, starting around 3.03mm long and 2.49mm wide before tapering to a point. There is a curve in the shank near the bottom.

WAW-B9EC4B: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A heavily corroded circular iron object, likely the top of something like a stud or a nail. This is because there is a circular area on one side (diameter: 4.56mm) that is less corroded than the rest of the object, and where there does seem to be evidence of a past breakage. There is a fracture running along the side of the object.

WAW-B8DCE1: KEY (LOCKING)
The object is likely a very corroded Medieval iron key. The bit is fan shaped, with two wards at the top facing forward and a third, bottom, sideways ward that is perpendicular to the other two wards. The handle is seemingly rectangular, and there are seemingly no collars along the stem.The object is likely a very corroded Medieval iron key. The bit is fan shaped, with two wards at the top facing forward and a third, bottom, sideways ward that is perpendicular to the other two wards. The handle is seemingly rectangular, and there are seemingly no collars along the stem.

SUSS-959F28: SWORD
An incomplete Early Medieval Viking style iron sword of Petersen type M dating c. AD 850-1050. The sword is incomplete and heavily corroded, the upper hilt consists of an upper guard which is sub-rectangular in plan, having slightly curved corners, and is rectangular in section. It is 71.28 mm long, and tapers slightly in width from 14.82 wide at the centre to 10.83mm at the narrowest end; it also tapers slightly in thickness from 11.23 mm in the centre, to 8.60 mm at the thinnest end. In the centre of the top surface of the upper guard is an amorphous mound of corrosion which is the remains of the tang of the sword and probably where a pommel was affixed to the guard by rivets. Between the upper and lower guard the flat rectangular tang of the sword tapers towards the upper guard. It is 90.00 mm long and 30.90 mm wide tapering to 20.85 mm wide at the upper guard. It is 5.86 mm thick. The lower guard or cross guard is an enlarged version of the upper guard, with the same curved corners and tapering width and thickness. It measures 122.37 mm long and 24.60 mm to 17.83 mm wide and 15.51 mm to 8.72mm thick. Corrosion has obscured the slots on both the upper and lower guards, so it is not possible to see with definition where the tang has passed through. However, though the grip is missing, there is an oblong impressed line down one face of the tang between the guards with the possible preserved corroded remains of what appears to be an organic, probably wooden grip. The blade of the sword is very damaged and truncated, the point of the blade missing. It has a shallow bend in the blade of roughly 35 degrees, approximately 86 mm from the break with a hole at the break and another in the end section. Its surviving length is approximately 536 mm. It is 53.29 mm wide just below the upper guard (its widest point) tapering to 33.39mm at the break; the blade is 6.50 mm at its thickest point at the hilt tapering to 3.63mm at the break. The blade is wasted irregularly along its width and is also of irregular thickness. The fuller is just about visible, this being the broad shallow groove along the blade edge to reduce the weight of the sword without foregoing strength. The cutting edges are missing, but it presumably had a double cutting edge which is common for swords of this type. The metal is heavily corroded and pitted, but with tiny flecks of silvery metal visible on the surface. Measurements: total length: 683mm; total width: 24.60mm and weight: 653g. The sword was discovered within the submerged banks of a small watercourse close to another magnet fished findSUSS-8084AB A similar example recorded on the database is ESS-D45534 which was found in the river in Colchester. It is possible that the object was deliberately deposited as a votive offering or perhaps found its way to it's watery context during a skirmish, but as with the parallel example this must be confined to speculation with our current understanding.

GLO-531670: CANNON BALL
Solid cast cannon ball that is made of iron, one side is heavily corroded resulting in an area of heavy blistering. At a diameter of approximately 4" this cannonball would most likely be used by a type of cannon called a demi-culverin. The Demi-culverin was a large artillery piece that because of its effective range and power was often used in sieges and building demolition. Moreover, after the failed siege of Gloucester in 1643, the Royalist army withdrew to overnight in Painswick after a small conflict centred around the church in the village. As a result, it is a compelling possibility to hypothesise that this could be a ball from one of the Royalist cannons that besieged the City of Gloucester during the Civil War.

HAMP-4FD1CC: KEY (LOCKING)
A small iron key of medieval or early post medieval date (cf. Ward Perkins' Type III), 46.7mm in length. The stem is cylindrical with a hollow end to fit over a projecting pin within the lock. The bit has a single cleft to the front. The bow is kidney shaped with a decorative bifurcated and concave front edge.

SUR-3CAAEE: SHOT
A cast iron sphere, 90mm / 3.5 in in diameter and c. 2kg / 4.5 lb in weight, most likely a cannon ball. The bore corresponds to that of the small cannon called a 'Minion', which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball (Bailey (2000: p95)). These were used from the Tudor period until the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake'. For comparable examples see SWYOR-6D55C3, DENO-06FCC9 and WMID-5B003C.

NMS-0026B6: BUCKLE
Medieval iron double-looped buckle frame, both loops oval, with a rectangular plate of folded iron sheet and an incomplete iron pin on the bar. Frame length and width 47 and 41mm. Plate length and width c.29 and c.20mm. Details of the plate, rivet(s) and pin slot / hole are not visible). For the frame cf. Egan and Pritchard 1991, nos. 346-9. An unusual find to occur outside formal archaeological circumstances. Early 13th - 15th century. Field PFN

SUR-A736D8: CANNON BALL
An extremely corroded cast iron sphere, weighing 194.95g (c 7oz) and c40mm / 1.5 inches diameter. The surface is uneven. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a long barrelled piece of artillery such as a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter (firing shot weighing 0.75 lb), or a Rabinet cannon which fired shot weighing 8oz.

HAMP-7F5752: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, weighing 225g and of 38mm (c 1.5 inches) diameter. There is a ridge around the midsection. Possibly a ball of shot intended for use in a long barreled piece of artillery such as a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter (firing shot weighing 0.75 lb), or a Rabinet cannon which fired shot weighing 8oz.

NMS-15E44F: PADLOCK
Iron end-plate and integral arm from the bolt of a late early-medieval or medieval padlock. The end plate is sub-circular and the broadly flat arm projects from the top of it on a perpendicular plane. At the top of the arm is an integral tubular loop which would have received the (missing) bar of the padlock, thereby closing it. The end plate exhibits three prominent stubs of the missing spines of the locking mechanism. These are rectangular in cross-section and the longest projects just four millimetres. One is at the bottom of the plate (six o-clock) and appears to be oriented vertically. The other two are at opposite sides, (three and nine o’clock) and are oriented horizontally. There are potentially two further stubs, which are much less prominent than the others (projecting a fraction of a millimetre). One (at eleven o’clock) is roughly square in-cross-section. The other (at one o’clock) is more dubious, as it is difficult to distinguish from the lumpy corroded surface of the metal. The metal is patinated dark reddish-brown and the surface is lumpy all over. Late 10th to mid-13th century. Length. 64.5mm. Width ( = diameter of end-plate): 27.0mm. Thickness ( = width of arm): 17.5mm. Weight: 42.0g

WAW-143ACD: HAMMER
Heavily corroded Post-Medieval hammer head. The handle socket through the centre of the head is oval and there is a 34mm pin in this, with the head of the pin having a diameter of 13mm and the main body having a diameter of 5mm. The hammer head is broadest at this part and is waisted before flaring out again to form the circular end. The hammer head itself is 19mm thick at this point and 21mm wide. The flat, circular end of the hammer has a diameter of 24mm. On the other side, it tapers to a pointed end. This type of hammer was likely used in metalworking.

WAW-135B87: HELMET
An incomplete iron replica helmet dating to the Modern period (c. AD 1850-1950). The helmet is machine made in the form of an Early Medieval style circa AD 800-1000. The skull of the helmet is cone-shaped with a sharp point at the apex. At the base of the helmet is a separate band attached with circular rivets. The nose-guard is also attached separately to the front of the helmet, also with circular rivets. The nose-guard is angled at a sharp 90 degrees. The object is dark brown in colour and one side has worn away owing to weathering. Seeking advice from colleagues in the dating of this helmet the skull of the helmet has been steam-rolled rather than hammered to achieve the shape, the nose-guard has also been machine made and shaped. Finally the rivets are the incorrect shape for the intended time period. All such aspects help to date this helmet to a Modern rather than Early Medieval date. The overall dimensions are as follows: 280mm in length, 192mm in width, 241mm in depth and 820g in weight.

WMID-FE3BFE: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hobnail of probable Roman dating (AD 43 to AD 410). The hobnail has a domed head, and curved shank. The shank tapers to a blunt point. It measures 14.4 mm in length and the head has a diameter of 10.1 mm. It weighs 1.3 g. The hobnail is a mid brown colour, with an even surface patina. The nails compare to other examples on the database including WAW-A15B19 discovered in Warwickshire. Here the record states that "Hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995), p.120-22". Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

SUR-ED2B0C: CANNON BALL
A corroded cast iron sphere, probably a post-medieval cannon ball of 76mm diameter and 1603g. The diameter corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which had a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. This cannon was popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges.

SOM-9636E8: CROSSBOW BOLT
An iron probable arrowhead or crossbow bolt ('quarrel') of medieval date, c. AD 1200-1500. The projectile has a shortened rectangular-sectioned tang, which broadens quickly into a tapering shaft. At its widest point the bolt is 11.47mm, before it narrows sharply to form the piercing point. The iron surface is now heavily corroded. Crossbow bolts are typically socketed, but other iron tanged examples on the database include DEV-C13AAB and LANCUM-EA6546. Length: 51.83mm, thickness: 8.17mm, weight: 11.70g.

NLM-572A76: STAPLE
Iron staple. A substantial wrought iron staple for insertion into timber as an item of structural ironwork. A straight-sided bar with a slightly convex upper surface has a rounded terminal with projecting triangular point of length 24mm at either end. These terminals were probably bent at right angles to the bar, with one point subsequently realigned, perhaps when the structure it formed part of was dismantled. Corroded. The mass suggests good survival of the metal core. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800 Length: 82mm, Width: 23.8mm, Thickness: 6.1mm, Weight: 82.65gms

NLM-56D8FD: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Iron unidentified object. An apparently cast object approaching a heater-shield shape may be a tooth or fitting from a substantial item of recent farm machinery, an interpretation often offered for such objects. However, the metal is delaminated on its worn sides and its narrower end is broken, both features which may leave the possibility of an earlier date and different function open. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1650-1850 Length: 72.5mm, Width: 68.5mm, Thickness: 19.8mm

NARC-ECC213: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of late Medieval to Post-Medieval date (AD 1500-1700). The iron blade has a straight back, the edge curves from the knife tip (now missing) to the back where it narrows to an integral tapering tang projecting from the back of the blade. The tang is square in cross-section and the blade is V-shaped in cross-section. The blade is V-shaped in profile with portions missing due to breaks and areas of corrosion. The handle is missing. Iron knives are difficult to date as the corrosion obscures details, and the functional designs do not vary much. In this example the knife back and tang are in line, and the extant curve running up to the tip is not angled, which seems to suggest a Medieval or later date. Two similar examples recorded on the PAS database are: WMID-3F8D0F, WAW-C07E3C and SWYOR-5CE441. Both have been tentatively dated to the Post Medieval period The metal is dark brown in colour with a heavily pitted and corroded patina. Length:188.27 mm, Width: 35.36mm, Thickness: 4.80mm, Weight: 53.9g

NLM-EB0C1B: ARROWHEAD
Iron arrowhead. Wrought iron broad-bladed hunting arrowhead, with one of its two large barbs remaining below the point. The long V-shaped cutting edge is set at the end of a tapered hollow socket. The wide blade would maximise tissue damage to the quarry, and would promote blood loss to both weaken it and to enable its trail to be followed by hounds. Though chipped the survival of the metal is unusually good for a ferrous metal field find; it might recently have been disturbed from a hitherto sealed context. Suggested date: Medieval, 1250-1400 Length: 53.1mm, Width: 20.7mm, Thickness [blade]: 4.5mm, Diameter of socket: 8.9mm, Weight: 7.09gms

NLM-EAD307: STUD
Iron stud fragment. Probably wrought iron head and the upper part of a rectangular section shank [18.5mm by 13mm] from a large stud. The head was square with rounded corners, and with a low ridge running from each corner to meet its counterparts in the middle, producing a saltire or domed effect. The mass indicates good survival of the metal core. Probably used to reinforce a substantial door; the form of the head might permit the arrangement of such essentially functional items in a decorative pattern. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1550-1850 Height (overall): 41.3mm, Length (of head): 59.2mm, Width: 61.3mm, Thickness/Height of Head: 19.5mm, Weight: c.220gms

NARC-C1B8EC: VESSEL
A fragment of a cast iron Vessel of Post-Medieval to Modern date (AD 1700-1850). The object is a pot leg and section of vessel wall. The leg is a rounded sub-rectangular form which tapers in toward the foot. The upper edge retains a section of curved, rectangular sectioned wall from the vessel. All edges of the vessel wall have abraded breaks. Height: 42.22mm, Width: 70.51mm, Thickness: 5.89mm, Weight: 136.6g Butler et al. (2009) suggest cast iron vessels replace copper alloy at around AD 1700 to 1850 in different parts of the country. Like most iron items they do not survive well in the soil. This leg is similar in form and decoration to those seen on copper alloy skillets and posnets and suggests the vessel was being used over an open fire rather than a closed range of the type common in the 19th century in even in the poorest households.

SUR-8130FD: BUCKLE
An iron medieval single loop trapezoidal buckle with an integral rectangular plate, which has a hole for the pin on the front edge and an incomplete rear edge. The frame has a sub-rounded cross section.

KENT-726836: SPEARHEAD
A heavily corroded and incomplete forged iron spear of uncertain date, possibly early-medieval (see discussion). Description: The spear head survives up to roughly half of the point which survives as stretched diamond shaped point. An extensive section of cylindrical shank remains and is evenly made. All the edges and original shapes are obscured by corrosion and it is not certain the spearhead ever had a socket. It has a dark brown to orange colour typical of corroded iron. Measurements: 110.69mm long, 20.09mm wide (at the head end, 11.83mm wide along shaft), 8.47mm thick and 47.44g in weight. Discussion: Corroded iron out of context can be notoriously difficult to identify, in this case while it is clear it was a spear there are difficulties in narrowing an ID and date. One key issue is that the majority of spearheads utilised in Northern European and North Mediterranean contexts, in iron tend to have various forms of socket for attaching to the spear heads. The presence of various types of spearhead from the continent of Africa in British contexts dating to the 19th and early 20th century are known thanks to British colonial expansion. The majority of these follow similar basic form, being shanked as the fame Zulu asagi types from what is now South-Africa. The form of the example here is relatively plan and much of its original form may be missing due to its current condition. Many African example entering Britain during the 19th and 20th centuries also tend to be rather ornate or complicated in form. There is thus a possibility the spearhead record here is of a very unusual form of early-medieval thrown spear or Angon roughly fitting Swanton's type F3. Such spears were design for throwing and had very long shanks before their sockets and in some quarters thought to have developed out of Roman pilum javelin. Frankish examples from the 5th to 6th centuries are particularly known for very long shanks such as the example held in the British Museum, BM ML.3321. It is unfortunately not possible to say for certain if this object is an Angon. Though if a very long frankish example was to be found in Britain, north-east Kent, where this example was found would not be surprising.

KENT-2F53F1: PADLOCK
A complete iron padlock, of medieval to post-medieval date (c.AD 1450-1700). Description: The padlock is spherical with a circular locking arm which is D-shaped in cross-section. The arm is joined to the spherical body with L-shaped projections or hinges either side of the body. There is a key hole in the centre of the body on one side which takes the form of a vertical stem joined to a circular top. Inside the circular part of the keyhole there is a solid circular tube still in-situ. The padlock is dark brown in colour with patches of redish brown corrosion. Measurements: length: mm; width: mm; body diameter: mm; weight: g. Discussion: Padlocks of this form have been recovered from the Thames foreshore and include: LON-8E9E71; LON-C8DC0B; LON-AE1C18. These records include the following discussion: Two similar examples can be found in Bart et al. (1977, nos. 696-697), made of cast iron and date from the late 15th-17th century. Another example can be found in the Walsall museums' collection (1982.0091), which is Medieval in date. It would seem that this type of lock was predominantly continental in origin, with many examples coming from the Netherlands and Germany. It is likely that this example is of a similar date and origin. Reference: Baart, J., Krook, W., Lagerweij, A., Ockersm N., Altena, H., Stam, T., Stoepker, H., Stouthart, G. and Zwan, M. 1977. Opgravingen in Amsterdam: 20 Jaar Stadskernonderzoek. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.

PUBLIC-BA6962: HOB NAIL
A Roman iron hobnail of Manning's type 10 dating to the period c. AD 43 - 410. The nail exhibits a domed head and a tapering square shank, with the tip bent over. The nail is covered in a thick layer of iron oxide. Length: 15.4mm. Diameter (head): 14.3mm. Weight: 2.30g.

LVPL-20E6AD: HOB NAIL
A collection of seven iron nails of an uncertain date ranging from the Roman period to post medieval period (c.AD 43-1700). The nail are all a similar size. Each has a shank with a squared section and an irregular, mushroomed head. They all have a rusted brown / red patina. Max dimensions: Height 14.89mm; head width 12.98; weight 1.78g A possible identification for the nails is that they are hobnails. A similar nail recorded as a Roman hobnail is LEIC-929C93 and the record comments: "Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated." These seven nails are recovered scattered from a field.

DEV-1E671E: CANNON BALL
A post medieval iron cannonball dating to c. AD 1600-1750. The object is spherical with a slightly raised line around the centre. It is corroded on the outer surface. The diameter, of 76mm, corresponds to the Imperial measurement for the second smallest 17th century cannon, the Saker, which was approximately a 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 inch bore. The name "Saker" derives from a bird of prey, and this medium sized cannon could have been manipulated relatively easily. They were popular during the Civil War, particularly during sieges. The form was suspended in the early 18th century after the formalisation of cannon sizes under Borgard, when the previous "Gunner's Law" was discarded in favour of standardisation. Measurements: 78mm diameter, weight

DEV-0DF4F4: HORSESHOE
A complete post medieval iron horseshoe dating to c. AD 1650-1800 of the "keyhole" type. The shoe is rectangular in section. The central aperture is approximately 'keyhole' shaped from which the type derives its name. The object has two visible sub-rectangular nail holes, a subtle full around the outer edge, due to corrosion infill. There is one clear caulkin retained. There is a large amount of corrosion adhering to the surface of the object. Similar horseshoes are discussed in Clarke (1995), see for instance p. 121, no 222, but see also Sparkes (1976) O, pp.20-21. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database: NARC-B7D0EB, NARC-CC1CCE and YORYM-7F4048. Measurements: 116mm length, 114mm width, 14.9mm thickness.

WMID-09CB46: SPUR
An incomplete iron rowel spur of Post Medieval to Early Modern dating (18th to 19th Centuries). Around 75% of the spur is present. Neither arm is complete. The neck and rowel box are complete. The arms have a lenticular cross section and are missing both terminals. The neck and rowel box are 29.8 mm in length with cylindrical cross section. It measures 53.1 mm in length, 62.9 mm wide and 11.0 mm thick. It weighs 19.1 g. The spur is a dark brown colour, with an uneven patina. The spur would benefit from being kept in a dry box. A similar iron spur has been recorded as SUR-14A636.

LEIC-084A97: AXEHEAD
An iron axehead of an uncertain date, dating to c.AD 800 - 1500. The axehead is triangular in plan and profile. The socket is sub-triangular in shape with a rectangular-shaped butt. The axehead tapers slightly before widening to a flared crescentic blade. The axehead has a mid orange patina with brown mottles. Length: 185 mm Weight: 109.21 Thickness: 41.42 mm Weight: 915 g The axehead appears to fit with Petersen Type G (Wheeler Type IV), a more direct date cannot be attributed as this type of axehead was used from the Early Medieval period through to the late Medieval.

WAW-F3D5F2: CANNON BALL
Three complete iron probable cannon balls dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1500-1800). All three cannon balls are spherical in shape and show signs of corrosion. For a comparable example see PAS record SWYOR-D0681D. Here Downes also suggests that such balls could have been from an industrial process, such as a crushing mill. All objects measure approximately 50mm in diameter therefore if indeed they are cannon balls their size would suggest they were used in a falcon type cannon. Their weights are as follows: Ball 1 - 437.6g Ball 2 - 439.2g Ball 3 - 442.4g

NLM-DD8B33: TACK
Iron and lead tack. A probably wrought iron shank with its ?round head sheathed in lead; iron rusted, and lead patinated and chipped round its edge. Suggested date: Unknown, Roman to Medieval, 43-1500 Length: 23.2mm, Diameter (head): 12.5mm, Weight: 4.89gms

NMS-8E1C0C: AXEHEAD
Small iron tanged axehead with a rounded proximal end and an asymmetrically set crescentic blade, rusty and showing signs of imminent lamination. The object type of a similar but slightly larger example, also from Norfolk, was given as a chisel, and it was of unknown date, Roman or later but probably post-medieval to modern (SF-1C5CB6). No other parallel has been noted. Length 108mm. Width 45mmm. Thickness 9mm. Weight 89g.

KENT-D01571: FIREARM
An iron framed composite rimfire percussion cap single shot pistol of 19th century date. Possibly a Flobert style gallery gun/saloon/parlor gun dating c.1845-1900. Description: The pistol is heavily corroded with only the iron components left. The grip's organic parts are missing leaving it a thin openwork half crescent. The handle is integral to the frame of the pistol. The trigger is mostly missing due ot corrosion with no evidence of a trigger guard remaining. The hammer remain in-situ though is corroded to manual ejector which covers the breach at the back of the barrel. The barrel close to the breach extends from the frame and is octagonal before it narrows suddenly to a thin cylinder about halfway along its length. The pistol is highly corroded and in a poor state of preservation being heavily afflicted by iron corrosion. Measurements: length: 118.5mm; height: 72.8mm; thickness: 30.5mm; weight:82.10g. Discussion: This pistol is a single shot type of percussion cap firing gun using a 6mm bore .22 calibre rimfire metallic cartridge, containing only the percussion cap as propellent. This form of percussion cap and the associated firearms was developed by French gunsmith Louis-Nicolas Flobert c.1845. Such pistols were popular up until the early 20th century for recreational target shooting in gallerys/gun ranges, though were rapidly replaced by air powered BB firing rifles over the course of the mid to late 20th century. Though no serial numbers, makers marks or other marks identify its exact type the general form is consistent with nickel plated examples produced in Belgium towards the end of the 19th century.

WAW-A9B9B7: HOB NAIL
Two incomplete iron probable hob nails dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The objects have flat, roughly triangular-shaped heads and integral square-sectioned shanks. They are much corroded and dark brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: Hob nail 1: 14.26mm in length, 6.41mm in width, 6.04mm in thickness and 0.64g in weight. Hob nail 2: 10.55mm in length, 6.31mm in width, 5.39mm in thickness and 0.37g in weight.

LIN-93F03D: BUCKLE
A cast-iron stirrup buckle dating to the medieval period c.AD 1150-1450 D-shaped buckle frame with rectangular in cross-section and bevelled edges. The iron pin is in-tact, wrapped around the outer bar. Probably a stirrup buckle. For parallel see Egan 1995 p. 56 no. 24. Length: 33.76 mm; Width: 45.51 mm; Weight: 14.70g Egan, G., 1995. Buckles, hasps and strap hooks. The medieval horse and its equipment c1150-c1450, Medieval finds from, p55-61.

LIN-90E1DF: BUCKLE
An incomplete post-medieval iron circular framed buckle dating to the medieval period, c.AD 1150-1450. A plain circular frame with a central bar with a broken iron pin wrapped around the bar. The buckle is slightly angular or bent. Length: 29.47 mm; Width (across the bar): 27.80 mm; Thickness: 5.93 mm; Weight: 7.09g

LEIC-929C93: HOB NAIL
A Roman iron hob nail, dating to AD 43 - 410. The hob nail has an irregular hemi-spherical, almost pointed head head and rectangular sectioned shank. Height: 12.47 mm Diameter: 8.81 mm Weight: 0.77 g Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

WILT-57E499: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete, heavily corroded iron key, dating to c AD 1700 - 1900. It has a plain, oval bow with a slight swelling on the internal face of the outer end of the bow. About one fifth of the bow is missing to an old break. The stem is solid, and circular in section. There is decoration of four narrow, circumferential ridges situated along the stem, the gap between them decreasing, and there is a swelling and a rectangular section collar before the bit. The stem projects a little beyond the bit. The bit consists of two sub-rectangular extensions (wards) which are on the same plane as the bow, each with a further, smaller, extension. The first is on the stem side, the second on the tip side. Dimensions: Length: 128mm; width of bow: 45.8mm; thickness of stem: 13.4mm; weight: 60.75g. See SWYOR-1B6C88 for similar on the PAS database.

WAW-16957E: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron probable hob nail dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The object has a domed, sub-oval head and an integral square-sectioned shank. The object is much corroded and is dark brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: 12.27mm in length, 7.07mm in width, 6.63mm in thickness and 0.75g in weight.

WAW-1454FD: HOB NAIL
Two incomplete iron probable hob nails dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The objects have flat, roughly triangular-shaped heads and integral square-sectioned shanks. They are much corroded and dark brown in colour. Half of the nail of one appears to have broken away. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: Hob nail 1: 12.26mm in length, 7.65mm in width, 6.01mm in thickness and 0.62g in weight. Hob nail 2: 9.33mm in length, 7.78mm in width, 4.29mm in thickness and 0.47g in weight.

HAMP-D68549: VESSEL
A fragment of a post Medieval cast iron cooking vessel. The fragment comprises a 99mm long section of body wall, with two parallel circumferencial ribs running around it, an a single leg, 47mm in length with circular cross section which tapers to a blunt point. The condition would suggest a relatively recent (18th to early 19th century) date, but the form essentially remained unchanged from the Medieval period so it may be earlier.

GLO-569328: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron horseshoe of probable medieval date (c. 1250 - 1500). The horseshoe exhibits similarities to Clark's "Transitional" or "Later medieval" types It exhibits a broad web and a broad margin between the outer edge of the shoe and the nail holes. Only one half of the shoe remains, this still retains four rectangular nail holes. Cf. Clark, J, 2004, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, Museum of London Press, London, p. 86 - 89.

SWYOR-42D8ED: NAIL
An incomplete iron nail of possible Roman date, AD 43 - 400. The nail shank is of square section and bends slightly just over half way down towards the point, which is an old break. The head is flat and sub-rectangular. It projects slightly over the shank on three sides and much more on the fourth. The date is based on the findspot, which is in an area of Roman finds, and a more modern date cannot be ruled out. The nail is 35.77mm long from head to tip. The head is 14.38mm long and 11.30mm wide. The shank just below the head is 5.77mm square. The nail weighs 4.05g. The nail has a dark brown patina from iron corrosion. For comparison see SWYOR-A048B5.

WAW-DC8AFD: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron probable hob nail dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The object has a flat, triangular-shaped head and an integral squaure-sectioned shank. The object is much corroded and is dark brown in colour. Half of the nail appears to have broken away. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: 12.99mm in length, 6.51mm in width, 4.30mm in thickness and 0.32g in weight. References: Hinds, A (2020) WAW-A15B19: A ROMAN HOB NAIL Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/997683 [Accessed: 6 Oct 2021 16:40:52] Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

WAW-DC79E1: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron probable hob nail dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The object has a domed, sub-oval head and an integral squaure-sectioned shank. The object is much corroded and is dark brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: 13.54mm in length, 6.83mm in width, 5.91mm in thickness and 0.77g in weight. References: Hinds, A (2020) WAW-A15B19: A ROMAN HOB NAIL Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/997683 [Accessed: 6 Oct 2021 16:40:52] Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

WAW-DC6692: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron probable hob nail dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The object has a domed, sub-oval head and an integral squaure-sectioned shank set slightly off-centre. The shank tapers to a worn break at the tip and is bent at a near right-angle to one side. The object is dark brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: 14.66mm in length, 10.02mm in width, 7.06mm in thickness and 1.04g in weight. References: Hinds, A (2020) WAW-A15B19: A ROMAN HOB NAIL Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/997683 [Accessed: 6 Oct 2021 16:40:52] Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

WAW-DC4DF7: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron probable hob nail dating to the Roman period (c. AD 43-410). The object has a domed, oval head and an integral squaure-sectioned shank. The shank tapers to a worn break at the tip and is bent slightly to one side. The object is dark brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include WMID-92E9C6; WMID-4B1DB2; and WAW-A15B19. In the latter record Hinds (2020) states that hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995: 120-22). The overall dimensions are as follows: 12.02mm in length, 9.83mm in width, 7.55mm in thickness and 0.79g in weight. References: Hinds, A (2020) WAW-A15B19: A ROMAN HOB NAIL Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/997683 [Accessed: 6 Oct 2021 16:40:52] Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

BERK-9621FB: HORSESHOE
A fragment of a Medieval iron horseshoe dated c.AD1150-1350. The shoe is just under one half of the whole object and has two complete holes and is broken along the middle of the other. Clarke Type 2. Part 1: Length: 85.3 mm, Width: 20.5 mm, Thickness: 7.7 mm, Weight: 31.91 g Part 1: Length: 41.8 mm, Width: 16.7 mm, Thickness: 12 mm, Weight: 12.04 g

DEV-45DFA9: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe dating to the medieval period, c. AD 1050-1250. The shoe is large and relatively narrow in diameter, arched with a wavy outer edge comprising of three large waves on each side. At the apex of the shoe there is a small area of damage, where the shoe is narrowest and the surface is frayed. The nail holes are filled with corrosion, only one nail is visible in a clear position, on the right hand side adjacent to the lowest wave. It is of the 'fiddle-key' style (Clark (1995) fig. 64a pp. 86), with a large head which protrudes below the shoe and is semi-circular in profile. The protruding nails gave the horse more grip when on soft surfaces. The terminals of the shoe are slightly raised, but there is no obvious thickening of caltrops- they taper rather to a sharp point, possibly also for gripping purposes. The size of the shoe suggests a large horse type, possibly an early draught breed (although modern draught breeds did not develop fully until the 19th century, cobby types were certainly in use across Europe far earliler) or possibly a sizable destrier, although these again did not reach the size and weight of modern draft breeds which are often mistakenly claimed to be descended from them. It is certainly not a shoe for a locally bred Dartmoor or Exmoor hill pony. Modern horseshoes, while smaller, are divided by size, and an example of this scale is equivalent to a size 5 in length, althought the width is closer to a 1. It could be suggested that the extended trailing terminals were therefore designed to extend beyond the horse's hoof, giving a false impression of foot size. This is an example of Clark (ibid)'s Type 2, which he dates as being from the 11th to 13th centuries. There is a suggestion from other authors that this form is known from earlier contexts and it has been described as "Celtic," however the vast majority of examples date from this earlier part of the high medieval period. There are relatively few examples recorded with the PAS due to issues of iron corrosion: notable examples include SUSS_973667, an interesting case with an additioanl orthopaedic bar in use, and KENT-8B7655. Measurements: 154.6mm length, 122mm diameter of shoe, 22.4mm width of individual side, 15.6mm thickness, weight 282.97g

SWYOR-1B6C88: KEY (LOCKING)
A heavily corroded, incomplete, iron key, probably of Post medieval to Modern date, about AD 1700 - 1900. it has a plain, oval bow with a slight swelling on the internal face of the outer end of the bow. The stem is solid, and circular in section. There is a small amount of decoration consisting of two narrow, circumferential ridges situated a short distance from the bow, and a swelling immeditely before the bit. The stem projects beyond the surviving part of the bit. The bit is either very simple or is damaged, and only two short square projections from the stem survive. These may have extended into a more complex bit, but they have flat patinated ends. The key is 127.7mm long, 44.8mm wide and 13.1mm thick. It weighs 71.13g. Compare SUR-A0DF00.

NLM-AF2D8D: TAP
Lead alloy and iron tap. A lead alloy handle of collared oval form with a terminal rounded knop and opposed concave faces, at one end of a ferrous metal spindle. For domestic gas supply or an appliance such as a gas poker. Suggested date: Post-Medieval to Modern, 1850-1950 Length: 64.3mm, Width: 22.5mm, Thickness (handle): 6.9mm, Diameter (corroded spindle): 9.4mm, Weight: 22.78gms

WILT-86CAF2: NAIL
Two hand-made iron nails of unknown date, possibly dating to c AD 1200-1800. 1) Rectangular section shaft with sub-oval off-set head. The head is convex, possibly faceted and with a small piece of excess metal at the apex. It is uncertain how much of the detail of the head is affected by corrosion and being deformed while lost. The shaft is blunt but it is uncertain if any of the outer end is missing. 65.8mm in length; 6.5mm in width below the head; head 9.2mm x 7.3mm; 6.5g in weight. There are accretions on the shaft. 2) Rectangular section shaft with sub-oval off-set head. The head is slightly convex with a possible ridge across the centre. Two opposite sides of the head are almost flush with the faceted shaft. 72.7mm in length; 5.4mm in width below the head; head 4.6mm x 6.9mm; 5.6g in weight. The techniques by which nails were individually made by a blacksmith changed little through the pre-industrial period.

OXON-21C26E: STUD
Post Medieval iron studs x2: Both studs have a substantial square head which is slightly domed on the outer surface. Protruding from the base is a central rectangular sectioned shank which tapers slightly. The base of whicch has a broken edge. The FLO writes the following in record NLM-25AC97: 'Such studs could be combined to decorative effect, but were an essentially practical reinforcement for a planked door. An example of their use comes from the Hull Citadel, where a fragment of the double-thickness [i.e. 50mm] door leading to a casemated expense magazine built in 1684 was excavated in situ and was reinforced with similar studs (Foreman, M. and Goodhand, S. 1996, Post-Medieval Archaeology 30, 143-185, fig. 13). This was intended to defeat axes which might be used by an intruder or attacker to break down the door. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1650-1800 The first stud measures 34.39mm x 35.17mm x 24.21mm long and weighs 60.1g. The second stud measures 29.69mm x 29.71mm x 27.61mm long and weighs 43.86g.

LIN-1F3D6D: SHIELD
An early medieval (early Anglo-Saxon) iron and copper-alloy gilded shield boss-apex disc dating to the 6th century AD. The object consists of a narrow-rimmed apex disc measuring 39.95 x 37.48 mm that is decorated with a pair of confronted crouched creatures consisting of two profile Style I animals in a gilded, relief-cast field. The two creatures are quadrupeds, each with a raised front limb. the animal's heads comprise curved profile heads that flare at the terminal and curl upwards at the opposite end. They have a small oval pellet for an eye, below are curved ridges for the eye band. The front limbs are raised backward, followed by sinuous body parts represented by transverse and curved ridges and below the body parts are the hind legs positioned curled and forward. The two creatures are joined by a separate sub-rectangular element near the two affronted profile faces and a curved bodily element in-between the two hind legs. The two creatures circle around a central motif of a chip-carved relief decoration of a cross with each arm made up of a clockwise-turning spiral (or swastika) framed a raised circular border. The Style I animals are also framed by a raised circular border. At first glance, the design appears parallel but there are subtle differences - one creature has three curved ridges for the eye bands, while the other has two. The face is deeply recessed measuring 3.80 mm deep. The raised rim around the recessed decorated face is very irregular with iron corrosion, with one bulbous protrusion to one side. Traces of gilding on the decorative face. The reverse is slightly convex and lumpy. Measurements: Diameter: 39.95 x 37.48 mm; internal diameter of decorative mount (max:) 29.11 mm; Thickness: 10.62 mm, (internal rim): 3.80 mm; Weight: 34.12g Discussion These copper-alloy decorative discs seem to have been soldered onto the shield boss's integral iron apex disc, but there were other methods of attachment, including an iron rod such as the example on the back of a shield boss disc from Sutton Hoo (Dickinson 2005, 117). Shield apex discs are not commonly found objects and a small proportion has been recorded on the PAS database including YORYM-3938D7 from the Selby District, North Yorkshire, BH-E649E3 from 'St Albans, Hertfordshire and NMS-F2E0E7 from Seething, Norfolk. There are no direct stylistic parallels for this example, contributing to our knowledge and understanding of decorative shield accessories, making it a 'find of note'.

WMID-0AAA64: HOB NAIL
A probable Roman iron hob nail dating to c.AD 43 - 410. The nail has a domed and pointed head. The nail has a broadly oval in plan head and circular protruding shank which appears incomplete and tapers to a blunted terminal. The object has a well-developed dark brown patina. The nails compare to other examples on the database including WAW-A15B19 discovered in Warwickshire. Here the record states that "Hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995), p.120-22". Other nails have been discovered such as (WMID-6F7279) at the same Warwickshire site which suggest a Roman dating. It measures 7.7 mm in height, a maximum of 10.9 mm wide across the head, 9.2 mm thick across the head. It weighs 0.98 grams. Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

NMS-9FA953: HORSESHOE
Late Medieval wrought iron horseshoe. The shoe is 93mm wide by 100mm long. There are three nail holes visible on each branch of the shoe, all blocked by corrosion on one branch, the other branch with two nail holes retaining a rectangular-headed iron rivet and one empty rectangular perforation where the nail is missing. The narrowed heels lack calkins but thicken slightly. The width of the web is 25mm. The metal is spalled and corroded. Cf. Clark, J. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, p.120-123, Type 4. AD14-15th century.

PUBLIC-9CE432: PADLOCK
Part of a iron Early-Medieval to Medieval barb-spring barrel padlock, dating from AD 950 - 1500. The piece represents the end plate and the inner locking mechanism of two "Barb" springs, one complete and the other with part of it's barb missing. The metal-work is heavily corroded. Dimensions: Diameter of the end plate is 41.2mm and it is 6.7mm thick, length 84.0mm and weight 127.3gm. For a discussion of barb-spring padlocks see PAS database record BH-94A132. Also compare with PAS records: BH-94CE26 & BERK-2BC8FE.

LIN-8CC327: BUCKLE
A complete iron single looped buckle, possibly dating from the 12th - 16th century AD. The buckle is sub-rectangular (or similar to D-shaped form) with relatively straight sides. The frame is oval in cross-section although this is irregular due to corrosion. A small protrusion sits centrally on the axis bar, this is probably part of the original iron pin. The buckle is a mottled dark brown colour with some orange iron staining around its surface which is now corroded and irregular. Undecorated. No pin. The buckle is 67.67 mm long, 47.96 mm wide, 5.06 mm thick and weighs 21.80g. Width of the inside edge: 56.86 mm. The buckle form corresponds to Cassels (2013, 31) type 1.5E which is suggested to date between the 12th - 16th century. Similarly shaped buckles on the database include YORYM-387135, NLM-74C2EE, SOM-62041B and SWYOR-7D4216.

LIN-732CDC: DAGGER
Dagger with part of a ferrous blade, probably post-medieval in date c.AD 1700-1900. The grip no longer remains, although the iron interior of the handle, cross-guard/quillons, pommel and 8 decorative oval bands survive. The pommel and quillons and the decorative bands appear to be made of copper. It is likely that the grip, and the material in filling the gaps between the decorative bands, were made from organic material such as wood or leather. The ferrous blade has been broken off, the small portion that remains is sub-rectangular and triangular in cross-section. The grip is rectangular in both form and cross-section, while the pommel is hexagonal (six-sided) with a slightly pointed apex. The cross-guard and decorative bands are unevenly placed, with the blade not positioned centrally in the guard. Length: 115.57 mm; Width (quillion/cross-guard): 28.03 mm; Thickness (quillion/cross-guard and decorative bands): 14.88 mm; Weight: 48.18g

LIN-8B671B: JEWS HARP
An incomplete cast iron Jews harp, probably Medieval in date, c.AD 1270-1400. The Jews harp consists of a sub-oval head loop with two tapering prongs projecting from an open side in the loop. It is missing its iron tang. The harp frame is lozengiform in cross-section, a shape characteristic of the instrument. The measurements have been provided by the finder and are approximately 64 mm in length and 52 mm in width. Four iron jews harps were recovered from excavations in London's waterfront, and have been dated from c.1270 to c.1400 (Egan, 1998, 284-5).

LEIC-236BAC: CANNON BALL
A Post-Medieval solid iron cast cannon ball, dating to AD 1600 - 1700. It is sperical with a casting seam visible along the radius. The outer surface has light pitting. Diameter: 83 mm Weight: 1090 g This is compatible with a 17th century cannon known as a Saker. This piece was popular in the civil war and superceded in the early 18th century after the standardisation of cannon sizes under Borgard. The surface is corroded, pitted and flaking, but a casting sprue and a circumferential casting line can be seen.

OXON-C56C64: SPUR
An incomplete iron spur of Medieval or Post Medieval date; 15th to 17th century. The spur is incomplete and has the heel, an incomplete neck and incomplete sides. The sides are an elongated pointed oval in section expanding in depth andwidth towards the apex. The exterior of the heel apex has the neck protruding, and this is sub oval and appears to taper alightly before it is broken. The break is possibly recent due to corrosion. The surface of the spur is corroded, and in two areas it is actively weeping. The spur measures 66.86mm long, 70.02mm wide and 20.69mm wide, weighing 33.33g. It is difficult to date the spur accutarely with the neck terminal and ends both missing, but the condition and style of what remains is probably of 15th to 17th century.

DENO-576365: CHAIN
A section of post medieval iron chain, made up of hammered double loops, dating to c. AD 1590 - 1900. Eight loops are attached to a larger loop at one end which is 31 mm in diameter, unknown number in original piece. Part of an agricultural machine, possibily for flailing. Each loop has a slight twist, which when the loops are threaded through will sit flat. Length 170 mm, width 27 mm and weight 96.8 g.

NMS-0413D5: KEY (LOCKING)
Heavily corroded iron rotary key of Medieval to Post Medieval date. The finer detail of the key is somewhat obscured by extensive corrosion and active spalling of the surface, but it remains complete. The bow is an open D-shape with a slightly angled outside loop. The solid shank tapers out perpendicularly from the centre edge of the bow's straight loop. The rectangular bit is positioned flush with the end of the shank and in the same plane as the bow. It has two extant wards on the front edge although a third may have been lost to corrosion; with a further three let into the bottom edge, the outermost of which may be triangular. There is an openwork equal arm plain cross in the centre of the bit. Appraising the key as medieval it would be classed as a London Museum Ward-Perkins type IV or Winchester type 6. The bow shape is found in the medieval period but no parallel for the isolated central plain cross in the bit could be found on any illustrated medieval keys seen. There is no typology or chronology for post medieval keys and therefore dating of this example can only be broad. A range from AD1300 to AD1650 is suggested. Dimensions; Bow is 45mm wide; shank is 110mm long, and at its thickest point adjacent to the bow is 12mm x 9.5mm. The bit measures approximately 24mm x 43mm. Weight approximately 70g.

NMS-F03EC4: KNIFE
Medieval or post-medieval iron whittle-tang knife blade with an incomplete tang. The back is flat, and the former cutting edge tends to taper gently and generally in a straight line, disregarding several irregular serrations, from the hilt to about ten millimetres before the extant tip. From there it tapers more steeply and convexly to meet the back edge. The serrations seem to be a consequence of corrosion and fragmentation rather than an intentional feature. The tang is broadly rectangular in cross-section and projects from the blade close to the back edge. It tapers in width and terminates in an old break after approximately seventeen millimetres. Both parts are covered in red-brown corrosion products and the blade is slightly bent towards the tip. 12th to 17th century Length (blade only): 137.2mm (blade and tang): 153.9mm. Width: 22.6mm. Thickness (back edge): 9.7mm. Weight: 48.2g

BUC-4670B2: SHIELD
An incomplete, early medieval, iron, shield boss AD.500-650. The object comprises the upper portion of the boss dome, with incomplete discoidal projection. The boss is a waisted cone with the wider 'base' edge terminating in a ragged corroded edge, at the top of the cone point is the remains of a small disc. The edges of the dome have coroded and the overall state of the object is poor. Only approximately 25% of the original boss survives with the dome walls and flange lost to corrosion. Shield bosses are common finds in Early Medieval grave assemblages and it is likely this example is from such a context. They are generally, though not exclusively, associated with male graves and form part of a suite of weapons and equipment, including spears, knives and swords. This is likely a Dickinson and Harke group 1 example. A number of shield bosses are recorded on the database including, NCL-7F11C1, NCL-A132F6, KENT-553E14 most are likely from graves due to the frequency of this form of deposition.

WILT-2EB63A: AXEHEAD
A complete Late Anglo-Saxon (Early Medieval) to early Post Medieval iron wedge, found with WILT-2E4020 (AXEHEAD), dating to c AD 850-1650. The object is a thin strip of iron, of consistent thickness, heavily corroded, sub rectangular in form with a rounded end and a turned terminal, leaving a narrow nail-like head. This was almost certainly a wedge hammered through the axe eye, between the axehead and wooden handle, to hold the axehead firm. Dimensions: 69.60mm in length/height; 21.1mm in width; 7.5mm thick; 33.5g in weight. See WILT-2E4020 for axehead record

WILT-2E4020: AXEHEAD
A complete Late Anglo-Saxon (Early Medieval) to early Post Medieval iron single bladed axehead, dating to c AD 850 - 1650. The surface is moderately corroded. It has an almost symmetrical form, but with a slightly extended beard on the lower part of the curved cutting edge. Something of the bevel on the cutting edge remains. The blade narrows towards the axe head (point of contact with handle, now missing) flaring out again to create two sub triangular extensions (axe lips or lugs) above and below, on both sides, of the axe eye (opening for handle). These gave more wood (handle) to metal (blade) contact which gave added strength. The poll or butt is rectangular. The cross section of the axehead is also symmetrical but with a very slight bend of the blade to one side.The blade widens a little towards the axe eye and the eye itself is oval (slightly narrowed at the front edge). Dimensions:195mm in length; 45mm thick (across eye); 80mm in height (blade). Weight: 300g+ Ref. Goodall, I, 2011, ‘Ironwork in Medieval Britain, an Archaeological Survey’ Soc Med Arch, Monograph 31.

DEV-D9AF65: SHOT
A cast iron and possibly lead alloy post medieval shot, dating to c. AD 1700-1820. The object is spherical, which a thickened raised line around the equator. The surface is corroded and now orange due to iron decay. It is unfired and undamaged. The size of the shot suggests it may have been produced for use in small naval artillery, most likely during the late 18th century when naval warfare was particularly prominent in the area. Although found inland, naval supply could explain its presence- the Torbay area was important to naval forces due to its more sheltered position (when compared to the alternative port at Cawsand, until the deliberate construction of the Royal William victualling yard in Plymough in the early 19th century), as evidenced by its later use as a landing point for Napoleon after his capture at Waterloo. Given its size and this background, the object is most likely 18th century in date. It is pleasing to speculate that it may be connected to the significant fleet that departed Torbay in 1759 under Admiral Hawke, and would later engage in the Battle of Quiberon off Brittany. By 1800, Brixham possessed a naval hospital and a thriving variety of businesses engaged in naval supply, and this may have spread into the surrounding rural South Hams. Measurements: 52.1mm diameter, weight xg.

SUSS-D92FD9: PATTEN
A complete post-Medieval to Modern iron foot patten (c. 1720-c. 1900). This patten has an oval ring, rectangular in cross-section. It has a raised platform at the heel end where there is a pentagonal attachment plate and a raised pentagonal platform at the toe with a tapering protrusion at the front edge terminating in a break. Both heel plate and toe plate have two corroded rivets remaining in situ. The patten is complete but corroded overall. Length: 170.51mm; width: 109.32mm; height of foot attachments: 29.49mm; weight: 149.8g. A patten of this design is illustrated in Bailey, 1995, Detector Finds 2, page 56. Goodall, I (1976:63) comments that the single and double riveted raised terminals were characteristic of pattens. The "rivets passed through a wooden patten or sole. Shoes were secured by straps to these pattens, which raised the wearers' feet above dirt and mud. Pattens with iron rings were used during and after the 17th century, the earliest known reference is 1625, and the type with the crinkled edge is thought to be superseded by the plain oval hoop by c.1720". Similar pattens have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. For example, see finds: BUC-21780A; CORN-8B1646; DEV-9DC3B5; NARC-181F06; PUBLIC-46EA67; PUBLIC-994345; SWYOR-69ABA1; SUR-F18E01; SUR-F987B0; SUSS-A122D3; SWYOR-478B31 and SWYOR-A70082.

SUR-AE1B53: KNIFE
A pair of copper alloy plates with engraved decoration which are mounted on an iron fragment. The copper alloy plates are trapezoidal, flaring slightly from a flat edge to a wider rounded edge. Both feature engraved designs which are of uncertain form, probably floral or foliate. The iron is heavily corroded with old breaks or corrosion to all sides suggesting the plates were originally mounted on a larger iron object, perhaps a knife, dagger or sword blade. The total thickness of the object is around 5mm.

BH-45EF89: HORSESHOE
A complete forged/wrought iron wavy rimmed horseshoe of Clark type 2B dating to the Medieval period (c. 1150-1300). The shoe is crescent shaped and broadly rectangular in cross-section. The wavy outside edges consist of three rounded lobes while the inner edge is arched and slightly correspondingly lobed. Each lobe has a punched sub-oval/square-shaped nail hole in the centre, all of which are infilled with deposition residue. The heels are slightly inclined together. The calkins projecting from the upper surface at the end of each heel are broadly rectangular in plan and cross section, both of which are worn and damaged slightly. Two of the nail holes have a surviving nail through them. Each nail has a flat hemispherical head and a flat elongated and broken rectangular shank. The toe is worn and gently rounded. The entire shoe is heavily rusted and corroded. The shoe measures 110mm in length, 104mm in width and 8mm in thickness.. It weighs 220 grams. For a similar example recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see BH-AAFF1B.

SUSS-45B016: KEY (LOCKING)
A large iron rotary key, dating from the medieval to post medieval periods; c. AD 1400 - 1600. The bow of the key is kidney shaped with a flat rectangular cross-section. The plain, undecorated stem is also rectangular in cross section and protrudes slightly into the internal aperture of the bow. It measures 13.73mm in width and widens 15.22mm at the bit before narrowing 9.18mm at a solid short projection, 6mm beyond the bit. The bit is heavily corroded, but appears rectangular with a narrow, central cleft, now filled with corrosion separating it into two opposing wards. The rectangular ward nearer the terminal end appears complete but the opposing ward is truncated and heavily corroded. Measurements: length: 151.99mm; width of bow at widest point: 55.39mm; thickness of bow at its apex: 9.33mm; length of stem from base of bow: 107.93mm; thickness of stem: 12.59mm; length of bit:36.98mm; width of bit to stem: 22.28mm: weight: 114.17g. Discussion: This examples is a type 8 key (Saunders 2012) which are solid stemmed and were common in the medieval period due to the demand for large keys for door locks. Examples of this type are published in (Saunders, 2012); page 166 and date from the 12th century into the post medieval period. Other similar examples can be found in (Egan, 2005,) Fig.62; no's: 319 and 320 which both date to 1550-1600.

SUSS-343A3A: SPEARHEAD
A complete iron socketed spearhead of Early Medieval date c. 525-585. The blade and socket are complete but heavily corroded. The socket is circular in cross-section and split on one side. It measures 140mm in length and 20mm in diameter at the wider end. Below the socket is a corroded protrusion that is the remains of an iron rivet that would have secured the blade to the shaft. The parallel sided, leaf shaped blade has gently sloping shoulders between the blade and socket shaft and is slightly lentoid in cross section. There are two pairs of opposing notches on both edges of the blade in the blade caused by corrosion. The metal is mid-brown in colour with a corroded and pitted patina. Measurements: Maximum length: 710mm; Length of socket: 140mm; diameter of socket 20mm; length of blade: 570mm; width of blade: 40mm; thickness of blade at tip: 7mm. The object was too fragile to weigh. Discussion: This is a Swanton type C3 or C4 (1973. 55-60, Fig.13-14); and in Hines and Bayliss (2013), it is placed as type SP2-a2c or d with a date range of AD 525-585.

BERK-B5509A: PLAQUE
An oval iron plaque of Shand, Mason & Co The plaque reads: Shand, Mason & Co / Upper Ground Street / Blackfriars Road / London There are two screws on either end penetrating the back. The plaque has been paited red after finding by the finder

BERK-B381AA: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle dating to the Medieval to Post-Medieval period (c.AD 1350 - 1750). The buckle is a single loop that is sub-square in plan with a sub-rectangular cross section. There is a flattened, sub-rectangular probable pin rest along one length of the frame. The pin is now in position and moves freely. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is a red brown colour and heavily corroded. A comparable example recorded on the PAS database is OXON-0B54D1, where it is stated that iron buckles such as this are likely part of a horse harness fittings. Length: 28.4 mm Width: 36.3 mm Thickness: 10.4 mm Weight: 11.88 g

BERK-B34683: BUCKLE
Iron buckle. Wrought iron D-shaped or single looped buckle frame. Pin missing The good surface condition and mass suggest extensive survival of a metal core, implying a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1900. Length: 38.4 mm Width: 29.3 mm Thickness: 3.4 mm Weight: 6.32 g

BERK-B2E601: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1750. The buckle is a single loop that is sub-square in plan with a sub-rectangular cross section. A circular sectioned pin remains looped around the bar. The pin narrows from this loop to a softly rounded point. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is a red brown colour and covered in iron corrosion product. Length: 35.7 mm Width: 35.5 mm Thickness: 8.4 mm Weight: 14.2 g

BERK-B2C16E: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1750. The buckle is a single loop that is sub-square in plan with a sub-rectangular cross section. A circular sectioned pin remains looped around the bar. The pin narrows from this loop to a softly rounded point. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is a red brown colour and covered in iron corrosion product. Length: 35.7 mm Width: 35.5 mm Thickness: 8.4 mm Weight: 14.2 g

SWYOR-90A795: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron ring or wheel, of probably Post Medieval to Modern date, AD 1700 - 1950. The surfaces are corrosed and blistered. Dimensions: diameter 35.0mm, internal diameter 9.9mm, thickness 10.1mm, weight 25.93g. It is possibly a wheel from a pulley or winding mechanism.

WAW-88D64D: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete iron key dating to the Medieval period (c AD 1200-1300). The object has a sub-triangular bow, and an oval shaped stem that tapers towards the bit. The bit is S-shaped with five rectangular teeth, of irregular length, on the lower edge. The upper edge of the bit tapers to a worn point. The object is dark brown in colour. For a comparable example see PAS record PUBLIC-55E9E8. The key measures 120mm in length and 48mm in width.

WILT-728018: BLADE
A very corroded fragment of the blade of a heavy iron probable Post Medieval farm or garden implement dating perhaps to cAD 1700 - 1900 The fragment is drop shape (a pointed oval) with part of a sub-rectangular extension which appears to be the attachment end. This has a rivet or iron pin in situ. The whole item is lightly convex, as if to scoop through something, while the extension is also slightly convex, as if to be attached to a broad circular handle. It is possible that this is a decorative feature from railings, or similar. If it were an implement, or weapon, it would be expected to have a socketed attachment to its handle, to provide necessary strength. It is possible that it is the head of a pike from a slightly earlier date. These were attached to the shaft by extended sometimes integral longitudinal iron braces (called cheeks or langets), held to the shaft by transverse rivets or nails. As the pike was a thrusting weapon, such a fitting would suffice. Dimensions: 118mm in length; 56.75mm in width; 94.5g in weight

KENT-333B3A: NAIL
A complete but corroded hand-made iron nail of probable Roman date ( AD43 - AD410). Description: flat, circular head with square cross-section. The hand-made shank is square, tapering to a point which is slightly bent. The shank has minor damage along its shaft. Measurements: 62.26mm long, 22.57mm wide (at head), 7.74mm thick (shank) and weighing 22.96g. Dating for this find comes from site association with known masonry building

SUR-0C29B5: MORTAR (VESSEL)
A large cast iron mortar of probable 18th century date, weighing 5.6kg and most likely used to grind foodstuffs in a domestic kitchen. The vessel has a circular plan with a bell-shaped side profile which flares up from a base of diameter 140mm to a rim diameter of 182mm. There are thick moulded ridges around base and the rim and two flanking projecting handles of rounded form which taper towards the base. The vessel is heavily corroded and the original surface has been lost. No maker's mark or other decoration is evident.

WILT-4F2FDD: BUCKLE
A complete Medieval to Modern iron buckle dating to c AD 1400 - 1900. Probably horse harness. It is heavily corroded, has a rectangular frame, rectangular section, and a rectangular section pin in situ though now fused in place. Likely a bridle buckle. Dimensions: 32.7mm in length; 42.1mm in width; 16.0g in weight.

WILT-4E8660: BUCKLE
A complete possibly Medieval or Post Medieval, possibly iron buckle dating to c AD 1400 - 1700. It has a sub-rectangular, circular-section, frame, and circular section pin. There is a roller on the outside edge. The whole item is very corroded. Likely a saddle buckle, ie girth strap. Dimensions: 14.7mm in length; 19.3mm in width; 77.5g in weight

WAW-BCB723: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron key of probable Medieval or Post Medieval date (c. AD 1200 - 1800). The remains of the object consist of the shank and bow. The bit is now missing. The bow is roughly circular in plan and the shank appears to be sub-circular in section. The object is heavily corroded thus a tentative date has been applied. The key is reddish-brown in colour. Comparable examples recorded on the PAS database include: LANCUM-3505AD and LANCUM-34E0B5. The object is 66mm in length.

WILT-B8F7BB: DAGGER
An incomplete Medieval iron rondel dagger, dating to c. AD 1400-1500. The dagger has a long, tapering, probably single edged blade. The blade has a triangular cross section and still retains its pointed tip. Behind the quillon or guard (now lost), the tang is a thick iron bar which tapers towards the pommel end. The tang probably would have originally been enclosed in a bound wooden handle. The pommel or button is a square plate with a scalloped edge. Corrosion products cover the find, making it difficult to ascertain whether this is definitely a single edged weapon, although it seems likely. Overall length of weapon: 357mm; length of blade: 247mm; width of blade: 20mm; thickness of blade: 13mm; length of hilt: 247mm; thickness of tang: 8mm; length of pommel: 14mm; width of pommel: 14mm; weight: 205g. The rondel dagger first appears in the mid 14th century. The term is applied to daggers of which both the pommel and the guard take the form of a disc set at right angles to the tang. However, other shapes are also included within the term, c.f. hexagonally or octagonally-faceted conical pommels, examples of which which date to AD 1405 and AD 1424 respectively. Ward-Perkins (1975: 44) Fig.9 nos. 8 & 10. This is a weapon rather than a domestic knife, and is depicted as a sidearm for solders and knights alike from a number of 15th century brasses. The Royal Armouries have commented: 'Obviously, the corrosion products make it more difficult, but it would appear to have a single edge. Fortunately, the tang button is still present, and which allows us to suggest that it is probably of 15th century date. As nothing remains of the hilt itself, we cannot definitely say what form it would have taken, but the type of hilt was probably of cruciform.'

SWYOR-680620: AXEHEAD
A probably Medieval iron axehead dating from AD 1100 - 1500. The socket is incomplete, with one face missing. The cutting edge is convex, or this may be a broken end. It is wider than the rest of the blade, which tapers smoothly to the socket. The sides of the socket are shaped into a point so the socket is taller than the neck of the blade. It is covered with corrosion. Weight is 1470g, Length 262mm, Width 98mm and Thickness 28mm. Dr Kevin Leahy looked for parallels to the shape in books by Manning on Roman iron, Goodhall on Medieval ironworkand Salman on recent tools, and suggests that the closest parallels are Medieval, from Goodall.

LON-E66717: SPEAR
An incomplete Early Medieval spear dating from AD 550-600. This is an Insular, Swanton series I spear head. The spear has a slender leaf-shaped blade with a corrugated cross section and a welded socket with scribed lines encircling the point of the transverse rivet at the mouth. At the broader part contains two shallow fullers, lunate in outline,one either side of a central line. Swanton (1973:117) writes " series I and J, characterised by the incorporation of longitudinal fullering, which feature seems to have been characteristic development of certain early west Saxon forges. Most probably the typological origins of this Anglo-Saxon fullering might be identified in a distinctive Dark Age Celtic form typified by that illustrated from te bed of the - Thames at Battersea." A similar spear head is illustrated in Swanton (1977:116 Fig.43a) Dimensions: length: 410.66mm; width:31.90mm; thickness: 7.63mm; diameter of socket: 33.24mm; weight: 208.20g References: Swanton M. J. 1977; The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements. The Royal Archaeological Institute.

PUBLIC-A46597: HORSESHOE
A hand forged iron horseshoe of bar type probably dating to the 18th or early 19th century. The horseshoe has a rough heart shape in plan, with the bottom dipping into its centre resulting in a external W-shape, internal V-shaped indent to the almost circular shape overall, whereas a normal horseshoe has a gap for the soft part of the horses foot and only covers the front edge of the hoof. The width of the iron is thickest at the front of the shoe/foot (26.13mm) between two upstanding sloping clamps on the outer edge of the shoe, which are moulded to the shape of the hoof as additional clips. The width of the iron is graduated from this central front point to the top arch of the M-shape where it is just 21.62mm wide and the internal V-shape iron is just 12.26mm wide to the point where it fuses as one to 21.3mm wide at the centre. A fuller is present on each side of the shoe but does not continue around its' out round edge. This fuller has the remains of affixing nails, five of which remain in good condition and are shown to be square/hand forged. Slight calkins are present, one at each upper corner. The thickness of the shoe is 10.53mm at the front and graduates to 9.11mm at the M/V shape. The object is 155.85mm from front to rear and 152.5mm wide. Overall to the top of the two clamps the object is 22.23mm thick. It weighs 642g and is has a rusty red patina. This kind of shoe is described as a bar shoe or heart bar shoe and is veterinary. They were used during the very late 18th and early 19th century to treat many ailments and correct gait (Fleming 1869, 517-525). This type of orthopaedic shoe fell out of common use towards the end of the 19th century though not entirely (Butler 2019). There has latterly been a resurgence of interest in the latter 20th century (Ibid).

SWYOR-93AC56: AXEHEAD
An iron 'T' shaped socketed axehead probably dating to about AD 700-1100. The horizontal subrectangular shaft connects the cutting edge and the socket. The blade curves slightly and ends at either side in two straight edges sub rectangular in profile. The horizontal length of the axe is 115mm and the length of the blade from end to end is 128mm. There is a sub-rectangular socket in the shaft to accommodate the handle. The socket hole is 25mm in length and 19mm in width. The socket part of the axehead is 43mm in length and 31mm wide. The length of the shaft below the socket is 42mm and its width is 20mm. It is 556g in weight.The objects is pitted and flaky due to corrosion. The patina is dark brown and orange. Compare: PUBLIC-A06518 and LANCUM-085845. SWYOR-9334E2 was found in the same area. Similar examples are found in Evans and Loveluck ; Life and Economy at Early Medieval Flixborough AD 600-1000 Vol 2, 2009. See no.s. 2453, 2454, 2455, & 2456 p.257 and pp.263-4.

SWYOR-9334E2: AXEHEAD
An iron socketed Early Medieval 'T' shaped axe probably dating from about AD 700-1100. The horizontal subrectangular solid shaft connects the cutting edge and the socket. The shaft is 190mm in length and 25.5mm wide. There is a subrectangular hole in the shaft at the socket to accommodate a handle. The sides of the socket expand into sub-circular plates and the butt of the socket is flat. The socket is 35mm in thickness around the shaft. The socket hole is 27.2mm long and 47.0 mm wide. The blade is 185mm long, the width is 6.5mm. The weight is 1012g. The object is heavily corroded and the surface pitted and flaking. The patina is patchy orange and dark brown. Compare: PUBLIC-A06518 and LANCUM-085845.SWYOR-93AC56 was found in the same area. Similar examples are found in Evans and Loveluck ; Life and Economy at Early Medieval Flixborough AD 600-1000 Vol.2, 2009. See no.s 2456 pps. 257 and.264

SWYOR-90A491: KEY (LOCKING)
A large corroded iron key of probable later Post Medieval date, about AD 1700 - 1900. The bow is oval with an internal projection and the end of the stem, making the bow kidney shaped. This tends to be a feature of later Post Medieval keys. The stem is circular in cross-section and solid. There is no projecting tip but the stem ends flush with the edge of the bit. The bit is a simple rectangle. No clefts or wards are visible, though they may be obscured by corrosion. Length: 170mm Width: 66.51mm Thickness: 14.03mm Weight: 142g

WILT-EC3165: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified iron object of unknown date but found with horseshoes of the Post Medieval/Modern period. It is an 'L' shaped object of rectangular section and consistent thickness. Both terminals are slightly rounded. One arm is only about a quarter the length of the other. It shows iron corrosion but this is limited. It may be a 'form' for an Ox shoe.Oxen have cloven hooves and so their shoes must be made in two parts. This may be one of those parts see CORN-8551D7. There is no evidence of holes, calkins, etc, but objects of this type are found in contexts with horseshoes. It is also not unlike a staple for holding timbers together, see BH-F02224. Dimensions: 90mm in length; 40mm in width; 14mm thick; weight: 189.1g. Oxen were much used during the Medieval period for heavy ploughing or pulling heavy loads, but almost not at all after AD 1850.

WILT-EA0A2A: HORSESHOE
An incomplete post Medieval or modern wrought iron likely horseshoe dating to c AD 1600 - 1850. Approximately half of the shoe remains, one branch and what appears to be part of the toe, the rest lost to an early break. The branch suggests the shoe had a narrow oval opening with a sharp turn inwards at the toe, then a sharp turn again towards the heel suggesting a 'key-hole' type of the 17th c. The presence of what appears to be a toe clip (raised tab at the front edge which would fit a little way up the hoof) suggests a later date (19th c). A semicircular tab projecting a very short way into the hoof area is unusual and may have been to do with corrective shoeing. The thickness of the branch tapers significantly from the heel to the toe, being thinner at the toe end. Although there is corrosion and abrasion, it can be seen that there is no fuller which would date this to earlier than 1850. Dating is difficult as all pre-modern horseshoes were handmade, sometimes custom made, and would vary within any period. It is important to note that this could be an Ox shoe (see CORN-8551D7) of similar date. Oxen have cloven hooves and so their shoes were made in two parts. This may be one of two, but what appears to be a toe clip, and the other projecting tab would remain unexplained. Dimensions: 145mm in length; 30mm in width (the web of the surviving branch); thickness 8mm tapering to 4mm; weight: 195g. The toe is unusual. See SWYOR-3AED61

WILT-E94F7B: HORSESHOE
A complete late Medieval/Post Medieval or early modern wrought iron horseshoe, dating to c AD 1600 - 1850. It is from a large animal, has a rounded inner profile and symmetrical branches in length and width (web). The heel terminals are thicker than the rest of the shoe, forming a type of calkin. The shoe is very corroded and abraded and most of the nail holes are lost in the crusting of the surface but there is a fuller - a groove - around the margin of the lower or ground surface of the shoe in which the nail heads would sit. Three nail heads can be discerned, still in situ on one side and two marked by lumps, on the other. Of the three on one branch the sub rectangular head can clearly be seen, standing proud of the surface of the shoe and emanating a little on the other side. The inner or upper surface of the shoe is dished and the toe was either chamfered much thinner on the ground surface than the rest of the shoe or became significantly more worn. The size of this shoe and the presence of the fuller suggest the later date, ie c AD 1850. Dimensions: 152mm in width; 145mm in length; weight: approx 360g.

WILT-D898C8: HORSESHOE
A complete Medieval wrought iron horseshoe dating to c AD 1350 - 1500. The inner profile resembles a pointed arch, one web being significantly wider than the other and consequently the 'arch' is off-centre. There is a calkin on the wider branch, apparently achieved by creating a thickened section of heel rather than folding. The shoe is very corroded and abraded and most of the nail holes are lost in the crusting of the surface but two, possibly three can be seen, very close to the edge on the upper quarter of the branch which has the calkin, perhaps two on the other. One visible hole suggests they are rectangular. A nail head appears still to be in situ in one case, standing a little proud of the surface of the shoe which is not unusual in this type. Another hole contains a filling (now loose) of degraded iron which may be part of another nail. The inner or upper surface of the shoe (on which the animal's hoof rested) is slightly dished. Dimensions: 113mm in width; 115mm in length. Weight: c. 220g Probably Clark Type 4 (Clark 2004: 122-3) See HAMP-F0EA17 and DEV-9EC882 but also NLM-54EED8 which states: "The smooth edges and V-shaped space between the arms is characteristic of a mid-13th-century horseshoe from London (Ward Perkins 1940, fig. 36 no. 9, but also of a 15th or 16th-century shoe from Moorfields, London (ibid. pages 116-117, fig. 37 no. 5)."

WMID-AD4A1A: AXEHEAD
A possible Medieval - Post Medieval iron axehead, dating to circa (AD 1000 - 1800), likely Medieval in date. The axehead is broadly triangular in form with a curved cutting edge. The socket is broadly rectangular in form with rounded upper and lower projections. The perforation in the socket is triangular. The axehead has a straight flat butt end. The main body of the blade has a more tapered downward projection as opposed to the upper edge that is more angular as it tapers to the cutting blade. The axehead has an orange to brown coloured surface patina that is well abraded and pitted. The shape and construction of the axe suggest that it can be classified as a bearded axe, as seen in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue (1940 page 60, fig 13, with parallels in no’s 3,5 and 6). There are no visible surface marks or stamps as seen on parallels illustrated by Ward Perkins, although these may be lost through corrosion. Ward Perkins describes how these axes were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The sockets were formed by simply folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Ward Perkins suggests in Scandinavia this form of axe didn’t survive past the 10th century, however their use continued elsewhere. Widely used throughout the Medieval period, this example could date to circa AD 1000-1500, however a broader date range is used as seen in other examples recorded by the PAS for example (HESH-128F1C) discovered in Worcestershire. An example discovered in Staffordshire (WMID-4AFC87) was X-rayed and showed how the socket has been made by folding over the ends and hammering them together. The object measures 175 mm in length, 101.9 mm in width across the blade cutting edge and 39 mm across the socket. The axehead has a thickness of 18.5 mm across the blade at the point where it meets the socket. It weighs 586 grams. Ward Perkins (1940) London Museum Medieval Catalogue, London, HMSO.

KENT-6F2BE1: SLAG
Two fragments of undated ferrous slag. The fragments are irregularly shaped with a slight patches of vitreous areas. Both frags have some rusty patches, one is much darker than the other perhaps due to increased carbon. Fragment 1: 37.49mm high, 35.39mm wide, 27.46mm thick and 31g in weight Fragment 2: 48.85mm long, 34.45mm wide, 21mm thick and 26.54g in weight. Both frags found in the vicinity of metalworking objects including ingots and crucible.

SUR-6902B4: PADLOCK
An iron end plate / head component, 36.9mm in diameter, from a barrel padlock of Medieval to post Medieval date. The plate is 6.2mm thick and there are three projecting barb spring lock elements in the centre, set in a triangular arrangement. The cylindrical outer casing, locking arm and most of the locking mechanism are missing.

WAW-34D612: COIN
A Modern silver and copper alloy five shillings or 'trade dollar' of George III (AD 1760-1820). Part of the core can be seen on the edge of the coin. Obverse description: Bust laureate right. Obverse inscription: GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA REX Reverse description: Britannia seated left holding branch and spear Reverse inscription: BANK OF ENGLAND 1804 / FIVE SHILLINGS DOLLAR According to Bliss (2019) these coins were overstruck on worn Spanish 8 real pieces to make up for deficiency in British silver coinage. All bear the date '1804' but were issued over 7 years before being re-valued at five shillings sixpence in 1811. They were withdrawn from circulation between 1817-1818. Coin measures 42mm in diameter. Reference: Bliss, A (2019) SF-9B2736: A MODERN COIN Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/936270 [Accessed: Mar 30, 2021 5:04:16 PM]

SUR-C82725: SWORD
A complete hollow iron pommel from a sword of Medieval date, AD 1100 - 1400. The pommel is spherical with eight fluted ridges running between rectangular slots for the tang at either apex. These ridges may once have had decorative copper alloy inlaid strips. Originally the pommel would have been secured to the sword tang by a small end cap.

SWYOR-894F41: BADGE
A modern iron badge in the shape of a six pointed star and with a surface covered in rounded pellets. It probably dates from AD 1900 - 1960. There are traces of chrome, tinning or gold paint on the surface. The corroded remains of the iron pin survive on the reverse. It was perhaps a toy. Length: 28.51mm Width: 26.05mm Thickness: 7.71mm Weight: 4.44g

WMID-4B1DB2: HOB NAIL
A probable Roman iron hob nail dating to c.AD 43 - 410. The nail has a domed head with a central ridge projecting along its length. The nail has a broadly square shank which tapers to a blunted terminal.The object has a well-developed dark brown patina. The nails compare to other examples on the database including WAW-A15B19 discovered in Warwickshire. Here the record states that "Hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995), p.120-22". Other nails have been discovered such as (WMID-6F7279) at the same Warwickshire site which suggest a Roman dating. It measures 9.2 mm in height, a maximum of 7.6 mm wide across the head, 7.2 mm thick across the head. It weighs 0.55 grams. Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

GLO-8DE45A: SPEARHEAD
Socketed, leaf-shaped spearhead or lance made from wrought iron and dating to the post-Medieval Period. This item has a leaf shaped blade (188mm long, 43mm wide, 10mm thick) which has a shallow, even lenticular cross section. Although overall the blade is in excellent condition albeit encrusted in iron corrosion, some of the edges have been truncated by corrosion, but this loss is minor. The socket has a circular cross-section and is 80mm long with an external diameter at the aperture of 22mm, (internal diameter 17mm). Extending from the base of the socket are two langets (103mm long, 22mm wide), the tip of one langet is truncated, whilst the other appears to be complete but does have a transverse crack at the end of the that could result in its loss over time. The head was attached to a shaft via two rivets; one first on the socket which retains traces of a raised square head and the second at the mid-point of the langets where a much more pronounced rectangular head is visible, traces of the pin are also visible between the two langets. Langets were a feature of Late Medieval and Post-Medieval pole arms, being utilised on all manner of wooden hafted weapons such as, and amongst others, halberds, pole axes and war hammers of the 14th and 15th centuries through to spears and pikes of the 16th to 19th century. The diminutive size of the socket on this and many examples shows that the primary role of the langet was to create a large surface area to secure the head onto the pole, as these items would undergo a considerable amount of stress at their tip. A similar example held at the met Museum is described as an 18th century lance https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32356 19th century Royal Navy Boarding Pikes have a very similar socket and langet arrangement but normally with a square or diamond cross section head, although leaf shaped blades are known. http://www.thepirateslair.com/9-boarding-pike-british-1.html

PUBLIC-6527BA: KNIFE
A complete whittle tang iron knife with wooden handle, dating to the medieval to early post medieval period. The knife has a bellied blade. The handle is oval in section and tapers out towards the end. The blade is complete but has depositional iron corrosion towards the handle. The wooden handle has a split along its entire length on one side, otherwise is preserved in good condition. Entire Length: 169mm. Length of blade: 88mm Length of shoulder:32mm. Length of handle: 49mm. Width of handle:23.23mm. Blade width: 15.5mm. Maximum Thickness of blade: 3.3mm. Weight: 58.5g. Reference - N. Mills , Medieval Artefacts. Greenlight Publishing 2003. Page 85, ref NM.203a. Similar examples are shown in the PAS database at :- LON-F77CF3, LON-F79551, LON-771177,

GLO-150958: HORSESHOE
An incomplete forged wrought iron late Medieval horseshoe. There are three un-recessed and un-fullered rectangular nail holes visible on the complete side with a pronounced rectangular calkin at the tip. On the opposite side is truncated halfway down its length resulting in the loss of the forward half. Two nails remain and are shown to have large square heads. One half of similar horseshoes can be seen in Clark, J. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. p120-123 and are classified as type 4. Probably late Medieval 14th-15th century.

WMID-92E9C6: HOB NAIL
Two probable Roman iron hob nails dating to c.AD 43 - 410. The larger of the two nails as a domed head and a square shank, which is bent forming a J-shape in profile. The shank tapers to a rounded terminal.The object has a well-developed dark brown patina. It measures 15.3 mm in height, a maximum of 9.6 mm wide across the head, 2.7 mm thick across the shank. It weighs 1.1 g. The slightly smaller nail has a flattened head and a square shank, which is also bent forming a J-shape in profile. The shank tapers to a rounded terminal.The object has a well-developed dark brown patina. It measures 13.7 mm in height, a maximum of 7.6 mm wide across the head, 3.7 mm thick across the shank. It weighs 0.6 g. The nails compare to other examples on the database including WAW-A15B19 discovered in Warwickshire. Here the record states that "Hob nails were used in Roman footwear (caligulae). Similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated in Manning (1995), p.120-22". Other nails have been discovered such as (WMID-6F7279) at the same Warwickshire site which suggest a Roman dating. Manning, W.H. (1995) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

NMS-6344B7: STIRRUP
Heavily corroded forged wrought iron Medieval stirrup. The frame is approximately 126mm tall by 100mm wide and is in the shape of a convex-sided triangle with the apex at its attachment end. The straight tread-plate is inset by around 14mm up from the base. The sides are approximately 11mm wide and expand at the basal end via a linear taper just before the tread-plate to form 26mm wide rectangular side-plates. The tread-plate is the same width as the side-plates. The suspension loop attached to the neck at the apex has entirely corroded away. There is a dearth of information available on British stirrups with much of the material concentrating on Scandanavian types. Ward Perkins, J. London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940 (Anglia Publishing reprint 1993) p86-94 covers stirrups, the illustrations in which suggest that this example may well be late Early Medieval in date, although since it is not extant the form of the suspension loop cannot be compared. The same is true for examples illustrated in Seaby, W and Woodfield, P. Viking Stirrups from England and Their Background, although the shape of the side plate looks characteristic. Based on what survives this example is tentatively dated to the late Early Medieval period through into the Medieval. Circa AD900-1450.

NMS-52E47B: HORSESHOE
Forged wrought iron late Medieval horseshoe. The shoe is 113mm wide by 127mm long with a length to width ratio of 1.12. There are three un-recessed and un-fullered rectangular nail holes visible on each branch of the shoe, only one of which penetrates through the full thickness. Pronounced calkins (7-8mm perpendicular deflection) formed by the bending of the iron plate survive on the heel of each branch. For the size of the shoe the web is quite broad (34.5mm). There has been much spalling of metal from the surface of the shoe due to corrosion and the lamellar structure of the iron, that adversely affects dating and metrics, but similar horseshoes can be seen in Clark, J. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. p120-123 and are classified as type 4. Probably late Medieval AD14-15th century.

SUR-4DBE89: KNIFE
A fragment of a Post Medieval scale tang knife, 43.3mm in length, comprising a portion of iron tang which retains a copper alloy rivet and a cylindrical copper alloy end cap of 11mm diameter. The end cap has an incised saltire cross on both sides and an incised eight-rayed star on the flat terminal end. The sides of the tang merge into ridges defined by deeply incised lines on each side of the end cap. The handle, which has been lost, would have comprised matched pieces of bone, antler or wood which would have been held to the tang by rivets.

NMGW-3E0688: ARROWHEAD
Iron socketed arrowhead, possibly of medieval date The arrowhead is near-complete, heavily-corroded and is comparatively large (with a length of 92.2mm and with a weight of 38.3g). The socket is circular and widest at the mouth (with a diameter of 16.4mm – 18.2mm and a thickness of 1.8mm). The sides of the socket are straight and convergent, reaching a minimum diameter (of 9.5mm x 12.8mm) beneath the blade. There no obvious attachment holes through the socket. The blade is of leaf-shaped form (51.2mm long and reaching a maximum width of 19.8mm) and appears to have had an oval section (7mm – 8mm thick). The surface is encrusted and the socked now filled. The arrowhead is difficult to date with any confidence but is a comparatively large example. Jessop (1997, Fig 7, p 3)[1] records only one arrowhead form with a leaf-shaped blade of Medieval date, which he notes is slightly less common. [1] Jessop, O., 1997; Medieval Arrowheads; Finds Research Group 700-1700; Datasheet 22

KENT-D9587D: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete and corroded forged iron slide key dating to the Roman period, probably of Manning Type 1 or 2. Description: The key has handle rectangular in plan and cross-section, rounded at one end to accommodate an integral pierced bow. From the handle extends a short circular shank which terminates with a key bit extending at right angles to the handle, original number of keys and the exact spacing is uncertain. The key is heavily corroded but has been stabilised after its discovery by the finder leaving the surface hard an black. Measurements: 87.5mm long, 42mm total width (17mm at handles widest), 17mm at thickest (at the bit, handle 6 mm) and 57.2g in weight. Discussion: This key fits a well attested type of roman key, classified by manning (1985) as his type 1 or 2, based on the original number of bits and alignment, due to wear it isn't possible to be certain of its type. Similar examples in iron are recorded on this database at BM-E11C30, LIN-5A05C8 and NCL-8EF7F4.

NMGW-A7E7E8: SPADE
Spade Iron probably of medieval to post medieval date The Spade iron is of U-shaped form and is near-complete, missing one securing lug and part of the blade (with a length of 274mm, a thickness of 7mm and a weight of 579.9g). The spade iron was secured to the wooden spade with a groove, now damaged running on the interior of the iron and by the inward-facing lugs (22mm long) at the apex (where the spade has a width of 174mm). There is no suggestion of attachment rivet holes on the side arms. The interior of the spade iron suggests the dimensions of the wooden spade blade (197mm long and 112mm wide). The outside edge of the spade iron is rounded and convex (giving a maximum width of 190mm) and the damaged blade is arched and slender. The front face has a gentle concavity across its width (giving a maximum depth of 18mm). The surface is corroded but in comparably good condition for iron. Spade irons are known as early as Romano-British contexts and this example generally corresponds to Manning’s (1985, p 44-7)[1] Type 1D. The developed form and condition of this iron is more likely to date to the Medieval or post medieval periods, although a Roman or Early medieval date remain possible. The U-shaped spade iron with an interior groove can be paralleled with three examples excavated from Norwich (Goodall, 1993, nos. 1512-4) [2], one of which (ibid 1512) was from an early 16th century context. [1] Manning, W.H. 1985; Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons In The British Museum [2] Goodall, I.H.; 1993; VII Iron Horticultural and Agricultural Tools in Margeson, S.; Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-1978; East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 58, 1993

NARC-52E55E: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete iron Spearhead of Early Medieval date (AD 525-560). The subject is composed of a narrow tapering head that gives an elongated lozenge appearance with worn angular shoulders the blades on either side are parallel. The socket tapers out and terminates in an abraded diagonal break, resulting in the loss of the majority of the socket including the split aspect which would be expected to visible in this portion of the object. The blade is lozenge shaped in plan. An attempt was made to classify and date this weapon using the system defined in Bayliss and Hines (2013, 163-170) which uses ratios between spearhead's various elements. These allowed the spearhead the spearhead to be placed in Type SP2-b Length: 376.70mm, Width (shoulders of blade): 35.42mm, Width (blade tip): 22.30mm, Thickness: 8.11mm, Diameter (of retained socket): 17.67mm, Weight: 233.8g The metal is mid-brown in colour with a corroded and pitted patina.

NMGW-3E1123: AXEHEAD
Possible Iron Age iron axehead The implement is incomplete, with some damage to the socket (with a length of 81.3mm and a weight of 64.3g). The butt is irregular but is likely to have been truncated, although possibly was not much longer (with a width of 5mm and a thickness of 2mm – 3mm). A socket was formed by forged flanges, now damaged and incomplete (giving a maximum overall depth of 11.4mm and producing a socket width of 8mm). The butt end has straight, near parallel, slightly divergent sides (with a length of 32mm and a maximum butt width of 21mm) with surviving evidence for a loop. The socket is only present on one face and the opposite face is flat along its length. The blade has straight sides, divergent to the edge (producing a blade width of 45.0mm) and is of rectangular section, gradually thinning to the edge. The blade edge is heavily damaged but may have had a moderate curve. Iron Age iron socketed axes remain a poorly understood artefact type with only a comparatively small number of recorded examples known, probably only somewhere in the early thirties from Britain. When Manning and Saunders (1972)[1] published on the type they were aware of 21 examples, ranging in length from 90mm to 180mm and with a distribution largely centred on the Thames and more generally, Southern England. The author is aware of five other examples from Wales, including recent example from Merthyr Tydfil (NMWPA 2016.72). The form with forged flanges forming a socket and the apparent absence of a loop can be broadly paralleled with an example recovered from Thames Street, London (Manning and Saunders, 1972, no. 18), of a form recorded as being well known on the continent. It should be noted that the form is comparatively simple with few diagnostic features and it is very possible that the implement is of a more recent date. [1] Manning, W.H. & Saunders, C.; 1972; A Socketed Iron Axe from Maids Moreton, Buckinghamshire, With A Note On The Type; Antiquaries Journal 52; p. 276-292

WILT-005E90: PURSE
An incomplete Medieval or early Post Medieval iron purse bar with pendant loop, dating to c AD 1450-1600. Williams type C1. The bar is the horizontal part, has two short arms, each with terminals, emerging from a central block. The loop is an inverted drop-shaped, oval or D shape in section, and it is cast in one with a shank which passes through the central block . It is heavily corroded and individual features are obscured but there are a two circumferential ridges on each arm of the bar with a large terminal of indeterminate shape, possibly rectangular. A separate, probably circular, frame would have hung from the bar. Dimensions: 52mm in length; 46mm in width; 16g in weight See SWYOR-D0ACDC for similar

SWYOR-70680C: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentifed iron oject, possible a weight, of probable Post Medieval date, about AD 1600 - 1950. It is a thick plaque of iron, broadly sub-triangular in plan with a partial circular design on the front face. Within a recessed annular band are the letters [...]ORAN[...] in relief, perhaps a manufacturer's name. They are uppercase seriffed Roman letters. There appears to have been further letters before and after the visible ones, and they both look to have straight strokes rather than being curved letters. The narrow end appears to be a break, and therre is also damage at the lower right corner. The bottom edge (wider of the two short ends) does not appear to be a break, but if complete, the decorative motif can not have been a complete circle as the lower edge is missing off the edge of the piece. It may of course have been an arch shape intentionally. the objects has an orange brown patina and the surface shows some flaking, but is in good condition. It is about 115mm long, about 85mm wide and about 40mm thick. The mass is about 1130g. It is possible it was originally a 3lb weight, allowing for the damage. Smaller, but similar is NLM-3D8DE2.

SUR-6CB745: SWORD
An incomplete iron pommel from a sword of Medieval date, AD 1100 - 1400. The remaining portion of the pommel is hemispherical with eight fluted ridges running from a slot for the tang at the apex to the margin. These ridges had decorative copper alloy inlaid strips. Originally the pommel would have been spherical and hollow, secured to the sword tang by a small end cap. This example appears to have broken across the casting seam around the middle.

HAMP-59701D: HOB NAIL
An iron hob nail with an irregular hemi-sperical head, 11.7mm wide, and a square sectioned shank, 3.1mm in thickness which is bent into a 'J' shape and tapers to a blunt point. Possibly Roman.

PUBLIC-8172A4: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A heavily corroded and encrusted iron object, possibly an Awl dating to the Roman period c. AD 50 - 450. It is 58.0mm in length with a central collar 11.2mm in diameter (thickness). One end of the object is rectangular 10.3mm x 6.6mm in section, the other end square 8.0mm x 8mm. Extending from either side of the collar, both ends then taper to a point. Dimensions: Length 58.0mm and weight 10.6gms. Compare with PAS database records: NMS-91DD44, BH-1515C1, GLO-028582 & SUR-C1DBF4 etc. Alternatively this could be the remains of something along the lines of a ferrous drop handle with central expanded decoration such as those seen on Medieval caskets or later Post-Medieval furniture, see PAS database records: KENT-73C75C, WMID-F5BBFC, DENO-AF430D etc.

SWYOR-690AA0: WEIGHT
An iron object, possibly a weight, of Post Medieval to modern date, AD 1800 - 1950. It is rectangular with a chamfered edge so the top face is smaller than the lower face. There are circular marks on both faces, but it is difficult to know if these are intentional or a product of corrosion. Dimensions: length 20.5mm, width 12.6mm, height 3.7mm, weight 5.48g. The object is similar to a domino, but is smaller and does not appear to have a central division line. It could be a weight to add mass such as those to adjust a clock.

NMS-C099C5: HORSESHOE
Post-medieval iron horseshoe with no visible nail or no nail hole. The inner profile is keyhole-shaped. There are no calkins. Length 115mm. Width 123mm. 17th - 18th century. Finder's no. POD 5/12

NMS-C0318A: HORSESHOE
Medieval to post-medieval iron horseshoe with one visible nail in one branch and one nail hole in the other. The latter ends in a calkin. The inner face is angular or pointed at the toe. Length and width 99mm. Clark Type 4. 14th - 16th century. Finder's no. POD 5/9

NMS-95A740: HORSESHOE
Post-medieval iron horseshoe. One branch tapers slightly to a straight end while the other which is narrower does not. Both are deeply fullered and lack calkins. No nail hoes are visible. Length 112mm. Width 100mm. 17th - 18th century. Finder’s no. POD 3/16

NMS-95278A: HORSESHOE
Post-medieval iron horseshoe with small parts of one branch missing. One nail is visible and a hole for its opposite remains open. The branches taper to rounded and flat points. There are no calkins. Length 108mm. Width 110mm. 16th - 17th century. Finder’s no. POD 3/12

NCL-69D27B: SHOT
A cast iron sphere, probably a post-medieval cannon ball. There is an indentation on one side. This may be a result of impact, but could also be the result of uneven corrosion processes. It weighs 877.94 g and has a diameter of 62.34 mm. There are clear signs of corrosion on the surface of the shot, which means it is difficult to precisely assign a calibre, but the diameter would fit a falconet or minion. Similar shot in the database include OXON-DA7DB8, WILT-FB42A2 and SWYOR-5EE135.

NARC-3EFF7D: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A complete iron Socketed Axe of early Iron Age date (800-600 BC). The object is of the late Bronze Age form and is wedge-shaped with a rectangular socket aperture (inner dimensions: 57.55mm 39.73mm) and 89.31mm in depth. The upper face retains shallow loop. The body of the axe is generally rectangular in profile, with an expanded, crescentic blade. The iron is dry and stable, but flaking and requires conservation. Length: 166.05mm, Depth: 89.31mm, Width: 86.60mm, Thickness: 56.46mm, Weight: 1,390.0g

NARC-25EA5C: SHOT
An incomplete Iron Cannon Shot of Post-Medieval date (AD 1600-1800). The object is sub-spherical and has bumps of corrosion on the surface. The ball is 33.41mm in diameter and weighs 135.7g. The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a Rabinet cannon which had a bore of approximately 38mm. There is no evidence of impact and the object is flaking so its true diameter and weight are likely obscured by the active corrosion. The metal is dark brown in colour with a heavily pitted and corroded patina. Diameter: 33.41mm, Weight: 135.7g Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

GLO-2A1A9C: SHIELD
An incomplete early Anglo-Saxon iron shield boss. The boss is surmounted by a narrow-wasted rod in the centre (about 17mm long) which terminates in a circular disc (about 14mmin diameter) in the centre of the disc a flat triangular panel that could be the remains of a small silver plate. Below the rod, the cone has straight sloping sides and a diameter of about 90mm. The cone also appears to be thicker than normal but this maybe because of the limitations of the image and the lamination of the corroded iron. Below the cone, side walls would have extended down to the flanged base. However, these are now missing having been removed by corrosion and agricultural activity. This boss falls into Hines and Bayliss's Group SB1-b, which dates to before AD560 (Hines and Bayliss 2013: 251).

SUR-26A0D1: PADLOCK
An iron end plate / head component, 37.3mm in diameter, from a barrel padlock of Medieval to post Medieval date. The plate is 7.0mm thick and there are stumps for two barb spring locks in the centre, set at a perpendicular orientation to each other. The cylindrical outer casing, locking arm and most of the locking mechanism are missing.

SUR-14A636: SPUR
An incomplete iron spur of post Medieval date. The arms have a lenticular cross section and are missing both terminals. The neck and rowel box are 28mm in length with cylindrical cross section; only half of the rowel box remains. The rowel would have only been around 14mm in diameter, but has been lost. Circa late 18th to 19th century.

NLM-EAA80E: SPUR
Iron spur fragment. Heel, one side or arm and thew rowel box from a small spur, retaining brighter rust where the rowel has entirely decayed. Suggested date: Unknown, Late Medieval to Post-Medieval, 1350-1650 Length: 71.5mm, Width (in excess of): 52mm, Thickness/Height (at heel): 12.3mm, Weight: 22.21gms

OXON-B0CFF2: HORSESHOE
A Post-Medieval wrought iron horseshoe. The show is nearly complete although it is highly corroded. It is in the archetypal key show shape having a distinctly arched inner profile, and a rectangular cross section/ There is no evidence for calkins (suggesting a later Medieval date onwards) and the upper edge of the tow is bent upwards in a clip (suggesting a Post-Medieval date). One arm of the horsehose is far narrower than the other. It is possible to identify three rectangular nails holes, with the remains of corroded rectangular headed nails within on each side. The horse shoe is a reddish brown colour. The artefact is 130mm long, 120mm wide, 25.3mm thick and weighs 244 grams. Horse shows with a clip are descibed by Clark as being Post-Medieval in date ( Clark 1986: 1).

PUBLIC-61F3A8: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete post-medieval iron rotary key dating to c. AD 1650-1850. Description: The key has an oval bow which is slightly misshapen. The solid stem is circular in cross-section, thickening from 5.18mm diameter from the bow to 8.17mm diameter before the bit. There are three collars along the length of the stem, including one just before the bit which forms a collared throating. The intricate bit is complete with clearly defined cut wards beyond which are the remains of the projecting stem. The key has evidence of corrosion on some areas. Measurements: length: 105.98mm; weight: 27.4g. Discussion: The collared throating was an innovation of the 16th century allowing the lock to be opened from either side which suggests a post medieval date and the collars along the stem appear from the 17th century. Similar examples can be found on the database including: BERK-DA4231; : KENT-1F33E3

SUR-1E408A: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, probably a small post-Medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures c95mm in diameter and weighs 2.5kg. The surface of the object is heavily corroded.

HAMP-A6CDCE: SHACKLE
A set of wrought iron shackles comprising a barrel padlock, fetter, swivel element and iron chain links of suspected post Medieval date. The iron barrel padlock is complete, weighs 700g and has a cylindrical case 48.5mm in diameter. The shackle is circular (98.3mm external diameter) and hinged to an integral lug at one end of the case. The other end of the shackle terminates in a semi-circular collar which holds a flat plate which slots into the opposite end of the case. This plate has three barb springs of the lock mechanism. There is a split along the underside of the barrel, along a seam, which has been mended with a cross pair of thin metal brace plates, riveted to the case. The fetter is of penannular form with recurving ‘eyes’ at the terminals and is 122mm in external diameter and 31mm wide. The sides of the fetter curve outwards along both edged preventing the metal from cutting into the fettered limb. The internal diameter is 95mm which is roughly the same as that of the padlock shackle. An iron loop is retained in each eye of the fetter. One loop is trapezoidal in shape and 90mm in width; from this is connected a series of iron chain links, all of which are slightly different in size and shape. The longest is 100mm in length and sub rectangular in shape. One link has rusted through and remains in two pieces. The swivel element, used to prevent the chain twisting when secured to a static object, retains the swivel link of 140mm length articulated within a subrectangular loop of 131mm length. The head of the link is formed of a mushroom-shaped terminal which retains it in the plate at one end of the loop. The connecting loop on the link arm demonstrates considerable wear.

HAMP-118578: HOB NAIL
Two hob nails found in the same area. One is of iron, 11.7mm in length and 0.86g, with J-shaped curved shank of sub-rectangular cross section and an irregular or tear-drop shape domed head 9.6mm in length. The other is copper alloy, 11.4mm in length and 0.86g with a tapering pointed shank with square cross section and curved tip and a round domed head of 7.4mm diameter. Both are potentially of Roman date.

SUR-D32DE9: PADLOCK
An incomplete iron padlock of late Medieval to post-Medieval date. The padlock has a spherical body of 51.2mm diameter, with a circular shackle arm. The arm is 50.4mm across and 11mm wide with a square cross-section. One side of the body is lost, revealing the tip of the shackle which remains attached to a portion of the locking mechanism. The lost side of the body would have had the keyhole.

WILT-C18ABD: KNIFE
An incomplete post-medieval iron knife, dating to the period c.AD 1650-1750. The knife comprises the tang, which is circular in cross-section. This extends from the integral bolster, which is oval in cross section. The shoulders narrow to the blade, which triangular in cross-section and broadly rectangular in plan. The blade narrows slightly to a worn break at the far terminal. The cutting edge is broken and most is missing. The knife is heavily corroded and exhibits an orange-brown patina on the surface. The knife measures 81.46mm in length, 20.29mm in width at the shoulders, 16.03mm in thickness at the shoulders, 23.98mm in width at the blade and 5mm in thickness at the blade. It weighs 26.56g. Cf. Moore 2000, p.63-64, fig. 45, nos. 163-169, which are described as having whittle-type tangs and integral bolster. Moore notes that they are likely to be late 17th century table ware, although similar objects from Aldgate are dated to AD 1700-1720. Moore, P., 2000. 'Tilbury Fort: a post-medieval fort and its inhabitants', Post-Medieval Archaeology 34, 3-104.

PUBLIC-42265A: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete cast or hand made iron rotary key of possible medieval to post-medieval date (c. AD 1350-1700). Description: The key is irregular in plan and cross section. Being made out of iron, it was probably forged. The key can be described in several sections: The bow or handle, shank and bit. The bow consists of a vertical oval, with an oval cross section, the bow was either made with the shaft of the shank joined off-centre or it has worn that way, or been damaged/bent whilst in the soil. The profile of the bow to the shank shows an approx. 45 degree angle where the bow has been bent. Internally the bow is kidney-shaped with the remains of a knop centre top on the internal edge. The bow is 30.15 mm tall and 53.08 mm wide. The shank consists of a solid iron rod, circular in cross section. It tapers outwards in thickness from its joint to the bow where it is 7.5mm in diameter, for 12.5mm to where the stem is formed into three collars totalling 14.34mm in length. After this series of collars the shank has a continuous diameter of 9.8mm for 27.65mm of its length in the middle of the shank, swelling to a bulbous collar 5.3mm long and 13.14mm diameter. Indenting again to its former diameter, the shank then has a 12.64mm diameter collar just before the bit. The shank in total measures 105.8 mm long and projects 13.4 mm past the end of the bit. The bit is rectangular in plan and cross section. It extends below the shank 25.15 mm and is 23.77 mm wide and 9.08 mm thick.. Approximately half of the bit survives. The key is a dark brown and rust red colour and has a pitted surface. Measurements: The key measures 135.10 mm in length, 52.32 mm wide and is 17.92 mm thick because of the bent bow. It weighs 80.4 g. Discussion: A number of rotary keys are shown in G. Egan's 'Medieval Households' pages 116-119. From the size of the key and the presence of a solid shank it is likely that the key would have been used to lock a door rather than a casket or chest. The keys illustrated in this volume are all dated from the late 12th - to late 14th centuries (AD 1150 - AD 1400). Later examples are covered in Detector Finds 5 by Gordon Bailey (Greenlight Publishing 2002), thus the suggested date for this key is extended to the 16th Century. References: Egan, G. 1998 The Medieval Household Daily Living c.1150-c.1450. Medieval finds from Excavations in London 6. London. Museum of London / Boydell Press 2012. Gordon Bailey, 2002 Detector Finds 5 Greenlight Publishing

SUR-2C0D1C: HOB NAIL
A Roman iron hob nail with a conical head and square-sectioned shank which is bent into a 'J' shape and tapers to a blunt point.

WMID-6F7279: HOB NAIL
Three incomplete iron hob nails, of probable Roman dating (AD 43 to AD 410). Each hob nail has a domed head, and an incomplete circular sectioned shank. The largest one measures: 12.1 mm in length, 9.2 mm diameter head and 3.4 mm diameter shank. It weighs 0.8 g. The middle one measures 11.0 mm in length, 7.2 mm diameter head and 2.8 mm diameter shank. It weighs 0.5 g. The smallest one measures 7.2 mm in length, 7.3 mm diameter head and 2.3 mm diameter shank. It weighs 0.4 g. Together they all weigh 1.8 g. The hob nails are all a dark brown colour. Several similar hob nails have been recorded on the PAS database, including: WMID-DB0B49, WMID-831F77, SUR-C41F79 and WAW-2AC6C9.

NMS-9AEC25: KNIFE
Incomplete medieval to post-medieval iron knife blade, broken at both ends. The back runs quite straight and gently down to the missing tip. Extant length 69mm. Maximum width 14mm. 13th - 17th century.

SWYOR-F4A3E6: SWORD
An iron sword pommel from a large sword, of Medieval date, AD 1100 - 1400. The pommel is sub-spherical and hollow, and has an oval hole through its length which would have housed the tang, and which would have had a securing 'end cap' terminal at the other end. The pommel has eight vertical ribs running down the length of the body, the iron corrosion possibly hiding evidence for copper strips, while there is a faint casting seam around its girth. It is about 56.0mm, height approximately 45.0mm. weight about 135.0g. BERK-65B4A2 is a very similar example. The record notes that: "A very similar example is classed as Type VI in the Medieval Catalogue (1954:22) and depicted on Plate II (ibid). This spherical iron pommel is of a type found on swords in use during the 12th and 13th century AD and surviving into later periods, the design probably derived from earlier Viking and Norman types (Medieval Catalogue 1954:25)." Other examples on the database are few, but include YORYM-BB8673 (which is also gilded), SUR-C77D05 and BERK-9C804A.

OXON-DA7DB8: SHOT
A cast iron sphere, probably a small post-Medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The surface of the object is heavily corroded and a red brown colour throughout.The ball is c.60mm in diameter and weighs 970 grams. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a falconet (Cf Blackmore 1976: 392-398)., apparently commonly used during the Civil War, being lighter and cheaper than other cannon. However, the ball is a little large for this and is more likely for a minion (bore just over 2 and a half inches, ie c 66 mm). Similar sized and weight cannon balls on the database include WILT-FB42A2, SWYOR-5EE135, CORN-ED17F0, CPAT-DB2C26, SWYOR-0D82C1, HAMP-5399C3, IOW-DE96D9, BERK-160D95, CORN-EBE802 and SUR-D402D5

NMGW-B25B03: STIRRUP
Iron stirrup of uncertain date, probably post medieval The Iron stirrup appears to be hand-forged from a circular-sectioned rod (of 8mm dimeter) and is complete (149mm high and weighing 118.8g). The base of the stirrup has been hammer-forged into a flat strip (87mm long, 22.0mm wide and 4mm thick). The loop for the foot is D-shaped (with internal dimensions of 92mm wide and 84mm high) and is defined at its apex by three twists of the iron rod. At the apex the loop for the harness strap is sub rectangular (34.8mm wide and 15mm high internal). The iron rod is corroded but in comparatively good condition. The stirrup is difficult to date with confidence but may be a utilitarian item, perhaps made by a local blacksmith.

WAW-775918: BUCKLE
An incomplete iron buckle dating to the Medieval to Post-Medieval period (c.AD 1350 - 1750). The buckle is a single loop that is sub-square in plan with a sub-rectangular cross section. There is a flattened, sub-rectangular probable pin rest along one length of the frame. The pin is now missing. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is a red brown colour and heavily corroded. A comparable example recorded on the PAS database is OXON-0B54D1, where it is stated that iron buckles such as this are likely part of a horse harness fittings. The dimensions are as follows: 46mm in length and 39mm in width.

OXON-0B54D1: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1750. The buckle is a single loop that is sub-square in plan with a sub-rectangular cross section. A squared sectioned pin remains looped around the bar. The pin narrows from this loop to a softly rounded point. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is a red brown colour and covered in iron corrosion product. The buckle is 37.1mm long, 36.5mm and weighs 12.5 grams. Iron buckles are often thought to be horse harness related. Egan (In Clark 1995: 55) states that those examples with apertures of 50mm or more are likely to be related to horse equipment while those with smaller apertures may have served a range of other purposes.

SUR-BE69F6: BUCKLE
A rectangular iron shoe buckle of post Medieval (c1660-1750) date missing its spindle, pin and chape / tongue. The buckle is 47mm in length and has an angled side profile with each loop tapering from 5mm at the spindle axis to 2mm thick at the front edge. There appears to be traces of moulded linear borders around the inner and outer margins of the front of the frame.

KENT-3CF286: GRENADE
An iron and gunpowder hand grenade or 'firebomb' dating to the 18th or 19th century, probably Napoleonic. Description: The grenade is formed from two half spheres of cast iron with a cylindrical section attached to the upper hemisphere. The upper cylindrical element has part of the original fuse still attached. Iron corrosion has corroded over most of the upper cylindrical section and the fuse and bloomed outwards on one side possbily due to corrosion or partial detonation. Measurements: 60mm high (Not including corroded fuse, 89mm inc fuse), 43.6mm in diameter of grenade body weight unrecorded but c.1.5kg. Discussion: This type of hand grenade was most common during the Napoleonic Wars and were utilised during both land and naval combat (Roberts 2018). Examples with the fuse intact were recovered from the HMS Pomone (Henry 2004) and from Portsmouth harbour's dredge project recovered by Wessex Archaeology (Roberts 2018).

WAW-C07E3C: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of probable Post Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1700). The iron blade has a straight back, with part of the tang remaining. The blade curves abruptly downward away from the tang before curving to form the cutting edge of the blade. The tip of the blade has broken away leaving a worn break. The tang is square in cross-section and the blade is V-shaped in cross-section. The object is heavily corroded. Iron knives are difficult to date as the corrosion obscures details, and the functional designs do not vary much. In this example the knife back and tang are in line, and the extant curve running up to where the tip would have been is not angled, which seems to suggest a Medieval or later date. Two similar examples recorded on the PAS database are: WMID-3F8D0F and SWYOR-5CE441. Both have been tentatively dated to the Post Medieval period. The overall dimensions are as follows: 92.81mm in length, 19.84mm in width, 9.29mm in thickness and 33.47g in weight.

SUR-A70C18: HOB NAIL
A Roman iron hob nail with a pyramid-shaped head and a square shank bent into a 'J' shape, which tapers to a blunt point.

PUBLIC-30845D: JEWS HARP
An incomplete iron Jews harp of probable Post-Medieval date, circa AD 1500 – 1800. The object consists of a circular head which extends into a pair of tapering arms, and a flat iron tongue still attached at the apex of the head. The bent prong of the tongue is now missing, lost in antiquity. Both the head and the arms are lozenge-shaped in cross-section. The metal is brown-reddish in colour with a corroded and undecorated surface. Measurements: 69.39mm long, 33.55mm wide (at the head), 8.18mm thick and 25.10g in weight. Egan, G. (1998) notes: “The jew’s harp, or trump, is an ancient folk instrument with a wide geographical distribution. It is indigenous to South-east Asia, and was certainly introduced to Europe by the time of the Crusades...The European jew’s harp, familiar today, is made of metal, usually iron, and the tongue is a separate component hammered into a rabbet in the thickest part of the frame. At its other end the tongue is bent into a prong, but this rarely survives in archaeological contexts. In play, the instrument is held in one hand and the frame is lightly supported between the player's teeth, while the metal tongue is plucked with the fingers on the other hand. The mouth cavity acts as a resonator and the pitch is modified by the position of the lips, tongue and cheeks.” Similar examples are illustrated in Bailey, G, 1993, 'Detector Finds 2', 76-7, refs. 4-6. Bailey (page 76) suggests that these examples date to the eighteenth century. Reference: Egan, G. 1998."The Medieval Household Daily Living c. 1150 - c. 1450". 284. London: The Stationery Office; Bailey, G, 1993, 'Detector Finds 2'.

HAMP-EEBA87: ARROWHEAD
A heavily corroded iron barbed and socketed arrowhead of Medieval date, c48mm in length and of broadhead or spearpoint type. One barb partially remains; much of the blade, the other barb and the tip is missing. The open end of the socket, which is largely complete, is around 10mm in diameter. Circa 13th century.

SOM-EFD598: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably round shot, that is a cannon ball, dating from the Post Medieval period, about AD1500-1900. The object, which is pitted and corroded, has a diameter of c.100mm and a weight of 3919g, c. 4kg. In recording a similar piece Kinnear states: This corresponds closely with the dimensions and weight of four inch, 'nine-pounder' (weighing 9lbs) ordnance. Shot of this size were used in the 16th and 17th centuries in a gun known as the Demi Culverin. However, the shot could also date from the later period. In the 18th century ordnance was regularised, and the Chief Firemaster, Albert Borgard established a standardised series of diameters and poundage of shot, and the four-inch, nine-pounder was one such (Collins, ). Artillery firing nine-pounders was used throughout the 18th century, and into the 19th, including in the French Wars ().

SUR-5A4EAE: CANNON BALL
A cast iron sphere, probably a small post-Medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures c60mm in diameter and weighs 701.5g. The surface of the object is heavily corroded.

ESS-4975B4: PADLOCK
Iron and copper-alloy padlock of Medieval to Post Medieval date, c. 1450-1700 The padlock is cylindrical in shape with a 'D' shaped locking arm of rectangular section. The outer surface of the cylindrical portion has worn away in places and has exposed the hollow centre of the lock. Inside can be seen the locking mechanism which is formed of a transverse bar across the centre and a vertical bolt portion. The surface of the padlock is heavily abraded. The lock is formed mostly of cast iron, with evidence of a thin outer coating of copper-alloy. One portion of the locking arm is damaged and very thin. Much of the surface is very encrusted and obscures much of the original surface detail. Dimensions: weight: 87.73g, diameter (of cylinder): 42.4mm, height (inc. locking arm): 65.4mm, width: 44.8mm

NARC-B7D0EB: HORSESHOE
A complete iron Horseshoe of Post-Medieval date (AD 1650 - 1800). Keyhole type. The shoe is of rectangular section. The central aperture is approximately 'keyhole' shaped from which the type derives its name. The object has two visible sub-rectangular nail holes and two retained remnants of rectangular nails. At the mid-point of the object is a fracture which does not extend through the thickness of the object, however its form is slightly distorted. There is a large amount of corrosion adhering to the surface of the object. Length: 122.86mm, Width: 128.14mm, Thickness: 10.07mm, Weight: 312.6g. Similar horseshoes are discussed in Clarke (1995) The Medieval Horse and its Equipment, P 121, No 222

BERK-356C53: SHOT
A small cast spherical iron canon ball with a diameter of 39.17mm or 1.54 inches, weighing 190.4gm c. AD 1550 – 1750. The size of the ball suggest that it is from a Serpentine, or conceivably, it might have been used in a larger calibre field piece, firing canister shot. The Serpentine is referenced at P 55 - Principal English guns of the sixteenth century - Artillery Through the Ages (Albert Manucy)

BH-5235D4: BUCKLE
An incomplete cast iron double-looped oval buckle dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1500-1650). The frame is broadly D-shaped in cross-section with angled outer edges and are slightly bevelled. The pin bar is slightly narrowed and circular in section. The underside is flat. Around the pin bar are the broken remains of a circular-sectioned pin attachment. The buckle measures 22.8mm long, a maximum of 14.5mm wide, 1.5mm thick and weighs 1.19 grams.

BH-5198A1: SPEARHEAD
A complete cast iron spearhead of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, possibly c. AD 1400-1700. The spearhead has an elongated triangular blade that is losengiform in cross-section. The base of the blade opens into a hollow conical socket filled with iron corrosion. The spearhead is 198mm long. The blade is a maximum of 28.9mm wide and 8.2mm thick. The socket is 22.2mm diameter. The spearhead weighs 114.33 grams.

PUBLIC-140B83: COIN
A post medieval milled copper alloy coin, proabably a penny, of unknown ruler, probably dating to AD 1780- 1900. Possibly forged, the coin appears to be made from a diverse metal with a copper alloy coating that has almost worn away. A patina, mainly yellow in colour, but some green present can be seen around the outside edges. This is slightly raised from the metal surface and may have been the surface coating upon the coin.

LANCUM-D3D698: HOOK
An incomplete iron hook of unknown date. The hook was made by piercing a circular hole at the flattened end of a rectangular section strip, with the other end bent at a 90º angle to form the hook. The object displays an orange patina in keeping with corroded iron inferring this as the metal of composition. It measures 55.84mm in length, 26.02mm in width, 9.9mm in thickness, and weighs 3.83g.

HAMP-53859A: SHIELD
An apparently incomplete iron unidentified object, perhaps a strap handle, found close to HAMP-537475 and therefore of possible early early-medieval date (500-700). The object is sub-rectangular in shape with concave long edges. One (apparently complete) short end measures 23.8mm wide and is max.10.6mm thick (though it is likely this is largely corrosion). The opposite short end appears to be incomplete and measures 16.9mm in max.width and 2.9mm in thickness. At the centre (the narrowest point) it measures 14.8mm wide and 4.7mm thick. Its cross-section appears to be rectangular. It survives to a length of 84.7mm and weighs 16.99g.

HAMP-537F82: SHIELD
An incomplete early early-medieval (500-700) iron probable mount from a shield boss, found close to HAMP-537475. No original edge survives and the damage is relatively recent. One face is flat while the other has a worn, broken central projection, presumably a rivet attachment. It measures 19.1mm in length, 16.6mm in width, 6.6mm in max.thickness (without rivet projection, 2.8mm) and weighs 2.24g.

NMS-3F5D28: PADLOCK
Fragment of early-medieval or medieval iron padlock case with brazed copper-alloy coating on the exterior. The fragment is small (28 x 24mm) and flat so it is difficult to work out which part of the padlock it comes from. Across one end of the fragment is a broad low ridge of copper alloy, possibly a reinforcement around one end. There is a second similar ridge running at an angle to this. These padlocks appear to date from the late 10th century to at least the mid 13th century. Maximum thickness 4mm, weight 5.76g.

DEV-2A06FA: OX SHOE
An incomplete iron ox shoe of probable medieval to post medieval date (c. AD 1250 - 1900). The ox shoe comprises a broadly C-shaped plate for one half of the cloven hoof of the ox. It is now flattened in cross section, with one possible nail hole visible at the upper end of the shoe. This aperture appears to have been rectangular in shape but has since filled in with iron corrosion, resulting in a circular remnant opening. The outer edge is damaged, but there is a suggestion of possible fitting to the hoof of the individual ox to which it belonged. During shoeing, the ox would have been suspended from a hoist, as opposed to having one foot lifted at a time as for horses. Ox shoes are difficult to date due to the fact that they retain a similar design throughout the majority of the medieval to post medieval period. In the south west of England, oxen were the main draught animal for a longer period than in eastern England, and Collins (2010: 194) suggests that in Devon oxen (often Devon Red cattle, which were greatly valued as traction animals) comprised 70% of draught animals as late as 1850. Oxen were fully replaced by horses and tractors in the county by the 1920s. Measurements: 124.2mm length, 38.1mm width, 5.1mm thickness, 110g weight

DENO-C150B8: BROOCH
A very corroded, incomplete, iron Roman brooch dating to c. AD 1st-2nd centuries. Probably Polden Hill type, although any detail of the bow or head is now obscured by the corrosion layer. The brooch is missing its pin and catchplace, and the bow is slightly bent. Length: 38.71mm, thickness: 10.16mm, weight: 10.90g.

YORYM-062661: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle of medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1750. The buckle is a single loop D-shape with a squared section. A squared sectioned pin remains looped around the bar. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is 42.6mm long, 34.5mm wide, 5.6mm thick and weighs 15.2g. Iron buckles are often thought to be horse harness related. Egan (1995, p.55) states that those examples with apertures of 50mm or more are likely to be related to horse equipment while those with smaller apertures may have served a range of other purposes. Ref: Egan, G (1995) ‘Buckles, Hasps and Strap Hooks’, in Clark, J. (ed.). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. London: HMSO, pp.55-61.

YORYM-061DAA: BUCKLE
A complete iron buckle of medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1750. The buckle is a single loop D-shape with a squared section. A squared sectioned pin remains looped around the bar. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is 38.7mm long, 37.1mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 15.5g. Iron buckles are often thought to be horse harness related. Egan (1995, p.55) states that those examples with apertures of 50mm or more are likely to be related to horse equipment while those with smaller apertures may have served a range of other purposes. Ref: Egan, G (1995) ‘Buckles, Hasps and Strap Hooks’, in Clark, J. (ed.). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. London: HMSO, pp.55-61.

DEV-837F72: DAGGER
A fragment of an iron dagger of probabe post medieval date, c. 1500-1700. The tip of the blade survives, with a further break removing its very tip. It is triangular in plan, with the blunted broken point, and lozenge shaped in cross section, with the sharp edges falling away from a central rib. The surface is pitted and affected by iron oxide on the outer edge, with some small areas of copper alloy decay present across the surface. These are focused around other areas of iron decay and appear adhered to the surface, suggesting that perhaps the object was associated with a more decorative copper alloy chape attached to a case or small scabbard. SWYOR-1E4CC7 is a potential parallel, the record for which states that "Comparison to daggers in "Weapon" (2006, ed Richard Holmes) and knives in "Knives and Scabbards" (1987) suggest a 15th or 16th century date, a time when there was a prolification of personal weapons being worn. CAM-776A58 is a more decorative component from a similar dagger." Measurements: 39.2mm length, 14.8mm width, 7.1mm thickness, weight 6.37g.

NARC-56CE68: PADLOCK
A complete iron and copper alloy Padlock of Modern date (AD 1800-1920). The object is heart shaped in plan and rectangular in section, it retains a copper alloy keyhole and cover. The cover is rectangular in plan and expands towards the keyhole, which is in the centre of a second rectangular plate of copper alloy. The curved bar is retained at the upper end of the object and is affixed between the two semi-circular upper lobes. The lower portion of the object tapers to a point. Both front and back plates are in situ around the locking mechanism. The object is corroded with iron blooms. The copper alloy cover retains the punched crown surmounting the initials VR toward the lower, expanded end of the plate. This mark is a patent under the Queens (Victoria) appointment. The metal is dark brown to orange in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. Height: 93.75mm, Width: 67.02mm, Thickness: 24.11mm, Weight: 239.0g

SWYOR-327D46: SHOT
A cast iron ball, probably round shot, that is a cannon ball, dating from the Post Medieval period, about AD1500-1900. The object, which is pitted and corroded, has a diameter of 104.0mm and a weight of 4080g. This corresponds closely with the dimensions and weight of four inch, 'nine-pounder' (weighing 9lbs) ordnance. Shot of this size were used in the 16th and 17th centuries in a gun known as the Demi Culverin. However, the shot could also date from the later period. In the 18th century ordnance was regularised, and the Chief Firemaster, Albert Borgard established a standardised series of diameters and poundage of shot, and the four-inch, nine-pounder was one such (Collins, accessed 5 Mar 2020). Artillery firing nine-pounders was used throughout the 18th century, and into the 19th, including in the French Wars, when the 'Blomfield' cannon dominated that category of ordnance ( accessed 5 Mar 2020). An alternative identification might be that of a ball from a ball mill. Ball-milling was a technique for grinding materials into powders, which became industrialised in the late 18th century.

YORYM-1A63F8: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cannon ball of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1580 - 1706. The cannon ball is spherical with an irregular corroded exterior surface. Due to corrosion it may be smaller than originally made. However, its present diameter and weight may indicate that it was used in a saker, minion or falcon, c. AD 1580 - 1706 Diameter: 68mm (2.67 inches). Weight: 1176g (2.59lbs).

DUR-F32AC4: CANNON BALL
A spherical, iron cannon ball of post-medieval date, c. AD 1575-1700 in good condition. The ball is slightly flattened and the surface is pitted and brown in colour. The diameter of 49.48mm indicates the ball was possibly used in a Falconet. Falconets were used throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The falconet was popular, due to its lighter weight as the smallest of the cannons, and endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot. There are numerous examples on this database including NMS-666A8D.

SWYOR-C7A27C: HIPPOSANDAL
An almost complete iron hipposandal (a Roman horseshoe) dating to the Roman period, from about AD 43 to 410. The object consists of a foot plate of similar shape to a human footprint, being sub-circular at the front, narrowing to the rear and then expanding again for the heel. The heel bends upwards and tapers into a outward projecting lug or hook, probably incomplete. One side of the expended heel area is missing. At the toe end, there are side wings which project sideways from the sole, then bend upwards at a right angle, before angling forwards and curving into the middle to join and terminate in a loop projecting forwards from the toe plate. The object is heavily encrusted all over with hard corroded ferrous material. It has a length of 232.2mm, a width of 119.3mm and a height of 105.49mm. It weighs 597g. Hipposandals are rare finds, probably because the iron usually corrodes. Only 12, including this one, are recorded on the PAS database. Hipposandals have been found in several excavated contexts including at Colchester (Crummy 1983: 105). Objects of this type acted as a type of horseshoe which was not nailed the hoof. Instead the hoof was placed on the plate and the shoe attached with ties from the loop and the hook. Compare WILT-A3591B, WMID-1F5906, ESS-8CE256, DUR-9BFA87 and LANCUM-511FF5.

NMS-C77FEB: PADLOCK
Circular end-plate from an iron padlock case with no obvious coating of copper alloy. It is the end-plate from the bolt, 36mm in diameter and 5-6mm thick. Two spines are fixed through this end-plate, each about 6mm square, close to one edge of the end-plate. These protrude about 7mm from one face and are visible as bumps on the other. The total length of the longest spine is 13.5mm. It weighs 28.77g. These padlocks appear to date from c. 950-c. 1250 AD.

OXON-A51A8B: SPUR
An incomplete post medieval iron spur probably dating to the 16th-17th Century AD. The terminals and rowels are missing, and one arm is bent. The neck of the spur is formed at the mid point of the spur. From either side the arms extend, curving downwards, tapering slightly from the apex towards the breaks. Both ends terminate in worn breaks. The neck of the spur is sub-rectangular in shape, enlarged at the end to create a rounded terminal. There is a slot about halfway down the neck which is filled with corrosion. The entire object has an orange-brown patina. The spur is 20.7 mm long, 54mm wide, and weighs 20.1 grams Spurs are relatively common in the 17th Century when fashion dictated they were worn as an article of dress rather than for just riding. LIN-B07C71 is a particularly similar example on the database. Similar examples have also been excavated from Beeston Castle, Cheshire (Ellis 1993: figs. 113-114) while Read illustrates similar examples which he suggests date to the 17th century (Read 2001:65, fig.41).

SWYOR-75FB43: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A two piece iron artefact, probably a chain, handle, machine part, harness fitting or vehicle fitting of unknown date. There is a T shaped loop comprising of a rectangular loop with a bulbous shaft which terminates in a smaller loop. Through the smaller loop is a circular iron ring. It is 122.9mm long, 75.4mm wide and 23.3mm thick. It weighs 174g.

OXON-266AC9: CAULDRON
A fragment of a Medieval to Post Medieval iron cauldron which consists of one of the handles. It is 91.30mm in width at the top of the fragment and 68.05mm at the bottom. The height is 87.32mm. It probably dates to the period AD 1450 - 1600. Another fragment of this was found the following day.

OXON-EB193E: STRIKE A LIGHT
A Medieval to Post Medieval rather corroded iron probable"strike-a-light" implement for striking flint to raise a spark for a fire to ignite tinder. Also known as a fire steel it has a sub-rectangular striking plate with two curved handles, each pierced at the top of the curve, probably dating to around the 17th Century AD

LON-BB4365: DIE STAMP
A Post Medieval iron die stamp dating from AD 1800-1900. The stamp is cylindrical and cuts in at the die end to form a smaller circular die stamp with the letters CA in retrograde. At the opposite striking end there is a collar possible formed when striking the die. Dimensions: length: 95.74mm; diameter: 27.99mm

SUR-693014: VESSEL
A fragment of a cast iron foot from a post Medieval cauldron. The foot has a trapezoidal cross section with fluted sides and expands to a collar before a constriction and break at one end. The reverse is flat.

BH-BEEACE: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A cast iron wedge, possibly part of an axehead dating from the Medieval to Post Medieval periods. The wedge is broadly triangular in shape, rectangualr in cross section and thins slightly along its length from the butt end to wider edge. The butt is slightly pointed while the wider edge is uneven and blunt. The object measures 92.7mm long, a maximum of 56.2mm wide and 20.4mm thick, and weighs 276.24 grams.

PUBLIC-AC5475: STRAP FITTING
A Iron belt slider of Medieval to Post Medieval date (c1600-c1800). The slider is double looped and rectangular with rounded corners in shape. The central bar and end are flat in cross-section, and the wider side too. The frgament has rust. length 61.90mm, width 27.46mm, weight 15.54g. Thickness 2.98g Diameter of central bar 5.5mm

NMS-1A14D5: BUCKLE
Incomplete medieval buckle: bar and stump of one side of an iron frame; copper alloy wire pin; rectangular plate, formed from copper alloy sheet folded widthways, with a pin hole and one iron rivet. Overall extant length 25mm. Length and width 17 and 8.5mm. Length of pin 13.5mm. 14th century.

BUC-B05752: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval to post-Medieval iron rotary key, dating to c. AD 1300-1750. The bow is roughly 'D-shaped', the proximal end of the stem protruding to a rounded section within its central aperture. The stem is of oval section and narrows towards the terminal end. The bit is in two sections, which are the shape of two back-to-back, 'S-shaped' sides, separated from each other by an 'I-shaped' cleft.The key is a brown red colour, and is fragile from corrosion. It measures 116.2mm in length, 43.8mm in width, 9.2mm in thickness and weighs 49.64g.

WMID-831F77: HOB NAIL
An incomplete iron hob nail, of probable Roman dating (AD 43 to AD 410). The hob nail has a domed head, and an incomplete circular sectioned shank. It measures 10.3 mm in length, a head diameter of 10.0 mm and a shank diameter of 4.3 mm. It weighs 0.9 g. The hob nail is a dark brown colour. Several similar hob nails have been recorded on the PAS database, including: WMID-DB0B49, SUR-C41F79 and WAW-2AC6C9.

KENT-9D7E19: CHAPE
An incomplete cast iron openwork scabbard chape of probable Late-Medieval to the Post-Medieval date. Description: The chape is roughly U-shaped with openwork on the front and reverse sides. There is a circular knop at the base and from there the sides angle outwards forming a V-shaped lower part. The sides edges are nearly vertical. There is damage to the upper edge on both sides. The colour is dark brown with orange corrosion along the inside of the chape sides and small portions around the outside. Measurements: Length 35.98mm X Width 22.55mm X Thickness 7.88mm X Weight 7.52g. Discussion: Similar to illustrations found in Figure 86 in the London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940 (1993, 282). Similar types can also be found on this database: PUBLIC-5919F3.

PUBLIC-9B9D6E: KEY (LOCKING)
A badly corroded Post-Medieval iron rotary key, possibly dating between c.1500-1600. It has the remains of a potentially kidney shaped bow, with two internal projections into the bow formed by the bow frame, with a small gap of 3.0 mm between them. They sit either side of, and on top of a solid shank, which is circular, 6.0 mm in diameter and which has a central collar,10.0 mm long and 8.0 mm in diameter, ie of greater circumference than the remainder of the shank. The shank tapers at its terminus near the bit but the tip has broken off. The rectangular bit, measuring 17.0 mm x 3.5 mm, has one notch and two wards on the side nearest the bow, and two notches and two wards opposite, one broad, the other on the outer edge, narrow. Similar to DENO-ABF095 Measurements: 54.0 mm long x 26.0 mm wide x 6.0 mm in diameter Weight: 18.69 gm

SWYOR-467CCA: NAIL
An iron nail with a sphere of lead round the shaft, of Post Medieval to Modern date, about AD 1600 - 1900. The nail is rectangular in cross section, and has a rectangular head, wider than the shank, but no thicker. The head of the nail is bent over to meet the lead mass. It is uncertain whether this was done intentionally or is as a result of damage. The shank of the nail is broken off 4mm from the base of the lead. The object is 22.6mm long and 15.8mm in diameter. It weighs 20.72g. The lead may have been used to secure the nail into a cavity, or may have been intended to cover the nail to retard corrosion of the nail; this is encountered in the structural use of lead, and also when iron is used to cramp masonry. In the latter case, a lead coating retards the expansion of rusting iron which might split the stone. Many similar nails are recorded on the PAS database, though the lead cover tends to be over the head, not the centre of the nail, as in NLM-263396.

SWYOR-44FAC2: SPEAR
An iron possible spear or Roman pilum, possibly dating from AD 43 - 410. It is 124.4mm long, 17.9mm wide and 17.8mm thick. It weighs 101.03g. It is sub-square in cross section, with two thirds of the length being the head, and one third is part of the shank. The head tapers to a point. The base of the head is 17.8mm by 17.9mm and is also a short square pyramid, sloping to the shank which is also of square section, but uneven and bent. The shank is 6.5mm x 7mm. The tip of the shank tapers to a break. The form is similar to Roman pila such as HESH-C7A503 and examples from Hod Hill in the British Museum: However, it was found on the surface of a track which could make a more recent date more likely. It could be the tip of a tool or piece of farm machinery.

KENT-72EE58: SWORD
A worn iron sword pommel of Oakshott Type A, Petersen Type X, dating to c.950 - c.1200. Description: The pommel has a typical 'Brazil nut' shape, with a relatively high convex bottom faces and sides. The sides meet at a ridge along the top, leaving it sub triangular in cross section it has a rectangular slot in the base for attachment to the swords handle. It has highly pitted and increasingly flaky surface. Measurements: 63.06mm long, 35.43mm wide, 38.93mm high and 310g in weight.

WMID-CDA0D3: HORSESHOE
A Post-Medieval iron horseshoe dating to circa (AD 1600 to 1700). The horseshoe is heavily corroded. It has a broad web and slightly tapered heels. Due to the heavy corrosion no nail holes are visible. The object has a brown to orange uneven pitted surface patina. It measures 130.3 mm from toe to heel and 133.7 mm across the width. It has a thickness of 21.1 mm and weighs 528 grams.

BERK-CBBC27: BRIDLE BIT
A significantly corroded ferrous object that has the look of a bridle and or harness device C. 50 BC - 410 AD. At one end, there is a broken circular hoop, the opposite end is now fragmented and split. From the circular end, the round cross section broadens towards the centre where there are then two waisted bands. The larger of the raised sections may have been more angular in form from which the opposite arm extends with what might be an oblong cross section. In all the device is very heavily corroded with a black-brown fragmented surface patina. Length = 67.75mm, Max' width = 10.7mm, weight = 11.2gm.

BERK-CB7EA9: HOB NAIL
A large group of hobnails from a site that has given up many Roman coins, pottery and two Brooches. c. 43 - 410 AD. The nails are hand wrought with square shanks with hemispherical heads that are either domed or angled four sided pyramidal in form. There are 40 nails with an average length is 17mm. with the head diameter at around 8mm. Individually they weigh around the 1gm. but collectively, they weight 37.1gm. All are covered with ferrous oxide corrosion with a mottled dark brown patina.

WILT-A09D9D: AXEHEAD
A Late Medieval or Post-Medieval iron woodcutter's axe, probably dating to AD 1300-1700. The axehead has a flaring blade, with a largely straight cutting edge, a sub-triangular socket with curved wings projecting above and below the socket in profile, and a flat butt. The axehead is now in two parts, broken at a fresh break just preceding the butt. Fragment 1: Length 166.2mm; height, at cutting edge 88.5mm, of socket 48.7mm; thickness at base of blade 26.2mm; weight >300g. Fragment 2: Length 42.7mm; height 51.2mm; thickness of butt 12.5mm; width of socket 36.8mm; weight 102.18g. cf. Ward-Perkins (1940, 57) no. 13508, Margeson (1993: 180) no. 1385. Also LANCUM-BB00D3 and WILT-3E98B7 on this database. The example published by Margeson was excavated in a context dating to c. 1507.

BUC-9DD036: SPUR
A complete but broken iron medieval rowel spur dating to c.1350-1450 AD. The two arms are rectangular shaped in cross section. They form a U shape and widen at the centre slightly where the two arms join. In the centre of the arms the rowel attachment projects. This is attached by a rounded neck, from this two curved arms project with a notch in between. In between this is the rowel, this is star shaped and has 7 triangular projection, 2 of which are broken. At the end of both arms is a rectangular plate, both of which have two circular perforations in. One of the plates is seperate, with worn breaks. The spur is an orange brown colour, the iron is corroded and fragile. It measures 120.6mm in length, 81.4mm in width, 5.4mm in thickness and weighs 38.9g. Similar rowel spurs can be seen in Clark 1995, page 138-140.

SWYOR-8D57AF: BILL HOOK
An iron billhook of probably Post Medieval to Modern date, but unchanged in design since Roman times. It is a single edged curved blade, hooked at the tip, tapering at the shoulder into a socket (incomplete). There is no barb on this example. 315mm long, diameter (at socket) of 41.5mm, thickness (mid point of blade) of 10.2mm, and in excess of 657g. The back of the blade is blunt. The iron is rusted and pitted, with some areas of weeping corrosion. The website: https://www.billhooks.co.uk/ suggests that billhooks of this shape and style have been used since the Iron Age. However, the condition of this example makes a Post Medieval date more likely. Compare also NLM-2F9493 and NLM-48C6A7.

SWYOR-8CD386: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval small iron cannon shot, probably dating from AD 1600 - 1800. It is sub-spherical and has bumps of corrosion on the surface. The ball is 37.4mm in diameter and weighs 183.94g. The size and weight suggest that this could be for use in a Rabinet cannon which had a bore of approximately 38mm. There is no evidence of impact. Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

NMS-14063B: AXEHEAD
Corroded, hand-forged Medieval to Post Medieval wrought iron Axehead. Straight top-edge with slight curve to the end of the narrow blade. The underside angles from the heel of the blade to the handle to form a tapering triangular shape, at which point it curves down to form a lug before rising again to the butt. Triangular eye-loop with slightly thickened butt-end. Extensive corrosion reveals the laminated metallurgy of the wrought iron, an axehead material largely replaced by steel during the 19th century. The size and modest degree of back-weight to the axehead suggests this is not a felling axe but a light woodman's axehead. On the face of it the form fits references from the Medieval period - see J.B.Ward Perkins. London Museum Medieval Catalogue (1993 reprint) p55, Fig11. Type I. Regarding his Type I Ward Perkins also comments "..it is a simple and efficient tool which has retained a more or less stereotyped form since the Roman period" which in its sense of practicality can equally be projected forward from the Medieval period. There are a number of similar axeheads on this database which have been assigned a Medieval date - see LANCUM-BB00D3; WMID-4AFC87, HESH-66CF45, and DUR-F7E257; nonetheless, since such tools were individually hand made by local Smiths, conventional patterns are not necessarily followed and without any more secure dating context a much wider date range of AD1250-1800 is suggested for this example.

WMID-7AB585: DONKEY SHOE
Iron mule or horseshoe or iron fitting for the heel of a wooden clog or shoe sole. The shape of the shoe resembles 'tongue' type horseshoes, dating from the 17th and 18th centuries (see Bailey, 1997, page 41). Clark (2004) discusses mule shoes on page 78, and concludes that mules were rarely shod in the Medieval period and that the shoe would be narrow and long with a length to breadth ratio of 1.24:1, looking at modern mule shoes. This iron fitting is narrow and might therefore have been designed for a clog or shoe. Margeson (1993) illustrates a similar heel iron with the same dimensions, a rectangular section and rectangular nail holes on page 63, Fig.31, No.395, which is dated to c.1700-1800. John Clark per coms comments "I'm sure it is right that the proportions of width to length suggest it might be a mule shoe. However, the overall width, 77mm, is I think far too small. It might however fit a donkey. They certainly exist, but even today most donkeys go unshod. In reference to the heel iron, A heel iron would presumably have nail-holes regularly spaced around its whole perimeter, and the nails would be ordinary flat-headed nails hammered straight into the wooden sole. A horse/mule/donkey shoe has clenched nails with heads of the various chronological forms I've described. Moreover the nail holes are not regularly spaced all round - you don't get nails in the toe area (equivalent to the 'heel' area on a clog iron!), and they don't extend all the way to the heels of the shoe. This is particularly true, I believe, of mules and donkeys, since their hooves are different from those of horses - the nail holes (only four on a small donkey shoe) appear only forward of the halfway point on each branch of the shoe".

BH-77E5FF: KNIFE
An incomplete wrought iron tanged knife blade dating to the Early Medieval period (c. AD 575-1250). The blade is elongated with an angled back and a damaged curved cutting edge. The tang is triangular in shape and in cross-section. The knife measures 171mm long. The blade is a maximum of 23.8mm wide and 5.1mm thick. The tang is 41mm long, a maximum of 10mm wide and 4.8mm thick. The entire object weigh 47.10 grams. The knife is of Evison's type 3 (Evison 1987, p. 113, fig. 22, no. 3).

BH-76AF63: KNIFE
An incomplete wrought iron whittle tanged knife blade dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1200-1400). The blade is triangular in shape and in cross-section. The tip is broken. The elongated tang, which is rectangular in shape and cross-section, is set centrally relative to the blade. The knife measures 70mm long. The blade is a maximum of 12mm wide and 4.3mm thick. The tang is a maximum of 5.8mm wide and 4mm thick. The entire object weigh 6.57 grams.

SUR-2327ED: HOB NAIL
Three suspected Roman iron hob nails: all have hemi-spherical or conical heads and a square or rectangular bent shank which forms a 'J' in profile and tapers to a blunt point. They measure between 13.6mm and 7.9mm in length.

SUR-231830: HOB NAIL
Four suspected Roman iron hob nails: three have hemi-spherical heads, the other is larger and missing its head and may be a different type of nail. All four have a square or rectangular bent shank which forms a 'J' in profile and tapers to a blunt point. They measure between 20.3mm and 13.7mm in length.

WMID-93E304: HORSESHOE
A Post-Medieval iron horseshoe dating to circa (AD 1600 to 1700). The horseshoe is heavily corroded and appears to be of the keyhole type which date to the 17th century. It has a broad web and slightly tapered heels. Due to the heavy corrosion no nail holes are visible. The object has a brown to orange uneven pitted surface patina. It measures 116 mm from toe to heel and 139.6 mm across the width. It has a thickness of 13.1 mm and weighs 294 grams.

WILT-3D190E: HORSESHOE
An incomplete medieval iron horseshoe, possibly dating to c. 1325-1500. Clark Type 4. It has a distinctly arched inner profile, has a rectangular cross section, is moderately corroded and parts of one branch have broken away. It has very prominent calkins and six square nail holes with three complete nails still present on one side and a fourth, broken off flush with the shoe on the other. The broken edges of the shoe are where the other two nails would have been. On one side there appears to be a sub rectangular lump of metal which has been attached to the underside of the shoe for some reason, possibly to do with the gait of the particular horse. Dimensions: 122mm in length; 97mm in width; 6.44mm thick cf Salisbury and S Wilts Museum catalogue 4 : Objects of Iron, Schuster, Saunders Algar 2012 p170 and 197 no 268

HESH-FEE85D: BUTTON
A mid 19th century (1800-1900) Brass police composite button from a uniform jacket. The button is machine pressed with inscription SHROPSHIRE CONSTABULARY on a raised band around a recessed central Crown. Reverse has a machine pressed back -with possible maker PEARSON inscribed. Diameter: 24.32mm, thickness 7.62mm Weight 4.4 grams Additional information regarding this find has been provided by Peter Hart and we are grateful for his help and input: The Shropshire County Constabulary was raised in 1840 under the County Police Act of 1839. It was amalgamated in 1967 with Worcester City, Worcester and Hereford constabulary to form West Mercia Police. Reference: M.B. Taylor and V.L. Wilkinson 1989: Badges of Office: Illustrated Guide to the helmets and badges of office of the British police: 1829-1989 Hazell and Co

BH-D3B00E: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete cast iron spearhead of probable Medieval date. The socket is open and almost circular in section. It extends, narrowing, to a leaf shaped blade which is lentoid in cross-section and has a raised longitudinal ridge. The blade tapers to a point and the tip is missing. The spear head measures 61.2mm in length. Several areas of the blade have delaminated and as a whole the piece is heavily corroded. The blade is a maximum of 23.2mm in width and 3mm thick. The socket is 8.2mm internal diameter. The spearhead weighs 14.36 grams.

YORYM-A82D5D: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron unidentified object of a Post Medieval or Modern date (c. AD 1600-2050). The object consists of an iron bar, rectangular in section, with an integral loop in the centre through which a single link of iron chain loops through, which has bent out of shape most likely due to post depositional factors. It is likely that there would have been a series of iron chain links and that this bar would have been suspended by this means. It's unclear exactly what this object is due to the lack of diagnostic features and also presence of heavy corrosion. It may have functioned as a form of industrial balance in which two objects could be hung from either end of the arms to be weighed. Or it may have been used to suspend another object. The metal has a reddish-brown patina with patches of iron corrosion. The object is 73.5mm long, 20.2mm wide, 5.4mm thick and weighs 21.6g.

SWYOR-26CDC7: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron unidentified object of unknown date, AD 43 - 1950. In form, it is a long, narrow scoop, concave on one face and convex on the other. At one end the tops of the walls extend into a flat plate with broken edges. The other end also has broken edges but appears to have been rounded.It could be a specialised spoon or seed drill scoop, or perhaps a handle or leaver. It is 87.1mm long, 25.1mm wide and 11.9mm thick. 35.2g. It is similar in form to Roman cosmetic mortars, but is larger. It is recorded because it was found about 20m from the coin hoard SWYOR-A99131, and in the same vicinity as the shield mount SWYOR-16050E, and there is a chance it is associated.

YORYM-14C9C3: BRIDLE BIT
An incomplete iron bridle cheekpiece dating to the medieval period (c. AD 1150-1450). The bit consists of a single shaft, with an integral central loop, and either side one terminal fanning out and the other terminal broken. The form of the bit is similar to one recognised by Ward Perkins (Museum of London 1940, 80-82 type B), as part of the 'snaffle'. This would have linked the bit to the headstall and reins by which the rider controls the horse (Clark et al, 1995). The metal has a reddish-brown colour. The bridle bit is 102.9mm long, 11.4mm wide and 6.2mm thick. The diameter of the central loop is 27.2. The bridle bit weighs 25.3.

YORYM-13CF47: FLAT IRON
An incomplete Box Iron or slug iron of Post Medieval date (c. AD 1700-1900). The iron consists of a triangular shaped, solid brick of iron known as the 'slug'. The tip of the triangle has been squared off. This brick would have been heated in the fire and placed into a hollow ironing box, in order to keep the iron hot for longer, as opposed to the earlier simple 'flat irons'. This is a variation on earlier Box Irons, which were typically filled with charcoal in order to keep them hot. The development of the 'slug', allowed the ironing surface to be kept away from the charcoal and thus was kept cleaner (History of Ironing- Old and Interesting website). The metal has a reddish-brown colour with a gloss-like sheen appearance and there are encrusted patches on the surfaces. The object is 61.6mm long, 47.4mm wide, 18.4mm thick and weighs 228g. An identical object was found in the same area at: YORYM-131282 and YORK-1339E5.

YORYM-131282: FLAT IRON
An incomplete Box Iron or slug iron of Post Medieval date (c. AD 1700-1900). The iron consists of a triangular shaped, solid brick of iron known as the 'slug'. This brick would have been heated in the fire and placed into a hollow ironing box, in order to keep the iron hot for longer, as opposed to the earlier simple 'flat irons'. This is a variation on earlier Box Irons, which were typically filled with charcoal in order to keep them hot. The development of the 'slug', allowed the ironing surface to be kept away from the charcoal and thus was kept cleaner (History of Ironing- Old and Interesting website). The metal has a reddish-brown colour and there are encrusted patches on the surfaces. The object is 60.1mm long, 47.3mm wide, 17mm thick and weighs 140g. An identical object was found in the same area at: YORYM-1339E5

OXON-2C1494: BRIDLE BIT
An incomplete iron harness possibly a horse bridle link, bit or snaffle piece. The bridle fitting comprises two U-shape loops at a slight perpendicular axis to each other. One end is U-shaped the other is broken. The bar is rectangular in section and has been formed by twisting. It is covered in corrosion and is a red/brown colour. Similar bits were used in Late Iron Age bridles and the comparatively small length may suggest the link is from a multi-link bit. Similar objects found on the database are: NMGW-C7724E and SWYOR-BCADC8. The object measures 73.6mm long, the shaft being 34.5mm long and 8.12mm wide, the U-shape terminal is 21.8mm long, 17.51mm wide and 4.41mm thick. The object weighs 18.3g.

GLO-18A67E: KNIFE
This is a rare complete Post-Medieval iron knife handle and blade dated to AD.1500-1600. The knife blade is thin with a low curved blade on one side and think spine on the other, although this is heavily corroded it still retains its original shape. The handle is circular in section (8mm, near the blade expanding to 11mm near the terminal). The terminal is formed from a globular base, then a flanged collar and finally a lozenge shape tip. A similar all iron construction can be found in LON-C21A9C and LON-7B8302

DENO-EF8C9F: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete, post-medieval cast iron rotary key, dating to between AD 1600 - 1800. The bow of the key is a shallow kidney shape, circular in cross-section and with the top edge thicker than the rest of the bow. The external dimensions of the bow are 58.5mm x 35.2mm x 8.3mm, the internal dimensions 46.6mm x 19.0mm. The solid shank extends down from the bow, measuring 47.7mm in length. It is square in cross-section and measures 11.0mm. A moulded collar above the bit has been divided into two wards; the collar is 14.5mm deep. The bit is 23.3mm x 25.4mm, with a central cut producing the two wards. The shank extends beyond the bit by 10.2mm, terminating in a transverse break. The overall length of the key is 134.4mm. The general condition is very poor, with all surfaces heavily corroded.

PUBLIC-983C1C: BROOCH
A Roman iron object, possibly a brooch. The narrow shaft culminates at one end with a double loop, possibly a catch place, and at the other with a tube that may have housed a spring. It is in corroded condition but appears to be complete.

WILT-DF4086: SPEARHEAD
Probable modern replica Medieval iron spearhead. The spearhead has a square-sectioned blade tapering to a point at one end. At the other the spearhead narrows into a slight waist, transitioning into an octagonal and then circular cross section as it expands into a cast socket. There are two peg holes at the base of the socket. There is a small stamp punched into each face of the blade, with a triangle projecting perpendicularly from a straight line creating the impression of a pennant flag. Length 189.0mm; Diameter of socket 29.6mm; width of blade 20.4mm; thickness of blade 17.4mm; weight 200.98g. In it's form the spearhead can be compared to later medieval arrowheads and crossbow bolts, intended to penetrate armour, although it is larger than many of these examples and has a cast rather than rolled socket. cf. Biddle (1990: 1080) nos. 4022-4027. It's general form and socket can be compared to LON-7B7537 on this database. It was found during the demolision of a 17th century wall which also contained a 15th century mortar, however it's excellent condition, as well as the four stamps would possibly suggest a more recent date. See: WILT-DD9F82.

WMID-DB0B49: HOB NAIL
A group of three iron hob nails, of Roman date (circa 43-400 AD). The nails are corroded and all have domed sub-circular heads of irregular shape, and shafts which are square in cross-section, one is slightly bent. The head of another is broken into two pieces. The largest is approximately 15.57mm in length and 10.09mm wide, the smallest is 12.61mm in length and 9.85mm wide, weight of three nails is 3.2gm. Similar SUR-C41F79 and HAMP-E44B88

YORYM-748913: SPEARHEAD
A complete iron spearhead of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1400 - 1700. The spearhead has an elongated triangular blade with slight raised mid-ribs resulting in a losengiform section. The base of the blade opens into a hollow conical socket, now filled with iron corrosion. The spearhead is 218.9mm long, 40.1mm wide, 12mm thick and weighs 303g. The socket is 27.1mm in diameter and 4.1mm thick. It is 23.4mm deep to the corrosion product. The welded socket is strongly suggestive of a date in the later medieval to Post-Medieval period.

BERK-4911CA: TONGS
An incomplete possible iron tong of uncertain date. This could possibly be one half of a blacksmiths tongs. The remaining tong is sub-rectangular in form and has a rounded terminal at one end and pointed terminal at the other. The tong is rectangular in cross-section and narrows in width from 18.9mm maximum width to the pointed terminal at 4.3mm in width. The pointed end may have been the handle end. 76.2mm from the rounded terminal the tong widens and there is a pierced aperture. This could possibly have been where it was joined to the other half of this tong. The tong is slightly curved. The tong is 380mm in length, 22.1mm maximum width, and 20.2mm in thickness.

BUC-46B9CB: BUCKLE
An incomplete iron Post medieval double loop asymmetrical buckle dating from c.1575-1700, missing the iron pin. One loop is hexagonal shaped, and the other is D shaped. The inside and outside edges are bevelled. . The buckle has a narrow pin bar. On either side of the pin bar, and projecting out from the frame is a rectangular flat panel. The buckle is very worn and corroded, and is a red orangy brown colour. It measures 46.4mm in length, 33.9mm in width and weighs 14.73g. The buckle is similar to Whitehead 1996, 90, 562.

YORYM-36626C: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified iron object of an unknown date. The object consists of a shaft which tapers to a point at one end, and at the other flares into a D shaped terminal. One side appears flat and there is no decoration present. This object is highly corroded which has obscured the shape and any diagnostic features which might help identify this object. The metal has an orange brown patina and is heavily worn. The object is 53.2mm long, 23.5mm wide, 9.9mm thick and weighs 13g.

BERK-1C0588: SPUR
An incomplete post Medieval cast iron rowel spur possibly dating to c. 1600 - 1700 AD. The spur is complete bar the terminals to each arm and one of the points to the 6-pointed rowel. The rowel is held in a plain box at the terminal of a straight, circular cross section post. The side arms, with their plano-convex cross section, have a high crest and broad heel section which then curves/sweeps down and tapers to the now missing terminals. Typically, spurs with curved arms fitting around ankle bones, were worn with soft leather boots. The surface is heavily encrusted with iron oxide and small stones. Dimensions. The spur is 112.77mm long and 79.7mm at the widest point. The arms are approximately 5.3mm thick and the arms taper from 24.4mm at the crest, to 13.0mm at the terminal end and the rowel is 31.1mm in diameter. A possible similar parallel can be seen in Read 2001, page 65, fig.41, no. 501 which is dated to c. 17th century.

NMS-F62F6E: FURNITURE FITTING
Five post-medieval wrought iron domestic fittings, 16th - 18th century: - incomplete hinged straps, both surviving only towards the hinge. That with two pivot loops is parallel-sided and 55mm wide. That with one expands from a width of 30mm to 65mm around two nail holes immediately before the hinge. - L-shaped hinge pivot, tapering rectangular-sectioned shank, length 86mm and round-sectioned pivot height 32mm. - incomplete right-angled U-shaped staple, width 50mm, length of extant arm 58mm. - incomplete round-sectioned drop handle, both ends missing, perhaps half extant, estimated width very approximately 100mm. - L-shaped wall 'hook', attachment plate with flat top, rounded edges and remains of two iron nails, height 32mm, width 38mm. The 'hook' is flat, length 30mm, and expands from width 15mm to 20mm at its end,

BERK-F05A81: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete iron, wrought Medieval tanged arrowhead c. 1200 - 1450 AD. This small iron arrowhead may fit into the swallowtail form but in the absence of much of the tangs, it is difficult to be conclusive on type. The head consists of a narrow triangular form with a diamond cross section. The tangs are now largely broken away. The surface is heavily eroded with considerable ferrous oxide and in danger of fragmenting, if not conserved. Dimensions. 43.75mm long, 13.33mm wide with the socket remnant measuring 6.2mm. It weighs 3.7gm. Similar arrowheads can be seen on the PAS database: ESS-3DF6FB, and BERK-3E1305.

NMS-4B160B: PADLOCK
Fragment of a medieval to post-medieval brazed iron cylindrical padlock case including a small part of one end which is recessed within a circumferential band. Brazing is visible internally and externally. Diameter 28mm. 13th - 16th century.

WMID-1EE348: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete hand made iron rotary key, of probable medieval dating (AD 1150 - AD 1400). The key is irregular in plan and cross section. Being made out of iron, it was probably forged. The key can be described in several sections: The bow or handle, shank and bit. The bow consists of a vertical oval, with an oval cross section. It is 49.5 mm tall and 39.1 mm wide. The shank is attached to the bow at the mid point of the right hand side. The shank consists of an rod, rectangular in plan and circular in cross section. It swells in the middle of the shank, with a collar just before the bit. It is 100.0 mm long and has a diameter of 10.0 mm. The shank projects 10.4 mm past the end of the bit. The bit is rectangular in plan and cross section. It extends below the shank 24.4 mm and is 25.9 mm wide and 10.4 mm thick.. The wards appear to surround a central opening, with an T shaped crest, point downwards on either side of the central opening. The key is a dark brown colour and has an even patina. The finder has treated the key to prevent further corrosion. The key measures 140.3 mm in length, 12.0 mm wide and is 49.2 mm tall. It weighs 95.0 g. A number of very similar rotary keys are shown in G. Egan's 'Medieval Households' pages 111-119. From the size of the key and the presence of a solid shank it is likely that the key would have been used to lock a door rather than a casket or chest. Chest locks tend to have a hollow shank and are significantly smaller (ibid: 111). The keys illustrated in this volume are all dated from the late 12th - to late 14th centuries (AD 1150 - AD 1400). Therefore a similar date is suggested here for this example. Reference: Egan, G. Security Equipment in Egan 1998 Egan, G. 1998 The Medieval Household Daily Living c.1150-c.1450. Medieval finds from Excavations in London 6. London. Museum of London / The Stationery Office.

LON-1D70D1: KEY (LOCKING)
A Post Medeival iron key dating from the 18th-19th century. The key consits of two parts, the stem with hollow end and bit and a seperate bow. The stem is circular in cross-section with a kidney-shaped bow and aperture. The bit is C shaped with two vetical clefts. Dimensions: length: 181.96mm; width: 61.41mm; thickness: 24.35mm Reference: Margeson, S.1993. Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds From Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-1978. East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 58.

YORYM-8C703C: BELL
An incomplete iron bell of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1700 - 1900. The bell is quadrangular with sloping sides to a narrow rounded top. An applied ovate sectioned looped handle is present set transversely along the top. The wide circular opening to the base of the bell is broken and worn. A smaller separate loop is present to the top of the bell inside from which the clapper would have been suspended. The metal has a dark orange/brown patina and is heavily corroded. The bell is 128.4mm tall. The base is 82.1mm x 84.5mm x 5.1mm. The handle is 51.3mm x 11.9mm x 8.2mm. It weighs 319g. While this bell is similar in overall shape to Middle Saxon examples, such bells are folded and riveted down one side, display a copper brazed outer surface and have handles secured through the top of the bell itself rather than being applied as a strip.

PUBLIC-77BA92: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete cast iron rotary key with kidney-shaped bow of post-medieval date (c.1500-1600). Description: The bow measures 34.94mm by 23.51mm and has a sub-circular projection coming from the stem. There is a collar between the bow and the stem and the stem plus collar is 48mm in length. It is impossible to say if the stem is solid or hollow but it tapers slightly from 7.02mm at the base of the collar to 6.05mm thick just before the bit. The bit is rectangular in shape and either it has not been completed, or the notches are full of rust. The key is corroded and is a dark orangey brown colour. Measurements: The bit measures 20.05mm by 16.28mm and 4.93mm thick. The key is 72.43mm in length, and weighs 27.4g. Discussion: Similar keys can be seen in Read 2001, p 73, which he dates to the 16th century. Class: Rotary

SWYOR-678796: KNIFE
An incomplete large whittle tang knife (or possible oone blade from shears) of unknown date, Roman to Post Medieval. The blade has the tip missing but seems to be broadly triangular with a curved back. The blade extends smoothly into the tang which is in line with the back of the blade. This is different to most Medieval knives which usually step in to the tang on both the back of the knife and the cutting edge. The whittle tang is rectangular in cross-section and tapers in all dimensions to a point. This point does not appear to be a break, making identification as a knife more likely than shears. Blade length 98.7mm , blade width 41.7mm tapering to 30.7mm, thickness 8.3mm. Tang length 130.8mm, width 17.8mm tapering to 7.5mm and thickness 9.9mm. 164g. Modern and archaeological shears seem mainly to have a step from the handle to the blade, whereas on this example the metal is curved. For similar examples, compare LVPL-2F1DC7 (though it has unconvincing dates) and SWYOR-9733A3.

BERK-F7C446: KEY (LOCKING)
A large Post Medieval or later, iron key c. 1500 - 1800 AD. Although heavily eroded, the shank and bow are circular in cross section. The bow has an oval top but is then inverted where it joins the shank to give an overall, kidney bean shape. The bit in intact with clear cut wards in the broad form of a patriarchal cross with the lower cross ward having upturned ends. There is the remnant of a tip collar. The key is 131.59mm long, the bow is 47.56mm wide and the shank has a maximum diameter of 8.72mm. The bit is 28.16mm deep and 25.52mm wide with a thickness of 4.9. It weighs 78.3gm

LANCUM-D4B0A8: KNIFE
Fragment from an iron knife or seax of early medieval or medieval date (c. AD 500 - 1200). The fragment is from the tip of the blade: the cutting edge is curved, while the other edge is straight. The blade has a triangular section, narrowing towards the cutting edge. The object is heavily encrusted. It is orange in colour. The object is 114.78mm in length, 39.28m in width and 12.05mm in thickness. It weighs 159.46g. See SF-445676 for a similar example recorded on the database.

WMID-D5711C: MACE
A possible cast-iron mace head of Medieval or Post Medieval date. The object is spherical with a circular piercing of 26.47mm running from top to bottom. The object is corroded, with some deep pitting in places. There is no obvious evidence of any protrusions such as knobs or spikes on the surface, as found on other examples on the database (e.g. WMID-B9FE34). The mace head is 61mm in diameter and weighs 640g.

BUC-C0C6AB: BUCKLE
A complete iron post medieval double loop buckle dating to c. AD 1650-1700. The buckle is 'thistle-shaped' with one oval loop and one trapezoidal loop. The frame is rectangular in cross section. The pin is triangular shaped, looped around the pin bar and narrowing towards a rounded point. Either side of the pin is a rectangular plate holding it in place. The buckle has a red brown patina, and measures 45.6mm in length, 43.9mm in width, 8.1mm in thickness and weighs 19.72g. C.f. Margeson 1993, page 33, number 218.

WMID-54B9E3: CHISEL
An incomplete iron probably chisel or other woodworking tool likely dating to the Post Medieval to Modern period (c. AD 1700-1900). The handle is round in section and from the base of the handle the chisel end widens to form a rectangular working end of the tool. The blade edge, as well as the rest of the tool, is corroded but apparent. A similar example recorded on the PAS database is LVPL-864D62. The overall dimensions are as follows: 113.73mm in length, 65.8mm in width, 15.42mm in thickness and 292g in weight.

WMID-42F508: STUD
An incomplete iron stud or tack dating to the late Medieval to Post Medieval period (c. AD1400-1550). The object is heavily corroded with irregular edges but may once have been shield-shaped. A rivet remains in situ on the reverse having been soldered into place on a sheet. Any decoration on the face of the stud has since corroded away. A possible comparable example is no. 255 in Read (2001: 32). The overall dimensions are as follows: 26.85mm in length, 23.54mm in width, 20.78mm in thickness and 8.97g in weight.

WMID-3F8D0F: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of probable Post Medieval date (c. AD 1500-1700). The iron blade has a straight back, the edge curves from the knife tip to the back where it terminates in a worn break. There is no evidence of the handle remaining. The blade is V-shaped in profile with a clear, though heavily corroded, cutting edge. Iron knives are difficult to date as the corrosion obscures details, and the functional designs do not vary much. Two similar examples recorded on the PAS database are: NLM-743879 and SWYOR-5CE441. Both have been dated to the Post Medieval period. The overall dimensions are as follows: 88.38mm in length, 19.86mm in width, 7.98mm in thickness and 40.09g in weight.

LIN-2939BF: SPEAR
An iron spear head dating from the 7th - 9th century. It is angular and has a split socket. It probably fits into Swanton Group E2 which was in use for a long time. The blade is kite shaped with short concave upper sides. It is lozenge shaped in section. The socket is intact and is U shaped. The socket is 18.25 mm wide and 16.71 mm thick at its widest point. The socket is about 48.20 mm long. The neck between the socket and blade is oval in section and is decorated with at least three circumferential moulded ridges near the socket. The neck curves into the shoulders of the blade. The shoulders are 49.86 mm wide and 3.00 mm thick. The blade tapers from the shoulders to the tip and has straight sides. Compare NMS-BCAB82 and SWYOR-EB7AA1.

SUR-C41F79: HOB NAIL
A group of five iron hob nails, of Roman date. The nails all have domed sub-circular heads of irregular shape.and shafts which are square in cross-section and bent. The largest is approximately 12mm in length and 10mm wide, the smallest is 10.5mm in length and 8mm wide.

WMID-C3E5A1: CHISEL
A complete but corroded iron chisel of Roman to Post-Medieval date. It is T-shaped with a flat rectangular head. The stem is rectangular and curves slightly as it tapers in thickness towards the base. Similar to: SF-923A7B and SF-92303E Length: 86.43mm Width at head: 18.96mm Width at base: 10.44mm Weight: 38.83gm

NMS-B0B6F8: SCISSORS
Fragment of a pair of post-medieval iron scissors, part of one finger-loop and one slightly curving and rectangular-secioned arm. No part of the blade has survived. Extant length 60mm. Diameter of finger-loop c.40mm. 16th - 18th century.

HAMP-9AA994: HOB NAIL
A corroded and incomplete possible Roman (AD 43-410) iron hob nail, with a domed sub-circular head of irregular shape. It measures 13.7mm in length and weighs 0.89g. The head measures 9.8x9.5mm and is 3.7mm high. The shaft is bent and rectangular in cross-section, missing its tip. It tapers from 3.3x2.1mm to 2.5x1.5mm.

PUBLIC-6E989E: HORSESHOE
An incomplete hammered iron horseshoe, possibly a Guildhall shoe, dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1250-1550). This remaining part consists of the outer right branch with a missing calkin. On the branch there is the fullering with 3 sub-square nail holes. The horseshoe is D-shaped in plan and in cross section. The front is convex and the reverse is flat. It is in very poor condition and is covered by a brownish-orange patina with traces of corrosion towards the edges. It measures 26.5mm in width at the maximum point on the outer branch and 7mm at the inner branch, 12mm at the calkin, and weights 63.25 grams. Similar horseshoes can be found in Sparkes, I. G. 1976. Old Horseshoes, Shire Album 19, p. 13.

DENO-1D684B: NAIL
A wrought Iron nail of uncertain but probably post medieval date (c 1500 -1850 AD It has a square shank, tapering to a blunt point, and a flat, sub-triangular head, heavily corroded and bent at an angle to the shank. The nail is bent into a shallow S-shape. Shank is 10.5 mm thick, tapering to 3 mm. Head is 23.7 mm wide. Overall length 80 mm. Weight is 33.8 g

DENO-1D3934: CHAIN
Three pieces of Iron chain of uncertain date. One is sub rectangular and may be riveted at one end, but the object is heavily corroded and the end of the loop which may be riveted is full of corrosion product and debris. This may have formed part of a figure - eight link or may have had some form of fixing or attachment point. It is 9.3 thick and has an overall length of 97 mm. Another link is oval with a sub-circular section with flattened surfaces suggesting hand forging. It is broken in one place and has muliple patches of corrosion. it is 10.9 mm thick with an overall length of 64 mm. The third piece appears to be some kind of attachment or swivel. It is comprised of a circular piece with a rectangular section. through this - possibly through a drilled or integrally cast hole, it is not certain due to corrosion, runs a long spike which is curled back on itself to form a loop. It is not clear if this curling back is deliberate to create a loop to which other links may be attached, or if the spike was originally to affix the circular component to some surface. It is probable that the circular link was originally free to swivel, but now is heavily corroded. Diameter 84 mm, thickness 13.7 .The spike is 9.3 mm thick and was probably c 120 mm long. These objects are described in one record as they were found in the same field. Overall weight 345 g

BH-F1C449: WEDGE
A small iron object, probably a near complete wedge dating to the Roman period. It is rectangular in section, with a slightly ?burred butt, flattening to a corroded and broken chisel-like tip. It may be chisel tip fragment, but the potential burring to the butt indicates that it was a small wedge. A wedge of this size may have been used for splitting timbers. Measurements: L (53) mm ; W (butt) 26 mm ; T (butt) 12 mm ; W (tip) 25 mm ; Wt 57 g ;

BH-F1B9FD: WASHER
A heavily corroded but complete iron washer dating to the post-medieval to modern period. The washer comprises a perforated flat iron disc. It is flat on one side, slightly domed on the other, giving a ?semicircular section. Measurements: DM (external) (130) mm ; DM (internal) 86 mm ; W (disc) 23 mm ; T (disc) 6 mm ; Wt 168g ; Washer. Complete. Heavilly corroded,

BH-F1A4B2: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Nine bent, tapering iron bars. They are either incomplete clenched nails, or fragments of slender staples.

BH-F05F87: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
UNK02 ; L 75 mm ; L (stem) 65 mm ; W (stem) 6 mm ; T (stem) 5 mm ; L (head) (14) mm ; DM (head) 8 mm ; Wt 6 g ; Unidentified object. Incomplete. Rectangular-sectioned stem, tapering slightly towards one end, the other joining a transverse ?round-sectioned head, both arms of which are missing.

BH-F05AAA: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
UNK01 ; L (32) mm ; max DM (external) 10 mm ; max DM (internal) 4 mm ; Wt 6 g ; Socket fragment. Small round closed socket, broken at one end, tapering to the other. Heavily encrusted.

BH-F04EE8: CLAMP
An incomplete T-clamp dating to the Roman period. Short stub of a broken rectangular-sectioned stem, joining the centre of a complete rectangular-sectioned cross-piece, which is thicker on one side than the other and flares slightly towards either tip.TCL01 ; L (25) mm ; L (stem) (18) mm ; W (stem) 18 mm ; T (stem) 7 mm ; L (head) 79 mm ; max W (head) 13 mm ; max T (head) 8 mm ; Wt 31 g ; T-clamp. Incomplete. Short stub of a broken rectangular-sectioned stem, joining the centre of a complete rectangular-sectioned cross-piece, which is thicker on one side than the other and flares slightly towards either tip. Measurements: L (25) mm ; L (stem) (18) mm ; W (stem) 18 mm ; T (stem) 7 mm ; L (head) 79 mm ; max W (head) 13 mm ; max T (head) 8 mm ; Wt 31 g ; T-clamps are structural fittings consisting of a tapering spike with a wide T-shaped head. They appear to have been primarily used to secure various types of cladding to the walls of buildings (Manning, 1985, pp. 131-2). One T-clamp, TCL01, comes from Piercebridge.

BH-F04108: STAPLE
A small incomplete iron staple of Roman or medieval date. It comprises an L-shaped rectangular-sectioned bar, both ends broken, one end (tang?) notably narrower than the other. STA07 ; L (35) mm ; W (12) mm ; max W (bar) 9 mm ; max T (bar) 7 mm ; Wt 8 g Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). The majority (STA01, STA04, STA05, STA06, STA07, and BM-DF3C54) are of the more stout type. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-F03871: STAPLE
An incomplete iron staple dating to the Roman or medieval period. Heavily corroded. L-shaped rectangular-sectioned bar, both ends broken. Measurements: L (30) mm ; W (35) mm ; max W (bar) 14 mm ; max T (bar) 10 mm ; Wt 12 g ; Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). The majority (STA01, STA04, STA05, STA06, STA07, and BM-DF3C54) are of the more stout type. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-F02F8E: STAPLE
An incomplete iron staple of uncertain date. L-shaped rectangular-sectioned bar, one end (tang?) tapering to a blunt tip, the other broken. Measurements: L (43) mm ; W 53 mm ; max W (bar) 18 mm ; max T (bar) 12 mm ; Wt 43 g Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). The majority (STA01, STA04, STA05, STA06, STA07, and BM-DF3C54) are of the more stout type. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-F00CC8: STAPLE
An incomplete iron staple dating to the Roman or medieval period. Rectangular-sectioned bar, one end bent at a right angle and tapering, the other also apparently bent but now lost. Measurements: L 31 mm ; W 24 mm ; max W (bar) 7 mm ; max T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 3 g Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). STA03 is of the more slender U-shaped variety. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-F000A5: STAPLE
A complete iron staple dating to the Roman or medieval period. Rectangular-sectioned bar, both ends of which are bent inwards at slightly more than a right angle, creading a U-shape with slightly bent tapering tangs. Measurements: L 24 mm ; W 23 mm ; max W (bar) 6 mm ; max T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 5 g ; Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). STA02 is of the more slender U-shaped variety. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-EFFA08: STAPLE
STA01 ; L (49) mm ; W (body) 10 mm ; T (body) 7 mm ; L (tang) 16 mm ; max W (tang) 7 mm ; max T (tang) 4 mm ; Wt 6 g ; Staple. Near complete. Rectangular-sectioned bar, with robust tapering rectangular-sectioned tangs projecting at slightly less than right angles at either end. One is complete, the other almost completely lost to corrosion. Large iron staples were used to join timbers together. Blunt-ended examples could also be used as cramps to hold masonry together (Manning, 1985, p. 131). Eight possible staples were found at Piercebridge, representing both of the major types identified by Manning (1985, p. 131). The majority (STA01, STA04, STA05, STA06, STA07, and BM-DF3C54) are of the more stout type. Both types were also used in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, figs. 66-9).

BH-EFF1B5: SPATULA
An incomplete iron object, possibly a wax spatula handle of Feugère's Type B2 (Feugère 1995) dating to the Roman period. The object comprises a oval-section bar, which flattens and then expands at each to form spatulate heads, which are now broken. This type is associated with writing equipment in graves, and can be reasonably confidently associated with wax tablet writing. It is a plain example, comparable to some finds from London (Humphreys forthcoming, WXS26-34). However, its corrosion pattern may indicate that it is more recent, and is perhaps simply a bar with flattened ends. It measures 107mm in length in total. ; L (handle) 60 mm ; W (handle) 9 mm ; T (handle) 8 mm ; L (blades) 20 + 27 mm ; W (blades, at break) 12 mm ; T (blades, at break) 4 mm ; Wt 25 g.

BH-EFE834: RING
An incomplete iron ring of uncertain date, which is obscured by concretions. Round iron ring, 3/4 of which survives, ?rectangular in cross-section. Measurements: DM (external) 33 mm ; DM (internal) 22 mm ; W (bar) 6 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 7 g ; These objects are ubiquitous finds in Roman excavations (Manning, 1985, p. 140), but are indistinguishable from more recent finds (Goodall, 1980, fig. 126, 277-84). It is also not possible to assign a definite function to them, as they may have been used in a number of situations, from harness fittings or chain links, to furniture handles (Manning, 1985, p. 140).

BH-EFD115: RING
An incomplete iron ring of uncertain date. ; Ring. Incomplete. Half of a round iron ring, ?rectangular in cross-section. Measurements: DM (external) 46 mm ; DM (internal) 28 mm ; W (bar) 9 mm ; T (bar) 6 mm ; Wt 11 g These objects are ubiquitous finds in Roman excavations (Manning, 1985, p. 140), but are indistinguishable from more recent finds (Goodall, 1980, fig. 126, 277-84). It is also not possible to assign a definite function to them, as they may have been used in a number of situations, from harness fittings or chain links, to furniture handles (Manning, 1985, p. 140).

BH-EFC034: RING
An iron ring of uncertain date which is obscured by concretions. Round iron ring, 2/3 of which survives, ?rectangular in cross-section. Measurements: DM (external) 70 mm ; DM (internal) 52 mm ; W (bar) 8 mm ; T (bar) 12 mm ; Wt 51 g ; These objects are ubiquitous finds in Roman excavations (Manning, 1985, p. 140), but are indistinguishable from more recent finds (Goodall, 1980, fig. 126, 277-84). It is also not possible to assign a definite function to them, as they may have been used in a number of situations, from harness fittings or chain links, to furniture handles (Manning, 1985, p. 140).

BH-EFB431: RING
An iron ring of uncertain date. A round iron ring, rectangular in cross-section. Measurements: DM (external) 34 mm ; DM (internal) 25 mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 7 g ; These objects are ubiquitous finds in Roman excavations (Manning, 1985, p. 140), but are indistinguishable from more recent finds (Goodall, 1980, fig. 126, 277-84). It is also not possible to assign a definite function to them, as they may have been used in a number of situations, from harness fittings or chain links, to furniture handles (Manning, 1985, p. 140).

BH-EFAE8B: RING
A complete iron ring of uncertain date. Measurements: DM (external) 35 mm ; DM (internal) 27 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 6 g These objects are ubiquitous finds in Roman excavations (Manning, 1985, p. 140), but are indistinguishable from more recent finds (Goodall, 1980, fig. 126, 277-84). It is also not possible to assign a definite function to them, as they may have been used in a number of situations, from harness fittings or chain links, to furniture handles (Manning, 1985, p. 140).

BH-EF9CB1: RAKE
A complete rake or harrow tine of double-ended type, possibly dating to the Roman period. Rake or harrow tine. Complete. Heavily corroded double-ended object, one end (tang?) is ?square-sectioned, the other (blade?) ?round-sectioned. Measurements: L 122 mm ; max W 15 mm ; L (square end) 65 mm ; L (round end) 57 mm ; Wt 68 g. Similar objects are known from London (Humphreys forthcoming, RAK45-49) and Wilcote (Hands, 1998, fig. 24, 53). Pohanka (1986, Taf. 22, 91) illustrates a group of tines of this type embedded into a wooden beam, although it is not clear whether they formed part of a rake head or harrow frame (for a wooden harrow, see Deforce & Annaert, 2007).

BH-EF8884: PUNCH
A complete hot round punch dating to the Roman period. It comprises a robust circular-section bar, with a heavily burred head, tapering over the final 45 mm to a slightly bent point. Measurements: L 121 mm ; DM (head) 23 mm ; max DM (shaft) 15 mm ; Wt 94 g.

BH-EF803B: PUNCH
An incomplete and heavily corroded iron object, possibly a fine metalworking punch of Humphreys Type 1 dating to the It comprises an octagonal-sectioned bar, possibly burred at one end, broken at the other. Possibly expanding slightly towards the break. Measurements: L (53) mm ; max DM (9) mm ; Wt 13 g ;

BH-EF79C5: PUNCH
An iron hot punch dating to the Roman period. It comprises a square-sectioned iron bar, tapering continuously to a blunt tip. It may be a square punch of Humphreys Type 2. Square punches are not certainly metalworking tools, as none have obvious burring at the butt. Measurements: L 115 mm ; W (butt) 22 mm ; Wt 165 g.

BH-EF5C8B: PINTLE
A near complete iron pintle of uncertain date. It is an L-shaped object, consisting of a rectangular-sectioned tang, tapering to a break, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. Measurements: L (80) mm ; L (tang) (66) mm ; W (tang) 12 mm ; T (tang) 8 mm ; L (pintle) 34 mm ; DM (pintle) 10 mm ; Wt 24 g ; Pintle. Near complete. Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EF56A5: PINTLE
A complete iron pintle of uncertain date. It is an L-shaped object, consisting of a rectangular-sectioned tang, tapering to a broken point, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. Measurements: L 89 mm ; L (tang) 77 mm ; W (tang) 15 mm ; T (tang) 9 mm ; L (pintle) 29 mm ; DM (pintle) 11 mm ; Wt 54 g Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EF4764: PINTLE
An incomplete iron pintle of uncertain date. An L-shaped object, consisting of a stub of a rectangular-sectioned tang, and a round-sectioned pintle with a pointed (corroded?) tip. Measurements: L (34) mm ; L (tang) (19) mm ; W (tang) 17 mm ; T (tang) 12 mm ; L (pintle) 43 mm ; DM (pintle) 12 mm ; Wt 46 g ; Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EF4009: PINTLE
A complete iron pintle of uncertain date. An L-shaped object, consisting of a rectangular-sectioned tang, tapering to a point, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. The tang splits in two to form a small loop halfway along, probably as a result of lamination due to corrosion rather than deliberate manufacture. Measurements: L 88 mm ; L (tang) 79 mm ; W (tang) 9 mm ; T (tang) 8 mm ; L (pintle) 22 mm ; DM (pintle) 10 mm ; Wt 38 g Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EF34E3: PINTLE
A complete iron pintle of uncertain date. It is an L-shaped object, consisting of a rectangular-sectioned tang, tapering to a point, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. The tang splits in two to form a small loop halfway along, probably as a result of lamination due to corrosion rather than deliberate manufacture. Measurements: L 88 mm ; L (tang) 79 mm ; W (tang) 9 mm ; T (tang) 8 mm ; L (pintle) 22 mm ; DM (pintle) 10 mm ; Wt 38 g ; Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EF2FE3: PINTLE
A complete iron pintle of uncertain date. It is an L-shaped object, consisting of a square-sectioned tang, tapering to a point, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. Measurements: L 77 mm ; L (tang) 63 mm ; W (tang) 14 mm ; L (pintle) 31 mm ; DM (pintle) 12 mm ; Wt 44 g ; Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

YORYM-EED20B: STIRRUP
An incomplete iron stirrup of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1700 - 1900. The footplate of the stirrup is an elongated open ovate in plan with a sub-circular section. Two arms project, one from either end of the footplate, arching upward where each forks into two, terminating in worn break. The arms also have a sub-circular section. The metal is a heavily corroded orange/brown colour. The object is 132.8mm long, 122.7mm wide, 9.4mm thick and weighs 203g. Similar stirrups have been recorded on the Pas database as SUR-E4CC12, NLM-7C0EC3 and KENT-9B3001.

LON-EED09A: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval iron key dating from AD 1350-1400. The stem is circular in cross-section,evolving into a rectangular cross-section at the shoulder, decorated with a grooved saltire. The key has an oval bow with a kidney-shaped aperture defined by an inwardly projecting point from the centre where the bow abuts the stem. The bit is rectangular in shape, with four clefts, three vertical rectangular clefts removed from the base and one further horizontal rectangular cleft above. A similar key is illustrated in Egan (1998:113-114 No. 308) Reference: Egan, G. 1998 The Medieval Household - Medieval finds from excavations in London. HMSO. London

BH-EEC4F4: PINTLE
A complete iron pintle of uncertain date. It is an L-shaped object, consisting of a rectangular-sectioned tang, tapering to a point, and a shorter round-sectioned pintle with a blunt tip. Measurements: L 100 mm ; L (tang) 88 mm ; W (tang) 15 mm ; T (tang) 12 mm ; L (pintle) 27 mm ; DM (pintle) 12 mm ; Wt 71 g ; Pintles are iron objects around which large drop hinges, such as those used on doors or window shutters, would pivot (Goodall, 1980, p. 109; Manning, 1985, p. 127). All of the objects from Piercebridge are of the most common type; an L-shaped object with a tapering rectangular-sectioned tang set at right angles to a round-sectioned pivot. The tang would be inserted into the wood or masonry of the door frame (Manning 1985, 127). This object type was used in the Roman period, but continued to be used into the Medieval period and beyond (Goodall 1980, p. 109), and as such cannot be dated with certainty.

BH-EE0DE9: FURNITURE FITTING
An iron binding strip, possibly a box binding dating to the Roman period. It comprises a narrow bar, possibly triangular in section but unclear due to corrosion. One end is broken, the other expands to a round flat head on the opposite plane to the shaft, pierced in the centre with a square nail. Similar objects come from Brancaster (Hinchliffe, 1985, fig. 35, 81, 89), although closer parallels come from the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, fig. 81, 538-49). Measurements: L (107) mm ; L (strip) (89) mm ; W (strip) 8 mm ; T (strip) 2 mm ; L (head) 18 mm ; T (head) 3 mm ; Wt 11 g ; Binding strip? Incomplete.

BH-EDF92A: BOX
An incomplete iron strip binding, possibly dating to the Roman period. The object is rectangular in section, bent at a right angle and broken at one end, the other expanding to a broken ?perforated end. It expands towards one end, and may also have been a leaf-shaped corner strap, although it is broken at both ends, and too corroded to tell. Leaf-shaped corner straps were found on the Milton Keynes chest (Manning et al., 1987, fig. 58), and on fragmentary bindings from Great Chesterford (Manning, 1985, S128) and Sandy (Manning, 1985, S129) all dating to the Roman period. However, they are also known in medieval contexts (Goodall, 1980, fig. 79, 438, 446). Measurements: L (56) mm ; W (strip) 13 mm ; T (strip) 5 mm ; W (head) (20) mm ; Wt 9 g ;

BH-EDE3E7: FURNITURE FITTING
An incomplete iron mount, possibly from a box dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section strip, broken at one end, the other expanding to a leaf-shaped head, perforated with a round hole. It has a leaf-shaped terminal, which can be paralleled on the corner straps of the Milton Keynes chest (Manning et al., 1987, fig. 58), and on fragmentary bindings from Great Chesterford (Manning, 1985, S128) and Sandy (Manning, 1985, S129), but also in the middle ages (Goodall, 1980, fig. 79, 438, 446). Measurements: L (67) mm ; L (strip) (24) mm ; W (strip) 19 mm ; T (strip) 4 mm ; L (head) 43 mm ; W (head) 25 mm ; T (head) 2 mm ; DM (perforation) 8 mm ; Wt 17 g.

BH-EDCF4B: FURNITURE FITTING
An iron strip binding, possibly dating to the Roman period. The binding comprises a flat iron strip, pierced and broken at one end, tapering slightly to the other, which ends in a rounded, pierced tip. Slightly bent. Similar bindings are known from Brancaster (Hinchliffe, 1985, figs. 35-6, 86, 88), although its Roman date can only be presumed. Measurement: L (175) mm ; max W 32 mm ; min W 27 mm ; T 3 mm ; Wt 49 g.

BH-EDBC60: BOX
A very small iron corner strap of uncertain date. Heavily corroded strip of iron with rounded ends, bent at a right angle and pierced by a rivet at each end. Used to reinforce right-angle joins, a number were used in the construction of wooden chests found at Colchester (Crummy 1983, Fig. 91) and Milton Keynes (Manning, Marney and Zeepvst 1987, Fig. 58) and in some coffins from Lankhills (Powell 2010, Fig. 4.23). Measurements: L 24 mm ; W 24 mm ; W (bar) 19 mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 10 g ;

BH-EDB712: FURNITURE FITTING
A near complete iron corner strap, possibly a reinforcement from a box dating to the post medieval or modern period. It comprises an iron strip, with thickened edges, bent at a right angle. One end is rounded, the other broken. Both ends are perforated by a single nail. It has a raised edge and unusual corrosion, and therefore appears to be post-Roman, probably modern in date. Measurements: L 61 mm ; W (52) mm ; W (bar) 23 mm ; T (bar) 2 mm ; T (bar edges) 4 mm ; Wt 41 g ; Corner strap. Near complete.

BH-ED8336: BUCKET
A near complete but heavily corroded triangular bucket handle mount or escutcheon dating to the post-medieval period. It possesses a triangular iron plate, slightly dished, corroded on all sides, with rivets in place at each corner. From one side protrudes a corroded plate, with a rounded end and large circular perforation. Measurements: L 71 mm ; L (triangular plate) 36 mm ; W (triangular plate) 47 mm ; T (triangular plate) 2 mm ; L (rectangular plate) 35 mm ; W (rectangular plate) 30 mm ; T (rectangular plate) 1.5 mm ; DM (perforation) 15 mm ; Wt 35 g

BH-ED7E0D: BUCKET
A near complete iron bucket handle mount or escutcheon dating to the post-medieval period. It comprises a triangular iron plate, which is slightly dished. The front edge is corroded. Rivets survive in place at the two surviving corners. From one side protrudes a ?waisted plate, with a rounded end and large circular perforation. Measurements: L (67) mm ; L (triangular plate) (30) mm ; W (triangular plate) 47 mm ; T (triangular plate) 1 mm ; L (rectangular plate) 37 mm ; W (rectangular plate) 26 mm ; T (rectangular plate) 1.5 mm ; DM (perforation) 14 mm ; Wt 16 g.

BH-ED7478: BUCKET
A complete iron bucket handle mount or escutcheon dating to the post medieval period. The mount comprises a triangular iron plate, slightly dished, with rivets in place at each corner. From one side protrudes a rectangular plate, with a rounded end and large circular perforation. Measurements: L 74 mm ; L (triangular plate) 40 mm ; W (triangular plate) 45 mm ; T (triangular plate) 2 mm ; L (rectangular plate) 29 mm ; W (rectangular plate) 22 mm ; T (rectangular plate) 2 mm ; DM (perforation) 15 mm ; Wt 29 g ;

BH-ED6F4A: BUCKET
A complete iron bucket handle mount, probably dating to the post-medieval period. The mount comprises a triangular iron plate, slightly dished, with rivets in place at each corner. From one side protrudes a rectangular plate, slightly raised from the triangular plate, with a rounded end and large circular perforation. It is similar in form and size to three other mounts from the river (BH-ED7478; BH-ED7E0D; BH-ED8336). As it is likely they were used in pairs, they therefore represent the remains of at least three similar vessels. Although buckets escutcheons with three rivets were used in the Iron Age and Roman period, this object is less corroded than many of the objects from the river and may therefore be post-Roman in date. Identical escutcheons can be seen on twentieth century buckets and coal scuttles although a somewhat similar fragmentary object also comes from Harlow Temple (Gobel 1985, Fig. 48, 22). Measurements: L 82 mm ; L (triangular plate) 48 mm ; W (triangular plate) 58 mm ; T (triangular plate) 2 mm ; L (rectangular plate) 34 mm ; W (rectangular plate) 26 mm ; T (rectangular plate) 4 mm ; DM (perforation) 16 mm ; Wt 55 g ;

BH-ED6800: ANVIL
A small iron object, possible an anvil dating to the Roman period. It comprises a small square-section bar, possibly broken at one end but may be complete, stepping out at the other to a wide triangular-sectioned head with a blunt tip.Chisel tip or anvil? An identical object from the Roman fort at Maryport (Jarrett 1976, fig. 20, 5) was thought to be a post-medieval chisel fragment, but the fact that it so closely resembles this example suggests that both objects are complete. They may have been small wedge-shaped anvils, perhaps comparable to very small mosaicist's hardies. Measurements: L 26 mm ; L (bar) 16 mm ; W (bar) 12 mm ; L (head) 10 mm ; W (head) 22 mm ; T (head) 11 mm ; Wt 27 g.

BH-ED6181: FURNITURE FITTING
A fragment of an iron hook or drop handle dating to the Roman period. The object possesses a square-section bar, broken at one end. The other is bent and ends in a corroded ?knob-shaped terminal. Measurements: L 37 mm ; W 15 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; W (knob head) 12 mm ; Wt 3 g

BH-ED5A6B: FURNITURE FITTING
A fragment of a wall hook or drop handle dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises a circular-section bar, broken at one end. The other end is hooked and ends in a truncated cone-shaped terminal. Measurements: L (35) mm ; W (27) mm ; DM (bar) 9 mm ; L (terminal) 10 mm ; DM (terminal) 14 mm ; Wt 16 g.

BH-ED5492: CHAIN
LOO06 ; L 14 mm ; DM (external) 16 mm ; DM (internal) 8 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 9 g ; Iron loop. Complete. Rectangular-sectioned iron strip, bent into a crude loop with overlapping edges.

BH-ED4E2E: CHAIN
LOO05 ; L 15 mm ; DM (external) 17 mm ; DM (internal) 10 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 8 g ; Iron loop. Complete. Rectangular-sectioned iron strip with ?central recess along its length, bent into a crude loop with overlapping edges.

BH-ED4B0C: CHAIN
LOO04 ; L 12 mm ; DM (external) 21 mm ; DM (internal) 10 mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 10 g ; Iron loop. Complete. Rectangular-sectioned iron strip, bent into a crude loop with overlapping edges.

OXON-D6E4F1: BUCKLE
A cast, or possibly blacksmith made iron Early Medieval to Medieval annular buckle c. AD 1270-1400. The buckle is a simple circular frame with no apparent pin constriction and is heavily eroded. The pin is attached by being wrapped around the circle of the buckle. The annular form appears to be a plain flat oblong cross section, the heavily eroded pin, may have had a 'D' cross section. The surface is heavily encrusted with dark brown/orange ferrous erosion. The brooch diameter is 48.71 and is around 5.12mm in thickness, it weighs 36.9gm. Egan and Pritchard (1991: 57) suggest that annular rings with pins that do not have a pin constriction on the frame should be considered buckles rather than brooches. The publish a number of examples excavated from medieval contexts in London with cast pins or replacement sheet pins, with the type in general dating to 1270 to 1450 AD (ibid, 22). Although this is classified as a buckle, it could conceivably, be a brooch the lack of constriction being hidden by iron corrosion. Whitehead (1996, 17) gives a wide date range of c. 1250 - c. 1450. However, iron examples found in London illustrated in Egan and Pritchard (1991, 59-60) tend to come from late 13th-century/early 14th-century contexts (c.1270-c. 1400).

LIN-622296: PADLOCK
A corroded and incomplete iron spring mechanism from the bolt of a padlock of probable medieval date. The artefact consists of a roughly circular end plate with three protuberances on its upper surface. These are the remnants of the trio of springs: two parallel with each other and perpendicular to a larger third. Originally the springs may have had a barb on each side extending to within c. 8 or 9mm of the plate. A slide (or squeeze) key would have squeezed the barbs against the springs such that the bolt could be removed from the case (see Egan 1998, 92; fig. 64). The size of this mechanism and the number of springs suggests that the padlock may have had an important function, perhaps relating to securing a door, although a chest cannot be ruled out (see Egan 1998, 91). Similar padlocks are known from contexts of the late 10th to 16th centuries at Winchester (Biddle 1990, nos. 3671-6). This padlock falls into Winchester Type D; at Winchester these come from contexts of the late 10th to 16th century (Biddle 1990, nos. 3671-6). For a whole padlock see PUBLIC-CFEF64 and HAMP-3DA4D1. Diameter: 31.68 mm; Thickness: 10.88 mm; Weight: 28.14g References cited Biddle, M., 1990. Object and economy in medieval Winchester. Egan, G., 1998 The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) London: The Stationery Office 91, 92 , 64

BH-5FBDAA: LINCH PIN
A near complete iron linch pin of Manning (1985) Type 2B dating to the third or fourth century AD. It possesses a flat rectangular-sectioned shaft, ?broken at one end, expanding at the other to a rounded spatulate head, with a robust rectangular-sectioned bar extending from the top, bent into a round loop which sits above the linch pin head. A separate rectangular-sectioned piece of iron held onto the front of the object by corrosion appears to be unrelated. Measurements: L (150) mm ; L (shaft) (67) mm ; ma W (shaft) 28 mm ; max T (shaft) 10 mm ; L (head) 55 mm ; W (head) 63 mm ; T (head) 5 mm ; L (loop bar) 30 mm ; W (loop bar) 20 mm ; T (loop bar) 8 mm ; L (loop) 12 mm ; H (loop) 7 mm ; Linch pin. Manning (1985) Type 2B. Near complete.

BH-5FB814: LINCH PIN
An incomplete iron linch pin of Manning (1985) Type 2B dating to the third or fourth century AD. It possesses a rectangular-sectioned shaft, broken at one end, expanding at the other to a rounded spatulate head, with a thin square-sectioned bar extending from the top and bent into a semicircular loop, the end of which extends along and is welded to the head. Measurements: L (87) mm ; L (shaft) (30) mm ; max W (shaft) 16 mm ; max T (shaft) 13 mm ; L (head) 57 mm ; W (head) 56 mm ; T (head) 8 mm ; L (loop bar) 47 mm ; W (loop bar) 6 mm ; T (loop bar) 6 mm ; L (loop) 14 mm ; H (loop) 13 mm.

BH-5FB55B: LINCH PIN
A near complete iron linch pin of Manning's (1985) Type 2B dating to the third or fourth century AD. The linch pin possesses a rectangular-sectioned shaft, tapering to a corroded break at one end, the other stepping out at the shoulder to a rectangular-sectioned semi-circular spatulate head, with a robust rectangular-sectioned bar extending from the top and bent into a semicircular loop. The back of the head has come detatched as a separate piece. Measurements: L (141) mm ; L (shaft) (105) mm ; max W (shaft) 17 mm ; max T (shaft) 11 mm ; L (head) 36 mm ; W (head) 43 mm ; T (head) 13 mm ; L (loop bar) 28 mm ; W (loop bar) 15 mm ; T (loop bar) 9 mm ; L (loop) 15 mm ; H (loop) 11 mm ; Linch pin. Manning (1985) Type 2B. Near complete.

BH-5FB207: KNIFE
KNI04 ; L (89) mm ; L (tang) (47) mm ; W (tang) 13 mm ; T (tang) 9 mm ; L (blade) (42) mm ; max W (blade) 31 mm ; T (blade) 9 mm ; Wt 42 g ; Knife? Rectangular-sectioned tang, broken at one end, expanding at the other to sit in the centre of a heavily corroded ?triangular-sectioned knife-blade, which is parallel-sided, ending in a break.

BH-5FACB8: CLEAVER
A fragment of an iron knife or cleaver blade dating to the Roman period. The blade is triangular in section, broken at one end and tapering to a tip at the other. It may be the tip of a Type 4 cleaver, rather than a knife although this is not certain. Measurements: L (82) mm ; max W 30 mm ; max T 5 mm ; Wt 31 g ;

BH-5FA931: KNIFE
A fragment of an iron knife blade from a small pen-knife or pair of shears and possibly dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises a portion of a triangular-sectioned blade, broken at both ends, tapering slightly. Measurements: L (52) mm ; max W 12 mm ; T 3 mm ; Wt 4 g.

BH-5FA5AE: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife dating to the Roman or medieval period. The knife possesses a square-sectioned tang, tapering to a broken tip, the other end sloping out from both sides to a short, parallel-sided, triangular-sectioned knife blade. The tip is currently rounded, but it is not clear whether this is a break. It may belong to Manning's Type 15 or the rarer Types 20 or 21. However, it is also possible that this knife is post-Roman in date as some medieval knives also have central tangs (Goodall 1980, Fig. 10). Measurements: L (104) mm ; L (tang) (58) mm ; W (tang) 7mm ; L (blade) (46) mm ; max W (blade) 25 mm ; T (blade) 6 mm ; Wt 29 g.

BH-5FA14B: HOOK
HOK10 ; L (31) mm ; W (27) mm ; max W (bar) 5 mm ; max T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 2 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, flattening towards one end, broken at both ends, bent at a right angle.

BH-5F99C8: HOOK
HOK09 ; L (28) mm ; W (14) mm ; T (bar) 3 mm ; Wt 1 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, broken at both ends, one end bent into a U-shaped hook. Possibly a chain link fragment.

BH-5F96E6: HOOK
HOK08 ; L (59) mm ; W (22) mm ; max W (bar) 6 mm ; Wt 6 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, broken at both ends, one end bent into a U-shaped hook.

BH-5F90B5: HOOK
HOK07 ; L 58 mm ; W (30) mm ; max T 8 mm ; Wt 12 g ; Hook? Near-complete? Square-sectioned iron bar, tapering to a point at one end, the other bent into a tapering hook, which is broken.

BH-5F7F87: HOOK
HOK06 ; L (66) mm ; W (27) mm ; max T (bar) 6 mm ; Wt 13 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, ?broken at one end, the other bent into a hook, which is broken and corroded.

BH-5F76D4: HOOK
HOK05 ; L (77) mm ; W (25) mm ; max T (bar) 8 mm ; Wt 22 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, broken at one end, the other tapering and bent into a hook, the tip of which is broken.

BH-5F6DF2: HOOK
HOK04 ; L (59) mm ; W (28) mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 6 g ; Hook? Incomplete. Square-sectioned iron bar, broken at one end, the other tapering slightly and bent into a U-shaped hook, the tip of which is broken..

BH-5F67FD: HOOK
A complete iron Hook of uncertain date. Rectangular-sectioned iron bar, one end tapering to a point, the other flaring and flattening, bent into a deformed U-shaped hook. It may have functioned as wall hooks of some kind, and are similar to a larger object from Brancaster (Hinchliffe, 1985, fig. 36, 99), although their true function is unknown. Measurements: L 34 mm ; W 20 mm ; max W (bar) 6 mm ; W (tip) 16 mm ;

BH-5F61EA: HOOK
An iron hook of uncertain function. Square-sectioned iron bar, one end tapering to a point, the other flaring and flattening, bent into a U-shaped hook. It may have functioned as a wall hook and is similar to a larger object from Brancaster (Hinchliffe, 1985, fig. 36, 99). Measurements: L 50 mm ; W 27 mm ; max W (bar) 5 mm ; W (tip) 14 mm ; Wt 7 g ;

BH-5F5BF3: HOOK
An incomplete iron hook, possibly a fishing hook of uncertain date. Heavily corroded piece of iron bent into a U-shaped hook. One end appears to taper to a point, the other is expanded and broken. HOK01 ; L (39) mm ; W (38) mm ; Wt 5 g ;

BH-5F4666: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. It possesses a domed head and is hemispherical in section with an interior filled with corrosion products. It has a tapering square-section stem which is broken. Measurements: L (12) mm ; L (shank) (8) mm ; W (shank) 2 mm ; L (head) 4 mm ; DM (head) 10 mm ; Wt 1 g.

BH-5F42C6: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. The hobnail possesses a sub-square head which is slightly domed and filled with corrosion products. It has a tapering square-sectioned shank. The shank is clenched. Measurements: L 12 mm ; L (shank, if straight) 13 mm ; L (shank, clenched section) 8 mm ; W (shank) 2.5 mm ; L (head) 3 mm ; W (head) 10 mm ; Wt 1 g.

BH-5F32F6: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. It possesses a domed head, is oval in section and has an interior filled with corrosion. It has a tapering square-sectioned shank, which is clenched. Measurements: L 14 mm ; L (shank, if straight) 15 mm ; L (shank, clenched section) 8 mm ; W (shank) 2 mm ; L (head) 4 mm ; DM (head) 10x8 mm ; Wt 1 g.

BH-5F1A0B: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the early second to early third century AD. It possesses a pointed cone-shaped head, which is oval in section. The interior filled with corrosion. It has a straight, tapering square-sectioned shank. The hobnail appears unworn and unclenched and was therefore probably not used before deposition. Measurements: L 21 mm ; L (shank) 18 mm ; W (shank) 1.5 mm ; L (head) 6 mm ; DM (head) 8x6 mm ; Wt 1 g.

BH-5F1628: BUCKET
An incomplete iron bucket handle mount probably dating to the Roman period. It possesses a rectangular-section bar, which tapers slightly to a jagged break, pierced at the other end by a round hole. Similar objects are most commonly interpreted as bucket handle mounts (see examples from Dragonby (Manning & McDonald, 1996, fig. 11.38, 69) and Dorchester (Manning 2014, fig. 153, 233), although similar terminals can be seen on the handles of some Roman pans (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 67), keys (Manning 1985, O39-42) and latch lifters (ibid, O19). Measurements: L (61) mm ; L (loop) 23 mm ; W (loop) 26 mm ; T (loop) 7 mm ; L (bar) (38) mm ; W (bar) 20 mm ; T (bar) 6 mm ; Wt 21 g.

BH-5F121B: BOX
An incomplete iron riveted handle of uncertain date or function. The handle possesses a round-sectioned gripping surface, bent into a semi-circle. One end is broken, the other has a tapering rectangular-sectioned terminal set at a right angle, pierced with two rivets which are still in situ. It resembles the handle of a copper-alloy cooking pot. Measurements: L (165) mm ; H 71 mm ; L (gripping surface) 112 mm ; DM (gripping surface) 12 mm ; L (terminal) 53 mm ; W (terminal) 14 mm ; T (terminal) 12 mm ; Wt 82 g ; Riveted handle. Incomplete.

BH-5F0F05: BATH
A complete riveted iron handle, post-medieval or modern in date. It possesses a crescent-sectioned gripping surface, bent into a slightly omega-shaped loop, flattened at each end into leaf-shaped terminals, pierced for two nail holes each, which point downwards. Whilst a similar vessel mount comes from Dragonby (Manning and McDonald 1996, Fig. 11.38, 73), this object strongly resembles the handles of a tin bath, even down to its bent crescent-shaped sections and is therefore likely to be modern. Measurements: L 118 mm ; H 115 mm ; L (gripping surface) 118 mm ; W (gripping surface) 13 mm ; D (gripping surface) 7 mm ; L (terminals) 47 mm ; W (terminals) 20 mm ; T (terminals) 4 mm ; Wt 117 g ; Riveted handle. Complete.

BH-5F0C36: BOX
A fragment of an iron object possibly a drop handle dating to the Roman period. The object possesses a flat, rectangular-section bar bent into a deep curve, one end broken, the other narrowing to a bent square-sectioned bar. Measurements: L (98) mm ; L (rectangular section) (90) mm ; W (rectangular section) 9 mm ; T (rectangular section) 3 mm ; L (square section) (8) mm ; W (square section) 3 mm ; Wt 10 g.

BH-5F0880: FURNITURE FITTING
A near complete iron drop handle dating to the Roman period. The handle possesses a circular-section gripping surface and is slightly curved, flattening at either end to terminals, one bent into an open hook, the other broken. Identical examples come from Colchester (Crummy 1983, fig. 85, 2115) and Augsburg-Oberhausen (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 77). Drop handles were used as carrying handles or drawer handles on a wide variety of pieces of furniture in the Roman period, most commonly on wooden boxes and chests (Crummy 1983, 80; Manning 1985, 124) but also on gridirons and wooden tubs (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 55, 81). It is possible that it comes from the same object as BM-D25079. Measurements: L (124) mm ; H 20 mm ; L (gripping surface) 79 mm ; DM (gripping surface) 8 mm ; L (hooked terminal) 31 mm ; W (hooked terminal) 8 mm ; T (hooked terminal) 2 mm ; Wt 22 g.

BH-5F0314: FURNITURE FITTING
An incomplete an heavily corroded iron drop handle dating to the Roman period. It possesses a rectangular-section handle, with a curved gripping surface, which is broken at one end, and sharply angled down and outwards towards a knob terminal at the other. Identical objects come from Dorchester (Manning 2014, fig. 154, 244) and the villa at Roughground Farm (Allen and Brunner Ellis 1993, fig. 98, 151). Drop handles were used as carrying handles or drawer handles on a wide variety of pieces of furniture in the Roman period, most commonly on wooden boxes and chests (Crummy 1983, 80; Manning 1985, 124) but also on gridirons and wooden tubs (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 55, 81). Measurements: L (76) mm ; H 32 mm ; L (gripping surface) (50) mm ; W (gripping surface) 8 mm ; T (gripping surface) 7 mm ; L (terminal arm) 11 mm ; L (knob terminal) 14 mm ; DM (knob terminal) 12 mm ; Wt 14 g.

BH-5EFC4B: HAMMER
A fragment of an iron object, possibly the cross-pene of a hammer, possibly dating to the Roman period. Rectangular-sectioned object, broken at one end, tapering slightly towards the other. If a fragment of a hammer, it may be of Hanemann's (2014) Type 2, the most common Roman hammer type. Cross-pene hammers of this type are usually associated with metalwork, although the ubiquity of this tool type and its distribution within London, suggests that they were also used as general-purpose household tools. Measurements: L (37) mm ; W (at break) 32 mm ; T (at break) 15 mm ; W (at tip) 35 mm ; T (at tip) 9 mm ; Wt 74 g ;

PUBLIC-5B59B9: STYLUS
An incomplete, heavily corroded, iron object, possibly a stylus dating to the Roman period. It is long and rectangular in plan, and tapers to a point at one end. The object measures 99.93mm long and has a maximum diameter of 8.45mm decreasing to about 6.19mm.. It weighs 16.25gms.

LANCUM-F0EFAF: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to c. AD 1600 - 1800. The cannon ball is spherical in shape and has a slightly encrusted red-brown patina. It is 53.76mm in diameter and weighs 579g. See LANCUM-B8743B for an example of similar size and weight, which is recorded as possibly being from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War.

KENT-F0C2DE: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete Medieval iron socketed arrowhead, dating 13th-14th century. Description: The arrowhead has a triangular blade and a cylindrical socket. The blade section tapers very gradually from the socket to the point, the bottom corners are heavily worn and it seems unlikely that it would have been barbed. The central spine is subtle and not well pronounced. Much of the point and socketted end are also missing. Measurements: 39.4mm long, 12.41mm wide, 8.94mm thick (at socket widest), and 5.36g in weight. Discussion: Due to the wear of this example and the uncertainty as to whether it had subtle barbs it is uncertain if it would fall into Jessop's (1996) class MP6 (subtly barbed) which is more narrowly dated than MP1 (triangular unbarbed). ALthough from the remaining shape the latter seems likely.

WMID-E05810: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe probably dating to the Post Medieval to Modern period (c. AD 1600 -1900). The horseshoe is heavily corroded, though several distinguishing features can be determined. Two square nail holes can be identified on the underside of the shoe along the right branch. The web measures 26.95mm at its broadest point and tapers down to the narrow but thickened heels. There is a worn and corroded turn up at the toe. The overall dimensions are as follows: 146.09mm in length, 126.8mm in width, 16.73mm in thickness and 283g in weight.

WMID-DFA675: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe dating to the late Medieval period to Post Medieval (c. AD 1400-1600). The horseshoe is heavily corroded, one rectangular iron nail can be determined in situ around the edge. The shoe has a broad web measuring 36.59mm across, and tapers slightly to the heels. The horse shoe is similar to Clark Type 4 but slightly larger in all measurements therefore giving it a slightly later date. No other distinguishing marks can be determined through the corrosion. The overall dimensions are as follows: 145.71mm in length, 136.99mm in width, 15.09mm in thickness and 447g in weight.

WMID-DF8544: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe dating to the late Medieval to Post Medieval period (c. AD 1400-1600). The horseshoe is heavily corroded, two rectangular iron nails can be determined in situ around the edge. The shoe has a broad web measuring 38.58mm across, and tapers slightly to the heels. The horse shoe is similar to Clark Type 4 but slightly larger in all measurements therefore giving it a slightly later date. The remains of a possible calkin are apparent on the left terminal but the level of corrosion is so heavy it cannot be accurately determined. The overall dimensions are as follows: 126.12mm in length, 127.87mm in width, 13.81mm in thickness and 430g in weight.

BERK-DA4231: KEY (LOCKING)
A large cast iron post Medieval locking key c. 1600 - 1800 AD. The bow oval and has a circular cross section. The shank is plain with a pair of raised collars just behind the pin section. There is then a bit that appears not to have been cut with its key wards, however, being heavily corroded, there may be wards under the crud of the ferrous erosion. The key is 157.05mm in length, the bow diameter is 54.57 and the bit has a total depth of 32.24mm. It weighs 85.9gm. A similar type of key can be seen on the PAS database LON-7B88B3 , which is dated to 17th century

BERK-C75251: PADLOCK
An incomplete Medieval-Post Medieval iron padlock, c. 1450-1700 AD. The padlock has a spherical form, with a circular shackle arm. The arm is roughly square in cross-section measuring 5.62mm. one half of the body is missing, exposing the remnants of the inner mechanism. The lock is heavily corroded with considerable surface flaking. The ball diameter is 29.8mm, the overall length is 54.2mm and the diameter across the shackle is 34.1mm, and it weighs 38.4gm. A similar padlock can be seen on the PAS database, see LON-8E9E71.

CORN-6217F4: BLOOM
Bloom of impure iron solidified on a flat surface to form the plano-convex profile and ovate section. The bloom is partly magnetic suggesting that it is not pure iron and therefore more likely Iron Age or Romano-British in date as in more recent times they would have hammered out the slag completely to purify the product (John Smith pers comm). A bloomery is a term used to refer to a furnace used to smelt iron from its oxides and the bloom is the product of that process and usually contains a mixture of fine iron particles, un-reacted iron oxide (ore), slag and charcoal residue. This bloom has not been analysed to determine its date.

BH-CC2BB4: HAMMER
A small cross-pene hammer-head dating to the Roman period of Hanemann's Type 2 (2014). It possesses an unusual square-sectioned shaft hole, in a diamond-shaped casing, with fragments of a wooden shaft preserved inside. From one end protrudes a slightly tapering cross-pene, with a blunt tip. From the other a rectangular-sectioned hammer-head, with ?bevelled edges on the striking surface, now bent. It can be classified as Hanemann's (2014) Type 2, the most common Roman hammer type. Cross-pene hammers of this type are usually associated with metalwork, although the ubiquity of this tool type and its distribution within London, suggests that they were also used as general-purpose household tools. However, this example is one of the smallest to be found and it is possible that it had a specialised craft purpose. Measurements: L 64 mm ; L (shaft hole) 12mm ; W (shaft hole) 12 mm ; H (shaft hole) 12 mm ; W (shaft-hole casing) 26 mm ; T (shaft-hole casing) 7 mm ; L (cross-pene) 30 mm ; max W (cross-pene) 14 mm ; max T (cross-pene) 13 mm ; W (cross-pene tip) 12 mm ; T (cross-pene tip) 8 mm ; L (hammer head) 18 mm ; W (hammer head) 11 mm ; T (hammer head) 13 mm ; W (striking surface) 9 mm ; H (striking surface) 13 mm ; Wt 41 g.

BH-CC1943: FERRULE
A complete iron ferrule of conical type probably dating to the Roman period. Complete. Oval split socket, tapering to a burred and blunted tip. FER02 ; L 64 mm ; max W (socket, external) 18 x 16 mm ; T (socket) 1 mm ; Wt 15 g. Their exact function beyond this is unclear. They may have been used to protect the butts of spears, but their prevalence on civilian as well as military sites makes this uncertain (Manning, 1985, p. 141), and they may have been used on other objects, such as barge poles. The three ferrules from Piercebridge are all constructed differently, and need not have had the same function.

BH-CC11D3: FERRULE
An incomplete iron ferrule of conical type probably dating to the Roman period. Small stub of a socket, broken on all sides, tapering to a robust square-sectioned spike, with a corroded tip. FER01 ; L (80) mm ; L (socket) (13) mm ; DM (socket) (17) mm ; L (tip) 67 mm ; max W (tip) 16 mm ; Wt 57 g. Ferrules are conical socketed objects which would have been fitted to the ends of wooden poles to protect them from wear. Their exact function beyond this is unclear. They may have been used to protect the butts of spears, but their prevalence on civilian as well as military sites makes this uncertain (Manning, 1985, p. 141), and they may have been used on other objects, such as barge poles. The three ferrules from Piercebridge (FER01-03) are all constructed differently, and need not have had the same function.

BH-CC0E13: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (91) mm ; L (loop) (45) mm ; L (arm) (46)mm ; W (bar) 11 mm ; T (bar) 9 mm ; Wt 44 g.

BH-CBF6DE: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (40) mm ; DM (loop, external) 23 mm ; DM (loop, internal) 14 mm ; L (arm) (17)mm ; W (bar) 8 mm ; T (bar) 7 mm ; Wt 4 g.

BH-CBF0B8: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (36) mm ; DM (loop, external) 19 mm ; DM (loop, internal) 8 mm ; L (arms) (17)mm ; W (bar) 7 mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 5 g.

BH-CBD5AF: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (62) mm ; DM (loop, external) 33 mm ; DM (loop, internal) 18 mm ; L (arms) (33) mm ; W (bar) 13 mm ; T (bar) 7 mm ; Wt 48 g.

BH-CBCEA6: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (62) mm ; DM (loop, external) 33 mm ; DM (loop, internal) 18 mm ; L (arms) (33) mm ; W (bar) 13 mm ; T (bar) 7 mm ; Wt 48 g.

BH-CBC415: SPIKE
An incomplete iron double-spiked loop dating to the Roman period. It comprises a rectangular-section bar, bent into a loop, the two arms folded together and tapering slightly towards breaks. They have range of potential functions, having been used to secure ring or drop handles (Grew and Frere 1989, Fig. 88, 182; Manning 1985, R2; Manning 2014, Fig. 154, 244). and linked together in pairs to form simple hinges (Manning 1985, 130). Measurements: L (62) mm ; DM (loop, external) 33 mm ; DM (loop, internal) 18 mm ; L (arms) (33) mm ; W (bar) 13 mm ; T (bar) 7 mm ; Wt 48 g.

BH-CBAACB: CLEAT
A near complete iron cleat, probably dating to the Roman period. It comprises a flat, rectangular-section panel becoming widest in the centre, with clenched square-sectioned tangs at either end, one broken, one complete and tapering to a point. It was clearly intended for attachment to an object no more than 12 mm thick. Measurements: L 69 mm ; max W (panel) 13 mm ; T (panel) 3 mm ; L (tangs, if straight) 50 mm ; max W (tangs) ; Wt 12 g. Owen Humphreys comments in his report on the ironwork from Piercebridge that 'the function of cleats is somewhat uncertain. Whilst larger examples may have been used to join pieces of wood, smaller examples have been found near the feet of inhumation graves, suggesting that they were used to reinforce the undersides of boots (Manning, 1985, p. 131; Powell, 2010a). This example would have been used on an object no thicker than 12mm, which is suitable for the thickness of a leather shoe sole.'

BH-CBA249: CHAIN
An iron object, possibly a chain link from a chain dating to the Roman period. Rectangular-sectioned bar, bent at both ends, one into a U-shaped curve, the other only slightly, both broken. Possibly part of an oval chain link. CHA03 ; L 57 mm ; W 27 mm ; W (bar) 6 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 9 g . Small chains of this size have a wide range of possible uses. Iron chains were unlikely to be used in jewellery, but could be used to suspend lamps or scale pans, as copper alloy examples were (Crummy, 1983, p. 161). BM-AADD88 is somewhat different, being considerably larger than the other chain links. It is possible that this was part of a substantial object, such as a cauldron chain (Hanemann, 2014, pp. 68-72; Manning, 1985, pp. 100-1), but is not identifiable in its current fragmentary state.

BH-CB9DE4: CHAIN
Three figure-of-eight chain links, possibly dating to the Roman period. Three similarly-sized chain links, all fragmentary. These may have come from the same chain, although this is not certain. Measurements: L (loops) c. 30 mm ; W (loops) c. 12 mm ; T (loops) 5 mm. Small chains of this size have a wide range of possible uses. Iron chains were unlikely to be used in jewellery, but could be used to suspend lamps or scale pans, as copper alloy examples were (Crummy, 1983, p. 161). BM-AADD88 is somewhat different, being considerably larger than the other chain links. It is possible that this was part of a substantial object, such as a cauldron chain (Hanemann, 2014, pp. 68-72; Manning, 1985, pp. 100-1), but is not identifiable in its current fragmentary state.

BH-CB996B: CHAIN
A short length of figure-of-eight chain possibly dating to the Roman period. It comprises half a figure-of-eight loop, broken at the narrowest point, threaded onto a U-shaped piece of metal, broken at both ends, possibly a staple or part of a larger oval loop. Measurements: L (41) mm ; L (U-shaped loop) (31) mm ; W (U-shaped loop) 16 mm ; T (U-shaped loop) 3 mm ; L (figure-of-eight loop) (23) mm ; W (figure-of-eight loop) 15 mm ; T (figure-of-eight loop) 3 mm ; Wt 6 g ;

SWYOR-A5AA32: BOLT (FASTENING)
A corroded piece of iron, possibly a bolt or nail, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is a rod of circular cross-section, covered with bumpy corrosion. It is 51.4mm long, 16.9mm wide and 17.5mm thick. 25.9g.

SWYOR-A5942D: HORSESHOE
A corroded piece of iron, possibly part of a horseshoe, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is a curved bar of rectangular cross-section. It is 58.3mm long, 18.8mm wide and 11.2mm thick. 23.6g.

SWYOR-A5847E: NAIL
A corroded fragment of nail, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is oval in cross-section with a circular flat head at one end. Thick corrosion covers the object, apart from at the base of the surviving shaft, where the bare metal is visible, revealing a nail shaft which is oval in cross-section, 3.4mm by 2.4mm. The whole object is 27.2mm long, 16.7mm wide and 15.2mm thick. the shaft covered in corrosion is 9.3mm diameter. 5.9g.

SWYOR-A56775: NAIL
A corroded fragment of nail, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is rectangular in cross-section with a rectangular pyramid head at one end, and tapering to a point at the other. It is 36.8mm long, 13.7mm wide and 10.8mm thick. 4.2g.

SWYOR-A55953: NAIL
A corroded fragment of an unidentified iron object, possibly a nail, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is roughly cylindrical, of circular cross-section with a rounded bulbous head at one end, and tapering to a point at the other. It is 38.6mm long, 13mm wide and 12.4mm thick. 5.6g.

SWYOR-A54D03: BOLT (FASTENING)
A corroded fragment of an unidentified iron object, possibly a bolt, of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval to Modern. It is roughly cylindrical, of oval cross-section with a rounded bulbous head at one en, and a rounded projection to one side near the head. It is 47.9mm long, 23.6mm wide and 13.8mm thick. 19.9g.

SWYOR-A5369D: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A corroded fragment of an unidentified iron object of unknown date, but probably Post Medieval. It is roughly rectangular, broken at one short end, and with a projecting flange at the other. The long edges are probably complete. The reverse has a recess running its length. It is 54.4mm long, 31.8mm wide and 14.2mm thick. 56.7g.

KENT-4D248F: LINCH PIN
A complete iron spatulate-headed linch pin of Roman date, c.AD 43 - AD 410. Manning type 2b (1985) Description: The spatulate-headed head of the linch pin features a turned-over loop formed from the metal of the head. The shoulders descend inwards towards the stem. The end of the stem does not appear to feature a rebate. The entire pin is heavily corroded however, so this may be difficult to make out. Measurements: height; 103.48mm, width: 43.94mm, thickness: 24.95mm (head), weight: 136.08g. Discussion: There are some examples of this type of linch pin recorded on the PAS database including SUR-9319F4 and BUC-A5E502. The type 2b spatulate-headed pin is the most common type of Romano-British linch pin according to Manning (1985).

NMS-3BF505: HORSESHOE
Two medieval iron horseshoes of Clark 1995 Type 4, both with nail holes almost completely obscured by corrosion and both with one heel more pointed than the other. There are no calkins. Length and width 115 and 110mm. Length and width 110 and 110mm. Late 13th - 15th century.

BH-39E732: SHOE
An incomplete object, possibly an iron heel reinforcement from a boot dating to the later post-medieval period. The reinforcement comprises a rectangular section strip which is curved in plan curving and broken at both ends. It is possibly pierced but the holes filled with corroded iron. Measurements: L (62) mm ; W (26) mm ; W (bar) 13 mm ; T (bar) 5 mm ; Wt 15 g ;

BH-39D01E: SHOE
An incomplete object, possibly an iron heel reinforcement from a boot dating to the later post-medieval period. The reinforcement comprises a rectangular section strip which is curved in plan curving and broken at both ends. It is possibly pierced but the holes filled with corroded iron. Measurements: L (62) mm ; W (42) mm ; W (bar) 13 mm ; T (bar) 6 mm ; Wt 21 g.

BH-38DA7E: SHOE
An incomplete iron heel reinforcement from a boot, probably dating to the later post-medieval period. The reinforcement comprises a rectangular-section strip of metal which is horse-shoe shaped in plan. The strip possesses a central recess and is possibly pierced, although corrosion products make this hard to establish. Measurements: L 68 mm ; W (43) mm ; W (bar) 10 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 10 g.

BH-38C04A: SHOE
The iron heel reinforcement from a boot, probably dating to the later post-medieval period. The reinforcement comprises a rectangular-section strip of metal which is horse-shoe shaped in plan. It possesses five rectangular perforations. Measurements: L 60 mm ; W 64 mm ; W (bar) 10 mm ; T (bar) 4 mm ; Wt 16 g.

BH-388D24: BOLT (FASTENING)
A heavily corroded iron object, possibly a bolt dating to the Roman period. It possesses a circular-section shaft with a flat tip at one end. At the other, it becomes square in section before terminating in a large, hemispherical-section nail head. Measurements: L 111 mm ; DM (head) 20 mm ; L (square-sectioned shaft) 12 mm ; W (square-sectioned shaft) 10 mm ; L (round-sectioned shaft) 92 mm ; DM (round-sectioned shaft) 9 mm ; Wt 52 g.

BH-386ACB: BALLISTA BOLT
An incomplete iron object, possibly a ballista bolt head of Manning Type 1 (Manning 1985). The object possesses a split socket which is broken on all sides, which tapers before stepping out to a rectangular-section head, which tapers to a blunt tip. Measurements: L (69) mm ; L (socket) (18) mm ; DM (socket) (11) mm ; L (tip) 51 mm ; max W (tip) 11 mm ; max T (tip) 7 mm ; Wt 15 g.

BH-384F07: BALLISTA BOLT
An iron object, either a ferrule or a fragmentary ballista bolt dating to the Roman period. The object possesses a round socket which is split on one side and tapers to form a short knob head. Measurements: L 61 mm ; L (socket) 50 mm ; DM (socket, external) 15 mm ; (socket, internal) 12 mm ; L (cone head) 11 mm ; DM (cone head) 13 mm ; Wt 21 g. Some authors (Allason-Jones & Bishop, 1988, fig. 20, 60-63; Manning, 1976, p. 21) interpret these objects as ferrules; caps fitted to the butts of wooden shafts, such as bolts or spears. However, others (Birley, 1996, p. 23; Howard-Davis & Whitworth, 2000, p. 267) suggest that they may have been ballista or arrow tips, with the short cone heads perhaps functioning similarly to Medieval armour-piercing bodkin arrows. Birley (Birley, 1996, p. 23) divides them into four categories by weight and size, although the concretions to BAL01 mean that all we can say is that it did not belong to the largest category, which Birley associates with ballista bolts, and it may instead be an arrowhead, if it is not a ferrule. Whatever their function, these objects are strongly associated with military sites (Howard-Davis & Whitworth, 2000, p. 267; Manning, 1976, p. 21), and at Vindolanda were found in all periods before the 3rd century (Birley, 1996, p. 23)

A heavily corroded and encrusted iron object, possibly a double-ended awl dating to the Roman period. The object is rectangular in section and tapers to a point at each end, with one end being more corroded than the other. There is a possiblity also that it is only a corroded nail stem. It measures 45mm in length, 3mm in width and weighs 1g. Double-ended awls were used in leather-working from the Roman period onwards. Roman examples have square or circular-section bodies, while later awls possess diamond-shaped sections. This example is noticeably smaller than the Roman awls from London and as such may not be a Roman craft tool.

BH-380EAB: AWL
A heavily corroded and encrusted iron object, possibly an awl of Humphreys Type 9 dating to the Roman period. One end of the awl is square in section, but the other is obscured by corrosion products. It measures 67mm in length, a maximum of 5mm in thickness and weighs 5g. Double-ended awls were used in leather-working from the Roman period onwards. Roman examples have square or circular-section bodies, while later awls possess diamond-shaped sections.

BH-37F0E9: AWL
A heavily corroded iron object, possibly an awl of Humphreys Type 9 dating to the Roman period. Due to corrosion products, it was not possible to discern its section, but it clearly tapers to a point at each end. It measures 52mm in length, a maximum of 5mm in thickness and weighs 3g. Double-ended awls were used in leatherworking from the Roman period onwards. Roman examples have square or circular-section bodies, while later awls possess diamond-shaped sections.

BH-37E56B: AWL
A heavily corroded iron object, possibly an awl or scriber of Humphreys Type 2.2 dating to the Roman period. The object has a circular-section shaft which tapers to a point at one end. It measures 109mm in length, a maximum of 12mm in width, 9 mm in thickness and weighs 24g. Humphreys Type 2.2 is a solid iron awl of pencil-like proportions, with a narrow handle at one end, tapering to a point at the other. These may have functioned as metalworking scribers or woodworking marking awls rather than leatherworking awls.

LANCUM-FA06FE: HORSESHOE
Encrusted iron horseshoe of medieval or early post-medieval date (c. AD 1250 - 1550). The horseshoe has a wide web that tapers to the heel. Both heels are bent upwards. It is possible to make out the square heads of three of the nails on the ground surface, although the object is too encrusted to ascertain the exact number of nails. The object is 118.87mm in length, 108.16mm at full width and 8.01mm in thickness. The width of the web is 31.89mm. The horseshoe weighs 253g. The horseshoe appears to fit within Clark's Transitional and Later medieval types (c. AD 1250 - 1500), although the condition of the object may not permit closer classification. See Clark, J. (1986) Finds Research Group 700 - 1700: Datasheet 4.

WAW-BAA488: HAMMER
Iron hammer head of probable Early Medieval or Medieval date. Rectangular section 14.8 x 12.8 thinning to form a flat sectioned (16.0 x 7.7mm) pane, the transition being marked by a tight curve behind the eye. The eye is oval, 13.0 x 7.2mm, The iron is exfoliating. Length 76.0mm, Mass 57.02g. Iron tools are difficult to date but this hammer can be compared to examples from Old Saram, Wiltshire, dated to the 11th century and Wintringham, Cambridgeshire, early 14th century (Goodall 2011, Fig. 2.5, Nos 32 and 33). It can also be compared to hammers from the Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire grave, dated to the 7th century (Leahy, 2003, Fig. 610. However, on each of these the transition between the head, and the narrow pane, is gradated and not, as in this case, a single step. A wide date range must be suggested.

DENO-7A8F76: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron horseshoe probably of post-medieval to modern date. The horseshoe measures 120.6 mm long, 146.9 mm wide and 14.6 mm thick. It weighs 178.9 g. The width of the horseshoe is larger than most medieval horseshoes that typically range from 80 mm to 125 mm (Clark 1986, 4), which suggests this example is of later date.

SWYOR-121D43: PEG
An iron peg, spike or skewer of unknown date, and whose function could be manifold. The object is of rectangular section and, from an integral rounded end containing a piriform opening forming an eye, tapers towards a point. The object is 132.9mm long, 18.7mm wide and 4.8mm thick. It weighs 16.9g. It could be a fid, bodkin, attachment loop or hinge. With no decoration, and very functional form, it could be of any date from Roman onwards.

SWYOR-120898: KNIFE
An incomplete iron whittle tang of probable Early Medieval date, AD 410 - 1100. The object has a length of 99.7mm, a width of 14.7mm, and a thickness of 7.1mm. It weighs 19.82g. It is of Type C1 of Patrick Ottaway's classification of back forms, in that the back 'runs straight from the shoulder' and then becomes 'convex, curving down to the tip'. (Evans and Loveluck, eds., Vo. 2, 2009, p. 218). The shoulders are sloping and less pronounced than in other examples, tapering into the tang which, like the blade, is of triangular section. The blade has a length of 71.13mm; its cutting edge is damaged and ragged, perhaps through wear, and the organic handle is missing. The knife is rusty and corroded. The tang may be incomplete. Compare, from the same locality, SWYOR-148980.

SWYOR-11F16E: KNIFE
An incomplete iron whittle tang knife of probable Early Medieval date, AD 410 - 1100. The object has a length of 162.0mm, a width of 17.7mm, and a thickness of 5.4mm. It weighs 26.83g. It is probably of Type C1 of Patrick Ottaway's classification of back forms, in that the back 'runs straight from the shoulder' (although there is an area of thickening at the shoulder which belies this appearance somewhat - however, the thickening appears to be caused by corrosion rather than intention). The back then becomes 'convex, curving down to the tip' which in this example has been broken off. (Evans and Loveluck, eds., Vo. 2, 2009, p. 218). The change of angle near the tip could also be considered to be more angular than curved. The blade, which has a length of 119.42mm, is of triangular section. The cutting edge is relatively intact and in parts retains its sharpness. The knife is rusty with corrosive accretions. The tang is of rectangular section and tapers from the blade to the tip; the organic handle is missing. The knife blade steps wider than the tang. Compare, from the same locality, SWYOR-148980.

DENO-E7C59A: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball (c. 1500-1850). The ball measures 86.3mm in diameter and weighs 2019.9g. The size and weight of the cannon ball indicates that it may have been made for firing from a Saker or Minion type of cannon, used in Britain during the 16th and 17th centuries. The cannonball is very corroded.

PUBLIC-E5B411: KEY (LOCKING)
An iron key (locking) of Medieval to Post-Medieval date. The key has a 'D' shaped' bow at the end of the circular cross-sectioned stem. There is a circular collar just behind the bit nearest the bow. The bit would have comprised two irregular projections, but the furthest one from the bow is broken away at the shaft. Type 8 of the Goodall Classification used at Winchester and Salisbury (Salisbury Medieval Catalogue Volume 4), having a solid shaft projecting beyond the bit. These keys probably date from 1150 through to 1700. The projecting stem is an innovation of the 15th century and the lack of a dip in the bow makes it likely no later than a 17th century date. Brian Read examined the key in the field and suggests a 1400 - 1600 date range. Dimensions: The length measures 147 mm but the bow is bent sideways where it meets the shaft, so it would probably be a few milimeters longer (say 150 mm). The shaft tapers up from 8 mm to 11 mm at the collar and then steps down to 8mm again. The D-shaped bow measures 54 mm x 40 mm. Weight: 89 g

SWYOR-D50F48: ASSEMBLAGE
An assemblage of 24 pieces of iron, of probably Modern date, but recovered from the same field as the Iron Age harness fittings recorded as 2019 T160 (SWYOR-69FCCD). There are two horseshoe fragments, 12 large bolt or nails, three probable plough tines, two flat bars, one cuboid block, one thick cylinder with a smaller diameter projection from one end, one flat piece of circular shape with a rounded projection from one side, one thick lozenge shaped piece, and one sub-rectangular plate with a rounded bottom edge and a concave top edge. All are in good condition, and seem solid and well preserved. Some have very crisp edges.

LON-D0A687: HORSESHOE
An iron Early Medieval to Medieval horse shoe dating from AD 900-1099. This is a Type 1 (formerly 'Pre-Conquest) horse shoe. The shoe is rounded and broad with a 'lobate' edge produced when the nail holes are countersunk. There are six nail holes three on each side with large rectangular countersinking for the nail heads. The remains of one nail with a 'T' shaped head is present. The shoe has shallow calkins which are rare on Type 1 shoes and may indicate a date contemporaneous with Type 2 shoes. An example of a Type 1 shoe with shallow calkins is in the Museum of London collection No.96 dating from AD 1050-1080. Dimensions: length: 95.24mm; width: 104.30mm; thickness: 5.27mm; weight: 126.58g John Clark via email writes "It's a very good example - one of the best complete examples I've seen, with little trace of wear - of my Type 1 horseshoe. Typically late Anglo-Saxon, 10th/11th century - continued in use alongside the familiar 'Norman' Type 2 (which probably actually is a Norman introduction after 1066) but gradually replaced by it. Long discussion of the dating evidence on pp 93-5 of Medieval Horse and its Equipment. More crudely made than Type 2 - made from broad but thinner strips of metal that don't show the wavy edge caused by punching the nail-holes to the same exaggerated extent as the later shoes, which were made of narrower but thicker bars which 'spread' more when the holes were punched. Round nail-holes, with broad rectangular/ovoid countersinking to take the nail-heads (compared with the narrower slots of Type 2). Calkins on the heels are rare, and shallow if they exist... The size, width around 100mm, is average for these early shoes - horses were small, of course. It's probably a front shoe - the width and length are about the same, whereas rear shoes are longer than they are wide. There's some evidence that horses were sometimes shod on the front feet only." Reference: Clark, J. 1995. The Medieval Horse and Its Equipment. London: HMSO publications.

OXON-BD151A: NEEDLE
A complete wrought iron needle or bodkin of probable Roman date. The needle has a round sectioned shaft with sharp point. At the opposing end the shank has been hammered flat. An oval hole is located centrally on the flattened section, while behind it the head of the needle ends in a flat point. The needle is now bent (reflected in measurements). A number of similar needles are recorded on the PAS database, although in copper alloy (see records SF-63CD36, ASHM-205517 and BUC-BA99FB), as well as published examples (see Crummy 1983, p. 66, no. 1993). These are dated to the Roman period and it is quite likely that this example is of the same date, although bodkins are still in use today. It is because this object is made of iron than an early date is suggested.

OXON-BCD867: NAIL
A complete wrought iron nail of Roman date. The iron T-shaped in profile and has a long, tapering square-sectioned shank. One arm of the head cross bar is longer than the other. Similar nails have been illustrated by Manning (1974), and this would fit into his Class 1b. A similar object was recovered from a secure archaeological context dating to the fourth century AD (see BERK-D3B958).

OXON-BCA5ED: HOE
A near-complete iron tool of possible Late Iron Age or Roman date. The object has an uneven crescentic blade with rounded shoulders. The open socket of the tool has a rivet hole for securing the handle in place, and iron corrosion adheres to the area around the blade and socket junction. The blade has been worn down to its current shape through use. This tool may be an axe or adze but also possibly a hoe. The open socket is characteristic of pre-medieval tools. Similar examples of this database include NLM-B747A1 (hoe) and SWYOR-25D974 (socketed axe). Check Catalogue of Romano-British Ironwork in the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne (Manning, 1976) .

BERK-68B68D: PATTEN
A complete Post Medieval cast iron shoe patten dating to the 17th century. The shoe patten has a wavy-edged frame with globular tabs at each end with two cylindrical nails in each for attachment. The shoe patten is 167.2 mm in length, 71.2 mm in width, 22.8 mm in thickness, and weighs 102.17 g. A similar patten can be found on the database which has been dated to 17th century. See record LON-94CDA6. A patten was a protective under shoe worn outdoors to lift shoes and ladies' dresses above the mud and grime of early streets. The most common pattens made since the 12th century took the form of a shaped wooden platform with leather or cloth straps to hold the shoes upon it, and a cast-iron ring and uprights beneath. See Museum of London collections online for more examples.

BH-547E7C: AXEHEAD
A complete very corroded iron 'woodman's' axehead dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1000-1500). The axe is broadly sub-rectangular in plan with an irregularly shaped blade that extends downwards. The socket is sub-triangular in shape with a rectangular-shaped butt, straight top-edge and angled lower-edge that was formed by folding and welding the tail of the blade to form a loop. The blade expands in width as it tapers in section to form the widened cutting edge that is slightly bevelled. The axehead is a mid-orange/brown in colour and there are several areas of lamination across the surfaces of the blade and socket revealing crystalline metal beneath. The entire length of the blade edge is also heavily corroded and damaged. The axehead measures 165mm length, 35mm wide across the butt, 108mm wide across the blade, 57mm thick across the butt and 8mm thick across the blade. The axe weighs 711.2 grams. For a similar axe with an albeit straight rather than angled underside edge to the loop, see Ward-Perkins 1967, pp. 56-57, fig. 12, no. 2.

PUBLIC-284504: ANVIL
The 2nd of 2 anvils found within 100m of a Roman villa (27 years after the 1st). This one however, was a simpler design consisting of a plain rectangular faced block with no tool holes. It weighs 9.1Kg, and measures 185mm in height, a maximum width of 93mm and maximum depth of 87mm. It tapers slightly to the bottom suggesting it was set into a block to hold it firm. This is the simplest form of anvil and useful for forging small metal objects. The face (top) has an almost square flat surface measuring 93mm by 87mm and with quite sharp edges but rounded corners. The sharpness may be intentional or possibly a result of the anvil's extremely poor condition with the corrosion causing delamination. All 4 sides are plain with similar dimensions. Side 1 measures 185mm (H), 87mm (W) at the top and tapering gradually to approximately 70mm at the bottom. Side 2 185mm (H), 91mm (W) top, 85mm (W) bottom. Side 3 185mm (H), 84mm (W) top, 79mm (W) bottom. Side 4 180mm (H), 95mm (W) top and 84mm (W) bottom. All of the edges appear to be slightly rounded but there is so much corrosion it is difficult to be certain. The base is an almost square flat surface measuring approximately 83mm by 72mm. A very similar style anvil was discovered at Hasholme, Yorkshire - Manning (1975 67-70). Although it is slightly heavier (13Kg) and has a larger face it is the same height and has the same base dimensions. Apart from the other anvil found at this site (PUBLIC-271E3A) only 2 other Roman anvils have been recorded to date on the PAS database and both are of this more plain design, see PAS record ID: SF-614293 and BUC-6C0C36). Reference - Manning, W. H., (1975) 'An Iron Anvil From Hasholme, Yorkshire' in Hicks, J. D. and Wilson, J's. Romano-British kilns at Hasholme near Holme upon Spalding Moor, Humberside N. East Riding Archaeologist. Vol 2, pp. 49-70.

PUBLIC-271E3A: ANVIL
A Roman iron block anvil (AD43 - 410). This is the first of 2 anvils found within 100m of a Roman villa (with 27 years between finds). The block of iron now weighs 17.9Kg (first recorded weight was 18.2Kg) and is approximately 180mm high, 174-190mm wide and 100mm deep. One corner of the top face is now missing but otherwise it is in good condition. The 'face' (top) measures approximately 174mm long and 100mm wide with a hole in one corner, 27mm from the side edge and 14mm from the front edge. Although slightly oval now this may have been affected by corrosion and was probably originally circular. The hole goes obliquely down from the face and out through the front side in a tapered open groove. The front measures approximately 180mm high and 190mm wide at the top tapering to 140mm at the bottom. This taper indicates the anvil was set in a wooden block such as a tree stump rather than free standing. Both sides are plain. Side 1 (to the right of the front) measures 181mm high and 85mm wide at the top tapering to 78mm at the bottom. Side 2 (left of front) is 180mm high and 97mm wide at the top tapering to 83mm at the bottom. The top left corner is missing. The underside, 152mm long and 76mm wide, is flat. Almost central is a circular hole with a diameter of 11mm and 5mm deep with a domed internal profile. The edges of the hole are crisp and it does not show the corrosion affecting the hole on the face. This appears to be from a modern intervention, possibly during conservation. This anvil, although quite a lot smaller can be compared to one found in Herefordshire (This anvil, although quite a lot smaller can be compared to one found in Herefordshire (Kenyon, K. M. 1953. Excavations at Sutton Walls, Herefordshire, 1948-1951. Archaeological Journal volume vol. 110. p.23 and Plate XV1a. Royal Archaeological Institute. London).

WAW-FD17F9: ARROWHEAD
Medieval iron arrowhead, kite-shaped blade with a flat, lozenge section. It appears to have been tanged, the tang separated from the blade by a transverse collar. Length 53.0mm, Width 15.0mm, Thickness 2.6mm, Collar 6.9mm wide, Mass 5.42g. This arrowhead does not fit comfortably into Jessop's 1996 classification but might be best accommodated in his Type T3 although the collar is difficult to parallel. This type was in use in 12th and 13th century.

HAMP-BDAA18: HOB NAIL
A corroded possible Roman (AD 43-410) iron hob nail, with a domed sub-circular head of irregular shape. It measures 12.6 in length and weighs 1.46g. The head measures 11.9x9.9mm and is c.6mm high. The shaft is bent and square in cross-section, tapering from 4.3x3.8mm to 2.3x2.2mm.

WMID-437F17: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron horseshoe dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1600-1700). The horseshoe is heavily corroded but at least two rectangular nails are still apparent in situ on the face of the object. The shoe has an even-sized web measuring 29.98mm across at its widest point, and tapers down to 21.71mm at the heels. Calkins are apparent on both heels, though the right hand calkin has been worn away somewhat. The horseshoe can be classified as Clark Type 4. For a comparable example see Clark (2004: 87) no. 230. The overall dimensions are as follows: 125.83mm in length, 130.32mm in width, 17.11mm in thickness and 365g in weight. This horseshoe was initially recorded as medieval but has since been redated as Post Medieval due to the ground surface seems to have a 'fuller' - groove for the nail-holes. The form looks fine for something like a 17th-18th-century date.

WMID-43655A: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1250-1400). The horseshoe is heavily corroded but two rectangular nails are still apparent in situ on the reverse of the object. The shoe has an even-sized web measuring 27.07mm across, and tapers down to 18.57mm at the heels. The horseshoe can be classified as Clark type 4. The very worn remnants of calkins may be present at the heels but it is difficult to clearly determine. For a comparable example see Clark (2004: 86) no. 207. The overall dimensions are as follows: 131.94mm in length, 134.55mm in width, 12.47mm in thickness and 277g in weight.

OXON-4310B2: DAGGER
An iron pommel from a medieval or early post-medieval dagger or knife, c. AD 1300-1550. The pommel is sub-rectangular in plan and T-shaped in section, having the remains of an integral tang that is now broken. The pommel has raised ribs moulded on the edge and extending onto the top, repeated each side with the remains of a raised rib horizontally through the length of the pommel. Below the main cap is a recessed circumferential moulding above a lower rib, which is also circumferential. Below this the pyramidal head of the tang narrows into aa rounded shank, where the tang is now broken. The size and form of this pommel strongly suggests a medieval or post-medieval date, when knives and daggers with integral tangs (in fact in one piece) are common. See Ward-Perkins (1942) for similar.

WMID-430188: KNIFE
An incomplete iron probable leather-worker's knife dating to the Post Medieval period (c. AD 1500-80). The object has a sub-rectangular blade narrowing at one end to a sharply pointed tang. The blade end of the object is slightly narrowed in profile suggesting this is the cutting edge. There are no other distinguishing marks apparent. The object shows signs of corrosion across all sides. A similar object can be seen in Margeson (1993: 190) no. 1471. The overall dimensions are as follows: 211mm in length, 52.27mm in width, 9.65mm in thickness and 439g in weight.

DENO-15D83D: HELMET
An incomplete modern reproduction of an iron post-medieval helmet, replicating a date of the mid-16th to mid-17th century. The helmet is a type of pikeman's pot helmet, known as a Spanish morion or Cabasset. The helmet is constructed in two pieces: the skull (main body) and a separate brim that has been riveted on to the skull with copper alloy rivets. The skull of the helmet is a slightly pointed dome shape. The walls are 0.7 mm thick. The brim is an oval ring. The inner edge has been crenelated and bent upwards into the main body of the helmet. Each crenelation is fixed to the inside of the helmet by a round copper alloy rivet that pierces the wall of the helmet. There are a total of 27 rivets, each 13 mm in diameter. The brim is intentionally bent at the front and the back of the helmet so that the sides bend down on either side of the head. The outer edge of the brim has a narrow strip of iron around it to strengthen the rim. Overall, the helmet measures 325 mm long, 275 mm wide and 230 mm in height. Internally the helmet measures 230 mm in width. The helmet is completely rusted and is very fragile. There are two large holes through the main body of the helmet and many cracks and smaller holes in the brim. The brim has also broken on one side and has partly come away from the main body, but all the rivets are still present. Spanish morions or cabassets were used in England between c. 1550 and c. 1660. It may be a reproduction helmet of a pikeman during the English Civil War period (c. 1642 - 1651). Examples of similar helmets are held in the Royal Armouries collection, e.g. IV.678 and IV.728

NLM-AEC2AD: PADLOCK
Iron possible barrel padlock fragment. Fragment of a possibly cylindrical object closed at a flanged end, and with a rib at right angles to that end, here taken to be one end of a barrel padlock. Fiercely abraded and corroded. Suggested date: Medieval, 1100-1350 Length: 31.7mm, Diameter: [in excess of] 22.8mm, Thickness (where rib meets plate): 5mm, Weight: 5.73gms

SUR-2AE754: PADLOCK
An iron barrel padlock, complete with shackle, but missing its internal components. The case is cylindrical and 36mm in diameter. The shackle is circular (c 18.5mm in thickness and 120.5mm in diameter) and hinged to an integral lug at one end of the case. The other end of the shackle terminates in a semi-circular collar which holds a flat plate which slots into the opposite end of the case. This plate has three rectangular holes designed to accommodate the barb springs of the lock mechanism, which are missing. There is a large hole in the underside of the barrel.

BERK-1C993D: CANNON BALL
A complete post Medieval iron cannon ball possibly dating to c.1500-1700 AD. Possibly relating to the English Civil War. The canon ball is spherical in shape and dark brown in colour. It is 42.4mm in diameter and weighs 300g. Similar cannon balls can be seen on the database, see records SWYOR-9C2E89, DENO-06026B, and IOW-DE96D9.

LEIC-EC27C3: HORSESHOE
Medieval iron horseshoe fragment, 91mm long and 20mm wide with a weight of 54g. The fragment represents just under half a shoe, has a rectangular cross section and a curved tapering form. It has one inner flat edge and the outer edge is 'lobate' with rounded projections. These allow for oval shaped recesses with rectangular holes to accommodate the nails. There are three such holes in the fragment, two of which still contain the rectangular cross sectioned nails. The fragment terminates with a narrow rectangular cross sectioned end which is folded over itself. The fragment fits Clark type 2B, which he dated to 1150-1250. Clark, J ed. 'The Medieval horse and its equipment', 1995 HMSO. For a complete example see SUR-C5B7F3

HAMP-9DB984: SLAG
Four pieces of slag, clinker or other by-product of industry or burning of unknown date (Iron Age to post-medieval, c.800 BC - AD 1800). The pieces have a collective weight of 448g (to the nearest 2g) and three have traces of an orange colour, perhaps from iron. All are formed of bubbles and have a pock-marked surface from burst bubbles. Measurements, in size order: 72.7x66.4x35.2mm; 55.5x47.5x35.4mm; 55.9x43.1x27.9mm; 53.4x42.1x26.8.

BH-F536A8: MOUNT
An incomplete cast iron hooked mount, probably dating to the Post-Medieval period (c. AD 1600-1700). The slightly convex mount is ovoid in shape and rectangular in cross-section. One end is rounded. The other pointed end is broken. The upper surface has the remains of some unidentifiable moulded decoration. The underside is undecorated, with the remains of a square-sectioned attachment rivet. The mount measures 28mm in length, 12mm in width and 5mm thick. It weighs 1.98 grams. See Read 2001, p. 39 and fig. 25 no. 363 for a similarly shaped mount.

WAW-8881A8: KNIFE
Probable Early Medieval socketed iron knife: A portion of the socket and a fragment of the blade remains. The socket tapers towards the blade, but is incomplete with a fragment of the side and terminal being broken. The blade is triangular in section. It measures 91.6mm long, 26.32mm wide, 17.7mm thick at the socket and weighs 49.29g. A similar socketed iron knife is published in West (1998), No. 101.3 which dates to the Early Medieval period.

LANCUM-5D6DB8: HAMMER
Iron hammer or hand mattock of uncertain date (c. 43 - 1900 AD). The object is rectangular in plan, with a flat blade at one end and a circular face at the other; it widens slightly towards the blade end. The object is triangular when viewed from the side, narrowing towards the flat end, with a distinctive curve. A rectangular perforation can just be made out towards the circular end of the object, although this is now obscured through the encrustation that covers the surface of the object. The object is red-brown in colour. It is 86.13mm in length, 38.07mm in width and 30.20mm at maximum thickness. It weighs 251g.

LANCUM-3505AD: KEY (LOCKING)
Incomplete iron key of probable medieval or post-medieval date (c. 1200 - 1800 AD). The bit of the key is missing, while the bow of the object is broadly oval in shape and the shank is circular in section. Detailed assessment of the object is obscured by concretion caused by iron corrosion that covers its surface. The object is reddish-brown in colour. It is 81.48mm in length, 36.58mm at maximum width and 51.31mm in thickness. It weighs 73.27g.

LANCUM-34E0B5: KEY (LOCKING)
Complete iron key of probable late medieval or post-medieval date (c. 1300 - 1800 AD). The bow of the object is oval in shape and rectangular in section. The shank of the key is circular in section and the bit of the key is rectangular. Detailed assessment of the object is obscured by concretion caused by iron corrosion that covers its surface. The object is reddish-brown in colour. It is 140.93mm in length, 47.93mm at maximum width and 19.27mm in thickness. It weighs 148.02g. Similar examples recorded on the database include: NMS-E9F9D8 and SWYOR-2E48D4.

PUBLIC-E54BB8: KNIFE
A complete cast iron blade from a Meading or Hay Knife with a tang for insertion into a wooden handle of Post Medieval to Modern date (c. 1700-1900). Description: This is a rare tool which has gone out of use. The distinctive blade has the sharp edge on the opposite side to, for instance, a scythe and was used to cut hay once it had been stacked and compressed, more like a chopper. It may have been used for thatching. Northern England hay knives had serrated edges to the blade, but southern England hay knives did not have serrations. Measurements: 140.87mm long, blade 95.10mm long, 32.37mm wide, curved to a point. 7.67mm thick, reducing to sharpened edge. Weighs 76g.

LEIC-BF9DAC: BUCKLE
Corroded iron buckle of uncertain date. The object is in poor condition and encased in corrosion. It is 43mm long, 41mm wide, 13mm thick and weighs 31.52g.

HESH-BCAF29: AXEHEAD
An iron axe, axehead or hatchet of uncertain date possibly Medieval but more likely to be post medieval date (1000 - 1800 AD). The axe is incomplete and only the blade and cutting edge survive - it is broadly sub-triangular in plan with an irregular expanded blade: in profile it is wedge shaped. The socket of the axe is broken and the break is old and patinated- because of the break it is uncertain how the socket was formed. The butt of the axe is lost. The internal face of the socket has the remains of iron impregnated wood imbedded within the corrosion. As the blade expands in width it tapers in section; forming a wide even cutting edge. The bevelled blade facet is lost. The axehead is a mid orange brown colour and has not been treated. The metal surface has laminated and areas of surface corrosion have been removed exposing grey crystalline metal beneath. No surface marks or stamps can be seen, these may be lost through corrosion. Due to the fragmentary nature of the find and its small size a more precise date cannot be given, although it is likely to date from the period 1600-1800 The axehead measures 82.9mm length, is 40.6mm wide across the break and 26.9mm thick at the same point, it is 99.1mm wide across the blade. The axe weighs 375.6 gram.

WMID-B90C29: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1250-1400). The horseshoe is heavily corroded but a number of rectangular nail-hole can be made out around the edge of the shoe. The shoe has a broad web measuring 36.68mm across, and tapers to the heels. The horse shoe can be classified as Clark type 4. No nails remain in situ and any punched marks on the heels cannot be made out. The overall dimensions are as follows: 114.42mm in length, 111.34mm in width, 15.3mm in thickness and 250g in weight.

OXON-A6B37E: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife blade with square tang, possibly Medieval to Post Medieval period.

OXON-A272B9: HOB NAIL
Roman (c.AD 43 to 409) probable iron hob nail: It has a hemi-sperical head and a square incomplete shank. It measures 11.78mm, 9.17mm and weighs 0.65g. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993).

OXON-A2022F: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval iron rotary key dating to the period AD 1350 to 1450. It is 120.7mm long, 37.3mm wide, 8.5mm thick and weighs 40 grams. Similar examples are illustrated by Egan (1998: Nos 327-329) and further examples can be found in Margeson (1993, no. 1296) who notes that keys with stems that extend beyond the bit are mostly from Post Medieval contexts (ibid, 159). The kidney shaped bow and internal shaping are also more common in the Post Medieval periods. The parallel in Margeson dates to the 17th century, so this key is likely of a similar date. Compare also BERK-F7C446 and SWYOR-985749

OXON-7DAEB3: HORSESHOE
A post-medieval iron horseshoe probably dating to the 16th and 17th Centuries and is of the 'tongue shoe because of the shape of the centre opening. See "Identifying Metallic Small Finds by Michael J. Cuddeford, 1992, pp 22, 23 No.10.

WAW-11FC59: HOB NAIL
Six Roman (c.AD 43 to 409)possible iron hob nails: Three have hemi-sperical heads and a square or rectangular shank. Two are corroded and the original shape unclear. They measure between 17.38mm long and 7.18mm. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

HAMP-E44B88: HOB NAIL
A corroded and damaged possible Roman (AD 43-410) iron hob nail, with a domed sub-circular head of irregular shape. It measures 13.9 in length and weighs 0.80g. The head measures 9.9x7.1mm. The shaft is bent and square in cross-section, tapering from 4.0x3.4mm to the point (2.1x1.3mm).

SWYOR-AA1C93: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified Iron artefact of unknown date. It is in the form of a narrow blade,that is flat on one side and slightly curved on the other side, resulting in a slight thickening in the centre of the blade. It tapers from the centre to a sharp point at one end and to what appears to be a cutting edge at the other, though the absence of any means of securing a haft probably means that it is not an axe and may be part of a larger piece of farming equipment. The artefact now shows the surface corrosion normal on iron artefacts. It is 162mm long, 48.6mm wide and 13.5mm thick. It weighs 303g..

KENT-A8E1E5: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron rotary key of Goodall Type 6 and Ward-Perkins type IV, dating between the 14th and 15th centuries. Description: The key has an oblong, solid stem ending in line with the bit and projecting slightly into the oval, nearly kidney shaped bow, which is broken leaving a small gap. The bit extends downwards from the stem when viewed horizontally and features asymmetrical wards and three deep clefts; two on the left hand and one on the right hand side of the bit. The bit features very intricately-cut wards, leaving shallow clefts. Measurements: 70.01mm Length, 27.4mm (width of key, including bow), Bit width - 22.19mm, bow diameter - 23.50mm and weight 13.37g. Discussion: This key fits within a a typology described by both Ward-Perkins (1940) and Goodall (1990). Examples listed by Goodall in the drainage collection of Salisbury Museum featuring similar intricately-cut wards are No. 195 and No. 205. The dates described in both typologies are aligned and place this key within the 14th or 15th centuries.

SWYOR-A4A179: PLOUGH
A Modern metal wear pad from the coulter for a seed drill, originally recorded as an unidentified object of probably Modern date. It is a sub-rectangular block of a dense gray magnetic metal, perhaps steel. On end is rounded, and the other end is exceedingly worn, tapering in thickness due to wear on the upper face, and unevenly convex across the end. The other edges are bevelled, so the top face is smaller than the bottom, and the sides are carinated, with the carination closer to the bottom face. A circular perforation near the rounded end is filled with a spiral coil of what appears to be similar material. This projects slightly from the bottom face, by about 1mm. There are traces of a red pigment on the possible coiled rivet on the top face. The lower face is very flat and is a rich brown grey colour, slightly matte. The other face is a lustrous gray colour, very smooth, with wear on the corners. It is 34.4mm long, 19.1mm wide and 4.6mm thick. 28.9g. This object was suggested by the finder to be haematite, but haematite is not naturally magnetic, and this object exhibits a strong magnetic response. The very uniform flatness of the reverse, and the red pigment suggest a modern date. When recorded originally, the function was unknown. It was suggested that this could be a magnet from inside a security tag like those used in shops, or part of a modern cow magnet, used internally to prevent hardware disease. However, it has since been recognised as a wear pad from a seed coulter for a seed drill manufactured by Vaderstad. Compare With thanks to Twitter user "Suffolk Detectorist" (@SDetectorist) for the identification in November 2022.

DENO-5240CB: KNIFE
A fragment of an iron and copper alloy knife of medieval or post-medieval date. The fragment consists of the copper alloy guard and the stump of the iron blade and hilt. The guard is broadly rectangular in plan and profile but in plan is narrowed towards the centre. It is a stretched hexagon in cross-section. One edge of one end of the guard has a projecting lip; this feature does not appear on the other end off the guard. The stump of the blade is heavily rusted, but it is thick at on one side than the other indicating that this object was a single edged knife. The lip on the guard is located on the cutting edge side of the guard. The stump fo the hilt appears to have a broadly oval cross-section. Overall, the object measures, length 19.5mm, width 16.6mm, thickness c. 10mm, weight 6.50g

SWYOR-6BF34B: AXE
An iron axe head, probably Post Medieval to Modern and dating from AD 1500 - 1950, judging from its good level of preservation, but of a broad form known to have been used in the Medieval period too. The object is 119.3mm long, 85.6mm wide and 27.2mm thick, and weighs 332g. Compare the Medieval axe head in Ward Perkins (1940), number 2, Fig. 12, p. 57. However the socket of this example, which is partially missing, is elliptical rather than the angular socket illustrated in Ward Perkins.

BUC-40876D: AXEHEAD
A complete Roman iron axe head, dating from c. 1st to 2nd century AD. The head is triangular in shape, with the lower edge of the blade curving downwards creating a wide cutting edge. There is a rectangular perforation at the wider end of the head where the handle would have attached. The axe is a dark red brown colour, and measures 132.6mm in length, 51.7mm in width and weighs 320g. Manning 1985 plate 7; B2

SWYOR-2D267E: KNIFE
An iron knife blade and tang, possibly dating from the medieval period, about AD 1200 - 1500, but possibly from AD 1350 - 1400. The knife has a whittle tang of square section tapering to a rectangular wedge. It projects at an angle from the blade. The back of the knife is convex. The tip is missing. The cutting blade is also convex, wider near the shoulder. It is 116.1mm long, 30.2mm wide and 6.2mm thick. It weighs 22.6g. Number 113 on page 91 of Cowgill et al (1987) is a broadly similar shape and dates from the late 14th century.

YORYM-D7DE8F: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete iron spearhead of medieval date, c.AD 1100 - 1400. The blade is sub-ovate with a hollow tapering socket to the attachment end. The shoulders slope steadily from the blade to the socket. The metal has a corroded red/brown patina and is worn. The object is 76.1mm long, 18.5mm wide, 4.2mm thick and weighs 13.7g.

BH-AAFF1B: HORSESHOE
A complete forged/wrought, relatively small, iron wavy rimmed horseshoe of Clark type 2B dating from the medieval period (c. 1150-1300). The shoe is crescent shaped and broadly rectangular in cross-section. The wavy outside edges consist of three rounded lobes while the inner edge is arched and also slightly correspondingly lobed. Each rounded lobe has a punched sub-oval/square-shaped nail hole in the centre. The heels are slightly inclined together. The calkins projecting from the upper surface at the end of each heel are broadly rectangular in plan and cross section, one of which is damaged slightly. One of the nail holes has a surviving nail through it. The nail has a flat hemispherical head and a flat elongated rectangular shank as well as a bent pointed terminal. The toe is worn and somewhat squared off. The entire shoe is heavily rusted and corroded. It measures 80mm in length and 80mm in width. Each branch of the shoe is a maximum of 17mm wide and 5mm thick, while the calkins are 11mm long, 7mm wide and 11mm thick. The entire object weighs 65.23 g. It may be compared with an example found in London illustrated by Clark (2004, 116; fig. 82, no. 125) found in a context dated by ceramics to c. 1150-1200.

WAW-98BEE8: HOB NAIL
Four Roman (c.AD 43 to 409) iron hob nails: All have hemi-sperical heads and a square or rectangular bent shank which forms a 'J' in profile. The shanks taper to a blunt point. They measure between 14.18mm long and 4.48mm. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray in Mattingley 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated. Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61 Manning, W.H., 1995 Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Roman Small Finds Cardiff: University of Wales Press

GLO-45BB7A: HORSESHOE
A corroded and worn iron horseshoe fragment of a probable Anglo-Saxon date. The fragment consists only one arm of the shoe. This has a wavy outer edge and three punched nail holes. This is a Clark type 2A which dates to AD1050-AD1250 Clark J. 2004 The Medieval Horse and it's equipment. Page 86, 95-96.

KENT-31B1AB: KNIFE
A heavily corroded whittle tang iron knife of likely Medieval date, c.1200-1500. Description: The knife has a blade with a diamond cross-section and slightly curved back which becomes more pronounced towards the point. The tang is clearly hammered and rectangular in cross-section. The blade appears to come to an intended point rather than a break so likely extends to its' full length, the tang is les certain and seems a bit short for the length of blade. Much of the detail is obscured either by remaining corrosion or from corrosion damage. The knife remains a dark brown colour where the rust has come away with some light orange and mid brown where the rust remains. Measurements: 120.94mm long, 22.47mm wide, 8.35mm thick and 43.69g Discussion: Due to corrosion obscuring the original outline it is not possible to be certain about the age of this blade, although whittle tang blades were particularly dominant after the Roman period until scale-tang blades resurfaced in the 13th century becoming dominant by the Post-Medieval period.

YORYM-16DB94: SPUR
An incomplete tin plated, iron spur dating to the post medieval period. The spur consists of a curved band, expanded at its centre, from which an oval sectioned projection extends at a right angle. The iron is corroded and the tin plating worn and silver in colour. The spur is 62.5 mm long, 44.3 mm wide and 13.4 mm thick. It weighs 20.9 g.

LON-02ABCE: PADLOCK
A Post Medieval iron padlock dating from 18th century. The padlock is possibly French. The lock is triangular in plan and square in cross section. The locking arm or shackle is a strip of iron with a round cross section, it loops over and then passes through the locking mechanism and terminates in a knop. On the front is central keyhole, a rectangular plate (to cover the keyhole), is attached by one rivet and is rotated to the 9 o'clock position, and on the reverse is a vertical rectangular plate attached by two rivets. The padlock is corroded. Dimensions: length: 159.05mm; width: 93.65mm; weight: 472g.

WILT-71C1B8: STRAP END
A Medieval iron strap end, dating to c. AD 1250-1450. The strap end is rectangular in plan, with a roughly sub-triangular cross section. The strap end flattens and becomes sub-rectangular in cross section, and is transversely split. with a centrally positioned iron rivet. The strap end tapers into a collared knop at the terminal. Dimensions: 51.06mm in length; 12.87mm in width; weight 9.83g. cf. Egan & Pritchard (1991: 130-132) no. 607

NARC-2D8DEE: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife blade of Post Medieval date (AD 1500-1600). The object has a tapering sub-rectangular blade and a whittle tang. The blade is sub-rectangular in section with a slight curve due to post-depositional processes. The tip of the blade and part of the tang are missing and the tip curves down slightly. The metal is a mid-brown in colour and is heavily corroded. Length: 136.33mm, Width: 17.36mm, Thickness: 7.55mm, Weight: 52.9g. Similar examples excavated in London and dated to the 15th - 16th centuries, although this style of knife is very common (Egan 2005: 90-91). Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19: London.

BUC-5F0E22: ARROWHEAD
A wrought iron arrowhead of medieval date, AD.1200-1550. The object is formed of a round socket that makes up the majority of the object's length. The tip of the arrowhead has a diamond shaped cross section. There is a slight waist where the tip meets the socket, however, the maximum width of the tip does not exceed that of the socket. Jessop 1996 type M3 Arrowheads of this type are typically 'military' in nature though they would serve equally in hunting. They were produced rapidly and in their thousands particularly during the 15th and early 16th century. They are often termed 'short bodkins' or armour piercing, though this is not strictly true. Similar types of arrowhead are also found on crossbow bolts. The arrowhead is a dark red brown colour, and measures 36.8mm in length, 12.5mm in width, and weighs 4.86g.

NMS-F5C55E: LINCH PIN
Incomplete iron and copper alloy linch pin dating to the period c. 100 BC - AD 100. The head is missing. The iron shank is now heavily corroded, the original cross-section indiscernible. The base of the shank fits into a socketed copper alloy foot. Sub-conical in form, traces of a moulded collar are visible at the mouth of the socket under a layer of iron corrosion. Just below, on one side only is a moulded relief ring-and-dot motif. The foot curves along its length and expands into a discoidal terminal. The face of the terminal exhibits a raised circular border expanding in width from top to bottom. The circular field within is slightly domed and exhibits two moulded relief ring-and-dot motifs positioned side-by-side. Terminals of this form are often known as a 'hoof' type terminals (Hutcheson 2004 p. 109). Hutcheson illustrates similar examples, (Ibid, no. 46), and ascribes a Late Iron Age to early Roman date. Some Yorkshire parallels can be seen in Stead 1991: 44-46. These examples were found in cemetery contexts in East Yorkshire. A number of similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database including: SOM-116593, LANCUM-E78098, NMS-6C94D8; NMS-FEA9C2, YORYM-095350,YORYM-B3FDA2, SF-AC9AD2, SWYOR-820823, IOW-D18A03 and WAW-CEE943.

SUR-DF8CC0: SPUR
A fragment of a Post Medieval iron rowel spur. The rowel box is 16.7mm long and sub rectangular in section. The rowel and bar are missing. The sides have a plano convex profile, terminated by breaks.

SWYOR-DDFF23: SHOT
A possible Post Medieval iron cannon ball dating from about AD 1500 - 1950. It is a spherical ball of iron. It is 82mm diameter and 4.2kg (4200g). This size and weight does not conform to standard cannon ball measurements, but it could be a non-standard missile. Alternatively, it could also be a ball from a crushing mill, machinery or a bearing from a swiveling piece of machinery such as a crane or gun.

FAKL-CBF5F0: HORSESHOE
Medieval iron horseshoe of Clark's type 3, dated in London to c.1200-1380 (Clark 2004, 96, Fig. 83). Broad (27.4mm) web, each branch ending in a turned calkin, holes rectangular with angled ends. Length 89.6mm, Width 84.6mm, Thickness 9.0mm, Mass 135.03g.

SWYOR-CA48EB: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Unidentified iron object of unknown date, AD 43 - 1900. A rectangular piece of iron, broken at both ends, and rectangular (nearly square) in cross-section. Thought at first to be part of a penknife, it seems to be one piece of iron surrounded by corrosion products and may be part of the tang of a tool, or many other things. There is no visible decoration. The object is 42.9mm long, 8.2mm wide, 6.7mm at the thickest part and 5.5mm at the thinest. It weighs 7.14g.

DENO-DFF6B2: NAIL
A fragment of an iron hand made nail of uncertain date. The head has heavy corrosion, it shows a sub rectangular plan, sloping to each corner, and each face has a sub triangular, almost D-shaped profile. The shank has a rectangular base, tapering to an apparently old break after 25 mm. Shank is 13 mm by 17 mm at the base, 10 mm by 13 mm at the break. The head is 44 mm wide, 48 mm long and 17 mm thick. The size of the head suggests the nail was not for use in domestic furniture. Possible door stud. A similar object is described in record HESH-5D2C4A. Weight is 123.8 g. Overall height 42 mm

PUBLIC-26EDBF: CANNON BALL
A probable iron cannon ball of post-medieval date, (circa 1550-1700AD) The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter ranging from 97.93mm to 81.47mm. It weighs 1.80 kilograms . The ball is of a dark-brown or rust red colour.with blackening to one side and lighter greyish areas. The cannon ball is in used condition with multiple pitting and dents. This cannon ball may date to the Dutch raid on the Medway Ports (1667AD), having been recovered lying on the mud at low tide close off Upnor Castle.

LON-1040DF: MAIL ARMOUR
A fragment of iron wedge riveted mail armour, dating from the 12th- early 16th century. Most of rings retain their mobility and have not corroded together, The fragment consists of 50 rings. While wedge riveting is predominant from the later 15th century, the ring size and quality would suggest a 16th century date for this fragment. Dimensions: length: 78.06mm; width: 46.33mm; weight: 13.67g Other examples of mail armour on the database are LON-72FE79, LON-664EA2, PUBLIC-5F69C7 and SUR-F11D27.

PUBLIC-0E7DA5: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A cast copper-alloy and iron object of unknown date and function. Description: The object consists of a very corroded iron shank with a circular, cast copper-alloy collar 10.5mm in height and 17.7mm in diameter approximately one third along the length of the shank. The corrosion of the iron masks any detail but it comes to a blunt point at each side of the collar, the longer section being square-shaped in section, the shorter section rectangular in section. The longer section has a short, projecting, pointed stub just below the lower edge of the collar. The copper-alloy collar is unevenly cast with walls 1.5mm thick. There are numerous file marks across its surface. Measurements: Overall length 49.0mm: Length of shorter shank 13.5mm: Length of longer shank 25.0mm: Weight 20.8g Discussion: The object may be the remains of a tool with the collar separating the handle tang from the working part of the tool.

WMID-FE8819: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron object of uncertain date. The object is roughly oval in plan and flat in profile. The object may have been sharpened at one end so could be the remains of a blade. The possibly sharpened end is slightly flattened, whilst the opposite end tapers and is rounded off. The object could also represent spillage from metalworking. It has mid-green copper alloy staining and shows signs of corrosion on both faces. The overall dimensions are as follows: 79.19mm in length, 31.47mm in width, 6.94mm in thickness and 67.72g in weight.

YORYM-D56E3D: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified iron object of uncertain date. The object is circular and hollow, tapering fron an open end to a pointed terminal. It is undecorated and worn. The metal has a corroded red/brown patina and is worn. The object is 78.3mm long, 19.2mm in diameter, 5.2mm thick and weighs 37.1g.

YORYM-D56684: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of uncertain date. The blade is sub-ovate with a bifurcated attachent end projecting from a narrowed collar. The metal has a corroded red/brown patina and is worn. The object is 51mm long, 12.3mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 6.2g. An insufficient amount of the object survives to allow a firm date allocation.

SOM-CFBD69: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete high zinc or tin copper alloy object of unknown date. The object consists of a circular loop with an attachment end. On the top of the loop is a protusion circular in plan and sub-rectangular in cross section. An irregular and chipped ridge runs from the circular protusion on top along the sides of loop and it is more evident on one side. The loop measures 22.4 mm in diameter and 8.7 mm in thickness. The loop rests on a base with an attachment end. The base is sub-rectangular in plan and oval in cross section and measures 12.8 mm in length and 16.4 mm in width. The attachment end has traces of corroded iron. One suggestion is that this is the terminal of a knife handle with the iron tang of the knife at the base in which case a late Medieval to Post medieval date would be suggested.

NMS-666A8D: CANNON BALL
Iron cannonball of probable post medieval date (c. AD 1575 - 1700). Heavily corroded with a flaking surface. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that cannon balls of this form may have been fired from a post-medieval 'falconet' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot. Weight: 528g, diameter: 51.5mm.

SOM-53EB7B: SPEAR
Iron spearhead of probably late Medieval date. The blade is complete and a broad leaf shape with convex curved sides widening evenly form the point to the rounded base of the blade. A rounded rib runs from the socket about half way along the length of the blade on both sides; the ribs thicken towards the base but appear solid. The blade is otherwise flat and even in thickness. Due to the level of corrosion it is hard to identify the width of the sharpened edges, if any. The socket is conical and tapering, continuing the line of the ribs but only hollow until it meets the blade. The end of the socket is uneven but the breaks are corroded. The peg or pegs to hold the blade to the shaft are missing. There is an indent on one side of the socket at the mouth and from it a raised line is visible in the corrosion running up the socket with three raised circles on it, probably the brazing of a overlapping joint to close the socket with three pins. The spearhead is 206mm long in its entirely, the blade is 162mm long and 63.4mm wide, 1.5mm thick excluding the rib, 9.6mm including it. The socket is 44mm long, 15.6mm in diameter at the base and at least 29.4mm deep. It weighs 122.72 grams. The overlapping socket suggests a later Medieval date. Later Medieval spears are not widely studied but the broad leaf shape may suggest a hunting rather than military use. Borg (1991: 91) no. 114, dated to the 15th century, is similar if that example is correctly interpreted as having lost most of the edges of the blade. LANCUM-096780 on this database is also similar.

YORYM-D418CE: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of possible Early-Medieval to medieval date, c.AD 600 - 1300. The blade is sub-triangular in both plan and section with a wide curved back and narrower, slightly curved cutting edge. The blade tapers to a blunted point at one end and straight shoulders with a narrow sub-ovate tang at the other. The knife is extremely rusted and the organic handle is missing. The object is 202.4mm long, 41.6mm to 10.6mm wide, 6.9mm thick and weighs 107g. Dr Kevin Leahy, National Finds Adviser for Early Medieval metalwork, comments that "this form of blade with its angled back appears in the 7th century (Evison, 1987, p. 113) but remains in use into the 13th century and later (Goodall, 2011, 106)". It should be noted that this object is from a site which is producing predominantly Early-Medieval material. As such a similar date for this object is possible though not definite.

SWYOR-6CE04A: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron unidentified object of uncertain date, AD 43 - 1950. It is probably made of wrought iron as it has the appearance of grain, like wood does. It is a bar which is circular in section at one end, but which quickly flattens out to a thinner rectangular cross-section. At the other end, one side curves inwards producing a knife like shape with a flat back and a pointed tip. This object is not identified as a knife however, because the curved edge is as uniformally thick (about 3.5mm) as the straight back, so there is no cutting edge, though the whole object does taper towards the curved end. Both ends are incomplete. The possible tool is 111.8mm long, 12.6mm wide and 8.1mm thick at the possible tang end with a circular section. 29.1g. The metal is rusty but has been lightly cleaned and has a dark grey and orange colour.

LANCUM-68CA4B: AXEHEAD
Incomplete iron axehead of probable late-early medieval to medieval date (c. 900 - 1500 AD). The object has a curved cutting edge and sides, forming a widely expanded blade. One side has a more pronounced curve than the other. The neck of the axehead is narrow and rectangular in section, from which point the object tapers in section to the cutting edge. The socket is missing, leaving a straight, abraded break. The object has a heavily pitted and corroded surface with a light red-brown patina. It is 106.63mm in length, 96.24mm at maximum width and 16.10mm in thickness. It weighs 312g. The form of this axehead betrays similarities to the type known as 'bearded' that was in use from the mid-early medieval period through the medieval period, with the 15th century seeing a peak in production (Ward-Perkins 1967, 59-61). There are a number of similar examples on the database, all given the same date range, including: HAMP-70D9DB, DUR-F7E257, WMID-4AFC87 and SUSS-FCD431.

PUBLIC-5B67DD: CANNON BALL
A probable iron cannon ball of post-medieval (possibly English Civil War) date (1600-1700AD). The cannonball is sub-spherical with a diameter of c. 3.39 inches or 86.3mm. It weighs 2.430 kilograms (5.5lbs).. There is a circular protrusion on one side (or base) measuring roughly 18.25mm diameter. The ball is of a dark-brown colour.. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition; however, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting and dents

PUBLIC-B78C3C: FIREARM
The iron Hammer, part of the mechanism for a Post Medieval Percussion or Cap Lock firearm. Length 62.68mm, perforation through metal to allow fixing to firearms mechanism 4.50mm x 4.35mm. Hammer weight 35.7gm. Has been dipped in micro-crystaline wax to aid preservation.

DUR-853095: AXEHEAD
An incomplete iron axehead, probably dating to the Medieval to Post-Medieval period (c. AD 1000-1700). The butt-end of the axehead is wedge-shaped and the socket is sub-triangular in shape. From the butt-end, the axehead narrows before flaring out to form the blade. The width of the butt-end is almost as wide as the blade. Each side of the blade is curved, with one side forming a tighter curve than the other. The section of the blade is wedge-shaped as it gets thinner towards the cutting edge. The axehead has been subject to corrosion, resulting in portions of the metal flaking off, which are missing. This is evident on the cutting edge of the blade, as it does not form a uniform edge. The wooden haft, which would have attached to the axehead through the socket, is missing. The axehead is in poor condition as it is corroded and it has patches of orange rust. It is 102.11mm in length, 71.49mm in width (at the blade end), 63.01mm in width (at the butt-end), 25.94mm thick (at the butt-end).

SWYOR-3157C5: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron possible horseshoe of post-Medieval or Modern date, about AD 1600 - 1950. Most of one side is missing. Corrosion obscures any nail holes or fuller, and there is a suggestion of a toe clip, but it is not complete. There is no calkin on the surviving terminal, which is pointed. The web of the horseshoe is uniformally narrow at about 18mm wide. With the lack of evidence for attachmnt, it is possible that this object is part of another artefact such as a chain link, hook or farm machinery part. The object is 117mm long, 98mm wide and 12mm thick. 137.2g.

LEIC-736ECA: HORSESHOE
Medieval to post medieval iron horseshoe, 103mm in length, 30mm wide and 7mm thick with a weight of 174grams. The object is U shaped with a rectangular cross section. It is formed of a wide flat sheet with a V shaped central hole. It is incomplete missing one end, but the intact end is sub triangular in form and along its outer curved side are the traces of four rectangular nail holes. The object dates to 1250-1600. It is of Clark Type 4 (Clark, 2004, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment).

LEIC-71FABA: ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENT
Possible Roman iron object, 102mm in length, 32mm wide and 7mm thick with a weight of 23.47grams. The object is T shaped in form and rectangular in cross section. It has two short right angled projections at one end which are seperated by a semi-circlular depression on the outer surface, which continues down the front as a concave shallow recess for 20-30mm. The object is possibly a T-shaped clamp which would have been used in the fixing of a variety of architectural elements, especially box flue-tiles. See NMS-8225A8 Cf. Manning 1985, 131-2, R70-2.

LEIC-716523: HAMMER
Medieval to post medieval? iron hammer head, 106mm in length, 23mm wide and 18mm thick with a weight of 158g. The object is sub rectangular in form and rectangular in cross section. It has an oval hole, c.20mm long, for its shaft just to one side of the centre and the corresponding outer edge has a slightly projecting, rounded profile. To the right of this (as shown) the object tapers to a point with one long edge remaining straight. The other side is rectangular in cross section and terminates with a slightly rounded 'collar' around its flat end. Objects of iron are utilitarian and difficult to date. The date range is based on its condition rather than its form.

LON-5CEF51: SHOT
A complete Post Medieval iron, bar shot (dumbell shot), dating to the 17th century. Both ends are spherical with a short connecting circular sectioned bar joining them. Dimensions: Diameter: 30.75mm; length: 72.01mm; weight: 218g Other iron bar shot on the database is LON-427965.

DEV-DED9E6: HORSESHOE
A corroded Post Medieval iron 'key-hole' type horseshoe, probably dating to c. AD 1600-1900. The horseshoe is U-shaped in plan and slightly bevelled in cross section with a key-hole shaped perforation in the centre. The arms curve inwards and end in sub-rectangular terminals to create the key-hole shape. Only one nail hole is visible through the corrosion, as well as the remains of a corroded rivet. Dimensions: Length 138.2mm; width 132mm; thickness 11.7mm; The object weighs 436g. cf. similar objects on this database, e.g. DEV-5B5583, LANCUM-094174.

NLM-74C2EE: BUCKLE
Iron buckle. Wrought iron D-shaped or single looped buckle frame. The good surface condition and mass suggest extensive survival of a metal core, implying a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1900. Length: 39.8mm, Height: 46.6mm, Thickness: 6.1mm, Weight: 18.55gms

NLM-4C6482: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Cast iron fragment. An iron plate with a rounded outer edge and concave sides, broken diagonally across its narrowest side. The material was tested with a magnet and responds strongly, so must be ferrous metal, though it displays no active corrosion whatsoever. A simple vegetal motif of a five branched sprig appears on the display face in a sunken triangular panel: though this appears as a hammered design, Dr Kevin Leahy kindly comments that it is cast. The back is flat. The object has rounded edges and fracture surfaces, and in this its condition is reminiscent of water-rolled material. The form of the object might suggest it to be one arm of a four-armed cross of estimated diameter c.140mm, implying a wheel-headed form of cross. Cast iron is held by Dr Leahy to have been rarely used until recent times: for gun barrels or shot from the later 15th century; firebacks from the mid-17th century, and for other purposes from the 18th century onwards. A decorative use contemporary with, or later than, the use of cast iron to make firebacks seems the most probable context. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1650-1800. Length: 48mm, Width: 70.5mm, Thickness: 7.5mm, Weight: 86.10gms

DENO-491F1B: BRIDLE BIT
Three pieces of a medieval horse harness. All iron and badly corroded. 1: This piece comprises the snaffle bit (or possibly half of it) and one of the cheek pieces now fused together by corrosion. The snaffle bit is a curved, rounded iron bar with a round loop at each end. One loop is narrow and has the remains of a small ring going through it. The other is wider and has a larger, D shaped,hoop and bar attached that form the cheek-piece. The bar of the cheek-piece runs at right angles to the snaffle bit. The cheek-piece fits into Ward Perkins (1940, 80, fig. 19a) Type C, while the snaffle bit may fall into half of a Ward Perkins (1940, 80, fig. 19b) Type II or a complete Type I. Overall, the object measures 132.7mm long and 108.4mm wide. It weighs 69.84 g. The snaffle bit measures 103.8 mm long, 18.2 mm wide and 14.9 mm thick at the wide loop, 8.4 mm wide and 17.3 mm thick at the narrow loop and 10.6 mm in diameter at the centre. The cheek piece measures 108.4 mm in length, the bar measures 7.9 mm in diameter, the D-shaped ring measures 29.2 mm long, 29.7 mm wide and 7.9 mm thick. 2: This piece appears to form part of a snaffle bit and may represent the second half of the snaffle bit described above. The object is a slightly curved bar with a round cross-section, terminating in a break at one end and a wide loop at the other. Overall, the object measures 86.4mm long, 14.4mm wide and 16.7 mm thick at the loop. The bar tapers from 13.0 mm wide and 10.5 mm thick at the loop to 9.0 mm wide and 9.4 mm thick at the broken end.. The object weighs 38.12 g. 3: The last piece is an iron bar, curved into a semi-circle with a round cross-section, which may have formed a complete ring. It is possibly the part of a snaffle bit, through which the reins may have gone. Length 55.6 mm, width 26.5 mm, thickness (diameter of bar) 9.0 mm. Weight 18.02 g.

DENO-4821DA: HORSESHOE
A complete, although heavily corroded, medieval iron horseshoe (c. 1270 - 1450). The outer edge curves round from one plain heel to a calkin on the other. The inner profile mirrors the outer edge, with the web being a similar width, 31.8mm, all round. The number and location of the nail holes is difficult to determine due to the amount of corrosion. The horseshoe fits into Clark Type 4. Length 120.9 mm, width 122.6 mm, thickness 24.3 mm (max) 9.9 mm (min) and weight 356.3g. See Clark 1995, 75-123. The length of the shoe is roughly average for Type 4, the width is at the wider end of Type 4 and the weight is above average for Type 4 (Clark 1995, 98).

BERK-B44686: HORSESHOE
Two Post-Medieval iron 'key-hole' type horseshoes, probably dating to c. AD 1600-1900. The larger object is U-shaped in plan and is slighly bevelled in cross section, the brances curve inwards slightly and end in rectangular terminals at the heel, with no calkins, creating a key-hole shaped aperture. Two nail holes are filled in at the toe and one is clear. Width/length 91.2mm The smaller version is a broken central fragment similar in style and plan to the larger object with the two nail holes clear in the toe and missing the rectangular terminals. Again no calkins. Width/length 59.2mm.

NMS-39DB86: CUTLERY
Incomplete iron and copper alloy handle from an item of cutlery, probably a knife, dating to the period c. AD 1650 - 1850. It consists of a central iron tang, now heavily corroded, sandwiched between two covex sheet copper alloy plates. The plates exhibit a scrolling foliate design in low relief. Each plate is held in place by two rivets spaced evenly along the surviving length. The tang and both plates all termnate in old breaks. See also: BH-C67493.

SUR-0EC561: SPEAR
Early medieval iron spear head with a characteristic conical split shaft and lozenge shaped tapering blade. The blade has been purposefully bent into a curve, presumably before deposition. The socket is circular in profile, 18.2mm in diameter at the shaft, narrowing to 11.7mm in diameter at the blade and is completely filled with iron corrosion products, although the orginal socket split seam and base are clearly discernable. The blade is bent to 130mm long, with an estimated original length of around 170mm. It has angular shoulders measuring 27.8mm narrowing to a tip of 6.7mm. The profile of the blade is lozenge shaped with a pronounced midrib around 8mm thick. This find was recovered from a river bed adjacent to Newark priory. There is corrosion commensurate with a prolonged immersion in water and the socket has broken midway along its length since its recovery. The spear head compares favourably to Swanton's H2 category, dating to the 6th century AD.

LON-CB139E: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete Medieval iron barbed and socketed arrowhead, dating 13th-14th century. The arrow head has a triangular blade and a circular socket. The blade section tapers very gradually from the socket to the point, with barbs at the socket end which extend over the socketed section. The central spine is subtle and not well pronounced. One of the barbs is damaged and missing a small section from the blade edge. Similar examples on the database are GLO-BF0875, SF-5A266B and LON-ECF872. Dimensions: length: 52.55mm; width: 14.99mm; thickness: 4.74mm; weight: 9.03g.

DEV-A6640E: BROOCH
A Late Iron Age to Early Roman Iron early hinged brooch, probably dating to AD 25-70. The surviving fragment comprises of the upper bow, head and partial pin, the lower bow being lost to a corroded break. The head of the brooch survives to a width of 17.8mm, with cylindrical wings retaining an iron axis bar in situ. A hinged iron pin projects from the reverse of the head, sub-rectangular in cross section and truncated by a fresh break. The bow projects from the head with a width of 10.8mm and a sub-rectangular cross section, 5.3mm thick. The sides of the bow are roughly parallel, and do not taper into the break. Corossion masks any further detail. Dimensions: length 23.4mm; width 17.8mm; thickness of bow 5.3mm; weight 4.57g. cf. comparable brooches excavated from Henley Wood, Somerset, suggested to be of 1st century type (Watts & Leach 1996: 80, nos. 1-4). Bayley & Butcher (2004) note that British early hinged brooches were commonly also made of iron.

LANCUM-906590: BUCKLE
An incomplete cast copper-alloy shoe or knee buckle dating to the Post-Medieval period (c. AD 1660-1720). The buckle consists of a slightly convex sub-trapezoidal symmetrical frame with flat expanded outer edges. The top and bottom edges of the frame taper inwards and consist of a moulded spherical spindle housing. Each end has a indent for the pin to rest on. The underside of the buckle frame is plain and flat except for the spherical spindle housing which extends slightly beyond the frame. The spindle remains and also has a cast stud chape mostly intact minus its' stud end. The buckle has a green patination and patches of iron corrosion.The length is 21mm, the width is 17mm and the weight 2.57g. Whitehead (1996, 99), illustrates a number of similar buckles which are date to the latter 17th century c.1660-1720.

LANCUM-905FE3: FLINTLOCK MUSKET
An iron hammer of a large flintlock pistol, possibly a Brown Bess lock (Noel Hulme, 1969, fig. 214, fig. 69, no. 5). The jaws would have connected together and to the hammer by a vertical bar running down one side. The screw would have run vertically through the jaws adjacent to the side fixed by the vertical bar and would have tightened to hold the flint in place. The flint is missing but would have projected beyond the open side of the baws - opposite the vertical bar and screw. The mechanism is showing signs of active corrosion. The length is 125mm, the width is 78mm and the weight 220.75g. It is possible that the hammer mechanism dates to the Civil War period, however flintlock mechanisms were in use between 1620 and 1850 and changed very little during this period. As well as on military weapons they were also widely used as sporting guns. An almost identical mechanism can be seen in the Royal Armouries collection, object number XII.4241 which dates to 1744 and in Noel Hulme (1969, pg 214) fig. 69, no. 5 dated from the early t mid 17th century. A parallel, BERK-4E24C3, on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database is a part of a firing mechanism.

OXON-900BF3: JEWS HARP
An incomplete post-medieval iron 'Jew's harp', missing only the tongue. The harp consists of a rounded C-shaped end which extends to two prongs, which would have rested in the mouth. There is a groove on the centre of the rounded end where the tongue would have attached. It is sub-lozenge shaped in cross section. The iron of the harp is corroded with fragments flaking. This object probably dates to the post-medieval period c.1600-1800, but could be slightly earlier.

YORYM-387135: BUCKLE
A complete iron horse harness buckle of medieval date, c.AD 1150 - 1450. The buckle is a single loop D-shape with an ovate section. A circular sectioned pin remains looped around the bar though is corroded in place facing away from the frame. No decoration can be determined. The buckle is 32.8mm long, 43.2mm wide, 5.8mm thick. The pin is 37.8mm long, 7.8mm wide, 4mm thick. It weighs 19.9g. Similar examples are illustrated in Clark (1995), p.56, fig.42. Ref: Clark, J. (1995). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. London: HMSO.

BH-0DED9E: CHAIN
An iron chain of uncertain date, probably post medieval or modern in date. The chain comprises twelve mostly twisted oval loops, c. 53x20mm in size. At one end there is a single round loop (44mm), followed by an oval loop and an incomplete round loop. At the other there is a swivel (76mm), followed by a large oval loop (68x24mm) with a fragment of a further loop adhering to it. The presence of the swivel may indicate that this is modern, although Roman swivels were found at Neupotz (Hanemann, 2014, Abb. 254).

BH-0DD381: GOUGE
An incomplete iron tool, possibly a socketed woodworking gouge, of uncertain date. The tool possesses a circular-section tapering socket, which is broken at one end. The other joins a wide, slightly dished blade, which is parallel-sided for a short length and broken before it terminates. The object measures 101mm in length. The socket has a length of 56mm and a maximum diameter of 16mm. The blade has a length of 45mm, a width of 47mm and a thickness of 5mm. Owen Humphreys comments: 'possibly a fragmentary socketed woodworking gouge, although the blade is somewhat wide for such an identification.'

BH-0DBA19: SPEAR
An incomplete iron spear head dating to the Roman period. The spear possesses an open socket which is broken. The socket expands to a leaf-shaped blade with a long tapering point, the tip of which is missing. The edges of the blade are noticeably blunt and it is possible that this was not actually a functional weapon. The spear measures 130mm in length, with the socket measuring 35mm in length. The diameter of the socket is 13mm. The blade has a length of 95mm and a maximum width of 34mm. It has a thickness of 4mm. It weighs 46g.

BH-FE91D6: ARROWHEAD
A fragmentary iron arrowhead dating to the Roman period. Unfortunately, the arrowhead is too corroded to classify with any certainty.

NMS-FE1EFA: SPEAR
Incomplete Early Saxon iron spearhead with split socket and leaf-shaped blade. Parts of the blade near the missing tip and the open end of the socket are missing, The object is in an active state of disintegration. Swanton 1975, Group C1. Extant length 127mm. Width 21mm. Weight 53.75g. Mid 5th - mid 6th century.

BH-FDE656: CLAMP
An incomplete iron T-clamp and rove, possibly dating to the Roman period. The object comprises a square-sectioned nail with a Type 3, T-shaped head, the end of which is peened onto a heavily curved rover or washer, which tapers to points at each end. This would have been used to join two pieces of wood, one of which was flat, the other heavily curved. Manning (1985, 133-4) suggests that these types of fastenings were used in ship construction but identical rivets can be seen on the scythes from Newstead, whilst Goodall (1980, Fig. 76) shows similar fittings on a medieval well cover.

BH-FDDCE1: CLAMP
An incomplete iron T-shaped clamp of uncertain date. The clamp comprises two rectangular-section bars which have been welded together and forged into a tapering rectangular-section shaft with a corroded top. At one end, they have been bent outwards to form a T-shaped head which is broken. The clamp measures 91mm in length, 54mm in width and weighs 61g.

BH-FDD8EA: CLAMP
An incomplete iron T-shaped clamp dating to the Roman or medieval period. The clamp possesses a tapering square-sectioned shaft, corroded and broken at the tip, with a head at the other end formed of a curving semi-circular rectangular-sectioned strip with pointed tips. Unlike other T-clamps from the site, this has a heavily curved head, indicating that it was used to secure a curved piece of wood in place. Manning (1985, 132) suggests that curved examples such as this are more likely to have been used in vehicles, such as wagons, than structures, but identical rivets can be seen on the scythes from Newstead, whilst Goodall (1980, fig.76) shows similar fittings on a medieval well cover.

BH-FDD3EB: CLAMP
An incomplete iron T-shaped clamp dating to the Roman or medieval period. The clamp possesses a circular-section bar which is broken at one end. At the other, there is a T-shaped rectangular-sectioned head, which is slightly curved in profile. The clamp measures 99mm in length and 75mm in width. The shaft has a length of 13mm. It weighs 124g.

PUBLIC-FD2607: AXEHEAD
An incomplete, Early Medieval, iron axehead from the 10th-11th century, AD.900-1100. The axe head is extremely corroded to a deep orange and brown colour. The socket of the axe is incomplete and the wooden haft is missing. It has a triangular or wedge shaped blade with a slight curve to the cutting edge. The blade of the axe projects downwards more than upwards from the center. Axes of this type are typically known as Dane Axes, though they are a common weapon type used by English forces during the 10th-11th century. They are depicted on the Bayeux tapestry being wielded two handed by the English forces, particularly the huscarls. A number of similar examples were found at the Northern end of old London Bridge, now in the Museum of London collection. The Axes were likely deposited there as votives or as battle losses during the struggles for power in the early 11th century. The axe is a utilitarian weapon an served as a multifuction tool equally useful for chopping wood as well as for battle. Axes persisted in use in battle well into the Medieval period. The type here conforms to the shape of those from the earlier period rather than being similar to the later developments. A similar example can be found in Oakeshott 1960, fig.72, pg.154.

SWYOR-F94902: FLAT IRON
A cast iron "slug" from a box iron for use on laundry, dating from about AD 1800 - 1930. The object is shield shaped in plan with a flat top, curved sides and a sharply pointed base. It is rectangular in section. The surface of the object has undergone some corrosion and a layer has partially flaked away so that any markings that may have been present are no longer visible; the object is otherwise in good condition. It is 63.9mm long, 39.6mm wide and 15.9mm thick. It weighs 122.32gm (4.31oz). It has a dark brown patina. Compare another iron weight: SF-6A6240. See for an explantion of how this object was used. This object was originally recorded erroneously as a trade weight.

LIN-D69EBE: SWORD
Description An incomplete iron or iron and copper alloy sword pommel of Early Medieval date, c.AD 900 - 1100. The pommel is of Petersen's Type L, VI late lobed form. The pommel is broadly triangular in profile and pointed oval in plan. The base is curved and rests upon a concave pommel bar. The upper portion of the pommel is shaped into five rounded lobes which increase in width, thickness and height from two small lobes at the outer edges to a large lobe in the centre. An incomplete iron tang of rectangular section extends from the centre of the pommel bar. An iron guard was found very close to the pommel and may well be from the same sword as the pommel. The guard is oval in plan and rectangular in section, and is slightly swollen in the centre where the iron tang is located. The pommel and the guard are covered in iron corrosion which is cracked and laminating in places. The condition of both object is deteriorating and both require urgent remedial stabilisation and appropriate packaging. Dimensions (all measurements are approximate owing to the level of surface corrosion) Pommel: Width: 69mm, thickness: 18mm, height: 38mm. Tang: 8mm x 15mm x 10mm. Weight: 164g. Guard: Length: 74mm, Width: 31mm, thickness 15mm. Weight: 100g. Discussion This form is considered to be of English origin (Davidson 1962, 55-6), but is called "Viking" and "of late Viking style" by Oakeshott (1991, 78 and 81). Late early-medieval pommels (Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian) were last thoroughly studied by Petersen in 1919. This one is a Petersen L type VI pommel, a fusion of Anglo-Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon fashions, and dates to the 10th or 11th century. Similar examples which can be found on the PAS database are LVPL-C0264A and IOW-B4598E. Reference: Ellis-Davidson, H.R., 1962. The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England Oxford. Oakeshott. R.E., 1981. The Sword in the Age of Chivalry. London : Arms & Armour Press. Oakeshott. R.E., 1996 The Archaeology of Weapons: Arms and Armour from Prehistory to the age of Chivalry New York : Dover Publications, INC.

YORYM-D4C2DE: CHISEL
A complete iron axe-like object of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1600 - 1800. The object is sub-rectangular in plan with an expanded blade with a pronounced downward projection. Much of the original cutting edge has been lost to degradation though it appears to have had a gentle curve. The butt end of the axe is sub-triangular in plan and no socket is present. The metal has a mid-orangey-brown patina and is heavily corroded. The object is 216.8mm long, 138.9mm wide at the blade, 69.4mm wide at the socket, 4.8mm thick at the blade, 38.1mm thick at the socket. While the form of this object resembles an axe of the bearded type the lack of socket means it would not have functioned as such. The object may therefore be a stone chisel or splitting wedge.

DENO-D38A57: CANDLESTICK
A fragment of a copper alloy possible medieval to post-medieval candlestick consisting of a foot and part of the round base. The fragment is heavily worn and slightly bent out of shape. The fragment consists of a complete, broadly tongue-shaped foot, part of the curving rim of the base and a fraction of the central area of the base. A ridge passes from the broken edge at one end almost to the end of the foot. The foot has a pair of openwork sub-ovals on either side of the vertical ridge. The ridge is slightly broken between these ovals showing where the obejct has been bent. Towards the end of the foor, the ridge projects forwards from the foot and forms a triangular, nose-like projection. At the end of the reverse of the foot is a roughly circular concave pad, which appears to have been the point of contact between the candlestick and the surface it was standing on. The foot joins the rest of the base at the foot's wide end, on the edge of the base's curving rim. Part of the rim projects beyond the sides of the foot but most of the rim is missing. The reverse of the rim is hollow. The remaining part of the object is broadly triangular in shape, one side formed by the rim and the other two formed by breaks. The aforementioned ridge has a projecting moulding at the broken end in the shape of a fleur-de-lis. To either side is an openwork rough oval. Floral decoration is moulded on around these openwork areas. The fragment appears to have a coating over the surface, which may have been gilding but this is a poor condition. The candlestick is vaguely similar to the Gloucester Candlestick at the V&A (7649:1 to 3-1861) which is dated 1107-1113, but a much later date seems likely. Overall measurements: Length 62.0mm, Width 38.2mm, Thickness 3.6mm to 10.2mm.

OXON-D32005: NAIL
An iron nail of probable medieval or early post-medieval date. The nail may be a horseshoe nail although these usually have flat heads, so this may be ffrom a small wodden item. The nail has a tapering rectangular shank and a broad triangular head. Suggested date AD 1250-1600.

OXON-D2E682: CLEAT
An incomplete Roman iron cleat, used as a fastener on leather and dating to the period c.AD 43-410. The cleat is oval in plan and rectangular in cross section. There are two integral arms on the logitudinal axis, one projecting at each edge. Both are circular in cross section, and curve outwards and then terminate in worn breaks. Both sides are undecorated.

SWYOR-9C2E89: SHOT
A complete cast iron probable shot or cannon ball dating from the post-medieval period, about AD 1500-1700. It is a sphere of iron, with a slightly pitted and corroded surface, dark brown in colour. It is 39.5mm diameter (1,5 inches) and has a mass of 235g (eight and a quarter ounces). It may have been intended for use in a Serpentine cannon which had a nominal bore size of 1.5 inch diameter, firing shot weighing 0.75 lb, or a Rabinet cannon which fired shot weighing 8oz. Corrosion may have altered the size and weight of this example. Compare SOM-A0A8A2 which cites Blackmore (1990) Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries, p. 83. Light cannon were developed in the late 15th century, but this is likely to date from the English Civil War if it is a cannon ball. It is also possible that the object is some form of ball bearing or a ball from a crushing mill.

LANCUM-5608A8: AXE
An incomplete iron 'Axehead of Medieval to Post-Medieval date (AD 1000-1550). The object appears to be hand forged and is sub-rectangular with a wedge shaped, downward projecting blade broken off before the socket. As the blade expands in width it tapers in section especially towards the lower half; forming a wide even cutting edge. The metal surface has laminated and no surface marks or stamps can be seen, these may be lost through corrosion. The metal is a deep orange in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. The length is 80mm, the width is 70mm thickness and the weight 150.90g. As functional tools, axes change very little in design and so are very difficult to date as they do not change much in style from the Roman period to the Post-Medieval. However, axes of this design have been in use since the thirteenth century and it is likely to be Medieval or post-Medieval in date. Two examples of axes with similar design features are illustrated in London Museum's Medieval Catalogue, (page 57, numbers 5 and 6) and are thought to be carpenter's axes of thirteenth to sixteenth century date. Compare also WILT-656D09, KENT-D0B3B1, YORYM-C70664 and SUSS-FCD431.

NMS-E9F9D8: KEY (LOCKING)
Incomplete iron key of post medieval date. The majority of the bow is missing; a short length projects from one side of the shank and terminates in a worn break. There does not appear to be a collar separating shank and bow. The shank appears to be solid and exhibts a moulded double collar just above the projecting rectangular bit. A single cleft divides the bit into two opposing wards. The shank projects slightly beyond the ward, terminating in a transverse break. The size of the key would suggest it was used in a substantial rotary door lock, rather than for a casket. Door locks also tend to have a solid shank. Without the bow it is difficult to provide a firm classification, however, the shape of the bow does not resemble any illustrated in Ward Perkins' (1940) London Museum Medieval Catalogue, suggesting a later date.

DEV-5B5583: HORSESHOE
A Post-Medieval iron 'key-hole' type horseshoe, probably dating to c. AD 1600-1900. The object is U-shaped in plan and is slighly bevelled in cross section, its arms curve inwards slightly and end in rectangular terminals, with no calkins, creating a key-hole shaped aperture. There are no clear nail holes and the shoe may never have been used. Dimensions: Length 121.3mm; width 125.1mm; thickness 19.9mm; The object weighs in excess of 200g. cf. similar objects on this database, eg. LANCUM-094174, NMS-DD1715.

DOR-465638: CLEAT
An incomplete iron cleat. The cleat is oval in plan and rectangular in cross section. There are two integral arms on the logitudinal axis, one projecting at each edge. Both are angular in cross section, and one curves outwards. Both terminate in worn breaks. Both sides are undecorated. The cleat is corroded in places and has a brown-orange patina on the surface. Date: Roman - c. 43 - 410 AD Dimensions: 26.86 mm x 15.80 mm x 4.10 mm Weight: 4.33 g Cf. BERK-BDCDA5 and SOM 0C6A9A on the database.

NLM-2F7FCD: PLOUGH
Iron ploughshare, as kindly identified by the finder. A triangular lightly concavo-convex bar with low [7mm maximum] ridges flanking its convex face, which tapers towards a triangular blade springing from its narrow end. The ridges appear to have been differentially reduced by wear. The concave side of the bar is featureless save for two partially blind holes of diameter 11mm at its broader end, which is angled. These presumably attached the share to a wooden beam. The object is covered, and corrosion of the iron perhaps retarded, by a creamy cement-like encrustation overall. The good condition points to a relatively recent date, though the object probably pre-dates the adoption of fully mechanised agriculture. It perhaps owes its survival to reuse for mixing cement. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1750-1900. Length: c.225mm, Width: 62.7mm, Thickness (at midpoint, clear of ridges): 12.3mm, Height (i.e. projection of blade from the bar): 44mm

BERK-00E18D: SPEAR
An early Medieval iron angular blade spearhead with a split socket, classified by Swanton (1974) as a Class E2 type spearhead dating from the seventh century to later in the Anglo-Saxon period. Most of a rounded, split socket remains. The blade is broadly lozenged shaped with angular shoulders, with a short solid neck above the socket. The surface is heavily oxidised and fragile.

LIN-9AC144: BELL
Fragment of an Early Medieval copper brazed iron bell. The fragment comprises part of the crown and shoulder of the bell, and also part of the handle. The crown appears to have been oval in plan. An iron shank passes theough the crown near the shoulder and rises above to the break. The shoulder flares outwards. The item is corroded, but a small patch of copper alloy is visible which suggests that this bells was copper brazed. Indeed, although XRF analysis has not been undertaken on this example, the metal detectorist noted that the object gives a strong non-ferrous reading on his metal detector.

LIN-9AB7E4: BELL
Fragment of an Early Medieval copper brazed iron bell. The fragment comprises one shoulder and part of the crown and handle. The crown appears to have been oval in sub-rectangular in plan. The remains of an iron shank can be seen inside the bell. The shoulder flares outwards as it moves down the bell. The shoulder has a triangular fold. XRF analysis has not been undertaken on this example, the metal detectorist noted that the object gives a strong non-ferrous reading on his metal detector.

LIN-86968E: BELL
Fragment of an Early Medieval copper brazed iron bell. The fragment comprises part of the crown and shoulder. The crown appears to have been a slender sub-rectangle shape. Part of the iron hand is visible above and below the corner of the crown. The shoulder gently flares as it moves down the bell. A triangular fold is visible at the top of the shoulder. XRF analysis has not been undertaken on this example, the metal detectorist noted that the object gives a strong non-ferrous reading on his metal detector.​

Fragment of an Early Medieval copper brazed iron bell. The fragment comprises a small portion of the crown, and part of one shoulder. The crown appears to have been sub-rectangular in section. The shoulder hasd a raised area of corrosion roughly of triangular shape, which might suggest it has a folded tab. XRF analysis has not been undertaken on this example, the metal detectorist noted that the object gives a strong non-ferrous reading on his metal detector.​

LIN-86871E: BELL
Fragment of an Early Medieval copper brazed iron bell. The fragment comprises part of the crown and one shoulder. The crown appears to have been sub-rectangular in plan. The shoulder flares outwards and downwards. Copper plating is visible coating the iron core, suggesting this bell has been made via the copper brazing process.

CAM-5D7341: AXEHEAD
An iron axehead of uncertain date. The remains of this socketed tool-head weigh c.1.1kg (1100.00g). It has a length of c.160.0mm, maximum width of c.55.0mm and maximum height of c.61.0mm. The butt-end of the tool-head has an irregular oval shape through which is a sub-rectangular socket. This socket has a length of 39.0mm and width of 20.9mm. The width of the artefact then starts to taper forming what now appears to be a triangular cross-sectioned bladed end. Iron decay in the form of rust is present over all surfaces of this artefact and in places it is obvious that varying sized chunks have flaked off. The area most affected by loss of metal is the bladed end. This terminal area now stops at a diagonal area of metal loss where the thickness is 19.1mm. The profile of this artefact, in the current condition, is sub-rectangular and suggests a slightly downward curved hook, away from the socket, towards the end of the blade. It is not possible to date this socketed axehead but a modern date seems most likely.

SWYOR-2E48D4: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron key of Medieval or Post Medieval date, about AD 1200 - 1800. The bow is incomplete but appears to have been oval. The stem is badly corroded, but is essentially sub-circular in cross-section and has a projecting tip beyond the bit. The bit is incomplete, but appears to be uncut. The key is 108mm long, 36mm wide and 14mm thick. 52.48g.

DUR-063F80: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of Post-medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is sub-spherical and has a diameter of 52.06mm (2.05 inches), weight 496g (1lb 13/4ins). This would place the object within the diameter range of the Falcon cannon. Alternatively, it is possible that balls of this size were used collectively as grape shot in larger cannon. The Falcon cannon came into use during the latter half of the 15th Century and was mounted on wheels to make it more mobile. They were widely used during the Civil War. It should be noted that this object could also be a modern mill or industrial process such as a bearing or crushing ball from a large piece of machinery. The ball is pitted and scaled with rust flakes. There are two lumps 4mm x 2mm set 25 mm apart these could be casting sprue although they appear a little small for this. Possibly they formed a link, now broken, for connecting the ball as chain shot.

DENO-8A29E5: AXEHEAD
An incomplete iron axe head, probably of post medieval or modern date. It has a wedge shaped section and in plan is broadly triangular, resembling Ward-Perkins type II. However the socket, which is missing the rear fifty percent, is eliptical rather than tubular, and the lower edge of the blade is straight rather than curved, suggesting a later than medieval date.The entire surface has a well formed iron corrosion patina. There are no visible makers marks or decoration. A casting line can be seen along the lower surface of the blade, which suggest a post-medieval date. Overall length 107 mm, width of cutting edge 84 mm, at socket 36.5 mm. Thickness at socket 24.2 mm. Weight 260.7 g

WMID-8748EC: CANNON BALL
A cast iron Post Medieval cannon ball, probably dating to circa AD 1500 - 1700. The object is spherical in shape with pitting and corrosion visible on the surface. The cannon ball has an orange coloured patina across its surfaces. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail and full diameter and weight. The diameter and weight suggest that the type of cannon used to fire the cannon ball may have been the Demi-Culverin. This cannon had a 4 inch bore and fired a ball weighing 9.5 lb (4309 g). Gordon Bailey suggests that cannons were first mentioned in early 14th century manuscripts. Cannons were used in the Tudor and Stuart periods for both land and naval battles. The minion cannon was used in the 15th to 17th centuries and thought to have originated from the Civil War period, which could be the period this example dates from. There are other recorded examples on the database; (SWYOR-6D55C3) was discovered in Yorkshire and the Humber. Another example (DENO-06FCC9) was discovered in Nottinghamshire. It is also worth noting that iron balls were widely used in ball-mills for the production of powers for such things as pigments. Therefore it cannot be said with certainty that this object is a cannon ball as iron balls also had an industrial function. The cannon ball measures approximately 97 mm (3.82 inches) in diameter and weighs 3364 g (7.42 pounds). Bailey, G., (2000) Finds identified. Witham, Greenlight Publishing.

SOM-5DEE43: SPUR
A Post-Medieval or Modern white metal inlaid iron rowell spur, probably dating to c. AD 1600-1900. The spur survives largely complete, missing only the terminal of one arm, as well as the rowell itself. The arms are plano-convex in cross section, with a sub-rectangular sectioned neck expanding from the mid-point. The neck is short and plain, bifurcating into the rowell box, and with either arm of the box terminating in a perforated lobe. The box is filled with iron corrosion. Applied to the surface of the arms are traces of pressed, white metal decoration, from what survives a combination of flowers and pellets contained within lozengiform fields defined by strips of white metal, marked by a series of impressed transverse lines. Dimensions: length 99.9mm; width across terminals 98.3mm; thickness 16.1mm; weight 37.42g. Ellis (2002) notes that rowell spurs largely replaced prick spurs in Western Europe from the 14th century onwards, however most examples are much later than this, with many smaller and more decorative examples dating to the 17th century when they became increasingly fashionable. Both the preservation of the iron and the presence of pressed white metal decoration would possibly suggest a relatively recent date.

KENT-46E7E0: BLADE
A heavily worn, corroded, iron knife of possibly late Post Medieval to Modern date c.1650-1850 AD. Description: The knife blade is extremely worn and corroded leaving it diffiult to date, the shape suggests that it is likely around two to three hundred years old. The blade is an even triangular shape, and is a bright orange colour with some black areas visible. Dimensions: Length 115mm, width 32.86mm, thickness 6.16mm, weight 53.14g.

HAMP-0DE06C: FINGER RING
An incomplete and heavily corroded Roman iron ring with a flat oval bezel and wide shoulders. Only one arm of the hoop remains. The bezel retains a fragment of green glass in the setting. The bezel measures 19.5 x 16.75mm and the thickness from the bezel to the broken end of the hoop is 15.5mm. The object measures 26.1mm in length, 16.75mm in width and weighs 5.21g.

NARC-CC1CCE: HORSESHOE
A complete iron keyhole type Horseshoe of Post-Medieval date (AD 1650 - 1800). The shoe is of rectangular section. The central aperture is approximately 'keyhole' shaped from which the type derives its name. The object has four visible sub-rectangular nail holes and there are three retained remnants of nails. There is moderate amount of corrosion adhering to the surface of the object. Length: 115.54mm, Width: 117.05mm, Thickness: 10.09mm, Weight: 249g. Similar horseshoes are discussed in Sparkes (1976) Old Horseshoes, p.20-21

NARC-CC0B41: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron Clark type 4 horseshoe of Medieval date (AD 1300-1400). The branches are equal in length and incline upwards at the heel. There is no evidence of thickening or calkins at the heel. The shoe has six countersunk square nail holes. One nail has been partially retained. The shoe in plan is flat and is probably a saddle shoe. The object is missing small portions of its heal. Length: 109.81mm, Width: 102.66mm, Thickness: 8.51mm, Weight: 170g. Ref: Ivan G. Sparkes. Old Horseshoes. Page 15.

LANCUM-C7A36C: AXEHEAD
A corroded wrought iron tool, perhaps a pickaxe of probably Medieval to Post-medieval date 1200 to 1800AD. The object is rectangular in section and is a curved tapering spike. It could be a broken axe head. The butt-end of the tool-head has an irregular circular socket. Iron decay in the form of rust is present over all surfaces of this artefact. The profile of this artefact, in the current condition, is sub-rectangular and suggests a slightly downward curved hook, away from the socket, towards the end of the blade.The length is 110mm, the width is 27mm thickness 33mm and the weight 65.64g.

DENO-6309F1: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval cast iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD c. 1600-1800. The ball is spherical, well cast with no obvious waist, casting or set-up marks. However, the surface is corroded and pitted which may obscure some marking. The diameter is 60.03 mm, suggesting use with a falcon or falconett, artillery pieces in common use during the civil war period. Weight 800.2 g

BH-622B27: CHAIN
A complete iron chain link, possibly dating to the Roman period. The chain link is in the shape of a figure-of-eight and is made of sub-rectangular-sectioned bar. The chain link measures 33mm in length and 14mm in width. It weighs 5 grams.

BH-60E1C6: FERRULE
An incomplete iron object, possibly a conical ferrule dating to the Roman period. The object consists of a circular-section shaft, broken around a socket at one end. There is possibly wood preserved inside. The other end tapers towards a break. The object measures 106mm in length with a maximum external diameter of 21mm and internal diameter of 10mm. It weighs 62 grams.

BH-60C669: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete unidentified iron object, possibly a dress accessory, of unknown date. The object consists of a small truncated triangular piece of sheet, possibly broken on all sides, with a small wire loop on one side. The object measures 17mm in length, 13mm in width and 2mm in thickness. It weighs 1 gram.

BH-60B4FF: MOUNT
An incomplete iron mount or binding, possibly dating to the Roman period. The object consists of a parallel-sided iron strip, broken at both ends. One end is broken around a perforation. The object measures 51mm in length, 28mm in width and 4mm in thickness. It weighs 20 grams.

BH-4E295A: CLEAT
An incomplete iron fragment, possibly part of a cleat dating to the Roman period. The fragment consists of a flate plate, broken on all edges, with a rectangular-sectioned arm projecting from one edge at an angle. The plate measures 17mm in length and 13mm. The arm measures 18mm in length. The whole object weighs 3 grams.

BH-4DEB98: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron strip from an unidentified object, possibly a stylus dating to the Roman period. The strip is flat and rectangular in plan, and tapers to a point at both ends. The strip measures 62mm in length, 5mm in width and 3mm thick. It weighs 5 grams.

BH-4DE96A: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A fragment of an unidentified composite object of uncertain date. At one end is a copper alloy cap, joining a rectangular-section iron shaft which flares towards a broken edge. The iron is recessed near the break, perhaps to receive a separate piece. Function unknown. L 41 mm ; W 9 mm ; Wt 4 g

BH-4DCD81: FERRULE
An iron and copper-alloy ferrule possibly dating to the Roman period. Semi-circular-shaped tubular ferrule, consisting of an inner tube of iron and an outer sheath of thin copper alloy on the curved side only. Damaged at one end. A thin ribbon of copper alloy extends from one end. Function unknown. Possibly part of a tool handle, possibly Roman. L 34 mm ; W 31 mm ; D 23 mm ; Wt 20 g.

BH-4DC453: WIRE
A length of iron wire of uncertain date. The wire comprises a circular-section stem which is bent into a spiral at each end. The wire measures 131mm in length and 2mm in diameter. It weighs 2 grams.

BH-4DAE46: STYLUS
An incomplete and corroded iron stylus dating to the first to third century AD of Obrecht (2012) Type H or P . The stylus possesses a fragmentary circular-section stem which extends to wedge-shaped eraser terminal which was originally semi-circular in plan. Half the eraser terminal is missing. It measures 57mm in length, with the stem having a diameter of 4mm.

HAMP-A495EC: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron medieval to post-medieval horseshoe (1200-1700). It is difficult to give a narrower date range or type due to a large proportion of the horseshoe being missing. As well as this, the horseshoe has been bent slightly. There is one circular, 3.17mm in diameter, hole which may be a nail-hole, on the very edge of the shoe. Due to the absence of other nail-holes and the condition of the horseshoe in general it is impossible to ascertain whether this is a nail-hole, or mere damage. What may have been the calkin is also covered in corrosion. In total, the horseshoe measures 103.67mm in length, 107.73mm in width (4.07mm at the narrowest), 4.09mm thick and weighs 54.09g.

HAMP-A3F22D: HORSESHOE
An iron medieval/ early post-medieval (1350-1550) horseshoe with one iron nail in situ. It is most likely a type 4. The horseshoe is heavily corroded, and measures 134.09mm in length and 130.61mm at maximum width, though it narrows to a point after this. The presence of corrosion on the horseshoe makes the thickness variable, but it is approximately 8.07mm thick. The calkin and feathered heels have sustained some damage, but the thickening (or upsetting, as Clark describes) best resembles that seen in fig.2a, datasheet 4 "Medieval Horseshoes", Clark. The nail-holes are almost all indistinguishable from the corrosion, but the two which are visible are broadly rectangular and may have been in a three/three pattern. One nail can still be seen in the nail-hole, and another protrudes from the horseshoe by 9.39mm. In total, this horseshoe weighs 95.63g

LON-8E9E71: PADLOCK
A complete Medieval-Post Medieval iron padlock, dating to AD 1450-1700. This padlock is spherical with a circular locking arm. The arm is D-shaped in cross-section and is 6.6mm thick. The arm is joined to the spherical body with L-shaped projections or hinges either side of the body. There is a hole just off centre of the body on one side. This may be the remains of the key hole. The padlock is very worn and corroded. It is dark brown in colour with patches of redish-brown corrosion. Dimensions: length: 76.7mm; width: 52mm; body diameter: 46.9mm; weight: 140.30g. Similar finds on the database are LON-AE1C18 and LON-C8DC0B. Two similar examples can be found in Bart et al. (1977, nos. 696-697), made of cast iron and date from the late 15th-17th century. Another example can be found in the Walsall museums' collection (1982.0091), which is Medieval in date. It would seem that this type of lock was predominantly continental in origin, with many examples coming from the Netherlands and Germany. It is likely that this example is of a similar date and origin. Reference: Baart, J., Krook, W., Lagerweij, A., Ockersm N., Altena, H., Stam, T., Stoepker, H., Stouthart, G. and Zwan, M. 1977. Opgravingen in Amsterdam: 20 Jaar Stadskernonderzoek. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.

WILT-50DF28: HORSESHOE
An iron bevelled horseshoe, probably of late medieval date (c AD 1450 - 1550). The object is a rounded U-shape in plan with a more purely U shape inner profile and is apparently complete. It has a broad web (47.63mm), tapering along the quarter of each branch towards the heel (27.79mm). The number and location of nail holes cannot be determined due to corrosion. It is also difficult to distinguish caulkins on the heels but it is likely it has 'upset' or thickened caulkins as there is a thickening of the metal here (13.25mm).There is some wear to the toe of the shoe. The side wall at the toe is 6.25mm while it is 11.20mm along the rest of the side wall. It is likely Type 4 (Clark 2004). It is 139.84mm in width, 143.27mm in length. It weighs c 360g. This horse shoe is very similar to SSWM Medieval Catalogue Part 4 (Schuster, Saunders, Algar 2012) no 275. It is possible that this is an earlier horseshoe, and certainly for a large horse.

LON-39871B: KNIFE
A complete Post-Medieval knife dating to AD 1700 to 1800. The knife has an iron blade and scale tange with a bone handle. The blade is sub-oval in shape with a pointed tip. It is 4.2mm in maximum thickness, reducing to 0.5mm in thickness. The blade is rectangular in cross-section at the bolster end and sub-oval in cross-section at the tip. The blade is 122.5mm in length, and 23.6mm in maximum width. On one side of the blade near the bolster there is a quality mark of the crown above an X. There is white residue on both sides of the blade covering the possible maker's marks at one end. The blade has sporadic patches of iron corrosion. The handle is 83.7mm in length, and 25.1mm in width at the terminal. The handle flares out to a curved end. Both sides of the bone handle is decorated with pierced holes. Near the fluted end there are three pierced holes placed in the form of a triangle. Further along the handle there are two sets of four pierced holes in the form of a lozenge. Near the bolster end there is a further pierced singular hole. There are three evenly spaced copper alloy rivets in-situ along the centre of the handle. Dimensions: length: 205mm; width: 23.6mm; thickness: 20.1mm; weigh 78.09g. The knife has a pistol-shaped handle which is a common trait for knives in the 18th century.

BERK-1034F8: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete iron tanged and barbed arrowhead of probable medieval date. The arrowhead has suffered some damage to the barbs and both are now bent with one resting against the tang. The arrowhead has the remains of a rectangular tang which is thicker than the point itself; the tang then flattens. Tanged examples are usually seen in European arrowheads, unlike English arrowheads which were usually socketed. Small barbed arrowheads like this example could be used for hunting game, as they were designed to remain inside the body of the prey, but they were also firmly fixed into the arrow shaft so that the could be removed from the prey and reused. General 'high' medieval date of c. AD 1200-1450.

YORYM-BF157C: KNIFE
An incomplete copper-alloy and iron knife and knife end cap of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1600. The end cap has a double loop terminal with an integral rectangular shaft with transverse slot for the tag of the knife. The remaining portion of the knife is triangular in plan with a short length of tang to one end. The end cap is 20.2mm long, 11.3mm wide, 4.1mm thick and weighs 2.7g. The knife is 69.9mm long, 19.7mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 10.5g. End-caps such as this example are dated to the 16th century (Geake, 2001).

BERK-9421A6: HORSESHOE
A complete iron horseshoe of medieval date. The horseshoe has a flat plate which is attached to the shoe (and the hoof) via iron nails. The form of the horseshoe suggests it is a Type 3 or Type 4 horseshoe (after Clark 1995), dating from c. AD 1250-1400. There are no obvious calkins and it is unlikely that this shoe ever had any - the plate suggests that this is an orthopaedic shoe fitted to protect the 'frog', the cushioned underside of the hoof. The frog protects the sensitive structures of the hoof from damage when the horse steps on uneven ground or rocks. Examples of medieval horseshoes with surviving plates are very rare.

WILT-7F34A2: NAIL
An iron nail of Roman date (c. AD 43 - 410) broken in two pieces. The shaft of the nail has a circular cross-section and tapers in diameter from 9.44mm just below the head to 5.30mm just below the head. The head is slightly domed and measures 20.50mm in diameter. The first piece measures 70.56mm in length and weighs 18.81g. The second piece is 56.89mm in length and weighs 8.08g. Total weight 26.89g and total length atleast 125.18mm. The nail can be classed under Mannings' (1985) typology as a Type 1a nail. It is heavily corroded. Similar to PAS WILT-1D8D9A

BH-12BEF9: FINGER RING
A iron and intaglio finger ring dating to the second or third century AD. The finger ring possesses an oval hoop which is D-shaped in section and expands significantly to wide shoulders. It has an integral setting for an intaglio which is in situ. The intaglio appears to be made from dark blue or black glass. The intaglio was originally engraved with motif. However, there is damage to the intaglio making it difficult to discern the exact nature of this motif. The damage may be deliberate. The internal diameter of the finger ring is 20mm. The external diameter is 25mm. The height of the finger ring is 23mm. The finger ring is of Guiraud's Type 2d (Guiraud 1989, 181). She notes that in Gaul, finger rings of this type are found from the first century onwards in southern Gaul and throughout the second and third century in north eastern Gaul. Iron finger rings of this type are mostly frequently found in forts on the ​limes. 29% of examples of this type are made from iron (Guiraud 1989, 181).

BERK-00477B: SPUD
The remains of a small socketed iron tool, possibly a Roman spud. The tool has an unevenly worn crescentic blade which narrows in to the remains of a circular socket. It appears that the small section of the socket retained may be open, a trait often seen on iron objects and weapons of Iron age through to early-medieval date. This tool is similar to Roman 'spuds' - a tool used for cleaning other blades (like plough blades), or for barking (stripping bark which could be used in the tanning process) or even as a type of hoe. Manning (1985 plate 19) illustrates similar objects.

SWYOR-EB8CFF: AXE
An incomplete Iron axehead of unknown date, probably Medieval to Post Medieval date, about AD 1200 - 1900. It appears to be handforged. It has a socket which is triangular in plan. In profile, the axe has straight parallel sides at the socket end and then starts to flare at both top and bottom, before the cutting edge is broken off. It is about 215mm long, and 90mm wide at the socket. It has a dark brown surface, but is in good condition. The shape of the socket does not seems to fit with any of Ward Perkins Type for Medieval axes. As functional tools, axes change very little in design and so are very difficult to date. This example seems to match Medieval and later axes better than earlier ones. The condition of the metal could suggest a Post Medieval date.

SWYOR-D67DBD: HORSESHOE
An iron horseshoe (in two pieces) of probable Medieval to Post Medieval date, about AD 1250 - 1600. It is of Clark type 4 (Clark, 2004, The Medieval Horse and its Equipment). It has a fairly narrow inner profile and no obvious calkins. The shoe has three nail holes on one side and four on the other with six rectangular headed nails extant or partially extant, each standing proud of the shoe. The horseshoe is sub-rectangular in section, being convex on the ground surface and flat on the foot surface. The web measures 31.6mm at its widest point and narrows down to 22mm at one heel, and 11mm at the other. The horseshoe is 106mm long, 96.8mm wide and 24.6mm thick at a nail. 190.66g. Compare WILT-5E8B22, SUR-AF0F85 and Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 4, fig.8.

BH-D516CD: BILL HOOK
An incomplete and very corroded cast iron bill hook dating to the Roman period. The bill hook, of Rees 1979, type 4, has a sub-trapezoidal-shaped blade with a straight edge and a gently curving back. There is no evidence of a hook or beak on the blade edge, nor a spike at the back. Both tips of the blade are broken. From the blade edge, the plate gradually thickens and tapers inwards towards a broken long open-ended socket set at an angle roughly parallel to the blade. The socket is rectangular in plan and in cross section, and originally may well have been longer. A roughly v-shaped vertical aperture extends from the top edge of the socket down the length of one side and partially into the blade. The socket cavity is hollow. All of the surfaces and edges of the bill hook are heavily corroded leaving an uneven finish. The bill hook measures 260mm in length. The blade is a maximum of 144mm in width and 13mm thick. The socket measures roughly 120mm in length, a maximum of 33mm wide and 22mm in depth, and 9mm thick. It weighs 1172.4 grams. See Rees 1979, Agricultural Implements in Prehistoric and Roman Britain, British Archaeological Report 69, part II, p. 470 and figs. 228-231 for further examples.

PUBLIC-830FC8: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete post Medieval cast iron rotary key dating to the 17th - 18th century. The key has a kidney shaped flat cross section bow with a central triangular projection from the shank and another projection from the top which may originally have joined together across the bow. The shank is circular in cross section. There is a series of collars or throating below the bow and the shank is hollow and tapering for 55.43mm to its end where there is a piece missing from the back of the hollow shaft. It has been bent to about 1/3 of its total length at the bit end. The simple bit is flat and 23.47mm wide and 12.43mm in height. It has a central notch cut into the bit from the shaft end and lesser notches on the corresponding edge. The object is very corroded and the original size of the bit is uncertain. The key is 104.31mm in length, 40.61mm in width across the bow which has an internal measurement of 30.89m. The shaft is 9.18mm thick. The key weighs 34g.

PUBLIC-82E361: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete medieval cast iron rotary key dating to c AD 1250 - 1425. The key is a Ward Perkins Type 7a, has a kidney shaped bow, projecting solid shank, and simple bit. The shank is oval in cross section. There is a collar or throating below the bow and this collar is a simple thickening of the shank. The bit is a sub triangular extension of the shank, it projects at right angles to the bow. and is 15mm wide and 22.6 mm in length, although it may originally have been more. The object is very corroded and the original size of the bit is unknown. The key is 147mm in length, 41.93mm in width across the bow which has an internal measurement of 30.57m. The shaft is 7.5mm thick. The key weighs 41.36g. Similar examples are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard 2012, page 117, no.325 which is dated to c.1350- c.1400 AD

YORYM-6A7866: SWORD
Early medieval iron sword guard, dating from c. 850 - 1100 AD. Possibly Peterson Type P (11th century). The sword guard is slightly curved, with a convex upper edge and concave lower edge. It is sub-rectangular in plan, with a lozenge-shaped upper and lower face. The sword guard is encrusted with iron corrosion but x-ray analysis of the object has revealed three rectangular perforations for attaching the guard to the blade and hilt. The sword guard is 75.40mm in length, 20.09mm in width and 19.94mm in thickness. It weighs 100g.

PUBLIC-58A9A3: MARLIN SPIKE
A complete sheet iron late Medieval or Post Medieval marlin spike. The spike is 240mm long, and has a maximum diameter of 57.66mm at the open end. The spike reduces in diameter down to a broad pointed end. The spike was constructed by wrapping the metal around a mould and overlapping the sides and hammering the overlapping edges together under heat. There is a gap of 60mm in length and 10.4mm wide at the open end. Either side of this opening are two holes for fixing the spike to the wooden pole that would originally have fitted into the spike. There are wooden fragments still remaining withing the open end of the spike. There is a smaller hole on the opposite side to the two fixing holes, presumably for the same purpose. There is some corrosion over most of the object, but has been well preserved by immersion in the mud on the Thames foreshore. The identification, construction and use of the item was given by the Museum of London.

SUSS-3F7946: STEELYARD WEIGHT
An incomplete Roman - Post Medieval iron and lead alloy steelyard weight, AD.50-1600 The weight has an iron squared shank with a discoidal head encased in lead alloy. The shank is broken at the point. The weight measures 31.3mm long. The head is 18.8mm diameter and it weighs 24.2 grams.

WILT-3E98B7: AXEHEAD
A medieval to early post-medieval (c.1000-1550) wrought iron 'bearded' axehead. It has a triangular or wedge-shaped blade with a slight curve to the cutting edge; it projects downwards a little more than it projects upwards from the central body of the axe. The socket is drop or sub-oval in shape with a triangular extension to either side, extending downwards, and similarly a rounded extension on each side, extending upwards. The back of the socket is rectangular. The object is badly corroded and the wooden haft missing. It measures 200mm in length, 88.23mm in max.width (at the cutting edge) and 45.12mm in thickness (the socket end). The internal dimension of the socket are c 40.40xc 30.49mm, 35.29mm in height. It weighs 874g. Found with the axehead are: 1) A badly corroded wrought iron nail, or similar object, four-sided, 68.90mm in length, tapering from a sub rectangular head c 11.70mm square to a blunt point c 4.25mm square. It weighs 17.47g. 2) An incomplete badly corroded wrought iron nail, or similar, four-sided, 34.35mm in length with an early break. It tapers from a sub rectangular head c c 11.80mm square to c 5.67mm square. It weighs 6.12g. From HAMP-70D9DB: According to Ward Perkins, 'bearded' axes of this form were well known during the Viking period in Scandinavia, where their production seems to have halted around the 10th century. Elsewhere, however, their use continued throughout the following centuries, with a peak in production during the latter part of the medieval period (1967: 59-61). Ward Perkins suggest the frequency in occurrence of this type of axe suggests it was a 'cheap, general-utility tool for civil use' (ibid.61). Similar examples on this database are LANCUM-7241D2, WMID-4AFC87, HESH-66CF45, BH-E23E57 and DUR-F7E257.

LON-FE0BDC: KNIFE
An incomplete Medieval to Post Medieval iron tool or knife comprising a triangular blade attached to a rectangular tang which narrows to a curled pointed terminal. The tang is rectangular in shape and in cross-section. The blade is rectangular on the outside edge where it joins the tang at a 90 degrees angle. The blade thins to a jagged edge. The tool is dark grey in colour. Dimensions: 51.3mm in length, 19.4mm at its maximum width and narrows to a rounded tip.

CAM-C30652: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron socketed artefact of uncertain date and function, possibly an agricultural implement, spear or polearm head. This item weighs c.500.0g and appears to be mostly complete, probably with slight damage at the socketed neck end. The artefact has a length of 312.0mm terminating at one end in a gently rounded point. The metal is rusty and it is uncertain whether the rounded terminal is the original shape. At the pointed terminal the artefact has a thickness of 3.4mm. The blade increases in width away from this tip to the maximum width of 59.4mm where the thickness has increased to 25.9mm. The edges of the object then curve in to form rounded shoulders. Approximately 28.0mm of the total object's length accounts for the blade, from the tip to the start of the neck. The neck at this socketed end has a width of 26.2mm before starting to flare out again. This end is incomplete but reaches a width of at least 27.3mm. The edges of the socketed neck are open, it is uncertain whether this is by design or the result of damage. The top and bottom of the neck flare out in thickness to 33.9mm. This seems to have continued to increase however one side is now missing, thus the full original measurement has been lost. The socket has a depth of at least 75.3mm, the incomplete condition of the neck suggests that this would originally have been a greater measurement. The blade of the artefact has a pointed-oval cross-section. Discussion: Dr Inall has kindly commented "... It is difficult to tell from the image, but the elliptical/lenticular section and the flared socket opening suggest to me that it is probably an agricultural tool or pick-head. I haven't seen any spearheads with sockets that shape. I couldn't entirely rule out a spear without a closer look at it. The shoulders are very spear-like, but I am not entirely convinced".

BH-AFAB8E: LOCKING MECHANISM
An iron locking mechanism and chain dating to the Roman period. Padlock comprised of a plano-convex sectioned barrel, broken at one end, the other with a rectangular-sectioned piece of metal projecting from it. The heavily corroded remains of the mechanism are visible inside. The lock is surrounded by a chain, comprised of a mix of simple and figure-of-eight shaped links. At least 8 loops are visible. L (lock barrel) (62) mm ; W (lock barrel) 35 mm ; D (lock barrel) 36 mm ; L (rings) 89 mm ; W (rings) ; 34 mm ; T (rings) 11 mm. Iron padlock and chain.

BH-AFA747: KNIFE
A complete (although several of the fragments are glued) iron cleaver or knife with wooden handle of Manning (1985) Type 2a dating to the Roman period. It possesses a rectangular-sectioned tang, straight along the back edge of the triangular-sectioned blade. The cutting edge steps out from the tang and curves continuously towards the tip. There is an iron ferrule at the tang, which retains fragments of the wooden handle. L 201 mm ; L (tang) 37 mm ; W (tang) 11 mm ; T (tang) 9 mm ; L (blade) 163 mm ; W (blade) 60 mm ; T (blade) 6 mm ; L (ferrule) 19 mm ; DM (ferrule, external) 30 mm ; T (ferrule) 3 mm. There is a further element not photographed which comprises a rectangular-section tang encased in remnants of a wooden handle.

LON-AE1C18: PADLOCK
A complete Medieval-Post Medieval iron padlock, dating to AD 1450-1700. This padlock is spherical with a circular locking arm. The arm is D-shaped in cross-section and is 3.7mm thick. The arm is tilted to the right and is joined to the spherical body with L-shaped projections or hinges either side of the body. There is a key hole in the centre of the body on one side which takes the form of a vertical stem joined to a circular top. Inside the circular part of the keyhole there is a solid circular tube still in-situ. The padlock is dark brown in colour with patches of redish brown corrosion. The padlock is 54.7 mm in length, 34 mm in width, with a body diameter of 30.1 mm. The body is 28.7mm thick; weight: 36.59g. A similar find on the database is record LON-C8DC0B, which references the following: Two similar examples can be found in Bart et al. (1977, nos. 696-697), made of cast iron and date from the late 15th-17th century. Another example can be found in the Walsall museums' collection (1982.0091), which is Medieval in date. It would seem that this type of lock was predominantly continental in origin, with many examples coming from the Netherlands and Germany. It is likely that this example is of a similar date and origin. Reference: Baart, J., Krook, W., Lagerweij, A., Ockersm N., Altena, H., Stam, T., Stoepker, H., Stouthart, G. and Zwan, M. 1977. Opgravingen in Amsterdam: 20 Jaar Stadskernonderzoek. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.

BERK-7074CF: SHOT
A Post Medieval iron artillery ball dating to the period c. 17th Century AD.

DUR-6B25BE: NAIL
An incomplete iron nail, probably of the Post Medieval to Modern period (AD1700-1900). The nail has a rounded head part of which is missing due to rusting. The shank is four sided at the top, tapering down to a flattened point. It has been bent from the midway point to the base and there are gouges taken out of one of the corners of the shank. The nail is in apoor condition and it is difficult to ascertain its actual purpose. However, because of its size and its findspot, it could possibly have been used in ship building or for building using heavy timbers. Because of the rusting and damage, it is not possible to determine a definite date. Length 187.32mm, thickness at top of shank 13.43, thickness at point 4.44mm, circumference of head 28.39mm.

BERK-44E555: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete Medieval iron arrowhead, the point having been broken off at an oblique angle, and the socket somewhat squashed. These objects were common during the medieval period of c. 1000-1500. Unfortunately these types of object cannot be more closely dated without contextual relationship as the design did not change for hundreds of years.

An incomplete Modern cast iron or alloy toy canon, c. 1700-1900 AD. The barrel tapers from 7.4mm at the muzzle to 8.6mm at the breech. There are the broken remains of a knop at the end of the breech chamber, leaving a circular hole into the barrel. The barrel has a single circumferential moulding and the breech chamber has a sub-square cross section. There are two trunnions or basal lugs for attachment to a block or stock. The trunnions may have sat in the top of the cheeks of the gun carriage and enabled the piece to be elevated. The muzzle does not flare as in some earlier examples, but remains narrow and cylindrical. There is some paint residue on the surface of the barrel. It measures 42.86 mm long, 11.30 mm wide at basal lugs, 7.39 mm diameter at the muzzle and 8.58mm diameter at the breech and it weighs 10.5 grams. The piece was found alongside a ramrod and ball, which is broken into 3 pieces. The ball is 4.4mm in diameter attached to 3.8mm of rod and the other two parts of the rod are 12.7mm and 11.0mm. The pieces of ram rod together weigh 0.6g.

YORYM-1812E0: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of possible Early-Medieval date, c.AD 500 - 1000. The blade is sub-triangular in both plan and section with a straight back and curved cutting edge, blunted point to one end and sloping shoulders to a narrower sub-ovate tang at the other. The knife is extremely rusted and the organic handle is missing. The object is 111.2mm long, 16.3mm wide, 7.4mm thick and weighs 21g.

BERK-DB89E6: SPEAR
An Anglo Saxon leaf shaped iron spear head dating c. 500 - 700 AD. The profile, now difficult to see, has a slightly raised midrib to form a flatten diamond shape cross section and the socket, being only around one fifth of the overall length, has probably lost the end section. The end diameter of the socket in 17mm. The spear has extensive corrosion with loss of much of the edge metal, there is a pronounced red and mottled brown surface. 'A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Spear-Types' by M J Swanton, BAR 7 1974.

BERK-DB79D9: SPEAR
An Anglo Saxon iron spearhead, dating to c. 500 - 700 AD. The spear has the typical slender leaf shape distinctive of Swanton C3, or possibly C4. There is a clear mid-rib, forming the lozenge cross section of the blade. The open socket, forming approximately one third of the length, has a diameter of 18mm. The surface has significant corrosion. This spear was ploughed up around 30 years ago. 'A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Spear-Types' by M J Swanton, BAR 7 1974.

BERK-DAF6EB: AXE
Probable Axe Head, an iron axe with an unusually long, oblong shaped socket with a split seam. - Axes can be hard to date, stylistically, there is a common theme from the Roman period through to the Post-Medieval. However, the long socket, with the unusual curved butt on this example, are a confusion. The blade, in axe terminology, looks too 'closed' the overall look might suggest a much later date however the split socket is characteristic of late Roman and especially early medieval iron artefacts. Heavy corrosion covers the whole surface.The axe was found in an area of mostly Roman finds, and without a clear parallel, especially of late (medeival and later) objects, a Roman or early-medieval date is suggested (c. AD 200-800).

CAM-B361C5: MOUNT
A large iron mount with three spearate iron rivets/nails. This flat-topped sheild shaped mount weighs 1.8kg. The mount has a maximum height of 180.0mm and maximum width of 163.0mm. The front is slightly convex and decorated with a heraldic motif in relief which consists of a single central equal-armed cross. The cross has trefoil terminals at the end of each arm. A scallop shell motif is present at the centre of each trefoil terminal. A single slightly raised circle fills the central crossing point of the cross's arms. This has a diameter of 21.8mm. A hound's head left, as viewed, is present at the upper left and lower right of the shield between the arms of the cross. In technical terminology this would be described as: "Between two talbot's heads couped in dexter chief and sinister base a cross bottony the end of each limb charged with an escallop and the centre with an annulet". The artefact has a maximum thickness of 13.6mm increasing to 18.6mm over the moulded relief decoration. The reverse surface is flat and undecorated. A vertical line of three rivets project out of the reverse surface on the median-line. The first (length 15.6mm) is positioned c.51.4mm below the top edge of the sheild. The second rivet (length 12.2mm) is positioned c.32.4mm below the first, and the third (length 18.3mm) is positioned 27.1mm above the central tip of the base of the shield. The rivets have an irregular shape with cross-sections veering from sub-circular to sub-rectangular. The rivets have an approximate diameter ranging between 10.1mm to 7.5mm close to the mount and taper to a blunt pointed minimum diameter of 2.3mm. From the reverse surface these iron projections appear to be integral to the sheild-shaped mount. However, close inspection of the front of the mount reveals that these projections are infact separate. A single flat topped circular rivet head, with a diameter of 16.7mm can be seen laying, flush with or just proud of the surface of the mount, on the vertical arm of the cross either side of the centre point. A third, flat topped circular, rivet head, of 17.9mm diameter, is present directly below the lower cross terminal. This rivet head is sunk slightly below the upper surface of the mount, the rivet hole measuring a diameter of 18.50mm. Each of the heads have a single drive slot across the centre of the head. The drive slots have width of 1.2mm. Although the description above refers to 'rivets' and 'rivet heads' these three fixing points may alternatively be screws or bolts. The presence of drive slots on the heads suggests that the projections on the reverse would originally have been threaded. No evidence of any thread survives on the projections, which appear in their current state possibly hand made. This is most probably the result of corrosion and loss of the external surface of the three projections. The Richmond Herald, College of Arms, have (to date) been unable to identify the heraldry. They suspect that this is an unofficial one-off produced "for decorative purposes and therefore difficult to ascribe". Although the date could possibly range from the Medieval to Modern period, it is likely to be a Modern production. Many thanks to the Richmond Herald for their help with researching this item.

BERK-861348: KNIFE
An incomplete Post Medieval iron knife with the tang, collar and upper blade present, the remainder broken away. Dating to 17th Century AD.

BERK-845AED: VESSEL
A fragment of an iron cooking vessel dating to the Post Medieval period. A portion of the cauldron bowl is still attached. Dating to the period AD 1500 to 1700.

BERK-5F1AA5: ARROWHEAD
A fragment of a probable medieval iron arrowhead with a flat blade, main part of arrow missing; cross section shows an incomplete socket. Suggested date of c. 1000-1500. Unfortunately these types of object cannot be more closely dated without contextual relationship as the design did not change for hundreds of years.

BERK-5F022B: ARROWHEAD
A fragment of a Medieval iron arrowhead; a lozenge shaped blade with raised mid-rib, flat in middle cross section. Dating to the period of c. AD 1100 - 1500 (ish)

BH-F48A02: BROOCH
An incomplete iron annular brooch of uncertain date. The brooch possesses a annular frame which is rectangular in section. A pin with large oval attachment loop is attached to the frame. The brooch measures 39mm in diameter, with the frame having a width of 4mm.

BH-F47B3D: STYLUS
A fragment of an iron object with bands of copper-alloy inlay, probably a stylus dating to the second or third century AD. The object comprises a circular-section iron shaft which is broken at one end. The stem is decorated with two thin circumferential bands of copper-alloy inlay and then a further wider circumferential band, before it tapers to a point. The object measures 28mm in length and a maximum of 6mm in diameter.

BH-F467B8: NAIL
An iron nail, possibly Roman in date. The nail possesses head which is circular in plan and hemispherical in section and extends to a rectangular-section tapering stem.

BH-F448E4: WEDGE
An incomplete iron tool, possibly a wedge dating to the Roman period. The tool possesses a shaft which is rectangular in plan and is triangular in section. It terminates at one end in a flat oval terminal.

BH-F3754C: KEY (LOCKING)
A substantial iron slide key of Manning (1985) Type 1 dating to the Roman period. The key possesses an integral rectangular handle which is rectangular in section. The terminal of the handle is semi-circular in shape with a circular perforation. The key bit is narrower than the handle but is also rectangular in shape and tapers slightly before extending at right angles to form an 'L' shaped bit. The key bit possesses five rectangular-section teeth. The key measures 205mm in length. The handle measures 27mm in width and 10mm in thickness. The teeth measures 38mm in height. Keys with L-shaped bits are the most common slide keys with comparable examples known from sites including London and Verulamium (Manning 1985, 93 and Fig. 25, nos. 4 and 5). Leslie Rimmel comments: 'This key is rather interesting as it appears to have opened its lock in a right-left slide direction rather than the far more common left-right. The size suggests it operated a lock on a structural door rather than a cupboard or similar; the slide direction suggests that any such door was hung on the left.'

WAW-89A774: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval (late 16th to 17th century) probable cannon ball: a broadly hemispherical corroded cast iron object which is heavily corroded. There are no signs of makers marks or casting seams, but these may be distorted by corrosion. It weighs 233g and measures c.65mm diameter. Although an inexact science, comparisons can be made with historic inventories of cannon shot, their dimensions and weights (see Blackmore 1976). These suggest that this ball might have been fired from a Robinet cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered. There is also the possibility that this item is modern large ball bearing; architectural features; the balls found in stone crushing machines, and other industrial objects. Blackmore, H.L., 1976. Armouries of the Tower of London: Ordnance London : HMSO I.

NMS-85C7D8: NAIL
Probably Roman iron nail or stud with a discoidal head encased in lead (damaged at outer edge). Length 25.5mm. Head diameter 29mm. Mid 1st - 4th century.

GLO-5F0E4C: ARROWHEAD
~~Forged iron arrowhead that has a short triangular shaped with small blades protruding from each side. the short socket has an aperture of 8mm. This is a military style arrowhead, (often known as a 'short bodkin'). Arrows of this type were developed from the 13th century to the 15th in response to altering military technology.

SWYOR-5CE441: KNIFE
An iron knfe blade of possible Post Medieval date, about AD 1600 - AD 1760. The iron blade has a straight back, the edge curves to the back to form a curve at the tip, and then tapers slightly towards the handle. There is a choil at the handle end and there would have been a scale tang probably, but this is bent sideways and broken off. An unusual feature is that back to cuttin edge measurement is widest about a third of the way from the tip. The blade tapers from the back to the cutting edge forming a wedge shape. It is 109.7mm long, 21mm wide and 6.4mm thick. 55.37g. Iron knives are difficult to date as the corrosion obscures details, and the functional designs do not vary much. The Knife back and tang are in line, and the tip is not angled, which seems to suggest a Medieval or later date for this example. Certainly, there are no similar examples in Manning nor Crummy (Roman catalogues). The curved tip could suggest a Post Medieval date, as does the use of a choil (Moore, 1995, Table Knives and Forks, page 19). Hoowever, some knives of broadly similar shape can be seen in Cowgill et al (1987) Knives and Scabbards, especially number 132 and 121 from the late 14th century. However, these are unusual for their date, so a Post Medieval date is tentatively suggested.

SUSS-0FB851: BADGE
A complete, modern, steel and plastic, discoidal plate badge, AD.2017. The badge comprises a doubled metallic ferrous disc with an outer plastic coating on the front face. The reverse of the object is slightly concave with a raised edge. There are two circular holes in the reverse plate at opposed sides of the disc. Through these holes emerge the sprung pin and the catchplate, which is formed of a looped wire. The pin is not attached to the front plate of the badge and is, instead free moving between the two plates. There is a maker's mark stamped on to the rear of the badge 'Camaloon', this is positioned horizontally above the pin. The front of the badge is coated with plastic which is crimped on to the rear of the badge to hold it in place. The badge is a pale blue colour and has white lettering on it reading '@DW1 B.I.T.B.' This badge was made in memoriam of David Williams, Surrey and East Berks FLO, who passed away in December 2017. The meaning of the 'B.I.T.B' remains a matter of debate amongst experts. The @DW1 clearly referring to David Williams' initials. It is presumed that the badge will serve to inspire those who wear and see it to recall David's memory and his archaeological work.

DENO-DDD04E: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a pitted surface. This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO. Diameter: 40.8mm; Weight: 277.4g

PUBLIC-8D81A4: DRESS HOOK
A post medieval iron hook of unknown function, extending from an incomplete flat plate, which has slight evidence of having had a hole, perhaps used to affix it to furniture. Dimensions: 28 mm long x 14 mm wide, Weight: 5.82 g

WILT-5E8B22: HORSESHOE
A complete iron medieval horseshoe (Type 4), dating to the period AD 1250-1550. The horseshoe measures 122.92mm in length and 111.87mm in width. It is 8.86mm thick and weighs 284.46g. It is heavily corroded and none of the nails remain. The horseshoe is D-shaped in section, being convex on the ground surface and flat on the foot surface. The web measures 33.74mm at its widest point and narrows down to 20mm at the heels. There are four nail-holes on the left side and three on the right, with one of the latter situated nearly central. They are between 5.3 and 5.8mm long, rectangular and taper as they go down. Cf. Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 4, fig.8.

NMS-13D671: SPUR
Post-medieval iron spur, D-sectioned sides with transversely-set figure-of-eight terminals (width 15.5mm, similar terminals of copper alloy in Read (1995), no.1060). Tapering rowel box with slightly upturned, expanded and slotted end containing corroded remains of broken rowel. Length 63mm. Width between terminals 73mm. 17th-18th century.

BH-FFCB0B: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. The hobnail possesses a flat circular head. From the underside of the head, there extends a rectangular-section stem which tapers to a point. The terminal is slightly bent. The hobnail measures 14mm in length. The head has a diameter of 10mm and a thickness of 3mm. The stem has a maximum diameter of 3mm, and was clenched through material 10mm thick. Weight 0.5g.

BH-FF457E: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. The head is circular in plan and conical in section. From the underside of the nail, there extends an iron stem which is rectangular in section and tapers to a point. The stem is not clenched. The stud measures 20mm in length, the head has a diameter of 11mm and a height of 6mm, the stem has a diameter of 4mm. It weighs 1g.

BH-FF015C: NAIL
Four iron nails, probably Roman in date and of Manning's Type 9 (1985). The illustrated example possesses a conical head. A circular-section stem extends from the head. As it tapers, it becomes rectangular in section. The stem is slightly bent. It measures 47mm in length. The head has a diameter of 10mm. The stem has a diameter of 6mm. It weighs 4g. Two further short examples (NAI-168 and NAI-169) and a much longer example (SF 4310) were also recovered from the river Tees.

BH-FE6248: NAIL
An iron nail of uncertain date. The head is flat and approximately circular. From the underside of the head there extends a rectangular-section stem which tapers slightly. The terminal of the stem is missing. The nail stem is slightly bent. The nail measures 54mm in length and the head has a diameter of 13mm. The stem has a width of 5mm.

BH-FE5422: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail from a shoe dating to the Roman period. The hobnail possesses a conical head. From the underside of the head, there extends a rectangular-section stem which tapers slightly and is bent. The hobnail measures 11mm in length; the head has a diameter of 6mm and a height of 3.5mm. The stem a diameter of 3mm, and was clenched through material 4.5mm thick. Weight 1g.

BH-FBFB19: CHAIN
Two fragments of iron chain dating to the Roman period. The chain comprises four figure of eight chain links, terminating in a fragmentary looped object with rectangular-section body. Each chain link measures 32mm in length, 15mm in width and has a thickness of 3mm. The fragmentary looped object measures 36mm in length, with the loop having a diameter of 15mm and the body a width of 8mm and a thickness of 6mm. it weighs 21g.

BERK-AA7B29: CANNON BALL
A Post Medieval iron cannon ball probably dating to the 17th Century AD. No photograph

BUC-97B9F9: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron unidentified object of uncertain date. The object comprises a globular knop which is 6mm in diameter, on top of an arched twisted wire. The object is 40mm in length, 6mm in width, 3.6mm in thickness, and weighs 2.22g. The metal is dark brown in colour.

LANCUM-7D57A9: BUCKLE
Post Medieval iron single loop trapezoidal buckle. The buckle is complete and consists of a trapezoidal frame and an iron pin which has a raised ridge near the frame. This ridge or 'grip' was probably to allow more pressure to be applied to the pin when undoing or doing up the buckle. The strap (and pin) bar is the longer of the two unequal edges. The shorter edge retains a sheet iron roller. Probably dates to between c1750 and c1970 AD. It should be noted that rollers of sheet copper alloy occur on trapezoidal buckles of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, The length is 40mm, width is 37mm, thickness 12mm, and weight 15.14g. There are no exact parallels on the data but there is one that shares a number of key characteristics - SF-418B75 (c1400 - c1700).

BERK-68139C: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete and heavily encrusted iron arrowhead of probable medieval date. The arrowhead retains its open socket. The head of the arrow is squat but appears incomplete - the squat leaf-shaped balde does suggest a medieval date of c. 1000-1500. Unfortunately these types of object cannot be more closely dated without contextual relationship as the design did not change for hundreds of years.

NMS-01F995: METAL WORKING DEBRIS
Lump of iron smelting flag, date unknown but not recent, weight 382g.

LIN-6F1758: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A possible Roman to Medieval (c. AD 43-1500) unidentified iron object: The object is a conical terminal with slightly bulbous wide end. The object is well worn with a brown patina. The overall dimensions are as follows: 19.52mm in length, 11.88mm in diameter and 7.42g in weight.

CAM-44AFB2: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A solid iron artefact, probably a tool, weighing 177.91g. This object has a length of 214.0mm. To one end the artefact has a blade like form that accounts for c. 125.0mm of the total length. This blade-like end has a maximum width of 30.0mm and maximum thickness of 5.1mm. The tip currently has an irregular, vaguely rounded terminal however it is obvious that damage, to some extent has occurred there resulting in the loss of some metal. At the approximate middle of the object the blade starts to narrow and thicken. As this occurs the cross-section alters from sub-rectangular, at the blade end, to sub-oval at the shaft end. The middle of what is presumed to be the distal end has a width of 11.9mm and thickness of 13.1mm. This flares out slightly at the distal end to a width of 15.7mm x thickness 14.4mm. The solid distal terminal is a flat butt end and appears heptagonal. Corrosion is present on all surfaces of this artefact and flaking is actively occurring. As a result of this corrosion product and flaking the original shape and cross-sections all over this artefact may have been lost. Discussion: The date and function of this artefact are currently uncertain. Although it has a spear like form the flat butt distal end rather than the presence of a socket and/or side attachment loops, or tang, might suggest that a hand held tool such as a large chisel would be more probable. Thanks to Mr Edwin Wood, FLO, for his comments regarding weaponry. Dr Kevin Leahy, confirms that this is far more likely to be a tool of some type rather than weapon tip. He suggests that it has some resemblance to masonry line pins although the dimensions are much longer on this example. The image attached to this record has been shown to general builder Mr Robert Townsend, who agrees with Dr Leahy's comments. Mr Townsend added that although the masonry line pins that he uses are much shorter than this item, he could see that the longer length of this artefact would be beneficial if working with a lime plaster. The recorder has been informed that this has been coated in a silicon spray prior to being handed in for identification. Found after harrowing in a field adjacent to a track named Tithe Barn Drove.

YORYM-ADB7D3: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of possible Early-Medieval date, c.AD 500 - 1000. The blade is sub-rectangular in both plan and section and tapers sloping shoulders from which a narrower sub-ovate tang projects. The knife is extremely rusted, bent and the organic handle is missing. The object is 80.3mm long, 18.5mm wide, 5.4mm thick and weighs 18.2g. It should be noted that this object is from a site which is producing predominantly Early-Medieval material. As such a similar date for this object is possible though not definite.

YORYM-ADAAC6: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of possible Early-Medieval date, c.AD 500 - 1000. The blade is triangular in both plan and section with a straight back and curved cutting edge, blunted point to one end and sloping shoulders to a narrower sub-ovate tang at the other. The knife is extremely rusted and the organic handle is missing. The object is 73.6mm long, 12.2mm wide, 7.7mm thick and weighs 8.7g. It should be noted that this object is from a site which is producing predominantly Early-Medieval material. As such a similar date for this object is possible though not definite.

HESH-5D5059: ARROWHEAD
A probable complete handmade iron arrowhead of post conquest medieval date (1200 - 1300). The arrowhead is broadly sub-triangular in plan with a central spine which extends from the broken tip to a base of the socket. Two sub-triangular blades expand from either side of the spine; the base of these extend to form small triangular barbs. One blade is better preserved than the other. In cross section the arrowhead is broadly diamond (lozenge) shape with a prominent mid-rib. The arrowhead (without the socket) measures 48.9mm length, 15.9mm maximum width, and is 4.5mm thick. The socket is complete and extends into the blade; it is 27.7mm deep. There is no evidence of it being hafted, and although the arrow is corroded there is no evidence of the original shaft. The socket expands in diameter and at the base measures 11.6mm diameter. The side walls are 2.0mm thick and the internal diameter of the socket is 5.8mm. The overall condition of the arrowhead is fair. It only has slight corrosion, particularly on the blade, and has a dark brown patina. It is difficult to suggest when the damage to the tip and barb occurred - the breaks are covered with the same corrosion product possibly suggesting that the damage occurred pre deposition. Likewise, there is no evidence that the arrow has actually been used or hafted. Similar examples (sub-classified in Jessop's paper MP 8) have been found on castle sites in contexts of varying mid-13th century dates including Montgomery in the Welsh Marches. Jessop classifies these as Multi-Purpose arrowheads mostly associating with hunting but whose uses are not exclusive to sport. It should be noted that this example is 50% bigger than the size range suggested by Jessop. The arrowhead measures 74.8mm length, 15.9mm width, 11.6mm thickness. It weighs 12.43 grams. Note: This find was discovered within the parish church of St Michael, Garway, Herefordshire. It was recovered from debris located behind a pillar on the chancel arch decorated with a green man mask / Baphomet face by a visitor to the site. The church is associated with the Knights Templar and later the Knights Hospitaller / Knights of St John - many of the buildings on site date from the period post 1200. It is uncertain whether this arrowhead represents a deliberately hidden deposit or a casual loss.

LON-726280: SHEARS
A complete Medieval to Post Medieval iron shears dating from AD 1200 - 1900. The shears consist of two blades joined by a connecting loop. Ward-Perkins Type IB similar shears are illustrated in Ward-Perkins (1940:154 fig. 47) Other shears on the database are LON-0DA665 and LON-A63816. Dimensions: length: 105.64mm; width: 21.22mm; thickness: 1.47mm; weight 12.06g. Shears are often undecorated or simply decorated and there shape changes little between the Medieval and Modern periods, therefore a broad 1200-1900 AD date is suggested.

DENO-066263: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period. The cannon ball has a diameter of 38.7mm and weighs 217.6g. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that this ball might have been fired from a post-medieval 'robinett' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c.1575-1700. here is some sign of corrosion and a visible casting seam and scarring where the sprue was cut, there is some discoloration due to rusting.

DENO-06026B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval spherical iron cannon ball of uncertain post-medieval date. The object measures 46.7 mm in diameter and weighs 399.5 g. The surface is pitted and brown in colour, with patches of orange corrosion in many areas. H. L. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests that this ball might have been fired from a post-medieval 'falconet' cannon. As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c.1575-1700.

YORYM-A11D90: STUD
A complete iron stud of uncertain date, possibly medieval c.AD 1000 - 1500. The head of the stud is sub-square with rounded corners and a D-shaped section. A square sectioned shank projects centrally from the base of the head, tapering to a curved blunted end. The curve of the terminal results in a roughly J-shaped object. The metal has a mid-brown/orange patina and is heavily corroded. The head of the stud is 56.4mm x 51.7mm and 18.1mm thick. The shank is 17.8mm x 16.2mm tapering to 8.5mm x 5.4mm. The object weighs 201g. Dr Kevin Leahy comments that such studs are commonly described as fittings from medieval ploughs but, unlike the plough pebbles, no surviving in situ examples have been found.

NMS-8BD304: SPEAR
Incomplete Early Saxon iron spearhead with damaged leaf-shaped blade and split socket. The blade tip and part of the edges are missing. Possibly Swanton 1973 Group C2. Høilund Nielsen's Lanceolate Type (Penn and Brugmann 2007, 18). Extant length 260mm (extant length of blade 154mm). Width (of socket) 36mm. Late 5th - early 6th century.

LIN-600BED: PADLOCK
An incomplete medieval iron barrel padlock. The fragment includes the circular 'cap' end and part of the internal mechanism. The cylindrical outer casing and locking arm are now missing. The remaining internal spring mechanism comprises three rectangular slots or arms; two are set parallel to one another, while the third appears to be set at a right angle to the other two. The three arms extend beyond the circular cap and curve to form a loop of three arms. Examples illustrated in Egan (1998:92-93) dates these to the 13th to 15th centuries AD. For a similar example see PAS reference BH-94A132.

LEIC-5BDCC9: NAIL
6 Iron nails, probably all Roman. First image shows various nails all found together in waterlogged riverside field. Those on left show standard Roman forms. Second image unusually shaped iron object possibly a nail like fitting.

LEIC-5B83B6: SPEAR
Post medieval iron spearhead or pike blade? Length: 1200 mm, width: 29 mm, thickness: 25 mm, weight: 178.00 g The object has a triangular form and a lozenge shaped sub rectangular cross section, which becomes circular near its base. It tapers in width slightly to a point and has a prominent ridge running down the centre of each blade. At its base there is a circular opening which has a small circular hole in one side just above its damaged edge, so it appears intact in length. As the object is iron the most obvious date would be post medieval and it may be a componenet of several objects.

PUBLIC-0CB605: PATTEN
An almost complete post-Medieval iron foot patten (c. 1720-c. 1900). This patten has an oval ring, slightly squashed on one side and rectangular in cross-section. It has a raised platform at the heel end where there is a trapezoidal attachment plate and a raised platform at the toe in the shape of a circle with a long, tapering protrusion at the front edge. The trapezoidal heel plate has two iron rivet holes on the outer edge and the toe plate has one iron rivet still present in the centre. Goodall, I (1973:63) comments that the single- and double-riveted raised terminals were characteristic of pattens. The rivets passed through a wooden sole. Shoes were secured by straps to these pattens, which raised the wearers' feet above dirt and mud. "Pattens with iron rings were used during and after the 17th century. The earliest known reference is 1625 and the type with the crinkled edge is thought to be superseded by the plain oval hoop by c.1720." (ibid). The patten is very corroded, with one corner of the trapezoidal (heel) plate missing. Measuring 2100mm long, 25mm high and ring is 4mm thick, plates 3mm thick. Weighing 113.3g.

SUR-F6501C: SPEAR
An Early Medieval iron conical spear butt with a rounded tip. The socket length is 30mm.

SUR-F649CD: KNIFE
An Early Medieval iron knife with a round-backed upper edge, angled blade and narrow tang. The tip of the blade is missing.

SUR-F64305: KNIFE
Two fragments, not conjoining, of an Early Medieval iron knife blade and tang. The blade measures 47.69mm x 10.04mm x 3.49mm and weighs 4.25g; the tange measures 28.00mm x 5.87mm x 2.90mm and weighs 1.58g.

SUR-F63120: KNIFE
A well-preserved Early Medieval iron knife with a scale tang and angled back.

LON-CCEF56: SWORD
An incomplete Iron Age short sword with copper alloy scabbard elements dating from 100 BC - 43 AD. The sword is corroded and missing part of the tang. Parts of the scabbard remain. The chape frame is a type a2 lobed chape end. The scabbard was approximately mm long, represented by a copper alloy plate at the mouth a copper alloy chape; the main body of the scabbard may have been of an organic material either leather or wood. The short copper alloy front plate is mm wide and mm deep, with a low campanulate mouth (about mm) high. The reverse of the plate has a iron rivet. The mouth design has no chronological significance This sword falls into the short sword range ( 320-440mm) while daggers are shorter at (long daggers = 245-305mm). Dimensions: (to come after conservation) References: Stead I.M. 2006. British Iron Age Swords and Scabbards. British Museum

LANCUM-B87E37: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball, probably dating to the 17th century. It is cylindrical. It measures 95mm in diameter. The size suggests that it was intended to be fired from a demi-culverin, a medium cannon in use during the late 16th and 17th century. Other options might be that it is a ball from a ball mill for crushing minerals or a foreign cannon ball of unidentified type. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO. The diameter is 90mm.

LANCUM-B8743B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a relatively smooth surface, with only light pitting. The diameter is 57mm. This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. This example at 57.2mm (2.24in) is likely a ball for one of these types of cannon and the reduced diameter thanks to the noted extensive corrosion. Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO.

Three Roman iron hob nails with angular domed heads and short shafts, one of which is square in section.

NMS-64083A: LOCK
End of a probably medieval brazed iron cylindrical lock case, with remains of twin internal rectangular projections from spring mechanism. Extant length 18.5mm. Diameter c. 23mm. c.14th century.

LEIC-537948: BUCKLE
A very corroded iron D shaped buckle of uncertain date. The object is in very poor condition, is 42mm long, 52mm wide, 15mm thick and weighs 23.28g.

PUBLIC-D4BAD4: STRAP FITTING
A complete post-medieval iron sword belt fitting, probably dating late 16th - early 17th century. The fitting comprises of two identical, almost linear arms connected at one end with a curve. There is an hook on the curve that joins the arms, where the sword would have hung from. On each arm from the attachment curve there is a shoulder projecting approx. 2.5mm either side of the arm. In the centre of each shoulder there is an in-situ iron rivet, with a large head remaining on the reverse of the right rivet and the remains of leather attached to both. The arms then form a long oval shape, before widening again slightly to form a sub-circular terminal. The terminal on the left arm has an empty rivet hole, with the right arm having the iron rivet still in-situ. A small amount of leather remains attached. The reverse of the fitting is flat, with the ovaluar parts of the arms being concave. The hook curves almost completely round, leaving a gap of approx 5.3mm, and flares slightly outwards on the point. A similar copper-alloy example is recorded on the database; LON-6175C3. This record notes that "these fittings were part of an arrangement that allowed the position of the scabbard to be adjusted in relation to the man wearing it. A similar fitting is carved on the funerary monument of Sir Francis Slingsby who died in 1601 AD" Therefore, from the above, a late 16th - early 17th century date is likely for this fitting. Dimensions: length: 68.39mm; width: 27.94mm; thickness: 7.01mm; weight: 14.48g

DUR-B83D9E: SHOT
A complete cast iron shot or cannon ball dating to the post-medieval period (AD1500-1700). Given its weight (131.8g) and size ( Dia. 34.8mm) this is probably a canister shot, being slightly smaller than grape shot. It could also possibly be intended for use in a Serpentine which had a bore of 1.5 inches (38mm). It probably dates to the 16th or 17th century. The object is sub-spherical, and whilst there are no obvious signs of impact damage indicating use is heavily corroded and such evidence may have been lost. Other, broadly similar examples of this type of artefact have been recorded on the database: LANCUM-B86905, DENO-06FCC9

DUR-4DBFEC: CANNON BALL
A complete cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period ( AD1680-1880). The weight of 217.8gm and diameter of 40.48mm indicate the ball was for use in a Falconet, a mobile weapon mainly used by Naval Forces. Falconets were invented in the late 15th century and were used throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The outer surface is quite corroded with related discoloration due to oxidisation. There is no sign of any casting seam.

LON-933AF0: FORK (UTENSIL)
A complete bone, iron and copper alloy Post Medieval fork dating from AD1650-1750. This is a two tine fork, with a through-tang with washered end. The fork has a baluster stem and a turned four banded copper alloy ferrule at the junction between the iron stem and the bone handle. The bone handle has a dark brown patination. Other forks with two tines on the database are LON-EB1EA9, LON-5171A3 and LON-EEEB45 Dimensions: length: 196.82mm; width: 19.66mm; weight: 40.03g

PUBLIC-55E9E8: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval iron key, probably dating 13th - 14th century. This is a London Type IV key, with a kidney / heart-shaped pointed bow, a solid stem tapering towards the end, and a S-shaped web with notched fore-edge (five teeth on outer edge of web). Similar keys are illustrated in London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940, PL. XXX, No33, with a suggested date of 13th - 14th century. Dimensions: length: 50.91mm; width of bow: 25.72mm; diameter of stem: 5.31mm; width of ward: 10.41mm; length of ward: 19.90mm; thickness of ward: 4.62mm; weight: 14.50g. Reference: London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940. Pages 135, 138 -139.

BERK-2C1C8E: SPEAR
An incomplete iron spear of early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) date. The spearhead has a long, slender leaf-shaped blade with low midrib visible on either side creating a lozengiform cross section. The tip of the spear and the blade edges are damaged and worn. At the base of the spear blade an open circular sectioned socket expands from the flat of the blade. The open socket only survives to a length of c. 36mm although the characteristic side split is discernible. The original socket would have been a quarter to one-fifth of the length of the blade (Swanton 1974:10). Swanton continues that these slender spearheads are the largest of the period, and appear to have developed in England during the 6th century AD, although the majority are probably 7th century in date (ibid.). However the same type does continue in use into the late Saxon period (c. 9th / 10th century AD). Swanton illustrates a very similar example from Melbourn, Cambs (1974:9 fig. 2 C3).

WILT-FE596B: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval iron cannon ball, dating to the period AD 1600-1800; The cannonball is spherical, with a diameter of 56.89mm and a weight of 742 g. It is made of iron, which has been presumably cast, although no seams are visible. The ball is dark brown with lighter flecks across a relatively smooth surface, with only light pitting. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a falconet, commonly used during the Civil War, being lighter and cheaper than other cannon.

BERK-7D84C6: SPUR
A complete iron Medieval to post-Medieval star spur rowel (c. 1300-c. 1700). The star rowel is in the form of a ten-pointed star that are lozenge shaped in form with one point missing and several truncated. At the centre of the rowel is a circular aperture. 4.8 mm in diameter. This is a complete rowel from a spur with parallels noted on the PAS database (e.g. NMS-A6EA06, NMS-FB1F23, CAM-9A3093, or SUR-6FE443). Ellis (in Clark, 1995, p. 147) notes that rowels of this shape were used from the introduction of spur rowels in the 13th century until the modern period, hence the broad date range of late Medieval or early Post-Medieval periods, c.14th-16th centuries is given.

BERK-7D12A0: CANNON BALL
A cast iron Post Medieval cannon ball . The ball has a diameter of 2.90 inches (72.0mm), and weighs close to 3 lbs. The ball would probably have been used as ammunition for a 'Minion' cannon which was in common usage during the English Civil War. Circa 1600 - 1700 AD.

NLM-55DD82: BLOOM
Iron metalworking debris. A large oval-ended furnace bottom or bloom [the finder's identification] with a flat top and near-vertical if irregular sides, formed either in the base of an iron ore burning furnace or in a channel cut to receive molten metal from such furnace. The object was retrieved from a reported depth of c.0.9m, and involved the cooperative labours of two people working at arms' length to extract it from the hole. Dr Kevin Leahy kindly comments that the object has the superficial appearance of cast iron, and that this would carry with it an implication of a date after c.1490. The first recorded use of cast iron, under Henry VII (1485-1509), was for the manufacture of solid iron gun shot. Kevin adds that monastic involvement in the early manufacture of cast iron is suspected in some regions. Ad hoc testing with an angle grinder, which would result in sparks being generated by wrought iron [of potentially earlier date] or grey dust by cast iron [of later date, as is suspected from the form of the object], could resolve the nature of the material, but has not been attempted in this case. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1650. Length: 350mm, Width: 150mm, Thickness/Depth: 88mm, Mass: not weighed, estimated to be in considerable excess of 10kg.

SOM-EC322E: CANNON BALL
Post-medieval spherical iron cannon ball. The ball measures 57.2mm in diameter and may have lost a small amount of the surface due to corrosion. Blackmore (1976, 392ff.) suggests balls of this size were fired from a 2.5 inch (63.5mm) bore cannon, the Falcon or falconet, which fired a ball weighing approximately 2lbs (907.2g). As this type endured from the later 16th century through the following century including the Civil War, with slight fluctuations in its diameter and weight of shot, a relatively wide date range is offered, c. AD 1575-1700.

NLM-40C30D: NAIL
Iron and lead nail. A short tapered wrought iron nail shank which appears to pass through or be sheathed with lead now appearing as a rounded flat head. This was probably intended to retard the corrosion of a nail set in a location exposed to the elements. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1900. Diameter ('head'): 15.9mm, Length (overall): 18.7mm, Thickness (of nail shank): 5.4mm, Weight: 5.65gms

NMGW-DA8631: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Earliest to Early Iron Age iron socketed axehead, probably of 8th to 5th century BC date The axehead is symmetrical in form and is incomplete, missing part of one face and side and is a small example (with a length of 88.6mm and a weight of 116.5g). The mouth appears to have been sub-rectangular (with a surviving external width and depth of 32mm and 27mm respectively and 3mm - 11mm thick). The socket (56mm deep) is also of rectangular or sub-rectangular form. There is a suggestion of a gentle out-turning at the mouth but no clear evidence for a collar. The sides are moderately straight and parallel, perhaps slightly concave for the majority of their length (for 58mm), before diverging to define a modestly expanded blade edge (with a width of 42.4mm). The blade edge is comparatively straight. There is no suggestion of a damaged loop on the intact side, suggesting the damaged side was looped. The sides are rounded across their widths. The faces are mostly flat and convergent, producing a wedge-shaped profile. No surface detail is observable through the iron corrosion. X-ray analysis failed to demonstrate any forged joins or weld lines on the axe. Iron socketed axes have been considered to be a continuation of Late Bronze Age forms and before shaft-hole axes were commonly used, perhaps suggesting a date within the Earliest (Llyn Fawr metalworking) to Early Iron Age (c. 800 - 400BC). Manning and Saunders (1972) have demonstrated that the type can date to the Late Iron Age. This example may be regarded as stylistically closer to Bronze Age forms than many recorded examples, possibly suggesting an earlier date within the type. An axe of similar form from Buscott Lake, Oxfordshire has been radiocarbon dated to c. 790 - 410 cal BC. Needham (2007, p. 52) suggests that the earlier iron axes could even have been contemporary with bronze axes. Iron socketed axes are not commonly reported or recorded with five other examples recorded with PAS at the time of writing with a largely northern and eastern British distribution and with recorded British examples now probably somewhere in the late-twenties or early thirties. When Manning and Saunders (ibid.) published on the type they were aware of 21 examples, ranging in length from 90mm to 180mm and with a distribution largely centred on the Thames and more generally Southern England. This find appears to be only the fifth recorded example from Wales, with three from the Vale of Glamorgan and an example from the Berwyn Mountains in Denbighshire, now in the British Museum. The findspot of this example, being less than 15km east of Llyn Fawr is also likely to be of significance.

BERK-C47DC6: COIN
A worn and corroded contemporary copy of a Roman sestertius, having an iron core that may have been plated with copper alloy. Hardly any design can be discerned however part of the hair of the right facing bust may be seen - the style of the hair suggests that this is coin is copying an issue of the Antonine emperors, possibly Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus or Septimius Severus, with a date range of c. AD 138- AD 211. The iron is flaking in places, and no copper alloy survives. Only a very small number of iron copies have been recorded by the PAS, most are copies of denarii, however one as of Claudius (SUSS-02CDC1) and another of Faustina II (and dating from c. AD 147-175 (Reece period 8) SUSS-A20CEC), so possibly contemporary with this example, are comparable.

DUR-88C675: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy strap junction or strap distributor of late medieval or post-medieval period c.AD 1400-1700. The object is quatrefoil, formed from four roughly circular loops, one of which is broken. The loop opposite the broken one is largest with an internal diameter of 10.mm. the other two loops are slightly smaller and roughly the same size with an internal diameter of 9.54mm. Abrasion marks at the outer edges of two of the loops suggest wear where reins or straps have rubbed. The break on the fourth loop shows a hollow in the metal and suggests an ancient break at a casing fault. The metal has a dark brown patina with patches of green particularly in the worn areas. There is a similar object on the database at DENO-21B33.

LIN-432C0C: VESSEL
An incomplete iron leg from a tripod cauldron, dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1150-1450). The leg is cylindrical in shape tapering to a pointed and slightly flared foot. The end opposite the foot shows an L-shaped break where it would once have been attached to the main body of the cauldron. The leg shows signs of corrosion. The overall dimensions are as follows: 109.08mm in length, 28.3mm in width, 24.07mm in thickness, the object was too heavy for the scales to accurately measure the weight.

DENO-341A18: CANNON BALL
A small iron cannon ball of post medieval date. The ball is spherical and well-finished; the 'waist' from casting has been smoothed and is only faintly visibly. The size, 29 mm, and weight, 94 g suggests it was for use with a small bore, long barrel artillery piece such as a Serpentine or Rabinet, or as cannister shot. Such shot is difficult to date, becoming common in the 17th Century, cannister shot continued to be used to the 19th Century.

BERK-1E4540: PURSE
A complete iron purse bar of medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1650, now quite corroded. Williams Class C. The suspension loop is an elongated oval with an ovate section and expands into a triple banded collar. Below the collar is a narrow circular shaft, around which the purse bar is fitted, which terminates in a bulbous knop. The bar is short and ovate, narrowing to either end from which short circular sectioned arms extend. This object was found on the surface of a plouged field and appears to be the first complete iron purse bar recorded on the PAS database.

WILT-1C7C75: ASSEMBLAGE
Five, probably type 4, medieval horseshoes and four spikes, possibly for the removal of horseshoes, dating to the period AD 1250-1550. Only one horseshoe may have a nail in situ, but otherwise the horseshoes are complete. It is unlikely that these were from the same horse, not just because there are five, but due to the different sizes and weights of each shoe. Clark's "The Medieval Horse and its Equipment" (1995) indicates that horses were not always shod on all four feet (p76), but on two instead. This would also support the conclusion that these shoes were not all from one animal. The presence of wear and very few nails in situ would indicate that these were not "thrown", but removed after extended use. Horseshoes: 1) This horseshoe is most likely Clark's Type 4, characterised by the inner profile resembling a pointed arch. It has a broad web, measuring 40.86mm in width, tapering downwards to the feathered heel (16.52mm) or the calkin (20.43mm). The left hand calkin is visible, and is most likely a Type B or "right angle". The right hand side has a feathered heel. The horseshoe has been worn, evidenced by the wear or clipping on the toe, particularly on the left hand side of the horseshow. No nails remain in situ and the nail-holes, alongside the rest of the shoe, are coated in corrosion. However, it appears that there are at least six nail-holes, in a three-three formation. One such nail-hole remains, on the right hand side, measuring 3.36mm wide and 5.67mm in length. The patina is rough, heavily corroded and a dusty, light brown colour. In total, the horseshoe measures 132.09mm in length, 121.42mm in width and 299.92g. 2) This horseshoe is most likely Clark's Type 4, characterised by the inner profile resembling a pointed arch. It has a broad web, measuring 42.23mm in width, tapering downwards to what would have been the feathered heel (14.12mm) or the calkin (24.18mm). The calkin is most likely a Type B or "right angle" calkin. On the inside of the horseshoe, the nail-holes are not visible. Upon turning it over, it appears that this horseshoe also had at least six nail-holes, most likely in the three-three formation. The most visible nail-holes are on the calkin's side, and are broadly rectangular in shape, measuring 3.23mm wide and 9.29mm in length. A small indentation can be seen on the other side, 4.28mm in length and 4.03mm wide, which was probably a nail-hole, now corroded. The patina is rough, heavily corroded and a dusty, light brown colour. In total, this horseshoe measures 124.18mm in length, 120.02mm wide and weighs 351g. 3) This horseshoe is most likely Clark's Type 4, characterised by the inner profile resembling a pointed arch. It has a broad web, measuring 37.63mm in width, tapering downwards to the feathered heel (17.54mm) or the calkin (14.15mm). The calkin is most likely a Type B or "right angle" calkin. The nail-holes are visible, forming a three-three formation, and are broadly rectangular in shape. Interestingly, only one nail-hole is visible when the horseshoe is turned over, appearing circular in shape and with a diameter of 2.74mm. The patina is rough, heavily corroded and a dusty, light brown colour. In total, this horseshoe measures 112.46mm in length, 109.63mm wide and weighs 247.12g. 4) This horseshoe is most likely Clark's Type 4, characterised by the inner profile resembling a pointed arch. It has a broad web, measuring 39.35mm in width, tapering downwards to the left side (13.95mm) or the right (24.76mm, which breaks off to a point thereafter). Due to the breaks at either end it is difficult to ascertain which was the feathered heel and which the calkin. It is also difficult to ascertain the type of calkin this horseshoe may have had. There are six visible nail-holes, in a three-three formation. They are broadly rectangular in shape, measuring 3.79mm in width and 6.21mm in length. Interestingly, the top right nail-hole may have a nail in situ, with a circular head of 7.98mm. Only four nail-holes can be seen on the other side. The patina is rough, heavily corroded and a dusty, light brown colour. In total, this horseshoe measures 121.47mm in length, 117.63mm wide and weighs 234.21g. 5) This horseshoe is most likely Clark's Type 4, characterised by the inner profile resembling a pointed arch. It has a broad web, measuring 37.25mm in width, tapering downwards to the feathered heel (13.08mm) or the calkin (12.78mm). The horseshoe has a small chip on the left hand side, from which a crack stretches across the web on the left branch. Damage can be seen most accurately when the horseshoe has been turned to the other side. The calkin is most likely a Type B or "right angle" calkin. There is one small circular nail-hole on the right hand branch, measuring 2.82mm in diameter. When turned over, two rectangular nail-holes can be seen on this same side, measuring 7.37mm in length and 3.47mm in width. The patina is rough, heavily corroded and a dusty, light brown colour. In total, this horseshoe measures 117.97mm in length, 108.02mm in width and weighs 224.06g. Spikes: 1) This is a complete spike. At the top of this spike is a lever (measuring 77.86mm in length), and is rectangular where it attaches to the shaft. It then expands outwards (28.47mm maximum width) in a tear-drop shape, before tapering to a point. The patina is very smooth on the spike, less-so on the shaft, and is very dark brown in colour. In total, the object measures 205.05mm in length, (the shaft measuring 30.29mm in width, tapering down to 11.51mm), and weighs 279.27g. 2) This is a complete spike. At the top of this spike is a lever (measuring 69.55mm in length), and is rectangular where it attaches to the shaft. It then expands outwards (27.05mm maximum width) in a tear-drop shape, before tapering to a point. The patina is very rough, and light brown in colour. In total, the object measures 238.02mm in length (the shaft measuring 25.59mm in width, tapering down to 10.39mm), and weighs 402g. 3) This is an incomplete spike, insofar as the lever at the top has broken after 36.99mm in length and 14.79mm in width. The patina is very rough, and light brown in colour. In total, the object measures 177.09 in length (the shaft measuring 24.17mm in width, tapering down to 14.15mm), and weighs 214.77g. 4) This is an incomplete spike insofar as the lever at the top has broken completely off. The patina is very rough, and light brown in colour. In total, the object measures 239.01 in length (the shaft measuring 27.45mm in width, tapering down to 11.75mm), and weighs 330g.

DUR-1A784B: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified, cast iron object, possibly a crossbow bolt or arrowhead. The object is sub-cylindrical in cross-section. It is 55.30mm long and 14.90mm in diameter at its thickest point and weighs 31.91g. There is possible evidence of a narrow point of square sub-section although this may be incidental due to corrosion. The object has an orange-brown patina but is so badly corroded and delaminated as to make accurate identification impossible.

NLM-B04B17: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Iron unidentified object. A probably round section wrought iron bar with a sharp turn at one end, probably forming a narrow open loop [now filled by corrosion] through which passed a curved iron object of diameter c.4.5mm, probably one end of a light chain link. The mass of the object suggests fairly good survival of the metal core. The other end is broken, or has at least lost flakes of corrosion; its tapered form might suggest this is close to the end of the object, though this could equally result from its post-depositional breakage. A function related to the suspension of another object is possible. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Length: 60.7mm, Diameter: 14mm, Weight: 46.54gms

NLM-B01100: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Iron and copper alloy unidentified object. A wrought iron shank of round section, tapered towards each of its [surviving] ends, and with seven apparently D-section bands of copper alloy of width c.3.5mm slipped over its middle part. Some sharp spurs project from under these, and may represent an outer layer which is otherwise lost. One of the ends appears bent or angled. This may have served as a grip for a tool or implement, though a gas supply fitting might share most of these characteristics. The mass indicates good survival of the metal core, and hence, probably, a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1900. Length: 59.1mm, Diameter (overall): 14.2mm, Weight: 37.74gms.

NLM-B0087C: NAIL
Iron nail. A handmade tapered nail shank or spike of rectangular section with a broad and probably burred head. Despite surface corrosion, the mass suggests good survival of the metal core, and hence probably a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Length: 66.7mm, Width: 23.8mm, Thickness: 15mm, Weight: 49.97gms

NMS-8AD68E: KNIFE
Incomplete medieval to post medieval iron and copper alloy knife dating to the period c. AD 1450 - 1750. It consists of a fragment of the iron tang which has been sheathed in sheet copper alloy. There is a large crack running down one side. Due to the fragmentary nature of this artefact, it has not been possible to assing a narrow date range.

PUBLIC-64ECF9: STIRRUP
A complete cast iron/copper alloy, post medieval stirrup of uncertain date. The stirrup has a triangular shape with roughly circular mount intact at centre top. The sides are slightly incurvate for about 16mm to a thickened solid foot plate on the lower part of the stirrup. It is heavily rusted and pitted. The footplate measures 83mm tall, 112.33mm wide and 7.05mm thick. Overall height of the stirrup to the top of its mount is 113.21mm. Overall weight is 56 grammes.

LON-C9CFE6: COIN DIE
One half of a Post Medieval Iron half penny trade token die for the reverse of the token issued by Richard Washbourne of the Tilt yard now Horse Guards Parade, Westminster dated AD1666. Williamson (1889:773 No.3150) and Dickinson and Thompson (2011, No.9024a-9024e). The Museum of London has two token in its collection produced with this die, 96.66/1165 and NN19383. The die is cuboid with chamfered edges on its sides, on the top, 'striking' side the die then tapers to form a circular, 27.01mm diameter 'striking' surface. The die is very worn and there is a large flaw in the die by the 'H' in HIS, this flaw is present to a lesser degree in one token but has grown and developed over the die's working life, resulting in the flaw seen in the second token, possible indicating that a large number of tokens were produced with this die. A crude incised 'X' is marked on one side of the die below the tokens 6 o'clock position, possible to align the two halves of the die before striking. Rev: TILT . YARD . SVTTLER . 1666 = HIS HALFE PENNY R.A.W Diameter: length 36.48mm; width: 36.94mm; height: 34.54mm; weight: 310g. Copper alloy trade tokens were first struck in 1648. In 1656 half penny tokens were introduced. 1674 by Royal decree production of trade tokens ceased. Pers comm Verity Anthony Berry (1997) writes "Canteens have been an integral part of British army life for the lower ranks since time immemorial. They certainly existed in the middle of the seventeenth century, being run then by "sutlers", who supplied the troops with food, drink and tobacco to supplement the meagre rations doled out by the military. Sutlers were civilians. The word is derived from the Dutch and means a small vendor or petty tradesman. An army ordinance of December 31, 1590, states, "The Provost Marechal and Sergeant-Major of every garrison shall keep a perfect roll of all such English victuallers called in Dutch sutlers, petty merchants and other loose persons of the English nation." William Shakespeare alludes to them in his line, "I shall sutler be unto the Campe and profits will accrue." (Henry V). They seem to have had a particular association with guards' regiments. The London Gazette of 1701 refers to a Mr Wollaston, sutler at Ye Horse Guards. Sutlers had an important role to play in the everyday life of the guards, as J. W. Fortescue points out, "There was no such thing as an Army Service Corps until the end of the nineteenth century, and all the business of transport and supply was done by contract. In that old battleground of the Coldstream, the Low Countries, a contractor could always be found who knew the business thoroughly. But the contractor was concerned only with the bread and fuel. Everything else was a regimental matter conducted by their regimental sutler, which meant more stoppages, more financial regulations and more accounts. Incidentally, this arrangement must have been bad for discipline, for the soldier who had to pay for his ration of meat, had great temptation to lay violent hands upon every fowl, pig or sheep that came his way. It is worthwhile to note that in the regimental sutler lay the germ of the regimental canteen."" Berry (1997) continues "Two sutlers' tokens, at least, are directly connected with the other contemporary Guards' regiment, Monk's regiment of foot, which after the Battle of Dunbar had its headquarters at Cold-stream on the Tweed. After the Restoration, the men of this regiment were mustered on Tower Hill and ordered to lay down their arms. Within minutes they were instructed to take them up again, this time as the King's Second Regiment of Foot Guards. The men refused to accept their new designation, insisting that they were second to none! They were then ordered to take up arms as the Lord-General's Regiment of Foot Guards. This remained the regiment's title until 1670, when it became known officially as the Coldstream Guards. General Monk, newly created Duke of Albemarle, had been allotted the post of Lord General of all the forces in England, Scotland and Ireland by the House of Commons in February 1660. A sutler's token issued at the Tilt Yard actually shows a bust of the Duke of Albemarle on the obverse. Although the bust is not clear, its identity is in no doubt as the initials, D. A., appear on either side. The obverse and reverse legends, if joined together as the engraver intended, read, RICHARD WASHBOURNE AT THE TILT YARD SVTTLER 1666 HIS HALFE PENNY R.A.W. Stowe, in his Survey of London of 1598 writes, "The Leper's Hospital of St James's was surrendered to Henry VIII and the King then built a goodly manor annexing thereunto a park, closed about with a wall of brick now called St James Park, serving indifferently to the said manor and to the manor or palace of Whitehall. South from Charing Cross on the right are divers fair houses lately built before the park, then a large tilt yard for noblemen and others to exercise themselves in jousting, turning and fighting of barriers." Thus, St James's Park occupies the site of Henry's tilt yard. Records of both guards' regiments show that troops were regularly kept in the Tilt Yard. In 1699 we read, "guards were kept at Kennington, Hyde Park, Acton Road, Arlington Gate, Tilt Yard St James, Whitehall, Somerset House, Hampton Court and Windsor, and the allowance for fire and candle paid to Colonel John Shrimpton commanding the First Regiment of Guards." In my view, Richard Washbourne provided a canteen service for the Lord General's Regiment of Guards under canvas in St James's Park. At this time, there were few permanent barracks. Soldiers were either provided with tented accommodation or boarded out in private lodgings." London County Council (1935:6) write "In course of time a large proportion of the accommodation at the Horse Guards became used for purposes other than at first intended. A report (fn. n20) by Sir Christopher Wren, dated 4th March, 1712-3, states that stabling had originally been provided for 108 horses, but that at that time there was only room for 62 horses, accommodation for the remaining 46 being used by the sutler at the south end (room for 11 horses), the Paymaster's house and offices at the north-west corner (30 horses), and the Judge Advocate (fn. n21) on the west side (5 horses)." Reference: Williamson, G. C. 1889. Trade Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century Vol. I. Elliot Stock: London. Berry G. 1997. Army canteens and their Tokens. Coin and Medal News: February 1987 Dickinson, M. J. and Thompson, R. H. 2011. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles. 62 The Norweb Collection, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A : Tokens of the British isles 1575-1750. Pt. 8 Middlesex and uncertain pieces. London: Spink and son Ltd. London County Council, 1935. The Tiltyard and the Horse Guards Survey of London: Volume 16, St Martin-in-The-Fields I: Charing Cross. London County Council, London.

SUR-A0DF00: KEY (LOCKING)
A large Post Medieval to Modern iron key with an oval handle and a hollow stem with a raised collar. The ward is broken and was possibly in the form of an 'E'.

LON-4DA60B: BUCKLE
A complete late Medieval iron annular shoe buckle still attatched to leather strap, dating to the 14th-15th century. The buckle is circular in both profile and section, with the pin attached by a hinge. The leather strap is conected to the buckle either side of the buckle pin. Similar buckles are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (1991:57) where they are described as shoe buckles and they were excavated from contexts dating late 14th - early 15th century and in Egan (2005:34) dated 1650-1700, however this is described as residual. Egan (2005:34) writes "shoe buckles are first continued with the two standard late medieval forms (as this above example) with a hiatus in the early 17th century before the new post-Restoration fashion of slightly larger, sub-rectangular frames with a plate". Dimensions: length: 44.12mm; width: 17.99mm; weight: 2.04g. Similar buckles on the database are LON-4BA574 and LON-2A5BF1. Reference: Egan G. and Pritchard F. 1991. Dress Accessories: Medieval finds from the Museum of London. The Stationery Office, London Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London.

KENT-1226D6: HOB NAIL
Possible Roman (c.AD 43 to 410) iron hob nail. Description: The hob nail has a hemispherical head and a shank rectangular in cross section which has snapped relatively soon after the head. Its i very corroded and fragile Measurements: 17.23mm long, 15.68mm wide, 13.91mm high and 3.1g in weight. Discussion: Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) utilising three layers of leather clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). Although conceivably of later date this hob nail roughly fits the known shapes of hobnails and thus a roman date is tentatively suggested. Although the wear

LANCUM-FF697F: HORSESHOE
An incomplete wrought iron horseshoe of later medieval date. It has a rounded outer edge and an inner profile resembling a pointed arch. The artefact is highly corroded but generally survives well. The length is 115mm, the width is 117mm and the weight 126.32g. The style and size suggest a draught shoe and probably a dove shoe of circa 14th to late 15th century. Reference Ivan. G. Sparkes, Old Horseshoes, Page 15. This 'later medieval' form can be found illustrated in Clark (1986, 3; fig. 8). Clark, J., 1995. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment c.1150 - c.1450. London : HMSO, , The length is 115mm, the width is 117mm and the weight 126.32g.

CAM-EB4CE4: KEY (LOCKING)
A slightly incomplete iron locking key of Medieval date. This key weighs 78.04g however would of originally of weighed a bit more. The metal has started to rust and it is evident that some bits of iron have flaked off of the artefact on the shank, bow and bit. The key has a total length of 128.9mm, the oval to 'D' shaped bow accounting for 33.7mm of this length. The bow has a width of 52.6mm, possibly slightly less than its original dimension, and appears to have originally have had a rectangular cross-section, possibly with rounded-off edges unless this is the result of the object's deterioration. At the centre of the convex side of the bow the thickness is 5.4mm and this increases to 9.3mm where the bow and shaft merge. The shank has a circular cross-section, next to the bow the width is 11.6mm x 10.0mm thickness. This increases gradually along the length of the shank to a width of 14.7mm x 12.7mm thickness. The end of the shank is a transverse terminal that gains a more triangular cross-section over the length of the bit. This end of the shaft is also hollow. The socketed end has a depth of c.14.2mm and the thickness of the walls are c.2.7mm. The bit projects out from the edge of the end of the shaft for a length of 24.9mm from the edge of the socketed end and projects out from the edge of the shank by 18.9mm. The bit currently has a thickness of 6.5mm. A cleft measuring 5.1mm x 4.5mm is present in the bit directly adjacent to the socketed terminal. Another cleft is present at the approximate centre of the bit edge which faces the bow. This cleft measures 5.1mm x 6.8mm. The bit has suffered considerable loss of iron below this cleft, the original extent of the edge, opposite the shaft, now uncertain. A partial cleft is present on the leading edge, of the bit, below the first complete cleft described. The partial cleft takes the form of a two sided, right-angled notch set 7.4mm below the first at the corner of the bit. See Egan, G., 1998 The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) London : The Stationery Office, pp.110-119, fig.89, no.317 which was found in a context dated to c.AD1350-c.1400.

WMID-95AB3B: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete cast copper alloy, arrowhead, of probable Medieval dating (AD 1250 to AD 1500). The arrowhead is broadly sub-triangular in plan with a central spine which extends from the tip to the broken terminal. In cross section the arrowhead is broadly diamond shape. The central spine or rib is narrow at the tip and broadens along the length of the arrowhead. Two sub-triangular blades expand from either side of the spine; these are relatively narrow. Both blades have been damaged at the edges. The rib is a similar width on both sides of the object. The arrowhead has a dark brown coloured, fairly even patina. Jessop (1997) illustrates long and slender arrowheads which are suggested as designed for a military function to pierce chainmail or plate armour. Jessop suggests that these date from the mid 13th -15th century. Jessop suggested they are commonly found at Welsh castle sites such as Rhuddlan and Montgomery. The arrowhead measures 45.06 mm in length, 10.42 mm wide and 4.4 mm thick. It weighs 6.9g. Jessop, O., 1997 Medieval Arrowheads. Finds Research Group 700-1700 Datasheet 22.

LON-6A7C00: CURRY COMB
An incomplete Post Medieval iron curry comb probably dating to 17th - early 18th century. This is a flat curry comb with 5 wrought bars; the handle is broken and missing. This curry comb comprises a flat rectangular back plate, the longer edges are folded over, and a row of triangular teeth have been cut into the edge. There are three further toothed bars that have been riveted onto the back plate. The handle was also riveted to the back plate, on the opposite side to the teeth. The handle had an elaborate terminal that is still attached to the back plate. This terminal forms a cross-shape the horizontal bar has a heart shape at either end and the vertical bar is rhomboid with a trefoil at the top, the lower part would have formed the base of the handle but is now broken and missing. There are nine surviving rivets which have domed heads; three at either end, two on the lower side, and one central to the cross. A small area of the back plate is missing and one of the shorter edges has been damaged and now curls back on itself. A similar example is illustrated in Clark (1995:161 fig. 119) as part of a 1929 catalogue of stable equipment. Clark writes "a comb of this flat type is reported from a post medieval (17th or early 18th century) context at Ardingly (W. Sussex), compare two examples from Jamestown, Virginia." John Clark has studied this example and he is happy with a date of 17th - early 18th century although he notes that the type continues into the early 20th century. Egan (2005: 186 no. 1060a) publishes a curry comb of similar form that was excavated from a context dated 1650-1700. Dimensions: length:158.32mm; width: 78.8mm; thickness: 24.35mm; weight: 237g. Reference: Clark, J. (ed) 1995. The Medieval Horse and its Equipment. HMSO: London. Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London.

NMS-0346D2: PADLOCK
Fragment of medieval or post-medieval iron padlock comprising a scrap of body with copper alloy brazing, probably from a medieval to post-medieval cylindrical padlock. Extant length 29mm. Extant width 21.45mm. Weighs 5.15g. 14th - 17th century.

NMS-D4B6AF: LOCK
Incomplete and warped fragment from a medieval iron barrel padlock of Goodall's (in Biddle, 1990) Type D dating to the period c. AD 1066 - 1500. The remaining fragment consists of part of the case which is constructed of a series of pieces of sheet iron brazed together. There is a longitudinal strengthening strip visible running down the exterior of the case. The copper alloy brazing fluid has coated the surface of the object, forming a protective layer around the iron plates. Similar padlocks recovered from excavated contexts in Winchester are discussed in Biddle, M, et al, 1990, Artefacts from Medieval Winchester, Part II: Object and Economy in Medieval Winchester, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 1001 - 1003. See: NMS-695D62.

DENO-6BE71D: SPEAR
An iron Iron Age, Roman or early medieval spearhead (c. 500 BC - AD c. 1000). The spearhead has a conical socket. At the apex the socket becomes a long midrib running the entire length of the blade. The blade is broadly kite-shaped. From the socket the first quarter of the blade expands with straight edges. It then tapers gradually with concave edges for the next two quarters of its length. It then tapers more abruptly with straight edges for the last quarter of its length to the tip. Overall, it measures 282 mm long, 49.1 mm wide and 25.3 mm thick. The socket has an external diameter of 25.3 mm and an internal diameter of 19.0 mm. The spearhead weighs 248.1 g. The spearhead is similar to an example in the British Museum's collection (BM 1856,0719.2) from the Thames, thought to be either Iron Age or early medieval in date. Dr Julia Farley (Curator, European Iron Age Collections at the British Museum) says that spearheads from the Iron Age are normally more curvy, but this does not preclude this example from being of that date. Dr Eleanor Ghey (Curator of Iron Age and Roman Republican Coinage at the British Museum) says that Roman spears are normally less curvy, especially in the middle of the blade, and the sockets are longer, although they can vary. She suggests a Roman Republican date or a very late Roman date. Dr Sue Brunning (Curator, European Early Medieval & Sutton Hoo Collections at the British Museum) says "typical Anglo-Saxon spearheads are almond- or lozenge-shaped in blade cross-section, with some odd zig-zag ones. Some midribbed spears have been found in Anglo-Saxon contexts and are classified by Swanton (1973) as Type B2." Swanton thinks these are early and compares them to ones found in Nydam in Denmark, but there are issues with spearhead typology and Swanton's typology is out of date. However, midribbed spearheads are omitted from Bayliss and Hines (2013) burial chronology. This suggests an early date for the spearhead. Dr Brunning therefore points to a possible 4th to 5th century transitional date for this example. In conclusion, it is currently not possible to date this spearhead to a specific period, although a 4th to 5th century date is possibly more likely.

HAMP-DC86DB: KNIFE
An iron tanged knife of probable Early Early-Medieval date (c. AD 450-670). The blade is triangular in cross-section, being thickest at the back of the blade (5.4mm) and narrowing to 1.2mm at the cutting edge. The blade back is convexly curved, as is the cutting edge (although shallower compared to the blade back). The tip is missing and the tang (25.6mm long, 4.0mm thick and narrowing from 10.1mm to 5.3mm wide) extends from the centre of the 27.8mm long vertical edge opposite to the missing tip. The knife measures 113.6mm in length, 37.7mm in max.width, 5.4mm in max.thickness and weighs 46.61g. Cf. FAKL-E7D378 which has a similar shape and cross-section, and is dated c.450-670.

PUBLIC-C203BB: WEDGE
An iron axehead or more likely a woodworking tool such as a wedge. The piece is trapezoid in plan and rectangular in section, tapering to the blade edge. However, there is no clear area where the wooden handle would have been attached, and the 'handle-end' is flat which might suggest it was used as a woodworking wedge. Moreover, the metal at the flat-end is rolled over in places towards the blade-end, which would be consistent with the item being struck for use as a wedge. The object is corroded. The date of the item is uncertain, but post-medieval is possible. The height of the blade is greatest at 46.68mm and shortest at 25.72mm.

LVPL-5972D7: HORSESHOE
Two complete forged, wrought iron horse shoes probably dating to the Post-Medieval period. Each horse shoe is U-shaped in plan and obscured by corrosion. Large horse shoe: the horseshoe narrows towards the rear and is wider at each side due to wear and has thickened a heel calkin at each terminus. Three large sub-rectangular rivets remain in situ. The object is covered with an adhering black substance which may be a carbon deposit. The object is corroded. Dimensions: 141mm in width, 123mm in length, 10.5mm thick at terminus. Small horse shoe: The small horse shoe is U shaped in plan with the upper part of the shoe being concave and the lower convex. The number and location of the nail holes cannot be determined due to corrosion. Dimensions: 100mm in length, 106mm in width, 5mm thick.

BERK-0A6353: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete iron key dating to the Roman period. The key has a sub-oval loop at one end of a flat solid rectangular stem which tapers from the loop to the bit. The bit is curved to a near right-angle from the stem and has three upright rectangular teeth projecting, all of which show signs of use. This example survives in unusually good condition. Similar examples conform to Manning's type 1 slide keys; a good parallel is shown in Manning 1985, fig. 25 no. 6.

WILT-B3061C: SPEAR
A complete iron spearhead of an uncertain date. The spearhead is an elongated leaf shape and it having an angular blade with concave curves above the angle. The surface isn't heavily corroded. The spearhead is 216mm long, with the blade measuring 150mm in length and the socket 66mm in length. The blade has a maximum width of 28.08mm and thickness of c.6mm. The spearhead weighs 103.79g

LANCUM-894F54: BUCKLE
A corroded iron buckle frame of possible Medieval to Post-Medieval date 1500 - 1800AD. It is square in form and section and the pin is missing. Similar to SF-418B75. This buckle frame is similar to late Medieval and Post-Medieval examples noted in London (Egan and Pritchard, 1991: no. 430; Egan, 2005: no. 98), as well as Post-Medieval examples from Norwich (Margeson, 1993: no. 204). These indicate a possible 15th-17th century AD date for the current example, although a later date cannot be ruled out entirely. The length is 60mm, the width is 50mm the weight 43.03g. Egan, G. and Pritchard, F., 1991 Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) (1991) London : Stationery Office Books, , no. 430 Margeson, S.M., 1993 Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78 Norwich : East Anglian Archaeology, , no. 204 Egan, G., 2005 Material Culture in London in an Age Of Transition: Tudor and Stuart period finds c.1450 - c.1700 from excavations at riverside sites in Southwark London : Museum of London Archaeology Service, , no. 98.

PUBLIC-A06518: AXEHEAD
Possible Anglo Saxon 'T' shaped broad axe of 8th to 12th century date. The rectangular blade has a cutting edge 115mm wide but is very short, only 37mm long, and behind this there is a narrow solid rectangular-section stem about 40-45mm long linking it to the socket. The stem is slightly bent, so that the handle would have been at a slight angle to the blade. The hole or eye through the socket is distinctly rectangular, 32.33 x 14.60mm, and externally the socket is 56mm long. When the axehead is viewed from above and rotated so that the socket is straight and symmetrical, it is clear that the blade is asymmetric; one face is much more steeply sloped than the other. Summary of dimensions: The length is 137.67mm, width of blade 36.9mm, blade length is 115.53mm, shaft length to socket is 45.15mm. Socket eye has a length of 32.33mm and width of 14.60mm. The socket is an overall 56mm long, 41.65 wide, 31.14 thick. The walls of the socket are 10.35mm to 18.33mm thick. This type of axe was in use in the early-medieval period; there are examples from the Flixborough tool hoard and some are also shown on the Bayeux Tapestry. Out of the four examples from Flixborough, two (nos. 2455 and 2456) have slightly angled sockets, and two (nos. 2454 and 2456) have asymmetric cross-section (Ottaway in Evans and Loveluck 2009, 256-64). The Flixborough hoard dates to somewhere in the 8th to 10th centuries, and the Bayeux Tapestry gives a good 11th-century date for the type. Compare LANCUM-085845.

NARC-9DB275: VESSEL
An incomplete iron handle, probably from a skillet or other cooking vessel, of Post-Medieval (AD 1650 - 1850). The plan of the object is rectangular with an abraded break at its terminal end a splayed ovate form with three partially retained rivet holes to facilitate the handles attachment to the main body of the skillet. The metal is dark brown in colour with a heavily corroded patina. Length: 290.00mm, Width: 28.10mm, Thickness: 8.74mm, Weight: 150.0g.

NLM-8C629A: BUCKLE
Iron buckle. Rectangular buckle frame. probably with an expanded housing on opposite upper and lower edges for a separate steel spindle [now lost]. Some curvature of the outer edges may have been lost to corrosion. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1720-1790. Length: 41.2mm, Height: 33.1mm, Thickness (at housing): 4.9mm, Weight: 6.94gms

BERK-88F2F7: SPEAR
A complete iron socketed spear head of probable early early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) date. The spear head has a broad and angular leaf-shaped blade with lozengiform cross section and split or cleft socket, a trait of spearheads of this period. The mouth of the socket is damaged but is 19mm diameter; the neck of the socket where it meets the blade is 17mm acorss. The spear head is similar to Swanton (1977) Series E, which are frequently found in graves of 7th century date. This type of spear head has a geographical distribution throughout the Midlands and into the Upper Thames Valley.

NMS-F87EDD: BUCKLE
Medieval iron D-shaped buckle frame and flat-sectioned pin. Length 23mm. Width 26.5mm. Length of pin 25.5mm. Quite similar to Egan and Pritchard 1991, nos. 405 and 409. No metal coating is visible. 14th - 15th century.

PUBLIC-E67B47: PADLOCK
An incomplete iron medieval barrel padlock dating to c.1200 -1230 AD. The barrel lock consists of a circular disc plate (39 mm in diameter x 10 mm thick), with 3 triangular shaped arms projecting at ninety degrees from the plate, the heads of which are proud of the plate. Each of the arms has a split spring extending from the terminal point. They measure 70 mm, 69 mm & 67 mm in length respectively. The iron is very corroded and rusted, and is a dark brown red colour. The barrel lock measures 79 mm in length overall and weighs 119.04 gms. Similar locks can be seen in Egan1998, page 93.

BH-A52CE2: AXE
An iron axe-head, probably of late Roman date. The axe has an integral collar with oval perforation. This extends to a wedge-shaped blade with a pronounced curve. The axe measures 160mm in length and has a maximum width of 28mm. The perforation measures 37mm in length by 21mm in width. Manning (1976, p. 24) notes that this is a common form of Roman axe, which frequently dates to the late Roman period, although it has been found in earlier contexts.Examples are known from Strageath, Burgh Castle and in hoards from Great Chesterford and Silchester.

WAW-8E33D4: HOB NAIL
Three Roman (c.AD 43 to 409) iron hob nails: All have hemi-sperical heads and a square or rectangular bent shank which forms a 'J' in profile. The shanks taper to a blunt point. They measure between 12.47mm long and 9.66mm. Hobnails were used in Roman footwear, boots and sandals (caligae) were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole, lamina and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop and Coulston: 1993). At Usk (Driel- Murray: 1995) very similar hobnails and the pattern which were created with them are illustrated.

HAMP-5399C3: CANNON BALL
A post-medieval (c.1590-1690) spherical iron cannon ball of uncertain post-medieval date. The object weighs 970g and measures 63.3mm in diameter. The surface is pitted (some deeper than others) and dark brown in colour, with patches of orange corrosion in many of the deeper pitted areas. There is no apparent damage to the surface. Blackmore, H.L. 1976 (pp. 293-8) suggests an English 'falcon' cannon for bore sizes of 2.5 inches (c.63mm) and 2lb in weight during the period c. 1590-1690. Reference: Blackmore, H. L. 1976. The Armouries of the Tower of London. Vol. 1, Ordnance, 216. London: HMSO.

Fragment of a probably medieval brazed iron and copper alloy lock case, cylindrical with internal iron corrosion. Extant length 25mm. Diameter c. 35mm. c.14th century.

PUBLIC-40F4B4: BUCKLE
An incomplete late Medieval iron shoe buckle, dating 14th-15th century. The buckle is circular in both profile and section, with the pin attached around the frame of the buckle. Similar buckles are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (1991, 57) where they are described as shoe buckles and they were excavated from contexts dating late 14th - early 15th century and in Egan (2005, 34) dated 1650-1700, however this is described as residual. Egan (2005:34) writes "shoe buckles are first continued with the two standard late medieval forms (as this above example) with a hiatus in the early 17th century before the new post-Restoration fashion of slightly larger, sub-rectangular frames with a plate". Parallels can also be found in Margeson (1993, 32-33, Nos. 211-213). Dimensions: diameter: 13.42mm; weight: 0.77g. Reference: Margeson, S.1993. Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds From Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-1978. East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 58. Egan G. and Pritchard F. 1991. Dress Accessories: Medieval finds from the Museum of London. The Stationery Office, London Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London

WAW-2F401D: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval (late 16thto 17thcentury) possible cannon ball: a broadly hemispherical corroded cast iron object which is heavily corroded. There are no signs of maker's marks or casting seams, but these may be distorted by corrosion. It weighs 67.31g (2.4 oz) and measures 27.41mm diameter. Although an inexact science, comparisons can be made with historic inventories of cannon shot, their dimensions and weights. These suggest that this ball might have been fired from known as the Minion Drake cannon which dates from the 16th to 17th century. There is also the possibility that this item is modern large ball bearing; architectural features; the balls found in stone crushing machines, and other industrial objects.

WILT-FB42A2: CANNON BALL
An iron cannon ball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a diameter of 61 mm. It weighs 900g (31.7ozs or just under 2lbs). It is made of iron which has been presumably cast - although the seams cannot be seen. There is a small raised, circular section (8 mm diameter) evident which may be a sprue. The ball is of a mid-brown orange colour with areas of flaking and active corrosion. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition with no evidence of pitting. If the ball has been fired then it hasn't been damaged - suggesting it didn't hit anything substantial. The size of the ball suggests that it was possibly for a falconet, apparently commonly used during the Civil War, being lighter and cheaper than other cannon. However, the ball is a little large for this and is more likely for a minion (bore just over 2 and a half inches, ie c 66 mm).

DENO-BDDB3E: SLAG
Two pieces of iron-rich slag of uncertain date, but probably pre-industrial. The objects are irregular in shape and a dull red-brown in colour. Totla weight: 32.57g.

YORYM-BC3D2F: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron unidentified object of uncertain date. The object is L shaped in plan. One terminal has a crude knop, which then expands out towards a corner before extending forwards to form the second arm. The arm with the knop is D shaped in cross section, while the other arm is broadly lenticular in cross section. A short projection is situated on the outer edge of the upper arm, towards the corner. It is difficult to discern if the terminals end in breaks, but due to their uneven edges it is likely. The object is heavily corroded, with a brown-orange patina on the surface. The inner surface has faint areas of green corrosion, which imply a copper-alloy content or contact with a copper alloy object. The object appears to be quite crudely made, and it is possible it is casting waste or similar. However, due to its presence on a site which has yielded Early Medieval objects, it is possibile that it is part of a bell or stirrup (cf. WAW-989551). The object measures 53.79mm in length, 38.79mm in width, 19.77mm in thickness at its thickest, 9.93mm at its thinnest and weighs 36.08g.

BERK-6ABD3B: HOB NAIL
5 Roman iron hob nails with a maximum length of 16.23mm.

PUBLIC-2C41E9: TOY
A model of a four-engine aeroplane most likely a propeller driven type although the propellers are missing. There is evidence of porthole type windows, so most likely a passenger rather than a military aircraft. It is incomplete & broken into four parts. The Port (left) side wing is Brocken between the second & first engine but do fit fairly snuggly together to make a complete wing. The Starboard (right-hand side) wing is Brocken off at the point where it meets the fuselage but is not a fit. The tip of the wing to the second engine is missing On the underside of the port engine the words "MADE IN ENGLAND" and under that are the words MECCANO LTD On the underside of the Starboard wing there is part of a word Could either end in "WORTH" or "NORTH" most likely the former & could possibly be part of the word "WOOLWORTH" The text will be part of the original casting Total length 150mm width 127mm depth 23mm

NLM-EA07A6: SHOT
Iron shot. Cast ball, possibly reduced to sub-spherical form by light damage on opposed sides. The diameter and mass would be compatible with military use with a Falconet, a light field gun of the English Civil War period, and largely withdrawn from use on land thereafter. Kevin Leahy kindly notes that many field finds of iron shot could arise from their reuse for grinding, being rolled in a barrel with the material to be pulverised. From the 19th century, whiting mills [for crushing chalk products] also used purpose-made massy hollow balls with apertures, which in their form resembled outsized and overweight versions of the practice ball used by a modern golfer. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1700. Diameter: 52mm, Weight: a little more than 500gms [the weight of a falconet shot was c.600gms]

WILT-D4736E: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A complete wrought iron hook of uncertain date. It consists of a long shaft, sub rectangular in section, with a flat oval shaped attachment end and a short hook at the other end. The hook tapers to a blunt point.the oval end is pierced with a circular hole. It may have been made to hang from the wall, or similar flat surface, with a nail or rivet through the hole, but its length (198mm) suggests a more specific purpose. It may have been a window latch of primitive design. The shaft is c 15mm x c 17mm in section. The curve of the hook is 20.22mm in width and 15.43mm in height. The oval end is 25.45mm x 20.45mm, the hole c 4.35mm in diameter. It weighs 32.88g.

HAMP-6ADEC7: BUCKLE
A medieval (1300-1500) iron annular buckle frame complete with iron wire pin, corroded into place. The frame is apparently undecorated and circular in cross-section (2.4mm diameter). The pin measures 1.4mm in diameter and curls around the frame at one end, narrowing to a point at the other. Similar buckles are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (1991:57) where they are described as shoe buckles and they were excavated from contexts dating late 14th - early 15th century and in Egan (2005:34) dated 1650-1700, however this is described as residual. Egan (2005:34) writes "shoe buckles are first continued with the two standard late medieval forms (as this above example) with a hiatus in the early 17th century before the new post-Restoration fashion of slightly larger, sub-rectangular frames with a plate". The buckle frame measures 14.9mm in diameter, 16.7mm in length (inclusive of pin), 5.8mm in max.thickness (where the pin curls around the frame) and weighs 1.13g.

NLM-697CF3: KNIFE
Steel, lead alloy and plastic knife fragment. A small scale tang sheath knife with indented grip handle comprising a pair of cream coloured textured plastic plates secured by a pair of rivets, a grey base metal pommel, and the stub of an iron blade projecting through a broad base metal bolster. A small heraldic shield is attached to one handle plate, possibly charged with a fleur, here perhaps signifying the Boy Scouts. Traces of white metal plating appear on the pommel and blade. Suggested date: Modern, 1950-1970. Length: 55.7mm, Width: 27.9mm, Thickness (overall): 10.7mm, Weight: 21.65gms

Fragment of a probably post-medieval brazed iron possible lock case, part of tubular case with part of internal flange. Extant length 15mm. Diameter c. 28mm. 14th century.

WAW-40C35F: HOB NAIL
Roman (possibly post medieval) iron hob nail: It has an incomplete hemi-spherical head and a square bent shank which tapers in thickness to a blunt point. The hobnail measures 6.77mm across the head, 10.85mm long and weighs 0.31g. Hobnails were used in Roman military footwear, boots were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993.Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of RomeUnited Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61).

GAT-020585: SWORD
Incomplete Medieval to Late Medieval ferrous Sword blade tip. This is the blade from a single handed longsword, tapering from the hilt towards the point. The sword has broken part way along its length. The blade has the correct profile for a functional weapon rather than a modern blunt and has retained something of its edges. The blade has corroded but is in a stable condition and retains a large amount of metal. Metallurgy could be performed to determine its composition. Length of Blade: 135.1mm, Width at surviving end towards hilt: 27.9mm, Width at tip: 14.7mm. Thickness at surviving end towards hilt: 6.83mm, Thickness at point: 0.89mm.

KENT-D6DB1C: HOB NAIL
A set of incomplete iron hob nails of unknown date; Roman - post Medieval (AD 44 - 1800). The head is rectangular and appears to have been flat, with the shank meeting the head at a right angle The shank is slightly tapered and rectangular in section, terminating at an historic break. Head - Length: 17.27mm, Width: 14.58mm, Thickness: 1.9mm Shank - Height:8.38mm, Thickness:4.46mm Weight: 2.43gms. Fragments of a cast iron nail of unknown date; Roman - post Medieval (AD 44 - 1800) Weight:1.04gms The nails are corroded and delaminating.

LEIC-45A00F: CASTING WASTE
Roman, iron fragments, possibly casting waste and waste meterial? The large piece is an irregular shaped lump, with no signs of working. 72mm long, 47mm wide and 29mm thhick with a weight of 185grams. The smaller piece has a rectangular section and form with a flat surface with slightly curved edges, creating a hollow underside. 53mm long, 34mm wide and 7mm thick with a weight of 40.97grams. The objects were found in the same place as a probable Roman knife LEIC-452D16 and a Roman nail LEIC-4576AD, which could imply waste material gathered for recycling.

LEIC-4576AD: NAIL
Roman iron nail mm 76long, 26mm wide (at the head) and 10mm thick with a weight of 34.52 grams. The nail has a rectangular cross sectioned incomplete shaft 10 x 10mm at the top and tapers in width. It has a rectangular shaped, domed head 26 x26mm.

LEIC-452D16: KNIFE
Roman iron knife blade ? 153mm long, 39mm wide and 6mm thick with a weight of 111 grams. The blade is in two pieces and has a rectangular cross sectioned tang c.30mm long, which has a sub spherical terminal. The blade has a straight back and is wide, c.40mm, and rounded where it joins the tang, tapering to a point. The shape suggests it could be Roman in date and it was found in the same area as a Roman nail, LEIC-4576AD cf. Manning 1985, plate 55 or pl 5 (thanks to Ed Wood for the parallel).

LANCUM-324BCC: BUCKLE
Wrought iron frame of a rectangular buckle with rounded outer corners and pin; probably from horse harness. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Similar to NLM-230ECD. The length is 70mm, the width is 45mm and the weight 28.27g.

LANCUM-B1A469: KEY (LOCKING)
Very worn and corroded iron key fragment, probably dating from the medieval or post-medieval period, that is the 14th-17th century.

FAKL-89BAD4: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
Iron bar on the end of which is a conical, copper alloy, finial. Corrosion makes it impossible to determine the original section of the bar which may have been circurlar or square, it now measures 8.5mm, The finial has a maximum diameter of 6.4mm. Where the finial meets the iron bar is a low, 2.5mm wide collar. Next to this is 1.0 mm wide, plain band which appears to be of a different alloy to the rest of the terminal, copper rather than brass coloured. Two circumferential grooves surround the finial, giving the effect of three rings. The finial narrows towards its tip on which is an oblate ball. The other end of the iron bar appears to have been broken in antiquity. It is diffiult to suggest a date or function for this object but it is felt to be of sufficient interest to be worthy or record. Length: 191.0mm, Mass 34.50g.

BERK-58C01C: ROWEL SPUR
A cast iron spur rowel of Medieval or post-medieval date, c. AD 1300 to AD 1700. The rowel has seven points and each is roughly lozenge in cross section. The central hole looks off centre but that may be due to the corrosion blocking most of the pivot hole. The rowel is very heavily corroded and in a fragile condition.

NMS-347CC3: SPEAR
Incomplete Early Saxon iron spearhead with a leaf-shaped blade and split socket. The blade tip and the proximal part of the socket are missing. Swanton 1973 Group C2. Høilund Nielsen's Lanceolate Type (Penn and Brugmann 2007, 18). Extant length and width 190 and 22.5mm. Late 5th - early 6th century.

NMS-1AE91C: PADLOCK
Medieval iron fragment of barrel padlock, braised end-plate (diam. 27mm) with four perforations containing rectangular-sectioned spring-strips. External face of plate with vertical bar, the upper end curled over to form a suspension loop, the lower end projecting down with remains of expansion on the reverse, perhaps once forming a hinge. Extant length of bar 58mm. Weighs 36.91g. 15th century.

LANCUM-096F8A: TOY
A copper-alloy miniature toy petronel probably a musket, dating from the 17th century post-medieval period. The firing mechanism (trigger, cock, springs etc) are missing. The stock (butt) is hollow and decorated on each face with a raised floral and scroll design. The length is 60mm, the width is 25mm and the weight 9.10g. Similar petronels are illustrated and discussed by Forsyth and Egan (2005: 88-97). Forsyth, H. and Egan, G., 2005. Toys, Trifles and Trinkets: Base Metal Miniatures from London 1200 to 1800 London : Unicorn Press Ltd 97, no. 1.39

LANCUM-094174: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron bevelled key hole type horseshoe of post-medieval date, (1550-1880). The object is a typical U-shape in plan with a keyhole profile in the centre and is almost complete. The calkins are rounded and worn. The number and location of the nail holes cannot be determined due to corrosion. This horse shoe is very similar to one on page 41 of Bailey, G. 1997. Detector finds 3. Greenlight (Witham, Essex). The length is 155mm and the width is 128mm.

LANCUM-09079D: CHISEL
An iron chisel blade, of unknown date. A Trapezoidal shaped bar with a rectangular shaped cross section. It has flat steep angled blade at the widest end then tapers towards a point at the other end. No parallels have been found for this find, although it is most likely to be of suggested Medieval to Post-Medieval, c. AD1200-1800 date. The length is 155mm, the width is 25mm thickness 27mm .

Iron and lead nail fragment. Stub of an iron shank of rectangular section projecting from a flat discoid sheath of lead, presumably intended to retard the corrosion of a nail used in an exposed location. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1800. Diameter (head): 15.4mm, Thickness (head): 5.8mm, Length (overall): 14.6mm, Weight: 6.30gms

NMS-22D9CC: HORSESHOE
Fragment of medieval iron horseshoe, half missing, possibly Clark's Type 3 narrow and angled with broad web (38mm) and possibly originally three extant nail holes (one definite and two possible obscured by corrosion on surviving side), possible folded calkin on heel. Extant length 112mm. Extant width 38mm. Cf. Clarke 1995, fig.85, no.172. 13th-14th century.

NLM-20E36A: NAIL
Iron nail. Wrought iron nail with a sub-rectangular facetted head. The shank is now of rectangular section, though this may have been emphasised by the past loss of corrosion products; these tend to spall leaving regular faces behind. This acknowledged, the good condition of the metal may suggest a relatively recent date, and the nail was perhaps embedded in wood for much of the period since its deposition to have been protected. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1800. Length: 57.1mm, Thickness (shank): 7mm, Weight: 15.11gms

CAM-E1B653: RING
An iron ring of uncertain date or function. The ring has a circular cross-section with a diameter of 3.8mm. The external diameter is 29.3mm and the internal diameter is 21.6mm. Weight 5.31g. The ring is a rusty orangey brown colour, a few tiny patches of the surface rust have detached however this artefact appears to be in a relatively stable condition at present.

NMS-CAA057: BUCKLE
Medieval iron buckle. Single loop and annular with a wire pin on circular-sectioned frame. Diameter 15mm. Cf. Egan & Pritchard, 2004, p.60, fig. 38, no.55. Late 13th - 14th century.

BH-8DABBC: STYLUS
An incomplete iron stylus probably dating to the first to third centuries AD. The fragment comprises part of the stem which is circular in section and heavily corroded. Within the corrosion products, there appears to be circumferential bands of inlay, possibly copper-alloy, rather than silver. The eraser is an elongated semi-circular shape in plan and wedge-shaped in section. It measures 66mm in length, 7mm in width and 4mm in thickness. It weighs 2g. Although this stylus is poorly preserved, and cannot be assigned to a subtype, it appears to belong to Obrecht's (2012) Family H or P, giving it a date range from the late 1st to late 3rd centuries.

BH-8D3E7F: BALLISTA BOLT
An iron ballista bolt dating to the Roman period. The bolt possesses a circular-section stem which is socketed at one end. There appear to be remnants of wood within the open-end of the stem. At the other end, the stem tapers slightly before expanding to form the rectangular-section bolt head. The bolt tapers to a point, now broken. The ballista bolt measures 85mm in length, 7mm in width and has a maximum diameter of 7mm. It weighs 9g. The head alone measures 24mm in length.It is one of two ballista bolt heads of Manning's (1985) Type 1 found at Piercebridge; a socketed weapon tip with a robust square-sectioned head. This is the most common type of artillery bolt head, with Manning (1985, pp. 170-5) providing numerous examples from military sites in Britain and Continental Europe.

BUC-4AD7E2: PADLOCK
An incomplete iron medieval barrel padlock dating to c.1200-1230 AD. The barrel lock consists of a circular disc plate (42.7mm in diameter), with two triangular shaped strips projecting at ninety degrees from the plate. One of the strips is longer and thicker and has a split spring extending from the terminal point. This one measures 68.2mm in length, 19.9mm in width, and 18.2mm in maximum thickness. The smaller strip measures 56.1mm in length, 10.4mm in width and 6.6mm in thickness. The iron is very corroded and rusted, and is a dark brown red colour. The barrel lock measures 80.1mm in length, 44.9mm in maximum width and weighs . Similar locks can be seen in Egan1998, page 93.

BH-3AAF94: NAIL
A large iron nail or structural ironwork, possibly dating to the Roman period. The stem is rectangular in section and tapers to a point at one end. At the other, the stem has been bent back on itself to form a loop. The nail measures 92mm in length, a maximum of 7mm in width and 7mm in thickness. It weighs 15g.

BH-3A83C1: CHAIN
A fragment of an iron chain, probably dating to the Roman period. It comprises four figure of eight links and a circular attachment loop from which extends a rectangular lug.

BH-38426B: KNIFE
An iron knife of Manning's Type 11a dating to the Roman period. The knife has a straight back. A number of similar knives comes from Hod Hill (Manning, 1985, Q34-9)

BH-3827D7: RAKE
An iron object possibly a rake or harrow tine dating to the Roman period. The tine has a square-sectioned tang and a faceted, round-ended tine. It measures 111m in length and a maximum width of 10mm. It is of the double-ended type (Humphreys forthcoming), consisting of a square-sectioned tang and a faceted, round-ended tine. Similar objects are known from London (Humphreys forthcoming, RAK45-49) and Wilcote (Hands, 1998, fig. 24, 53). Pohanka (1986, Taf. 22, 91) illustrates a group of tines of this type embedded into a wooden beam, although it is not clear whether they formed part of a rake head or harrow frame (for a wooden harrow, see Deforce & Annaert, 2007).

NARC-D1F454: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron horseshoe of probable Medieval date (AD 1250 - 1500). The horseshoe is Clark's "Transitional" or "Later medieval" types It retains a portion of a broad web and a broad margin between the outer edge of the shoe and the nail holes however neither terminating end retains a calkin. One rectangular nail holes is visible on the right hand branch. The metal is a dark brown in colour with a corroded patina, Height: 132.44 mm, Width: 149.49mm, Thickness: 9.97mm, Weight: g Clark, P 123, No 274

WAW-6C6797: NAIL
An assemblage of 4 iron nails of possible Roman to Post Medieval date. One nail has a sub-square shank, and the other three a slender rectangular shank. The heads on two are missing and the remaining two are rectangular in section and taper to the shank. Collective weight: 8.71g. Iron nails are intrinsically difficult to date out of context. The date range proposed for this assemblage is possibly Roman, but may date into the Post Medieval period.

NMS-24C6B9: PADLOCK
Very small fragment of a medieval to post-medieval cylindrical iron padlock case with traces of brazing. Diameter c.35mm. 13th - 16th century.

BH-D59607: STYLUS
An elaborate iron stylus dating to the second or third century AD. At one end, the stylus possesses an almost semi-circular, wedge-shaped spatulate eraser. This tapers and extends to a circular-section stem, which is corroded in places. Towards the other end, the stem expands to a collar comprising at least five beaded mouldings before tapering to form a sharp point. At least two of the mouldings are decorated with inlaid copper-alloy. The eraser has a width of 9mm. It weighs 7g. This example has a narrowed tip, a grip decorated with mouldings, and a U-shaped eraser. Schaltenbrand Obrecht (2012, 162-3) groups similar objects as Type P54, which she dates to the 2nd or 3rd centuries AD.

SUR-A40B9E: SPUR
The heel and neck of a plain, probably Post Medieval, iron rowel spur with a slight bend of the neck at the break. The length of the surviving neck to the inside of the heel is 35.17mm.

LON-3747CB: DIVIDERS
A pair of Post Medieval iron mathematical or surveyor's dividers (AD1600-1700). This instrument is heavily corroded; it has a globular knopped handle at the hinge. The upper sections of each arms are flattened and one is recessed to accommodate the other. The arms then change shape to have a D-shaped cross-section before tapering to form points. There is no evidence of maker's marks. Similar dividers have been recorded on The Portable Antiquities Scheme database. For example, see finds: LON-B0DD37; LON-33D734; NMS-886014; LVPL-6DBFA6 and LON-42A287. Dimensions: length: 112.06mm; width of globular knop: 14.04mm; width of arms: 5.41mm; weight: 50.12g.

KENT-FFFE97: CANNON BALL
A near complete, cast iron, small cannon ball of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1550 - c.AD 1700. Description: The ball is spherical in plan and is broadly circular in section. There appears to be no casting seam present on the surface of the ball, however there is evidence of heavy iron corrosion in the form extensive irregularpitting across its surface. Precise diameter of the ball is unknown due to the unknown level of the iron corrosion. The ball is a mid to dark brown in colour with the iron corrosion showing as red and orange, it has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. Measurements: Approximately 57.2mm in diameter (180mm in circumference) and weighs 180g Discussion: This ball is likely from a Minion cannon in use from the mid-16th century through to the end of the 17th, possibly dating to the English Civil War. Minion cannons were typically of a 3 or 3.25 'bore' (diameter of the barrel aperture) firing balls of 2.7/8inches or 3 inch in diameter respectively. This example at 57.2mm (2.24in) is likely a ball for one of these types of cannon and the reduced diameter thanks to the noted extensive corrosion.

LON-A77761: KNIFE
A complete late Medieval - early Post Medieval iron knife with ivory handle, dating 16th - 17th century. The knife consists of an iron blade which looks to have been broken and then re-sharpened. It has a whittle tang, which is set within an oval ivory handle. There is no visible makers marks on the blade however the blade has suffered from some corrosion so it is impossible to tell if it would have originally had one. The ivory handle has several small, narrow splits and is a brown colour, being light in some patches and darker in others. The terminal end of the handle has been carved with the initials 'TB' surrounded by foliate and curlicue decoration. Dimensions: length: 176.20mm; width: 18.91mm; width of blade: 14.30mm; weight: 36.75g

YORYM-591B42: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete and worn iron arrowhead of "broadhead" type of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1400. The object is triangular in plan with a central socketed tang and barbs to either side. The metal has a mid-orange/brown patina and is heavily corroded. The arrowhead is 64.1mm long, 29.6mm wide, 7.5mm thick and weighs 11.7g. Such arrowheads were probably used for hunting and Jessop (1997; 4) suggests they were popular in the 13th and 14th centuries.

LANCUM-56DCF6: BUCKLE
A corroded iron buckle frame of possible Medieval to Post-Medieval date 1500 - 1800AD. It is square in form and section and the pin is missing. Similar to SF-418B75. This buckle frame is similar to late Medieval and Post-Medieval examples noted in London (Egan and Pritchard, 1991: no. 430; Egan, 2005: no. 98), as well as Post-Medieval examples from Norwich (Margeson, 1993: no. 204). These indicate a possible 15th-17th century AD date for the current example, although a later date cannot be ruled out entirely. The length is 53mm, the width is 48mm and the weight 48.04g. Egan, G. and Pritchard, F., 1991 Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) (1991) London : Stationery Office Books, , no. 430 Margeson, S.M., 1993 Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78 Norwich : East Anglian Archaeology, , no. 204 Egan, G., 2005 Material Culture in London in an Age Of Transition: Tudor and Stuart period finds c.1450 - c.1700 from excavations at riverside sites in Southwark London : Museum of London Archaeology Service, , no. 98.

PUBLIC-18B6D9: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete Medieval iron barbed arrowhead, possibly dating to the 13th - 14th Century. The object is socketed. The socket is damaged at its mouth. It is circular and tapered to the blade. The blade section tapers very gradually from the socket to the point. The barbs have lost their points, extend over the socketed section and are slightly offset. A similar example on the database (GLO-BF0875) is dated to the Medieval period. Dimensions: length: 40.00 mm; width at barb: 14.00 mm; thickness of metal at socket mouth: 0.5 mm; diameter of socket (widest part) 11.5, weight: 6.0g.

FAKL-C686D5: CANNON BALL
Post Medieval cannon ball, or ball from ball mill. Cast iron with a diameter ranging between 83.6mm and 80.5mm (c. 3.3 inches. The ball weighs 1997.1g (4.4 pounds) and fails to fit into any of the accepted calibres for Civil War, or later ordnance hence the suggestion that it may have come from a ball mill. This might be supported by its lack of symmetry. A ball mill consisted of a horizontal, revolving drum which contained iron balls. As the cylinder turned the constantly falling balls pulverised material placed in the drum. Ball mills were used in the preparated of powders for making paint and the preparation of clay.

KENT-C50D27: RIFLE
An incomplete muzzle loading Damask muzzle loading rifle or shotgun, dating to the 19th century. Description: The gun survives only as the barrel and part of the trigger mechanism. The barrel is polygonal and damask in form, meaning it has been formed by strips of steel and iron around a mandrel leaning to a 'Damascus Steel' style pattern. There is a a tip at the end of the barrel which may be the front sight. The bottom of the barrel also has a number of possible lugs which may have helped attach it to a wooden body or a fitting for a ramrod. The trigger end is clealry discoloured likely from the rotting butt of the rifle, althought the tirgger and hammer are missing the copper-alloy trigger plate remains (see seperate photograph). All section of the gun is warped and mishaped due to iron corrosion and is a dark black/brown coloru all over with obvious different depending on if eahc bit was set into the stock or not. Measurements: 770mm long, 45mm thick, 33mm wide and 1380g in weight.

LON-C50014: CANDLE HOLDER
An incomplete Post Medieval iron candle holder, probably dating 17th - early 18th century. The object consists of a beam with a wax pan attached. One end of the beam acts as a handle, with the end tapering slightly before widening again to form a rounded terminal. The beam splits into two parts, protruding outwards on both sides to form a circular shape, before coming back together again. The beam then tapers to form a spike, probably for attachment into timber, part of which is now missing due to corrosion. A circular wax pan is welded onto the beam where it has protruded outwards to form the circular shape. Four evenly-spaced iron rivets are also holding the pan onto the beam. The edges of the wax pan are bent upwards and there are 2 sub-rectangular holes in the centre where the candle socket was once attached. The initials W P (the W being formed of 2 V's), which is probably the maker's or owner's mark, are inscribed onto the handle. The style of these letters is similar to 17th century fonts. The object is an overall brown colour and has considerable amounts of corrosion damage. The finder has removed much of the corrosion and coated the object with wax. Similar candle holders with an 18th century date can be found in Caspall (1987: pages 168-169). A similar candle holder is also in the Museum of London's collections, accession no. 11090. Dimensions: length: 267mm; width: 88.67mm; thickness: 14.32mm; thickness of handle: 4.12mm; weight: 181g Reference: Caspall, J, Fire and Light in the Home pre-1820, (Antique Collector's Club, 2000) Biddle, M, Nonsuch Palace, The Material Culture of a Noble Restoration Household, (Oxbow Books, 2005)

LON-8BFE78: ARROWHEAD
A Medieval iron arrowhead dating AD1241-1263. This arrowhead has a four-sided pyramid shaped tip and a a square-sectioned solid tang. This is a Ward-Perkins type 17. Dimensions: length: 46.19mm; width: mm; thickness: mm; weight: g. A similar arrowhead on the database is LON-B170AB. Reference: Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1993. London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940. Anglia Publishing; Ipswich.

CAM-0762F3: STRAP FITTING
An iron strap fitting in the form a Post-Medieval Scabbard hook c.18th century AD. This artefact is covered in corrosion product hiding the precise form from view. The artefact weighs 3.08g, has a length of 52.7mm and is a slightly tadpole shaped elongated rectangle with rounded corners and tapering at one end. The maximum width is 10.0mm tapering to 5.8mm. At the narrower end the thickness is c.2.7mm. At the wider end the thickness increases to 6.8mm and close inspection reveals two rounded blobs within the corrosion product. These two small mounds are likely to be the remains of either separate or more likely integral rivets which would have held the scabbard hook onto the strap. Compare with Bailey, G., 1997 Detector Finds 3 Chelmsford : Greenlight Publishing, pp.56. whose examples have a neck between the hook and the plate with the integral rivets. This feature is not present on the example described above.

DENO-C478D9: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball, probably dating to the 17th century. It is cylindrical. It measures 94mm in diameter and weighs c.3000g. The size suggests that it was intended to be fired from a demi-culverin, a medium cannon in use during the late 16th and 17th century. During the First English Civil War, the manor house at Barton Blount, where this cannon ball was discovered, was garrisoned by Parliamentarian soldiers and a skirmish was fought nearby with Royalist soldiers from Tutbury Castle. It is therefore quite likely that this dates to 1644-1646.

LANCUM-B2D6B8: CHISEL
An iron chisel blade, of unknown date. A Trapezoidal shaped bar with a rectangular shaped cross section. It has flat steep angled blade at the widest end then tapers towards a point at the other end. No parallels have been found for this find, although it is most likely to be of suggested Medieval to Post-Medieval, c. AD1200-1800 date. The length is 210mm, the width is 27mm thickness 27mm and the weight too heavy for scales.

DEV-33A9A8: NAIL
An iron nail of unknown date. In overall shape, the nail is mushroom-shaped. The head is broadly square in shape, with the outer edges curving slightly towards the underside. The shank tapers towards a broad point. Iron corrosion and cracks are visible on the surface of the nail. As the item was not recovered from an archaeological context, it is not possible to date this item which could range from the Roman to Post Mediveal periods. Due to the corrosive nature of Devon's acidic soils, an early date is unlikely (although not impossible) and a later Post Medieval date is more likely.

NLM-767FEC: LOCK
Copper alloy and iron lock fitting. A copper alloy plate with a keyhole attached to the surface of an iron plate of fragment of thickness 4.5mm. This may have been a swivelling escutcheon, as there is, in its present configuration, no vacancy to accommodate a key. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1800-1900. Height: 28.6mm, Width: 22.1mm, Thickness: 7.5mm, Weight: 8.02gms

LEIC-62A583: STIRRUP
Early Medieval to Medieval Iron stirrup, 138mm in length, 144mm wide and c.10mm thick with a weight of 131grams. The object has a sub-rectangular cross section and a sub-spherical form. It has an integral, rectangular projection at its apex, for suspension from a strap and in the centre of its flatter lower edge, a flat circular base plate, 52mm in diameter. John Clark (formely of the Museum of London) has commented that the stirrup has 'the rounded form of the footrest more common in medieval stirrups (ridden in shoes with soft soles)' but that a 'rather 'primitive' loop to take the stirrup leather is a contrast to the neatly-shaped disc forming the centre of the foot rest' He comments that even published examples from the same date can be very different in form and he feels that 'stirrups, locally made, just weren't standardised' and so dating this object is difficult.

LON-61ECBA: KNIFE
A complete late Medieval - early Post Medieval knife, dating 15th - 16th century. The knife consists of an iron blade which tapers from the back edge to the cutting edge. The blade also tapers from the heel leading to a pointed end. It has a whittle tang which is set within a cylindrical ivory handle. A small piece of copper-alloy sheet, bent at 90 degrees, secures either side of the blade to the handle. A the end of the handle there is a domed, copper-alloy terminal secured onto the handle with a central iron rivet. There is no visible makers marks on the blade however the blade has suffered from some corrosion so it is impossible to tell if it would have originally had one. The ivory handle has several small, narrow splits and is a brown colour, being light in some patches and darker in others. The terminal is a dull-golden colour. Dimensions: length: 190.52mm; diameter: 11.56mm; width of blade: 13.22mm; weight: 23.29g

NARC-49A3CE: SHOT
A complete iron Shot/Cannonball of probable Post-Medieval date (AD 1600-1700). The object is sub-spherical in shape with a small projecting casting spur and circumferentially running casting seam. The surface is heavily pitted and corroded. The size is small either suggesting it was used as grape shot or that it was for a small hand-held cannon (possibly a rabinet (1inch bore). The metal is a dark brown in colour. Diameter: 25.78mm, Weight: 59.4g.

KENT-E66252: METAL WORKING DEBRIS
5 pieces of iron Metal Working Waste of uncertain date. Together the fragments weigh 84.9 grams. The waste appears to be bloomery slag suggesting a pre-industrial date.

NMS-61A3B7: KNIFE
Proximal end of a post-medieval scale-tang knife, the iron tang clasped by a pair of apparently complete, square, copper alloy sheet scales which are secured by an iron rivet. There are very faint traces of punched dot decoration on the scale. Extant length 18mm. Width 17mm. Thickness 4.5mm. (scales 16 x 15mm). 16th century. Finder's no. AC019

BM-D28487: CAULDRON
A large, almost complete, iron cauldron or bucket handle, possibly dating to the Roman period. The handle comprises an arched, D-sectioned strip of iron. At each end, the strip tapers to form terminals which are broken and bent slightly outwards. Two flat plates are visible which presumably originally attached to the body of the cauldron. The hanger is 225mm wide, 140mm in height and a maximum of 20mm thick. The handle weighs 235 grams. This is the largest of the Piercebridge handles, and may have been large enough to be used to carry or suspend a small cauldron or bucket (see Hanemann, 2014, Abb. 69-70, 74-5; Keppie, 1975, fig. 31, 15 for examples). Its slight omega shape is unusual for a Roman handle, however, and it is possible that this object is a modern or post-medieval kettle or coal scuttle handle.

BM-D25079: FURNITURE FITTING
A complete iron drop-handle, dating to the Roman period. The handle comprises an arched strip of iron which is square in section. At each end, the strip thins and terminates in two oval loops. The loops are formed by bending the strip back on itself. Through one of the loops, there is threaded a circular-section wire which is bent and tapers to a point. The wire is kept in place by corrosion products. The handle is 157mm wide and 7mm thick. The loops have a diameter of 15mm. The handle weighs 45 grams. It is possible that BH-5F0880 comes from the same object as BM-D25079. Similar examples come from Colchester (Crummy 1983, fig. 85, 2115) and Augsburg-Oberhausen (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 77). Drop handles were used as carrying handles or drawer handles on a wide variety of pieces of furniture in the Roman period, most commonly on wooden boxes and chests (Crummy 1983, 80; Manning 1985, 124) but also on gridirons and wooden tubs (Hanemann 2014, Abb. 55, 81).

BM-CEEA3D: KNIFE
A fragment of a heavily corroded iron knife or cleaver dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises a section the blade which is badly damaged and corroded, but which clearly extends to a rectangular-section intregral tang. The blade measures 52mm in length and a maximum of 15mm in width. The tang measures 22mm in length, 10mm in width and 6mm in thickness.

BM-CEBD5E: SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
An incomplete iron object with a corroded iron blade, possibly a surgical instrument dating to the Roman period. The object comprises a square-sectioned shaft which narrows to a point at one end. At the other, there extends an iron blade. The object has a length of 62mm, a width of 5mm and weighs 6 grams.

LANCUM-B86905: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably a cannon ball. Given its weight and size, it may be from the 16th or 17th century. The object is sub-spherical, there are no obvious signs of impact damage indicating use. This is probably a canister shot, possibly dating to the Civil War, but more probably dating to c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. It is possibly intended for use in a Rabinet cannon, which had a bore of 1.5 inches (38mm). Other broadly similar examples of this type of artefact have been recorded on the database including WAW-7D0064 (Blackmore 1990 Arms and Armour of the English Civil Wars, Royal Armouries p. 83). The diameter is 37mm and the weight 173.72g.

BM-A4672A: BATH
A riveted iron handle from a modern tin bath. Dished U-sectioned strip of metal, bent into a sub-semi-circular shape. At each end are slightly outward-pointing terminals, both broken but potentially leaf-shaped, with holes for rivets. The attachment terminals are broken but comprises loops bent slightly outwards. Whilst a somewhat similar vessel mount comes from Dragonby (Manning & McDonald, 1996, fig. 11.38, 73), this example strongly resemble the handles of tin baths, even down to their bent crescent-shaped sections, and is therefore likely to be modern. The hanger is 92mm wide, 65mm high and 7mm in thickness. It weighs 26 grams.

BM-9415B5: FURNITURE FITTING
An iron drop handle, of uncertain date. The mount comprises an oval plate which is slightly convex in section. From one end of this plate, there extends a a circular-section lug, which expands and terminates in a fungiform terminal. It measures 37mm in length, 28mm in width and 5mm in thickness. The lug has a maximum diameter of 18mm. It weighs 44.35g

BM-940FF2: TACK
A complete iron tack of unknown date. The tack has a sub-rectangular head and a stem that is square in section and tapers to a point. The tack has a length of 12mm. The head has a maximum width of 13mm and the stem a maximum width of 5mm. The tack weighs 3.5 grams.

BM-93F695: FURNITURE FITTING
A complete split spike loop, probably Roman in date. The object has a length of 95mm and a thickness of 9mm. The diameter of the loop measures 24mm while the width between the two spikes is 35mm. The object weighs 38 grams.

BM-937138: STAPLE
A complete iron object, possibly a staple, of unknown date. The object consists of a rectangular section band with pointed terminals bent at a 90 degree angle. The object has a length of 29mm and a width of 28mm. The band has a thickness of 4mm. The object weighs 3.4 grams.

BM-9358DB: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron object, possibly a fitting, of unknown date. The object comprises a flat elongated rectangular piece of metal with a pointed lug at each end. The object is bent slightly into a shallow u-shape. The object has a length of 57mm, a width of 13mm and a thickness of 3mm. The object weighs 8.3 grams.

BM-932CA3: NAIL
An ?incomplete iron nail of unknown date, with a small copper-alloy tack attached. The nail has a length of 46mm and a thickness of 17mm. The tack has a length of 12mm and a width of 5mm. The entire object has a weight of 6.7 grams.

BM-930207: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A fragment of iron object of unknown date. The object comprises a flat, elongrated rectangular piece of metal that is bent slightly at one end. The object has a length of 45mm, a width of 9mm, a thickness of 5mm and weighs 6.2 grams.

BM-92F0DB: NAIL
An incomplete iron nail of unknown date. The head of the nail is roughly flat and circular in shape but damaged. This is attached to a long square-sectioned stem that tapers towards a point. The nail has a length of 153mm. The head has a diameter of 25mm and a thickness of 5mm. The shaft has a maximum width of 15mm. The nail weighs 77 grams.

BM-9284D9: NAIL
An extremely corroded iron nail of uncertain date. The head of the nail is obscured by corrosion products and riverbed accretions but extends to a rectangular-section tapering stem. The nail measures 78mm in length and the stem has a maximum width of 7mm.

BM-927BAA: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A complete iron object, possibly a fitting, of unknown date. One end is circular in shape with a small circular perforation in the centre. This extends to a flat shaft with a rounded terminal, on the underside of which is an irregular shaped lug. The object has a length of 44mm. The diameter of the head is 26mm and the maximum width of the shaft 19mm. The object has a thickness of 10mm and weighs 13.8 grams.

BM-925C76: HOOK
An incomplete iron hook of unknown date. The hook has a length of 36mm, a width of 25mm and a thickness of 6mm. The hook weighs 7.6 grams.

BM-924B83: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron object, probably structural or a fitting, of unknown date. One terminal is flat and tongue-shaped. This extends into an oval-sectioned shaft that tapers towards the other terminal, which is damaged. On the reverse is a long, twisted pin at the wider end. The object has a length of 130mm, a maximum width of 27mm and a thickness of 8mm. The object weighs 91.8 grams.

BM-9225A4: WASTE
A fragment of lead waste of unknown date. The object comprises an irregular-shaped plate with a sub-rectangular off-centred perforation. On the reverse there is a raised triangular-sectioned lug with three small lugs along the tip, and another to one side at a 90 degree angle. The object has a length of 35mm, a width of 35mm and a maximum thickness of 14mm. The perforation has a width of 5mm. The object weighs 17.9 grams.

BM-92093B: WASTE
A fragment of lead waste of unknown date. The object comprises a square-shaped plate with two of the oppsing edges bent back against the reverse of the plate. In the centre of the plate is a sub-sqaure shaped perforation. The object has a length of 31mm, a width of 34mm and a maximum thickness of 7mm. The perforation has a width of 7mm. The object weighs 11.9 grams.

BM-91E80A: SPIKE
A complete object, possibly structural ironwork, of unknown date. The object comprises a square-section stem that extends to a loop at one end. The object has a length of 65mm. The loop has a diameter of 30mm while the stem has a maximum width of 12mm. The object weighs 23 grams.

BM-91C1CA: RING
An incomplete and heavily corroded iron ring of unknown date. The ring has an external diameter of 40mm and an internal diameter of 28mm. The band has a maximum thickness of 6.6mm. The ring weighs 8.3 grams.

WILT-919D8F: AXE
A complete iron axehead of medieval to post-medieval date (AD 700-1660). The object is sub-rectangular with a wedge shaped blade and an open triangular socket. None of the haft is retained. It is c 225.50mm in length and 91.20mm in width/height at the cutting edge The blade tapers towards the socket where it is 49.36mm in width/height, then widens to 57.43mm at the far end of the socket. The triangular aperture is 56.80mm x 38mm. The thickness of the blade is 25mm at the join with the socket and tapers away to a blunt point at the cutting edge. The thickness of the metal around the aperture varies but is mainly c 9mm at the sides, 18mm at the far end. The shape and construction of this axe suggests that it might fit within a sub-class known as bearded axes although any suggestion of a beard shape is very slight. See DUR-F7E257 and NLM-C838A6 for similar axeheads. The metal is a deep orange in colour with a very pitted and corroded patina. This axe was found with two wedge shape objects, both with similar patina to the axehead itself. The first of these (a) is 50.97mm in length and 24.24mm in width, 17.31mm thick at the top, and weighs 39.25g. The other (b) is 44.65mm in length, 20.12mm in width, 9.17mm thick at the top and weighs 24.01g.

BM-8FE981: CHAIN
Two iron chain links of unknown date. One is rectangular and complete, while the other is figure-of-eight shaped and broken on one side. The rectangular link measures 38mm in length, 15mm in width, the figure-of-eight link measures 31mm in length and 15mm in width. The object weighs 10.4 grams. These links were probably initially part of the same chain as BM-8ECF7B.

BM-8FDA05: CHAIN
An incomplete iron chain link dating to the Roman period. The chain link is circular in section and in the form of a figure of eight. The object measures 72mm in length, 27mm in width, 7mm in thickness and weighs 18.2 grams.

BM-8F99B1: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete piece of structural ironwork of unknown date. The object consists of a square section shaft that is bent into a loop at one end. The object has a length of 49mm. The loop has a diameter of 21mm, and the shaft a maximum width of 7mm. The object weighs 5 grams.

BM-8F6F50: RING
A complete iron ring of unknown date. The ring has an external diameter of 24mm and an internal diameter of 18mm. The band is 3mm in thickness. The ring weighs 2 grams.

BM-8F5F1D: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An incomplete iron object of unknown date. The object consists of a flat sub-rectangular plate with a circular perforation in the centre. One end is damaged and the other end bent. The object has a length of 27mm, a width of 26mm, a thickness of 2mm and weighs 3.6 grams.

BM-8F4D33: SPIKE
A complete piece of structural ironwork of unknown date. The object consists of a square section shaft that is bent into a loop at one end. The object has a length of 100mm. The loop has a diameter of 19mm, and the shaft a maximum width of 6mm. The object weighs 16 grams.

BM-8F3217: NAIL
An incomplete iron nail of unknown date.The fragment comprises the stem of the nail and has a length of 48mm, a width of 5mm and weighs 5 grams.

BM-8F2598: NAIL
A complete iron nail of unknown date. The nail is 26mm in length, 4mm in thickness, and the head has a diameter of 13mm. The nail weighs 2.1 grams.

BM-8ECF7B: CHAIN
A fragment of iron chain of unknown date. The chain consists of four conjoined links; two figure of eight links with a rectangular link in between, and another broken rectangular link at one end. The chain has a length of 92mm and a maximum width of 37mm. The chain weighs 24.1 grams. Probably initially part of the same chain as BM-8FE981.

BM-543FF6: NAIL
An incomplete fragment of iron, probably a nail dating to the Roman period. The shaft is ovular in section anjd tapers slightly along its length, with patches of heavy corrosion down most of one side. The nail has a length of 123mm and a maximum width of 19mm. It weighs 154 grams.

BM-542503: CHISEL
A near complete iron chisel with integral handle dating to the Roman period. It possesses a rectangular-sectioned iron shaft, with a battered diamond/T-shaped head at one end, and a flared chisel blade at the other formed by a bevel on one side only. One side of the blade is damaged. Similar in form to a Type 2 nail, but paralleled at the Ingleby Barwick villa (Hunter 2014).It has a length of 146mm. The head has a width of 25mm and a thickness of 12mm. The shaft has a maximum width of 15mm and a maximum thickness of 8mm. It weighs 70 grams.

BM-540E7E: NAIL
An incomplete large iron nail probably dating to the Roman period. The head of the nail is semi-circular in shape and is flat on top where is has been struck. The upper part of the shaft is rectangular in section, transitioning into a square section shaft that tapers to a point at the end; the point is damaged. The nail has a length of 267mm. The nail head has a width of 45mm and a thickness of 21mm. The shaft has a maximum width of 25mm and a maximum thickness of 16mm.

BM-538B72: CHISEL
A large iron mortice chisel, possibly dating to the Roman period. The chisel possesses a round socket, heavily battered and flared at the opening, with fragments of wood preserved inside. It tapers towards a robust rectangular-sectioned blade, which tapers towards a cutting edge formed by a bevel on one side only. Humphreys (2018) Type Dii-6. L 228 mm ; L (socket) 63 mm ; DM (socket, external) 51 mm ; DM (socket, internal) 23 mm ; L (blade) 165 mm ; W (blade) 22 mm ; T (blade) 14 mm ; W (tip) 14 mm ; Wt 303 g

BM-53538A: COLLAR
An almost complete iron collar of uncertain date. The collar is made of a single strip of metal bent into a circular shape with two overlapping terminals. A circular rivet holds the two terminals together. One edge of the circular strip is damaged. The external diameter of the collar is 97.3mm, with an internal diameter of 91.3mm. The metal strip has a width of 34.9mm and a thickness of 3.1mm. The rivet head has a dimaeter of 15mm. The collar weighs 110.1 grams.

LON-5193AA: PIKE
A Post Medieval incomplete iron pike head dating 16th - 17th century. The iron point has a triangular cross-section, there is a bulbous section just below the point above the socket. The socket has three ridges arranged along the legth. The langets are broken and missing with two work breaks showing their presence on the open end of the socket. The langets are two metal strips that run from the bottom of the socket down the top part of the pole. Dimensions: length: 196mm; width at base of point: 14.91mm; external diameter of socket: 18.80mm; internal diameter of socket: 12.60mm weight: 112.65g.

LON-50F201: AUGER
A medieval iron spoon auger probably dating to the 13th or 14th century. The spoon auger was used for boring or enlarging holes in wood. This example appears to be complete and may have been part of a set of varying sizes. The shaft is approximately circular in cross section and widens away upward with sloping shoulders before tapering to form a flattened, wedge-shaped tang. This would have been set transversely in a wooden handle, allowing the auger to be rotated. The U-shaped blade is formed by a concave depression in the shaft which also tapers slightly towards the rounded tip. Note that these may also have been referred to as 'wymbylles' - see reference: Underhill. R. The Woodwright's Work Book. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1986. Similar examples have been excavated from archaeological contexts in York and are dated between the 12th and 14th centuries. Examples are also known as early as the 10th century however (Arwidsson and Berg 1983 in Ottaway & Rogers 2002). Ottaway, P and Rogers N. 2002. Craft, Industry and Everyday Life Finds From Medieval York. CBA; York Length: 95mm, Diameter: (Tang: 11.1mm, Shaft: 4.3mm, Blade: 7.3mm), Weight: 11.7g

BM-504C5A: PLOUGH
An iron ploughshare of Hanemann (2014) Type 2F dating to the Roman period. The ploughshare has a short rectangular-sectioned tang, broken at one end. At the other end, the tang steps out to a pair or sharp shoulders to a parallel-sided blade with a heavily rounded tip. It is not clear if this is from wear or corrosion. The blade is oval in section, with sharp edges. The object measures 360mm in length, a maximum of 74mm in width and a maximum of 11mm in thickness. The ploughshare was ill-advisedly treated with a sealant by the divers in order to prevent it from corroding further. This has given it a varnished appearance.

BM-5036CB: CLEAVER
An incomplete iron cleaver of Manning (1985) Type 5 dating to the Roman period. Flat rectangular-sectioned tang, broken at one end, the other joining a triangular knife blade, angled downwards from the tang and stepping out at the lower edge. The tip is broken. Heavily obscured by dirt and corrosion, as such it is not even clear which side is the cutting edge.The object measures 226mm in length, a maximum of 60mm in width, a maximum of 27mm in thickness and weighs 295 grams.

BM-5018C8: HORSESHOE
An iron object of uncertain date and function, possibly part of a horseshoe. It comprises a flat iron strip which is broken at both ends. The object measures 90mm in length, 25mm in width, 10mm in thickness and weighs 38 grams. Curving flat iron strip, broken at both ends.

BM-500DB5: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A fragment of an iron object of uncertain date and function. It comprises a flat strip, with rounded ends and a waisted centre. Amorphous and corroded.The object measures 86mm in length, 22mm in width, 9mm in thickness and weighs 34 grams.

BM-4FF246: FURNITURE FITTING
An iron object of uncertain date and function, possibly a handle. The object comprises a square-sectioned bar, broken at one end, expanding to a robust ?leaf-shaped terminal at the other. It is slightly curved. The object measures 81mm in length, 18mm in thickness and weighs 54 grams.

BM-4FD52D: KNIFE
A near complete iron knife, possibly dating to the Roman period. It possesses a thin blade, with a straight back and ?curved cutting edge, tip missing, attached to awide, thick iron handle, which is parallel-sided before narrowing to a thinner iron handle section, which has been folded back over the rest of the knife The object measures 143mm in length. The blade has a width of 26mm and a thickness of 3mm. The handle has a width of 28mm and a thickness of 12mm. The entire object weighs 128 grams.

BM-4FC27F: AWL
An incomplete iron awl or bradawl of Humphreys (2018) Type 1.2 dating to the Roman period. It comprises a square-sectioned octahedral handle, with a sub-square flattened knob head at one end, broken at the other. Objects of this type are usually interpreted as leatherworking awls, although the tips rarely survive. The majority of objects of this type from London appeared instead to be woodworking bradawls.The object measures 86mm in length and a maximum of 21mm in width. The object weighs 98.8 grams.

BM-4FABE8: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified iron object, possibly a file, dagger or tool tine of uncertain date. It comprises a long tapering spike with a short robust rectangular-sectioned portion at one end, with a flat butt, becoming ?semicircular in section and tapering to a point. The object measures 170mm in length, a maximum of 20mm in width and weighs 223.8 grams.

BM-4F8D78: ADZE
An incomplete iron object, possibly the blade of an adze or adze hammer dating to the Roman period. Rectangular-sectioned object, broken at both ends. One end narrow and robust, presumably the butt of the blade which would have attached to the shaft hole casing. Flaring and flattening towards the other, presumably the cutting edge. The object measures 135.9mm in length, a maximum of 49.4mm in width, a maximum of 19.1mm in thickness and weighs 176.9 grams.

BM-4F78ED: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron object of uncertain function or date, possibly a tool tine. It comprises a tapering spike with a rounded rectangular-section with a flat butt at one end, tapering to a flat point at the other. The object measures 170mm in length, a maximum of 22mm in width, a maximum of 19mm in thickness and weighs 126.8 grams.

BM-4F653A: CHISEL
A near complete iron socketed mortise chisel of Humphreys (2018) Type Dii-6 dating to the Roman period. It possesses a round tapering socket, heavily damaged with wood preserved inside. The blade is rectangular in section, with a cutting edge formed by a long bevel from one side only. L 194 mm ; L (socket) 77 mm ; DM (socket) (20) mm ; L (blade) 117 mm ; W (blade) 8 mm ; T (blade) 18 mm ; L (bevel) 30 mm ; W (tip) 7 mm.

BM-4F56B1: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife blade of Manning (1985) Type 18 and dating to the Roman period. It possesses a triangular-sectioned blade, broken at one end, expanding towards the other before ending in a tip formed by slopes from both sides.The blade measures 90.5mm in length, 19.3mm in width, 4.7mm in thickness and weighs 16.5 grams.

BM-4F4573: CANDLESTICK
An unusual iron object, possibly architectural in nature although also resembling an iron candlestick dating to the Roman period. Comprising multiple parts. Central is a square-sectioned shaft resembling a nail shaft, tapering to a bent point at one end, broken at the other. Near the broken end are four strips of iron, one on each face of the shaft, the ends of which are bent into curls. These strips appear to be held in place by a separate strip, which is wrapped around the shaft holding the curled strips in place. The function of this object is unclear. Whilst similar iron curls can be seen on Roman field anvils, the closest Roman parallel is a candle stick from Bainbridge (Eckardt, 2002, no. 1471), which has identical construction. The length of the shaft of the Piercebridge object suggests that it could not have functioned as a candlestick, however. The same construction is also used in modern decorative architectural ironwork (railings, gates etc.) and it is likely that the Piercebridge object was used in a similar way. Its date is therefore unclear, and it may be post-Roman.A The object measures 149.3mm in length, a maximum of 37.8mm in width and weighs 127.4 grams.

BERK-4D69E4: HOE
A cast iron socketed hoe/axe type implement, possibly Roman in origin c. 45 - 400 AD. It has a trapezoidal, bladed emerging from the curved socket section with the wider blade edge having a gentle radius, that may be the result of wear. The implement could have been mounted either in-line with the shaft, or conceivably at right angles to that shaft. It is now heavily eroded and with considerable surface fragmentation. The object/hoe was found in an area of numerous Roman and earlier finds, therefore, it may conceivably precede the Roman occupation. See NLM-B747A1 for a Roman example. It could also be of early-medieval to medieval date.

BERK-4D4158: SWORD
A cast iron early-medieval sword pomme,l comparable to Swords of Type V found in Britain Petersen Types: L. English, dating from c. 850AD to 975AD. The pommel is now heavily corroded and perhaps missing some of the edge form. There are signs of an embossed and (red) enamelled decoration to the surface, which is now a combination of ferrous oxide and possible enamel. See LIN-9468E7, for simlar item.

DENO-3F8444: NAIL
An unidentified iron object, possibly a nail or stud of uncertain date. The object has a pyramid-shaped head and a roughly rectangular, tapering shaft which has a vane-like projection 11mm below the head. Overall, the object measures 53.5 mm long, 24 mm wide and 14.8 mm thick. The head measures 14.8 mm wide by 10.1 mm thick. The shaft is 8 mm wide below the head, tapering to 3 mm at the tip. The projection is 14mm wide. The object weighs 17.9 g. The object is black in colour and has an even patina.

BM-3EF278: FORK (UTENSIL)
An fragment of an iron fork, probably dating to the post-medieval period. The fork possesses a flat, lead-shaped head with four elongated teeth which extends to a circular-section handle, now broken. The head of the fork is decorated with an incised cross. Surviving length: 66.6mm, width: 12.6, thickness: 1.3, weight: 3.5grams.

BERK-E40328: STIRRUP
A complete cast iron/copper alloy, post medieval stirrup, dating from the 17th - 18th century. The stirrup has a rounded top with the strap mount intact. The sides are slightly incurvate to a lenticular foot plate on the lower part of the stirrup. It is now heavily rusted, with some evidence of a green patina from a copper alloy material.

BM-AB594B: CHAIN
Six fragments of an iron chain consisting of several figure-of-eight loops. The length of the loops are 35mm, a width of 16mm and a weight of 7.4 grams. The smaller complete loop measures 27.5mm in length, 11.8mm in width and weighs 1.8 grams.

BM-AADD88: CHAIN
A fragment of an iron chain probably dating to the Roman period. The chain comprises three links. The first is a circular-section bar formed into an 'S' shape and bent to form a closed loop. The bar tapers at the closed loop end. The second link comprises a circular-section ring. The third link comprises a circular-section elongated oval loop. The chain has a length of 137mm, a maximum width of 40mm and weighs 41.2 grams.

SUSS-7FB1FA: SWORD
Incomplete Late Medieval- Post Medieval, ferrous Sword blade, missing the tang and hilt assembly, AD 1350 - 1550. This is the blade from a single handed longsword, tapering from the hilt towards the point. The sword has broken at the start of the tang resulting in the loss of the hilt assembly. The blade itself has been fullered upon both sides for a quarter/third of its length. The Blade has the corect profile for a functional weapon rather than a modern blunt and has retained something of its edges. There is a possible design engraved into the blade on one side at the hilt end of the sword, this is the correct place for a maker's mark or design and numerous examples can be found in Oakshott 1991. The sword corresponds to an Oakshott type XIIIa no.s 5 and 6 in Oakshott 1991. The design is irregular in shape, with a square with short projections towards the hilt, then two curving lines below that are of different lengths and have a sideways W shape on one side. The image appears to be nonsensicle though, it is likely that much has been obscured through corrosion. The blade has corroded but is in a stable condition and retains a large amount of metal. There is the possibilty that it could be a 19th century reproduction, though, it is unlikely given the condition of the blade and the circumstance of the find. Metallurgy could be performed to determine if hot rolled iron or steel has been used or if it was made from bloomery iron. The latter would suggest a pre-19th century date. Length of Blade: 882mm, Width at hilt: 39.94mm, Width at mid point: 34.8mm, Width at tip: 25.77mm. Thickness at Hilt: 5.03mm, Thickness at mid: 3.08mm, Thickness at point: 1.54mm. Width of tang: 13.33mm Oakshott, E. 1991, Records of the Medieval Sword Boydell:Hockley

LANCUM-D8035F: SPEARHEAD
Fragment of an iron spear-shaped object of uncertain dating but probably Post Medieval to Modern (AD 1700 to AD 1900). The artefact has a flat projecting blade, with integral square sectioned tang. No central ridge is present on either side of the blade. The top exhibits a blunt point, not a sharp one but tip is probably broken. It may well be off a railing or other similar architectural feature. The length is 300mm, the width is 55mm and thickness 30mm.

BM-98377E: VESSEL
A fragment of an iron object with an applied copper-alloy fitting, possibly an element of a vessel dating to the Roman period. The copper-alloy fitting is embedded in a slightly convex iron sheet. On the upper surface, the fitting is circular in plan and hemispherical in section, with two tongue-shaped extensions. On the underside, the fact that the fitting is hollow is apparent. The copper-alloy fitting measures 13mm in length, 37mm in width and 22mm in height. The iron object has a length of 14mm.

BM-952D08: HARNESS FITTING
An iron object, probably a skirted terret loop dating to the mid Roman period. The loop measures 23mm in length, with a maximum width of 15mm. The loop has a diameter of 16mm. The object weighs 4.3 grams. Terrets are rings mounted on a piece of harness, such as a bridle or yoke (Hanemann, 2014, Abb. 268), which act as guide rings for reins, preventing them becoming entangled. They are especially important on vehicles powered by teams of animals (Hanemann, 2014, p. 307). Whilst these are usually made of copper alloy, a few iron examples are known (Hanemann, 2014, p. 310), including a very similar example from Blackburn Mill (Piggott, 1952, fig. 11, B5). The wings around the base would have stabilised the ring against the wood of the yoke and are characteristic of Roman terrets (Piggott, 1952, p. 41).

BM-82E229: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hob nail or tack dating to the Roman period. The tack has a flat circular head and a bent stem. The tack has a length of 15mm and the diameter of the head measures 8mm. The tack weighs 0.9 grams.

BM-82B741: STUD
A fragment of an iron stud or tack dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises the head and a small portion of the stem. The head is spherical and extends to a rectangular-section tapering stem. The object has a length of 20mm. The head is spherical, measuring 11mm in diameter. The stem is square in section with a width of 3mm. The object weighs 6.2 grams.

BM-8117D2: TACK
Three iron objects possibly tacks of uncertain date. The larger fragment is sub-square in section, with a stem emerging from one end, measures 20mm in length and has a maximum width of 7mm. Another piece, slightly smaller and possibly part of a tack, measures 12mm in length and a maximum width of 7mm. The smallest piece measures 12mm in length and 4mm in maximum width. The three pieces weigh 2.9 grams.

BM-7FEBDD: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A fragment of iron object, possibly a hasp, dating to the Roman period. The object measures in 23mm in length, 3mm in width and 1mm thick. The object weighs 1.3 grams.

PUBLIC-5F55DF: COIN
A complete silver plated contemporary copy of a Mark Antony legionary type denarius issued for the 7th legion 'Claudia', dating c. 32-31 BC onwards (Reece Period 1). Travelling mint with Antony. Obverse: ANT AVG, III VIR R P C, Galley. Reverse; LEG VII, legionary eagle between two standards.The coin has been manufactured with a layer of silver foil or plate, which has been wrapped around an iron core. This core has severely corroded and erupted out of the outer layer, with the result that the obverse is entirely obscured by encrustations in addition to large parts of the reverse. Syndenham 1224; RRC p. 540, cf. no. 544/20.

PUBLIC-5F1FF7: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete Post Medieval iron key dating to the 16th century. The key has a D-sectioned, heart-shaped loop, with a knop on the point of the heart. The stem is solid, being trapezoidal in-section as it moves away from the loop, leading to 3 raised, concentric ribs. The stem then narrows and becomes circular-sectioned at approximately the half-way point, and continues to taper as it reaches the end of the key bit. The bit is rectangular in shape, with three rectangular clefts removed from the base, there are two further rectangular clefts along the outside edge and another half-way along the inside edge. A key with a similar loop has been recorded on the database with a 16th century date; LON-BD1546. LON-8EEC54 also shows a key with a similar bit design, which has also been dated to the 16th century. Dimensions: length: 89.96mm; width of bit: 17.72mm; diameter of stem: 8.87mm; weight: 30.07g

BM-5974DB: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. The hobnail has a head which is circular in plan and conical in section. From the underside of the head, there extends a circular-section stem which tapers and is bent. The hob nail measures 14mm in length. The conical head has a maximum width of 7mm. The shaft is square in section and measures a maximum of 2mm in width. The hob nail weighS 0.8 grams.

BM-58BA8B: HOB NAIL
A heavily corroded iron hob nail, probably dating to the Roman period. The hobnail possesses a head which is circular in plan and conical in section. A stem extends from the underside of the head. The hob nail measures 9mm in length and has a maximum width of 7mm at the sub-circular head. The hob nail weighs 0.4 grams.

BM-573958: HOB NAIL
An iron hob nail, probably dating to the Roman period. The hob nail measures 7mm in length and the head, which is rounded and hemispherical in section, has a diameter of 4mm. The hob nail weighs 0.2 grams.

BM-56270C: HOB NAIL
A possible iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The hob nail measures 17mm in length and 9mm in width. The hob nail weighs 0.7 grams.

BM-55F74D: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The head is conical in shape and hexagonal in section. The pin is sub-rectangular in section and pointed at the end. The tack measures 12mm in length. The head has a width of 5mm, and the pin has a maximum width of 2mm. The tack weighs 0.4 grams.

BM-55DF03: STUD
A fragment of a small composite stud dating to the Roman period. The stud head is circular in shape and hemispherical in section. It comprises a copper-alloy sheet outer and presumably a lead-alloy core, although the latter is obscured by iron corrosion products. The sheet outer is damaged with a slightly off-centre perforation being visible. There is a scar for a circular-section iron stem. There is a circular perforation measuring 3mm in diameter through the centre of the head. The stud head measures 12mm in diameter and has a thickness of 6mm. The stud head weighs 3.3 grams.

BM-5543C5: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The hobnail measures 16.5mm in length. The head is sub-circular in section and measures 7mm in width. The pin tapers towards a point, is rectangular in section and measures a maximum of 2.5mm in width. The hob nail weighs 1 gram.

BM-551CF4: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hob nail or tack dating to the Roman period. The hobnail measures 13mm in length. The head is irregular in shape and relatively flat. It measures 8mm in maximum width. The stem is square in section and tapers towards the point, measuring a maximum of 2mm in width. It weighs 0.5 grams.

BM-F076E8: HOB NAIL
An iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The hob nail possesses a head which is circular in plan and conical in section. From the underside of the head, there extends a circular-section stem. The hob nail measures 8mm in diameter and 14mm in thickness. It weighs 1.01g.

BM-F06ED2: HOB NAIL
An iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The hob nail comprises a conical head from the underside of which there extends a circular-section stem. The hob nail measures 7mm in diameter and 9mm in thickness. It weighs 1.11g.

BM-ACE2F2: HOB NAIL
An iron hobnail, or small nail, probably dating to the Roman period. The nail possesses a head which is circular in plan and hemispherical in section. From the underside of the head, there extends a circular-section stem which tapers slightly to a rounded point. The nail measures 10mm in length and has a maximum width of 5mm.

BM-ACBA75: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hobnail dating to the Roman period. The hobnail possesses a head which is circular in plan and conical in section. From the underside of the head there extends a rectangular-section stem which tapers to a rounded point. The stem is slightly bent. The head measures 8mm in diameter. The stem has a width of 2.5mm.The tack is 11mm in length

PUBLIC-592BFB: BUCKLE
Part of 17th century shoe buckle chape. Iron with laquer coating.

BM-1D51FE: KNIFE
An iron knife with integral iron handle, probably dating to the Roman period. The handle measures 83mm in length and has a circular section diameter of 20mm at the terminal. The blade is 7mm in length, 20mm in width and a maximum of 3mm thick.

BM-1AE87B: KNIFE
An iron knife, probably dating to the Roman period. The handle is circular in section and terminates in a flat, circular end plate. The blade is heavily corroded and damaged but appears very slightly curved. The knife measures 165mm in length. The blade is 36mm at its widest and 2mm thick. The terminal of the handle, which is circular in section, has a maximum diameter of 20mm.

BM-1ABCC1: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife probably dating to the Roman period. The fragment measures 66mm in length, 16mm at its widest, and is 3mm in thickness.

BM-1A9730: KNIFE
An iron knife, probably dating to the Roman period. The knife measures 171mm in length, 32mm at its widest and 4mm in thickness.

BM-DE2295: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron T-shaped lift key dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises part of the rectangular-section stem which extends to form a tapering circular-section stem. The teeth or prongs are broken but originally extended to form a 'T'- shape, then recurving to form a W. The fragment measures 67mm in length. The stem measures 11m in width at the rectangular portion and a maximum of 6mm in diameter. See Manning 1985, 90 and Fig. 25, no. 1 for the type and a list of parallels from Britain and Germany. The lock which was operated by this type of key was extremely simple and was widely used throughout the Roman Empire and throughout the Roman period.

BM-DD4F12: KEY (LOCKING)
A fragment of a very corroded iron object, probably the handle of a slide key dating to the Roman period. The fragment comprises a rectangular-section handle with a perforation, now broken at one end, which extends to a rectangular section shaft. The fragment measures 29mm in length, 9mm in width and 5mm in thickness. Compare with handles of slide keys illustrated by Manning 1985, Plate 41, particularly O40 to O55.

BM-C4C4D7: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unidentified iron object of uncertain date. The object is cylindrical with a flat base and top and central circular perforation. It measures 27mm in diameter and 9mm in thickness. The perforation measures approximately 7mm in diameter. The object weighs 24.09 grams.

SUR-AF0F85: HORSESHOE
A medieval to post-medieval iron horseshoe which has an angular inner profile and a right-angled calkin on one heel only. The shoe has three nail holes on one side and four on the other with six rectangular headed nails extant, each standing proud of the shoe. The shoe has a dished upper surface. Clark type 4.

BERK-9C804A: SWORD
A fragment of a hollow, cast iron sword pommel from a large sword, possibly a broad sword and of medieval date. Approximately one-quarter of the pommel survives; originally it would have been spherical. The remains of a rectangular hole for the tang of the sword's handle indicates that this is the underside of the pommel. The pommel fragment has six vertical ribs down the length of the body, these may have had copper strips attached to them. The pommel appears to have broken along the central casting seam. A very similar example is classed as Type VI in the Medieval Catalogue (1954:22) and depicted on Plate II (ibid). This spherical iron pommel is of a type found on swords in use during the 13th century AD and surviving into later periods, the design probably derived from earlier Viking and Norman types (Medieval Catalogue 1954:25). Two other examples, one from Oxfordshire (BERK-65B4A2) and the other from West Berkshire (SUR-C77D05), have been recorded on this database.

SWYOR-9AB3D9: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron T shaped staple or other fixture and fitting element of unknown date, Roman to Modern. The object has a circular sectioned stem with an irregularly shaped cross-sectined cross bar. One side of the cross bar is straight (45mm long) and the other is bent downwards into a hook and is also smaller and thinner. It is not clear whether the bend is deliberate. It could be used to hook a loop of string etc, for example, if the obejct was used as a tent peg or similar. The whole object is 129mm long, 74mm wide and 10mm thick. 86g. Similar T-staples were used from the Roman period onwards, but this could also be much more recent. See number 157 - 162 on plate 58 of Manning (1976) Catalogue of Romano-British Ironwork in the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne. The object is probably a structural fitting of some type, but could also be a linch pin or a tent peg. Compare also SWYOR-FECDC7 and NMS-C4B174.

DUR-87458C: KEY (MUSIC)
A Cast iron object, possibly a medieval music key which would have been used to tighten strings or pegs of musical instruments. The object features a twisted shaft and a flattened, heart shaped handle with projection at the top. Similar objects on the Portable Antiquities Scheme include: NARC-394005, DENO-81E17A Dimensions: Length - 49.41mm, Width- 22,77mm, Thickness-6.58mm, Weight- 13.3g

SOM-495BD7: HORSESHOE
An iron horseshoe dating to the period c. AD 1600 - 1800. The horseshoe is 35.71mm wide at the toe and then expands unevenly to 39.37mm on one side and 46.53 on the other into the web before tapering along each branch to a feathered heel. There would appear to be four nail holes on each branch. Three nails are visible protruding from holes around the shoe, the remaining holes are filled with iron corrosion product. An iron bar has been welded to the bottom of the shoe at the toe. It arches downwards at a ninety degree angle to the shoe for 37.56mm, is then bent through a further ninety degrees so that it is running parallel to the base of the shoe for 87.97mm and then bifurcates. Each leg then bends at ninety degrees, with each terminal welded to one of the heels. The bar is 8.54mm thick. The horseshoe is 130.89mm long, 121.06mm wide, 8.56mm thick (51.49mm including bar) and weighs 593g. Such veterinary or orthopaedic horseshoes are often known as "patten shoes". They were produced to treat a horse with a leg injury or faulty gait. A similar example is illustrated in Diderot's Encyclopedie Vol. VII (1769), plate VI, no.s 20 & 21, although the shape of this example suggests that it may date from the 17th century (John Clark, pers comm). In support of an earlier date in the 17th century is a 'patten' shoe found at Basing House, Hampshire (Moorhouse 1971, 45-46; fig. 20, no. 79). John Page (pers comm) suggests this type of fitting may be to hold a wooden board to increase he surface area when a horse is working on very soft ground.

KENT-3256D5: CANNON BALL
A post-Medieval (AD1500-1700) spherical cast iron cannon ball The surface is covered by iron oxide accretions and there are six small areas of corrosion, four on one side and two on the opposite side. Diameter: 43.88mm, weight: 325.0g

LANCUM-0B23D0: FILE
Iron file dating probably dating Medieval to early Post-medieval 1100 to 1600AD. It is sub-rectangular in plan and rectangular in section. It has a tapering tang which would have been inserted into a handle. The length is 250mm, the width is 23mm and the weight too heavy for scales. Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N., 2002 Craft, Industry and Every Day Life: Finds From Medieval York York : Council for British Archaeology, 2723,

WILT-771785: BAYONET
An incomplete Late Post Medieval sword bayonet with iron handle and blade. It is old broken on both ends and severely corroded. It is possible to identify the bayonet as a Pattern 1907 (P1907), introduced, together with the rifle Short Magazine Lee-Enfield Mk III, on 26 January 1907. Both the rifle and the bayonet were in use by the British Army during First World War. Milions of P1907 bayonets were produced in Britain, Australia, India and USA. They usually show a marking near the crossguard, but in this case the mark is not visible due to the corrosion patina. The bayonet is composed by the hilt, the crossguard with a circular ring for the insertion of the barrel and the blade. The hilt is old broken with a single rivet hole under the crossguard. It measures 85.16mm in length, 26.62mm in width and 4.93mm in thick. The crossguard is broadly rectangular shape and measures 60.93mm in length. The blade is rectangular shape in plan and has been bent on one side and old broken at the top. Just under the superior edge of the balde is the fuller, a small, rectangular shape groove made in order to lighten the blade. The blade measures 179.83mm in length, 25.08mm in width and 5.12mm in thick. The bayonet weighs 234g.

SWYOR-73B8F9: VESSEL
A fragment of a cast iron cauldron or other cooking vessel, probably of medieval or early post-medieval date, AD 1200 - 1700. The remaining portion consists of a small portion of the curved wall of the vessel and a short length of an integral extension of D shaped section. This extension may be part of a handle, a handle lug or a leg but corrosion makes the exact nature of difficult to determine. The fragment is 52.4mm long, 42.8mm wide and 43.5mm high. It weighs 94.69gm.

KENT-F93D5D: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An unatributable iron object of uncertain use and function. Description: The object is highly degraded and partially warped by uncertain processes possibly a combination of heat followed by corrosion. It is roughly a shallow mushroom shaped with a large rounded concave cap with regularly spaced ring and annulet decoration around the outside of the cap just as it curves down. It has a hollow shallow shank slightly curved at the bottom. The central peforation through the cap and shank is roughly circular and block by emebedded flint pebbles, At the bottom end a small bit of gold wire has been embedded in the hollow but it is uncertain if this relates to the object orignal use/decoration or became embedded in the object during its time in the sea.Substantial sections of the object have been warped or broken leading to a sizable amount of the cap being missing (roughly a third). The object has a dark brown patination with substantial patches of iron corrosions, save the gold wire which is as one would expect golden in colour. Measurements: 47.6mm long, 39.2mm wide, 23.9mm high and 59.47g in weight. Discussion: The identity and age of this object remains uncertain, after inital thoughts that it was Iron Age, Dr. Julia Farley, Iron Age Curator at the British Museum comments that the object 'doesn't look like an Iron Age sword pommel (wrong shape, and probably a bit big). It's not impossible it could be prehistoric (buffer terminal of a weird torc??), but on balance of probability it is unlikely.' After substantial consideration and discussion with a number of specialists the date and identity of this object remains uncertain.

DUR-F7E257: AXEHEAD
An incomplete iron 'Axehead of Medieval to Post-Medieval date (AD 1000-1550). The object is sub-rectangular with a wedge shaped, downward projecting blade and a projecting, open triangular socket. None of the haft is retained. A small portion of the socket is missing due to an old and abraded break. The metal is a deep orange in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Database: LANCUM-7241D2, WMID-4AFC87 and HESH-66CF45. The shape and construction of this axe it is suggested that it fits within a sub-class known as bearded axes, these were cheaply made and popular, widely available general-utility tools owned by many. The socket was form simply by folding the tail of the axe over and welding it against one cheek to form a loop. Dating for these seems vague as they were probably used throughout much of the Medieval period and maybe even earlier, however it probably dates from c.1000-1500 AD. It can be paralleled with similar examples (no's: 2, 3 and 6), in Ward Perkins London Museum Medieval Catalogue'.

DENO-F72452: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball of post medieval date (AD c.1450-c.1700). The surface is corroded and has concretions, but appears to have been well finished, with no obvious seam or sprue. The weight is 692 g, approximately 1.5 pounds, it has a diameter of 55 mm, which suggests it was fired from a Falcon or Falconet ('Identifying Cannon Balls and Musket Shot' - article by Nick Tucker in Treasure Hunting Magazine, February 1992, p 42).

KENT-D02933: SLAG
A fragment of undated Iron slag. The fragment is irregularly shaped with a slightly patch of vitreous green material at one end. The majority of the slag is a light rusty orangey brown indicative of oxided iron. Measurements: 30.56mm long, 30.29mm wide, 16.73mm thicka and 15.87g in weight.

WAW-8EAD1B: NAIL
An assemblage of 4 iron nails of possible Roman to Post Medieval date. One nail has a sub-square shank, and the other three a slender rectangular shank. The heads on two are flattened and expanded to one side, another is an inverted triangle and the fourth is slightly bulbous. Collective weight: 10.86g. Iron nails are intrinsically difficult to date out of context. The date range proposed for this assemblage is possibly Roman, but may date into the Post Medieval period.

DENO-653126: SLAG
A piece of iron slag of uncertain date. The object is irregularly shaped and coloured black and reddish brown. It measures 63mm long and 48mm wide. It weighs 80.14g.

DENO-64EAE1: NAIL
An incomplete iron Roman to modern nail (AD c.43-c.2000), missing its tip. The head is broadly rectangular in shape and slightly D-shaped in cross-section. The stem is rectangular in cross-section and tapers from 18.8mm by 16.2mm below the head to 7.9mm by 3.0mm at the tip. Overall, the nail measures 70.9mm long, 44.9mm wide and 34.6mm thick. It weighs 91.94g.

DENO-641C1A: CANNON BALL
An iron post-medieval cannon ball (AD c.1600-c.1700). The ball is broadly spherical with an obvious off-centre casting seam. The surface is pitted. Overall, the ball measures 53.2mm in diameter. The find's proximity to Newark indicates this may have been produced for use in the English Civil War when Newark was besieged three times.

NMS-63810A: PADLOCK
Fragment of a medieval to post-medieval iron cylindrical padlock case including part of one recessed end, radial rib and longitudinal rib. The exterior is heavily brazed. Diameter c.34mm. Extant length 33mm. 13th - 16th century. Finder's no. AB836

ESS-627C3C: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete Medieval iron arrowhead, dating AD1200-1500. The arrowhead is triangular in shape with traces of a narrow tang at the base. There would have been two barbs either side of the tang, one of which has broken away. The arrowhead is covered in concretion and a light-mid brown patina, with part of the darker black metal beneath visible in places. Similar arrowheads are recorded on the PAS database, cf. NARC-94B687. Dimensions: length: 37.37 mm; width: 18.27 mm; thickness: 4.46 mm; weight: 5.86g.

LEIC-4F4A02: BLADE
Undated Iron bladed object, 118mm long, 53mm wide and 9mm thick with a weight of 80.56grams. The object is L shaped in form and rectangular in cross section. It has a sub triangular shaped 'blade' which appears incomplete, This measures 18mm by 16mm and curves into a rectangular sectioned straight shaft which tapers very gently in width to a curved projecting 'prong' which is 9mm long, 6mm wide and 4mm thick at the tip. This is curved to one side, when viewed from its longest side, and may be to accomodate a handle?

PUBLIC-E4B08C: VESSEL
A sherd of a cast Iron cooking pot. The sherd is slightly curved at the apex, which would have been the inside section. The bottom has a flat side, compared to the rough edges of the sides. This sherd was likely a leg part.

NMS-E9F14A: PADLOCK
Fragment of a medieval to post-medieval iron cylindrical padlock case including part of one end in the centre of which is part of hole. The exterior is heavily brazed. Diameter c.28mm. Extant length 34mm. 13th - 16th century.

BM-BFBFBC: KNIFE
A fragment of a badly corroded knife, probably Roman in date. L (90) mm ; max W (18) mm ; max T 5 mm ; Wt 16 g. Iron knife blade. Incomplete. Triangular-sectioned blade, heavily corroded and broken at both ends. The back edge appears to curve towards the cutting edge.

SUR-40EC1E: HOB NAIL
Four Roman iron hob nails with square pyramidal facetted heads. The ensemble weighs 4.07g.

BERK-02D25B: CANNON BALL
Three complete iron cannon balls, possibly for a falconet. Weights 488grmas (x2) and 486 grams (just over a pound each). 510mm diamater (2 inches). Very faint casting seam visible around the girth of each one. Cannonball or agricultural balls?

SWYOR-750F85: SHOT
An iron Post Medieval musket ball probably dating from AD 1600 - 1800. It is spherical and appears to have a lead coating. It is 17.7mm diameter and 21.31g.

BERK-038AA8: ARROWHEAD
An incomplete iron arrowhead of probable medieval date. The arrowhead has a thin, lozenge-shaped head and the remains of a socket. Similar types are dated from the 13th century AD (Ward-Perkins 1954:68-69).

NLM-02A8A8: KEY (LOCKING)
Iron key. Wrought iron rotary key with a bow now appearing to be of trefoil or trilobate form, a possibly round section stem and a thick rectangular bit with the end of the stem protruding beyond it. There is a suspicion - no more given the surface condition - of a vertical cleft in the middle of the bit. The object is entirely covered in corrosion products, and the undisrupted state of this thick coating may suggest the form of the object to be well preserved. There has, however, been significant loss of metal, deduced from the relatively light weight of the object, which points to its being of some age. The size of the key may imply its use to lock a chest or similar item of furniture. A trilobate form of bow does not appear amongst numerous medieval keys reported from London, York and elsewhere, nor amongst those from less numerous excavated and reported early post-medieval assemblages. A later date might therefore be inferred. Alternatively, the bow may be of a more typically medieval oval or kidney-shaped form, and its external shape may arise from the misleading accretion of corrosion. Only X-radiography could resolve this question non-destructively. Suggested date: Unknown, Late Medieval to Post-Medieval, 1350-1700. Length: 92mm, Height (at bow): 38.2mm, Thickness (at bit): 10.1mm, Weight: 49.76gms.

BERK-020F92: HORSESHOE
A complete forged, wrought iron horseshoe of later medieval or post-medieval date. The horseshoe has heavy calkins (not rolled) measuring 17.4mm thick, and the nail holes are rectangular some of which are countersunk. Two nails remain in place and these have square heads, not the fiddle key heads characteristic of earlier medieval horseshoes. There is no fullering line around the nail holes. A very similar horseshoe is illustrated in Ward-Perkins (1954:117 fig. 37.5), which is from the Guildhall Museum and is date from the 15th or early 16th century AD.

SWYOR-EDD8C9: AXE
An incomplete, iron axehead probably of Medieval or post-Medieval date, AD 1300 - 1800. It has a triangular blade with a curved cutting edge, now somewhat abraded, which tapers in width and thickens towards the socket. The socket, which extends below the inner edge of the blade, is narrow and triangular in cross-section. The back of the socket and part of the lower edge have broken away and are missing. The remaining portion of the axe is 122.9mm long, 115.8mm wide and 35.1mm thick. It weighs 637gm. Axes are hard to date as they do not change much in style from the Roman period to the Post-Medieval. However, axes of this design have been in use since the thirteenth century and it is likely to be Medieval or post-Medieval in date. Two examples of axes with similar design features are illustrated in London Museum's Medieval Catalogue, (page 57, numbers 5 and 6) and are thought to be carpenter's axes of thirteenth to sixteenth century date. Compare also WILT-656D09, KENT-D0B3B1, YORYM-C70664 and SUSS-FCD431.

SWYOR-EA76AC: VESSEL
A cast iron handle, probably from a Post-Medieval skillet or other cooking vessel, dating from AD 1650 - 1850. The central part of the handle is in the form of a narrow teardrop. At one end of the teardrop is a broad collar before an oval loop set perpendicular to the handle In the centre of the outer edge of the loop is a short, rectangular knop. At the opposite, narrower end of the teardrop is a second, narrower collar, extending at the sides, before a broader, down-curving neck and a wide, bi-lobed terminal. Each of the lobes of the terminal is pierced to take an iron fastening rivet: both rivets remain in place. The central body of the handle is pierced with two longitudinal, shield shaped holes, set with the broad edges back to back. The handle has broken across the inner of these two piercings; the break is unpatinated and probably recent. The handle is 147.2mm long, 54.8mm wide and 9.9mm thick. It weighs 72.05gm.

BERK-E9AAB7: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
An iron object, possibly an arrowhead of Roman date, or alternatively a tanged tool, like a punch or gouge of medieval date. A similar object is recorded by Appels and Laycock (2007:138 figure AA15.13) as a Roman bodkin arrowhead, citing similar third century examples from Saalburg in Germany, however these comparisons are typologically different. Although a Roman bodkin is not out of the question, it seems more likely that this tanged tool is an awl or punch. Medieval arrowheads were socketed rather than tanged, but another medieval iron arrowhead was found close to the object recorded here.

BERK-71010D: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife blade of later medieval or post-medieval date. The knife retains a short length of the tang which is broadly circular in cross-section. Between the tang and the blade is a expanded circular collar which would have acted as a stop for the handle. The blade has a flat back and thin cutting edge which appears incomplete. Suggested date: c. AD 1400-1800.

NLM-2F9493: HOOK
Iron hook. A wrought iron hook comprising a crescentic blade exposed at its pointed tip by spalling of massive corrosion but which probably remains of consistent thickness below it, and an expansion at the other end which may mask a socket. These tools are common finds from agricultural contexts, and are thought to come from tools whose use related to that of a short-handled billhook used for reaping, pruning or hedge-laying (Manning 1985, fig. 14 no. 2, plates 22-23, nos 24-39). Manning's type 2 hooks are of Late Iron Age to Roman date, more commonly from Roman sites. Two examples come from excavations at Dragonby (May 1996, vol. 1, fig11.33, nos 32-33), where a 1st-century date is suggested. Suggested date: Early Roman, 43-100. Length: 170mm, Diameter (at socket): 55mm, Thickness (mid point of blade): 25mm, Weight: in excess of 500gms, not possible to weigh at NLM.

CAM-AEEEBD: ASSEMBLAGE
1) An iron object of uncertain date with a sword-like appearance. Weight not recorded as too heavy and large for sensitive weighing scales. Total length 473.0mm. The whole artefact is covered in corrosion product (rust), to varying degrees, which partially distorts the original dimensions and appearance. A knob shaped terminal of 130.0mm circumference and that accounts for c. 37.0mm of the total length resembles and may possibly have acted as a pommel. The following zone of this artefact has a sub-circular, slightly squared, cross section and accounts for c. 50.0mm of the total length. This zone has a width of c.20.7mm, thickness of 21.9mm and resembles a sword or dagger handle (see discussion below). This zone has least concretion buildup and traces of a pale grey to white substance are present. This substance may be related to fine plant roots having been wrapped or matted around the object while burried in the soil, or possibly an organic material had been wrapped around this shaft and has since decayed. Separating the pommel-like and handle-like zones from the other end of the artefact is an area that resembles a quillion (hand/cross guard). Areas of this guard-like zone with least corrosion suggest that this zone originally had a rectangular cross-section. This zone projects out to either side of the central axis of the artefact to give a total dimension of 175.0mm, by 40.0mm on the thickness axis. It seems to have originally accounted for 10.0mm of the total length (at least at the terminals) but the build-up of corrosion product and has increased this to a maximum of 45.0mm in places. Below this guard-like zone is what resembles a sword or dagger blade. The build-up of corrosion product at the junction between these zones prevents any accurate or estimated measurements from being taken (the blob of corrosion product has a width of c.65.0mm & thickness of c.37.0mm). Directly below this significant build-up of corrosion the measurements, over lumpy corrosion product are width c.25.7mm x thickness c.30.6mm. Corrosion product is present but to a lesser extent, thickness and less bumpy on the lower end of the blade-like zone. At the extreme tip of the blade-like zone the width is 7.6mm x thickness 15.6mm and the cross-section can clearly be seen to have been rectangular. Discussion: Although this artefact resembles a sword or dagger the proportions seem odd, too large for a dagger and too small for a sword. The possible blade seems too long for a dagger and too short for a sword. In addition to this a sword blade would be expected to be relatively flat, with a slightly bevelled edge. This example has a chunky rectangular cross-section (at the tip) which is strangely aligned perpendicular to the guard rather than in the same plane to the guard. The build-up of corrosion product makes the cross-section of the upper blade-like zone uncertain but it would have been as chunky if not more so that the tip of this zone, and one suspects with the rectangular cross-section continued or possibly a circular to sub-circular cross-section. The handle grip zone is too short for even a small adult hand. This rules out the artefact being a stage prop for adult use. As a relatively modern (late Post-Medieval to Modern) child's toy replica sword it would be too heavy for a child to lift for very long or manoeuvre with any accuracy. This artefact is part of a metal railing of the type used to form a garden fence, possibly positioned upon a wall of approximately three to four bricks high or possibly a railing surround to a cemetery or single grave surround. This artefact is likely to be of 19th century date which fits well with the buildings in the Mill Road, Romsey town area of Cambridge, where this item was found. As it is known that the houses standing in the street date to 19th century it can be assumed that this railing component is most likely to have been part of a garden fence. 2) A crescent shaped iron artefact resembling a very small horseshoe. The dimensions are: maximum width 72.6mm, thickness (not including corrosion product, which increase the thickness to 11.0mm) is 4.4mm and depth of curve from centre of arc forward to extent of terminal projection 45.0mm. Where no corrosion product is present two rectangular nail holes are visible, now blocked by rust. Weight is 27.7g. Discussion: These have a length of 3.4mm and width of 1.5mm and are set apart by 15.6mm. This is a metal component from a clog shoe and would have been nailed to the heal of the shoe. The use of this metal component suggests that the shoe was a clog dancing shoe rather than for general wear (see http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Clog-Dancing/). Clog clasps were another metal component used on clogs (see PAS records LANCUM-20C1B7, NLM-1BA9B3, LANCUM-9330C9 which are just a few of the many examples on the Portable Antiquities Scheme). Also see or http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showcat.php?cat=126 .

BERK-9ED66D: CANNON BALL
An incomplete iron ball, possibly a cannon ball of post-medieval (probably Civil War) date. The ball is 100mm diameter and has been split in half, in fact just under half of the original ball survives. There is no casting seam around the cannonball, and no trace of a casting sprue can be seen on the remaining half. There is a hole that extends from the surface down through the ball to the middle; this is also now in half. The force required to break such a ball of iron in half is immense; it may have happened during firing if there were flaws in the casting, or alternatively it may be from impacting another solid object (such as a thick wall). The diameter of the ball suggests a gun such as a 'bastard carbine', which had a bore of c. 100mm and would shoot balls of between 5-8 pounds weight.

NLM-4621B3: NAIL
Iron nail fragment. Wrought iron hand made square section nail shank with a flat and [now] triangular head offset. The modest extent of corrosion tends to suggest either an atypically sympathetic burial environment or a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Unknown, Medieval to Post-Medieval, 1200-1800. Length: 34.3mm, Width/Thickness (shank): 6.7mm, Weight: 8.85gms

LANCUM-1B51B2: HORSESHOE
A Post-Medieval horseshoe dating 1600 to 1700AD. The horshoe is a worn and corroded keyhole type horseshoe with equal branches and the heels inclined. Due to corrosion deposits no nail holes are evident and is probably a draught shoe. The length is 135mm, the width is 143mm.

LANCUM-1A196F: CHISEL
Post-Medieval large iron chisel, with a well-defined point and flattened top that would have been hammered dating 1500 to 1800AD. Similar to BUC-243AD8. The chisel was found on the site of a ruined building of unknown purpose. The building consists of two connected rectangular structures containing boulders with features including iron trusses for a former roof, an arched Gothick doorway on one side, and on the other a doorway with a Tuscan architrave, a moulded cornice, and a pediment. The length is 200mm, the width is 43mm and the weight too heavy for scales.

PUBLIC-B4AB85: SCABBARD
A fragment of an iron late Medieval to early Post Medieval scabbard chape, probably dating AD1400-1600. The fragment consists of the spherical terminal knop and a small piece of the front of the chape. A couple of examples of a complete chape of a likely similar design can be found on the database: LON-0444D0, LON-A06DC0 Dimensions: length: 18.28mm; width: 14.47; thickness: 7.43mm; weight: 3.71mm

PUBLIC-B3EF5B: BUCKLE
A Post-Medieval iron double loop asymmetrical buckle. The buckle is rectangular on the left side and circular on the right. The rectangular sides point outwards. The pin is still attached to the centre bar and extends to the circular side; there is also a catch plate on the bar that extends to the rectangular side. Length: 28.55mm, Width: 22.71mm, Thickness: 3.13, Weight: 6.81g.

SWYOR-9C97A1: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron key of Medieval or Post Medieval date, about AD 1200 - 1800. The bow is missing. The stem is badly corroded, but is essentially sub-circular in cross-section and has a projecting tip beyond the bit. The bit is incomplete, but has a cleft between two projecting wards in the outer edge. The key is 88mm long, 21.4mm wide and 10.9mm thick. 25.16g.

DOR-9AA43C: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete iron rotary key. The bow was heart-shaped, but one lobe is missing. The remaining lobe has a sub-circular aperture. The bow is flattened and and flared from the stem. The stem has a sub-angular cross section and expands slightly towards the broken tip. The rectangular bit is set at right angles to the bow and is in the shape of a forward facing angular S with two narrow clefts, one from each edge. Date: Roman - c. AD 150 - 400 Dimensions: 131.57 mmx x 48.57 mm x 31.49 mm Weight: 91.25 g A key with a similar bit is recorded in database record HAMP-78F8D1

YORYM-8728DE: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife of uncertain date. The knife is sub-triangular and the tang is on the same line as the cutting edge. The back of the blade is straight though much has been lost to worn breaks and corrosion. Dr Kevin Leahy, Finds Advisor for Early-Medieval metal work, comments that the tang on the same line as the cutting edge is an odd feature not paralleled in the works of Cowgill (Medieval), Goodall (Medieval), Manning (Roman) or Drinkall and Foreman (Early Medieval). The straight back to the knife suggests a likely Roman or Early-Medieval date for this object. The knife is 113.6mm long, 15.7mm wide, 4.5mm thick and weighs 18.5g.

BERK-367385: SPUR
An incomplete iron rowel spur dating to the later medieval or early post-medieval period. The spur retains part of the heel fitting and one short length of arm, which curves sharply downwards fom the heel bar. In the centre of the heel bar the rowel arm extends but it is broken and incomplete and the rowel is missing. The spur has suffered some corrosion. Suggested date c. 1400-1600 AD, however it could be later too as the form was in use for a number of years.

WMID-8F7EBD: KNIFE
A Medieval to Early Post Medieval Iron double edged knife blade dating to circa AD 1200-1600. The object is an elongated triangle in plan with a rounded blunted point and rectangular projection at the opposing end. The rectangular projection would have allowed the iron blade to be attached to a handle. The object is flat and the blade tapers from the shoulders, the tip is possibly broken. The object is heavily corroded and the original organic handle is missing. There are parallels recorded on the database which suggest a Medieval date, (NLM-80CD7C) was discovered in Lincolnshire and (LON-922A23) was discovered in the City of London. The parallels are suggested as small whittle tanged knifes with the tang set centrally relative to the blade. The object measures Length: 131.9mm, Width: 24.83mm, Thickness on the blade 7.8mm and the weight is 40grams.

NMS-761232: HORSESHOE
Iron horseshoe. Corroded, one heel missing, with at least two nails. Surviving length 109mm. Width at least 112mm. Width of web up to 38mm. There is no evidence of a fuller, clip or calkins although corrosion may be obscuring features and breaks. Probably late 13th - 16th century. (Clark, 1986). No. 6.

LANCUM-BC334B: BUCKLE
A corroded iron buckle frame of possible Medieval to Post-Medieval date 1500 - 1800AD. It is square in form and section, badly corroded and the pin is broken and projecting. Similar to SF-418B75. This buckle frame is similar to late Medieval and Post-Medieval examples noted in London (Egan and Pritchard, 1991: no. 430; Egan, 2005: no. 98), as well as Post-Medieval examples from Norwich (Margeson, 1993: no. 204). These indicate a possible 15th-17th century AD date for the current example, although a later date cannot be ruled out entirely. Egan, G. and Pritchard, F., 1991 Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) (1991) London : Stationery Office Books, , no. 430 Margeson, S.M., 1993 Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78 Norwich : East Anglian Archaeology, , no. 204 Egan, G., 2005 Material Culture in London in an Age Of Transition: Tudor and Stuart period finds c.1450 - c.1700 from excavations at riverside sites in Southwark London : Museum of London Archaeology Service, , no. 98. The length is 80mm, the width is 75mm and the weight 97.57g.

LON-7B8302: KNIFE
Incomplete post medieval iron knife handle, AD.1500-1600. The knife blade is missing from the shoulder onwards leaving only the handle, this is corroded but retains the original shape. The handle is octagonal in section with a conical terminal with four shallow grooves giving the cone a cruciform section. The handle tapers towards the blade and has an engraved band around its middle. Similar examples can be found in Brown 2001, fig29. where 5 complete blades are shown. Brown also suggests that as some of these knives retain traces of black enamel they were given as memento mori gifts to mourners. No enamel is present on the handle discussed here. A similar all iron construction can be found in LON-C21A9C. Length: 95.4mm Width: 10.21mm Thickness: 4.38mm Weight: 23.53g Brown, P. 2001. British Cutlery: An illustrated history of design, evolution and use. London: Philip Wilson Publishers.

FAKL-4ED16D: KNIFE
Early Medieval whittle tanged iron knife, the back of the blade is straight and the cutting edge curved allowing it to be placed in Drinkall and Foreman's Type F1 which both they and Evison date to the sevent century. Length 69.0mm, Width 11.7mm, Thickness 2.7mm, Mass 6.07g.

NMS-2A92DA: PADLOCK
Three fragments of medieval to post-medieval iron barrel padlock(s) with traces of brazing: parts of a cylindrical case with longitudinal rib, a bolt sheath (extant length 45mm) and a transverse applied strip (width 12.5mm). 13th - 16th century.

SUR-A8897E: BROOCH
A small medieval annular brooch of corroded iron with a gilded (or apparently gilded) copper alloy pin. The combination of iron with copper alloy on a small object such as this is unusual.

FAKL-9027F3: KNIFE
Early Medieval blade from a whittle tanged knife. Iron with the tang set in line with the back of the wedge-sectioned blade. Tip missing, back of blade curved down towards the point, cutting edge slightly concave due to sharpening. The blade belongs in Drinkall and Foreman's Type D1 which, at Castledyke, came from seventh century graves (Drinkall and Foreman, 1998, 279-282). Length 93.0mm, Width 13.6mm, Thickness 4.1mm, Mass 13.85g

PUBLIC-4685E5: KNIFE
A complete Post Medieval iron knife probably dating to the 16th-17th century (AD1550-1700). The blade is triangular in section curving gently round on to the back rather than being pointed. There is a shoulder at the end of the blade which curves up, leading to a solid iron handle which is octagonal in section. The handle gets thicker away from the blade, and then narrower towards the top. There is a semi-spherical knop at the end of the handle. The handle of the knife is decorated with several unevenly spaces incised rings. No parallels could be found but it was suggested that it probably dates to the 16th-17th century. Dimensions: length: 120.53mm; width (of blade): 11.84mm; diameter (of handle): 11.08mm; weight: 35.59g

LANCUM-16B3C7: BUCKLE
Wrought iron frame of a rectangular buckle with rounded outer corners and pin; probably from horse harness. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Similar to NLM-230ECD. The length is 94mm, the width is 74mm and the weight 52.68g.

LANCUM-169F48: BUCKLE
Iron Buckle. Rectangular single-looped buckle frame with wrap-around pins. The frame appears to be wrought of square section iron, though this may arise from flaking of corroded metal from the metal core. Possibly Post-Medieval, 1500-1800AD. The length is 98mm, the width is 57mm and the weight 116.46g.

LANCUM-165D04: CANNON BALL
A cast iron ball, probably a cannon ball. Given its weight and size, it may be from the 16th or 17th century. The diameter is 31mm and the weight 392.2g.

LANCUM-14C192: BUCKLE
A corroded iron buckle frame of possible Medieval to Post-Medieval date 1500 - 1800AD. It is square in form and section with a badly corroded and the pin is missing but indicated by corrosion at two points in the mid frame. Similar to SF-418B75. This buckle frame is similar to late Medieval and Post-Medieval examples noted in London (Egan and Pritchard, 1991: no. 430; Egan, 2005: no. 98), as well as Post-Medieval examples from Norwich (Margeson, 1993: no. 204). These indicate a possible 15th-17th century AD date for the current example, although a later date cannot be ruled out entirely. Egan, G. and Pritchard, F., 1991 Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London) (1991) London : Stationery Office Books, , no. 430 Margeson, S.M., 1993 Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78 Norwich : East Anglian Archaeology, , no. 204 Egan, G., 2005 Material Culture in London in an Age Of Transition: Tudor and Stuart period finds c.1450 - c.1700 from excavations at riverside sites in Southwark London : Museum of London Archaeology Service, , no. 98

LON-14A5E5: KNIFE
Incomplete post medieval, 18th-19th century, knife with wooden handle and maker's marks, AD.1750-1900. The blade of the knife has broken approximately midway down its length, the back of the blade is arched suggesting that it was of a scimitar type blade. The knife has a copper alloy collar around the top of a wooden handle, the lack of rivets or a rivet tang suggests a whittle tang. The handle tapers slightly towards the shoulder. There are three marks on the blade, one is LONDON MADE, along with a heart and a tobacco pipe. The use of the LONDON MADE stamp would date this knife from the latter 18th century. As the records for the Cutler's Company have been lost for between AD.1730-1760, it is difficult to assign the marks as by the early 19th century marks were no longer registered with the company, (Hinde and Herbert 2005: pg 6-9) Total Length: 201mm, Length of Blade: 114.18mm. Length of Handle: 86.92mm Width of Blade (Arch of back): 31.45mm, Width of Blade (Shoulder): 18.54mm, Width of Handle (terminal): 23.65mm, Width of handle (Shoulder): 17.8mm Thickness of blade: 0.54mm, Thickness of Handle: 14.21mm Weight: 58.59g Hinde, K. and Herbert, J 2005 The Collections of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers of London: London made knives and their marks AuthorsOnline: Sandy.

LON-0444D0: SCABBARD
Incomplete, post medieval 15th-16th century, iron dagger chape with terminal knop and trefoil decoration, 1400-1600. This is an iron chape for a dagger scabbard, it is conical, tapering towards the terminal which has a sperical knop on it. There is the remains of a trefoil decoration at the top end of the chape that has corroded. The apeture is oval in section and filled with concretion and probably the wood and leather remains of the scabbard. There is a weld line that runs down the side of the chape, this is where it has been hammered from sheet and then hammer welded shut. The object has taken on a dark black colouration with patches of red iron oxide in recesses. Length: 67.11mm Width: 19.39mm Thickness: 12.56mm Weight: 26g

NMS-FF5E45: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Early Iron Age iron socketed axehead, complete apart from a small piece of the cutting edge. Some detail is obscured by corrosion, but a considerable amount of metal remains un-oxidised. Length 90mm. Width 53mm. Thickness 34mm. Weight 241g. c.800 - c.600 BC Iron socketed axes are rarely found in the British Isles, with finds from the Berwyn Mountains of Wales (Savory 1976, 20), Walthamstow, Essex / Greater London and Cold Kitchen Hill, Wiltshire (Cunliffe 1974, fig.14:2.4 and 2.5). Those recorded by the PAS include examples from Lincolnshire (NLM-1AD972), South Gloucestershire (GLO-D2F478) and two from North Yorkshire (NCL-E65641 and FAKL-38D115, the latter most akin to the present example). One other iron socketed axehead was recovered in Barton Bendish, Norfolk (HER 20124, NMS-237223).

LON-EB1EA9: FORK (UTENSIL)
Incomplete post medieval iron fork with a bone pistol grip handle AD.1650-1750. This is a two tine fork that is near complete, it has a scale tang with three rivets and a bone handle that has taken on a dark brown/black patination. The tines are side on unlike a modern fork. The handle is shaped like a pistol grip with a bulbous terminal that tapers down to the iron collar. One side of the handle is straight, while the other is straight until it curves outwards to form the weighted terminal. This is a similar item to LON-5171A3 and LON-EEEB45 Length: 160mm Width of handle terminal: 23.93mm, Width of Iron Collar: 9.22mm, Width of Tines: 11.77mm, Thickness of handle: 15.39mm Thickness of Tines: 2.1mm x 4.21mm Weight: 41.66g

YORYM-851DC3: WEDGE
A complete iron wedge of probable Post-Medieval date. The wedge is sub-rectangular in plan and section, widening slightly to the crescentic blade end. The blade is blunt and the butt end is broken and worn. The iron is a dark reddish-orange colour with an uneven surface from which patches of iron oxidation products (rust) have flaked away. The wedge is 69.9mm long, 44.2mm to 29.1mm wide, 14.8mm thick and weighs 137g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database including SUSS-1A6F82 and LVPL-4B16A7. The latter record discusses the uses of such objects: "Wedges of this style are commonly used for splitting wood, and being a functional type of artefact, change little in shape over time. It is probably of Post Medieval dating (16th to 18th Centuries AD)".

WMID-5B003C: SHOT
A cast iron Post Medieval possible cannon ball, probably dating to circa AD 1500 - 1700. The object is spherical in shape with pitting and corrosion visible on the surface. The cannon ball has a dark brown coloured patina across its surfaces. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail and full diameter and weight. The diameter and weight would suggest this example would fit a Minion cannon. The standard size for a Minion was a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball as discussed in Bailey (2000: p95). This example has an abraded surface so may have been the correct weight before firing. Bailey suggests that cannons were first mentioned in early 14th century manuscripts. Cannons were used in the Tudor and Stuart periods for both land and naval battles. The minion cannon was used in the 15th to 17th centuries and thought to have originated from the Civil War period, which could be the period this example dates from. There are other recorded examples on the database; (SWYOR-6D55C3) was discovered in Yorkshire and the Humber. Another example (DENO-06FCC9) was discovered in Nottinghamshire. The cannon ball measures approximately 75 mm (3 inches) in diameter and weighs 1632 g (3.6 pounds). Bailey, G., (2000) Finds identified . Witham, Greenlight Publishing.

LON-45A447: CAULDRON
Fragment of a Medieval cast iron cauldron, angled handle loop, AD.1350-1450. This is the lug from a cast iron cauldron that would have had a looped handle attached to it. The lug is a circular section piece of iron connected both at the top and bottom to the rim and shoulder of the cauldron. The attachment emerges perpendicular to the rim to approx 20mm, then turns at a right angle and curves back round to join the shoulder of the vessel. A close parallel can be found in Egan 1998, No. 446, fig.131. where the handle has been preserved attached to the lug. Only a small section of the vessel wall remains of the rest of the cauldron and the surface of the object is corroded but stable. Length: 50.17mm Width: 26.48mm Thickness: 3.76mm Weight: 49.59g Diameter: 10.72mm Egan, G. 1998 The Medieval Household - Medieval finds from excavations in London. HMSO. London

SWYOR-C4E1BA: NAIL
A large iron nail, probably of Post-medieval date, AD 1500 - 1800. It has a square or rectangular head, the edges of which have corroded or abraded away, and a tapering shank of rectangular section. The point of the shank has also broken away and is missing. The nail is 78.6mm long, 32.2mm wide and 28.2mm thick. It weighs 45.24 gm. A number of other nails of this type are recorded on the database. See for example references YORYM-450C76 and SUSS-7E6F97.

LIN-AF55B5: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete post medieval to modern iron key, dating to the period c. AD 1700-1900. The key exhibits a stem which is square in cross- section, and expands out at one terminal to the beginnings of the bow. However, the majority of the bow is missing and comprises only a downwards projection which terminates in a worn break. At the opposite terminal the bit is formed of two downwards pointing projections, rectangular in cross-section, both of which terminate in worn breaks. The key is heavily corroded and therefore exhibits an orange-brown patina on the surface. The key measures 101.47mm in length, 22.87mm in width at its widest, 6.89mm in thickness and weighs 29.84g.

LANCUM-1CBA75: HANGER
Iron triangular loop with attachment lug. The triangular form appears to be deliberate. It was found in association with LANCUM-1B8257 an iron buckle and may well have been attached and served as either a harness or a sword belt hanger. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1400-1700.The length is 65mm, the width is 71mm thickness 22mm and the weight 51.15g.

LANCUM-1B8257: BUCKLE
A late medieval corroded iron double looped buckle dating to 15th century. The frame is rectangular with two rectangular loops, separated by a central crossbar. The edges of the loops are rounded. The crossbar flares from the frame with a constriction in the centre for a pin. Part of the pin remains and is formed of a strip of iron cored into the central crossbar. There is orange pattination across the surface of the object. A similar example can be found in Egan and Pritchard (1991, no. 460). Reference: Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London. The length is 45mm, the width is 47mm thickness 18mm and the weight 51.15g.

LANCUM-1B62C5: BUCKLE
Trapezoidal iron buckle frame probably Post-medieval 1600-1850AD. One straight bar with two bars at right angles, meeting a sloping outer edge with rounded corners. The object is wider at one rounded corner. It appears to be undecorated but there is still an attached fragment of leather surviving and the pin is missing. The length is 110mm, the width is 28mm and the weight 14.56g.

LON-483B49: SHEARS
Fragment of Roman iron shears AD.50-410. Object consists of one of the blades, with its tip missing, of a set of shears, part of the handle/spring remains attached. The handle begins to flatten out into the spring of the shears and there is a break at the end of the tang where it would have been attached to the other blade. The blade has a small step in it towards the tang end. The object has corroded and is now a dark black with spots of red iron oxide. The tang also steps down abruptly where it meets the blade so that at the point where blade and tang meet there is a small block of iron presumably to prevent the shears sliding too far past each other and damaging the spring. Length: 121.4mm, Length of Blade 65.16mm, Length of Tang: 54.67mm Width of Blade: 17.87mm, Width of End of Tang: 6.25mm, Width at point of join: 3.73mm Thickness: 2mm Weight: 12.32g For parallels see No. W.H. Manning 1985. Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum. British Museum, London,

SWYOR-23421E: KNIFE
A single edged iron knife blade of unknown date, probably Medieval to Modern, about AD 1300 - 1900. The blade has a rounded tip, a straight back, a tang that was in line with the back, though it is now broken off and missing, and at the shoulder, the cutting edge curves to meet the tang. The back of the blade is 5.1mm thick, the cutting edge is 2mm thick. The tip of the knife may be missing. The blade is 83.6mm long, 18.1mm wide and 5.1mm thick. 29.32g. There is a curve at the tip of the blade which is probably post depositional damage. Dating such a functional object is difficult. Ther are some parallels to the general form in Cowgill et al (1987) Knives and Scabbards; Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, but mostly form the Unstratified examples. A similarly shaped shoulder can also be seen on number 355 on page 88 of Egan (2005) Material Culture in London in an Age of Transistion which is late 16th century. However, a more recent date cannot be ruled out.

KENT-1F33E3: KEY (LOCKING)
An iron key (locking) of Post-Medieval date. The key has a 'D' shaped' bow at the end of the circular cross sectioned stem. There are several collar along the length of the stem, including just before the bit. The bit has two irregular projections, one of which has been broken away by an old break. It fits into Type 8 of the Goodall Classification used at Winchester and Salisbury (Salisbury Medieval Catalogue Volume 4), having a solid shaft projecting beyond the bit. These keys probably date from 1150 through to 1700. The projecting stem is an innovation of the 15th century and the upper collaring below the bow and dip in the oval bow itself makes it likely 18th or 19th century date. Very similar examples can be seen on the database, including PUBLIC-E5D94C, SWYOR-136E35 and CAM-823F4C. The key is 121.3mm long, 41.3mm wide, 10.3mm thick and weighs 42.18 grams.

LANCUM-0A5361: HORSESHOE
An incomplete iron bevelled key hole type horseshoe of post-medieval date, (1550-1880). The object is a typical U-shape in plan with a keyhole profile in the centre and is almost complete. The calkins are rounded and worn. The number and location of the nail holes cannot be determined due to corrosion. This horse shoe is very similar to one on page 41 of Bailey, G. 1997. Detector finds 3. Greenlight (Witham, Essex). 125mm in length, 123mm in width and weight too heavy for scales.

NLM-8B9246: SPUR
Iron spur fragment. Wrought iron heel from a small spur, probably a prick spur with a short goad. The spur sides were perhaps of D section. Though traditionally associated with the earlier high medieval period, prick spurs enjoyed a Jacobean revival when they were known as Scotch spurs. Suggested date: Unknown, Medieval to Post-Medieval, 1100-1700. Length: 29.3mm, Width: 31.6mm, Thickness (at heel): 6.5mm, Weight: 9.81gms.

NLM-8AFB8A: KEY (LOCKING)
Iron possible key fragment. Stem and plain rectangular bit from a rotary key. There is now no bow, and the ends of the stem appear solid, An alternative identification as part of a latching bolt might also be considered; in either case, the obnject relates to the securing of a door or window. All detail is masked by corrosion, some of it active and weeping. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1700-1900. Length: 60mm, Height: 26.0mm, Diameter (stem): 10.7mm, Weight: 27.64gms.

NLM-8A4491: HORSESHOE
Iron horseshoe. Wrought iron horseshoe with a wide web and narrowed towards the ends of its arms, one of which is bent ?upwards. The form resembles shoes of mid 13th to mid 14th-century date from London (Ward Perkins 1940, page 113 fig. 8, no. 10). Suggested date: Medieval, 1250-1350. Length: 103mm, Width: 103mm, Thickness: 12mm, Weight: c.205gms

DUR-791BB9: SPEAR
An incomplete iron Spearhead of Early-Medieval date (AD 450-1066). The object is composed of a small, triangular blade with an integral, split, socketed shaft. The blade is flat with a shallow lozengiform section. The socket expands to a hollow circular section with a diameter of: mm. there are portions of the blade and socket which are missing due to the level of corrosion and post-depositional processes. The split in the socket is a trait characteristic of an Anglo-Saxon date. The metal is mid to dark brown in colour with a large amount of corrosion product over the whole surface of the object. Length: 155.11mm, Width (of shaft): 21.85mm, Width (of head): 17.76mm, Thickness (of head): 8.19mm, Depth (of shaft): 49.25mm, Weight: 78.8g. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Database: NARC-444096, SWYOR-AD2C21 and FAKL-C128F0

WAW-217FAC: HOB NAIL
Roman (possibly post medieval) iron hob nail: It has a hemi-sperical head and a square bent shank which tapers in thickness to a blunt point. The hobnail measures 9.44mm across the head, 9.07mm long and weighs 0.76g. Hobnails were used in Roman military footwear, boots were made from three main pieces of leather, the upper sole and the insole, all three layers were clenched together with hobnails, frequently arranged in patterns, some of which were created to facilitate comfortable walking (Bishop, M C and Coulston, J C N, 1993. Roman Military Equipment, from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome United Kingdom, Batsford Ltd p. 100, fig.61).

LIN-F73588: FORK (TOOL)
An incomplete iron object, probably a two-prong table fork. The object has a handle of oval section which flares to a fluted end. A small shaft of rectangular section extends from the centre of this end. The other end of the handle tapers and flattens to what appears to have been a circular loop. The item may have been used as a leatherworking tool, and is possibly post-medieval in date. The item is 94mm in length and has a maximum diameter at the fluted end of 9mm. The handle tapers to 5mm x 6mm. The rectangular shaft measure 5mm x 4mm.

SWYOR-E39498: PATTEN
An incomplete, forged iron foot patten, broken into two pieces, dating from the post-Medieval period, AD1650 - 1850. It consists of an oval hoop of metal, of narrow, rectangular section, which is incomplete as a short length is missing. At one end of the oval hoop is a narrow plate, curving forwards and terminating in a point. At the other end of the oval there would have been a triangular plate, which is now corroded and covered with ferrous concretion. The two plates would each have an iron rivet, which would have attached the patten to the underside of a wooden platform; the rivet on the front plate is still in place and is triangular in section. There is also a ferrous concretion on one side of the oval loop, though it is impossible to identify what is beneath. The patten is encrusted with iron corrosion products and is flaking in places. The patten is 191mm long, 97.4 mm wide and 29.8mm thick. It weighs 86.93gm. A patten of this type is illustrated in Bailey, 2003, Detector Finds 2, page 56. A number of these pattens can also be found on the database. Compare for example: SWYOR-A70082, SUR-F987B0 and SUSS-A122D3 which cites Goodall, I. H., 1976, Iron Objects, in O Baldwin, Excavations of Ardingly Fulling Mill and Forge 1975-76, and quotes "...the single- and double-riveted raised terminals were characteristic of pattens. The rivets passed through a wooden sole. Shoes were secured by straps to these pattens, which raised the wearers' feet above dirt and mud. Pattens with iron rings were used during and after the 17th century."

LON-CEFFCD: ARROWHEAD
Complete medieval barbed iron arrowhead with remains of wooden shaft in socket. The arrowhead is short with a diamond section point and circular socket. The point has two small barbs upon opposite sides, thought they are very narrow and short. The socket of the arrowhead still retains part of the wooden arrowshaft within it. This is a military style arrowhead, (often known as a 'short bodkin'). Arrows of this type were developed from the 13th century to the 15th in response to altering military technology. Often erroneously called armour piercing they are only dangerous to an armoured knight at close range. As the majority of soldiers on a battlefield were not equipped with metallic armour they would have been extremely vulnerable to weapons such as this. See Jessop 1997: fig11, for a comparison. Length: 47.91mm Width: 12.52mm Thickness: 7.81mm Weight: 6.11g Diameter: 11.54mm Jessop, O. 1997. Medieval Arrowheads. Datasheet 22. Finds Research Group 700-1700 Datasbeets 1-24. 1985-1998. Reprographic Unit, University of Oxford.

LON-3CD010: KNIFE
Incomplete Late Medieval-Post Medieval pointed implement probably a shellfish pick. The object has a scale tang held in place by three small rivets. The tang is sandwiched between two sheets of bone with a copper alloy cap over the end of the handle, this is decorated with 5 diagonal cuts. The blade is actually a square section tapering point made of iron. The iron has corroded but there is no evidence to suggest that the object has any attachment at the end of the point i.e. a spoon bowl. The bone handle has discoloured to a light brown and the iron has a dark black appearance. The copper alloy cap remains relatively uncorroded. Total Length: 142.26mm, Length of Point: 79.48mm Width of Handle cap: 10mm Thickness: 4.16mm, Thickness at Point: 1.49mm Weight: 11.75g

NLM-7EA319: NAIL
Iron nail. A small wrought iron nail with a small flat head. The good condition may suggest a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Length: 35.1mm, Width (at head): 9.9mm, Thickness (shank): 3.6mm, Weight: 2.19gms.

NLM-7E97C2: NAIL
Iron nail fragment. Wrought iron nail with a flat round head and part of the shank. The good condition may suggest a relatively recent date. This would probably have been used on a building or its fittings. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Diameter (head): 30.2mm, Length: 44.3mm, Weight: 66.44gms.

NLM-7E7D28: STUD
Iron stud fragment. Sub-rectangular gently concavo-convex head of a wrought iron stud with slightly indented edges; the stub of a rectangular section shank remains on the underside. The size may suggest use on a building or its fittings; the good condition may suggest a relatively recent date. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1500-1850. Length (head): 48.3mm, Width: 47.1mm, Thickness (head only): 8.3mm, Weight: 96.97gms.

NLM-7E705B: TENTERHOOK
Iron tenterhook. A small wrought iron L-shaped pin with a point at either end. Tenterhooks were used in rows to pin out cloth to dry in the later course of its manufacture and processing; this would take place in an area called a tenter ground.A ferrous metal tenterhook might be tinned to prevent its staining the cloth, though only an X-ray would reveal whether plating is present. Suggested date: Medieval, 1200-1500. Length: 34.1mm, Height: 18.7mm, Thickness: 6.4mm, Weight: 3.49gms.

NLM-7E56E3: BUCKLE
Iron possible buckle fragment. Wrought iron frame of rectangular form, with one side lost. The relatively good condition of the metal may suggest a later rather than an earlier date. Suggested date: possibly Post-Medieval, 1500-1800. Length: 27.5mm, Height: 36.8mm, Thickness: 4.1mm, Weight: 4.70gms.

NLM-7E2773: NAIL
Iron nail fragment. Possibly sub-rectangular head and the top of the shank of a hand made nail. Corroded and delaminating. Suggested date: Unknown, Medieval to Post-Medieval, 1200-1800. Length: 27.2mm, Width (head): 36.3mm, Weight: 47.96gms.

NMS-40373D: KNIFE
Post-medieval pistol grip knife handle comprising an iron tang and copper alloy scales secured by three rivets. At the aproximate mid point both scales are engraved with the letter N. Similar to SUR-552EC8 and SUSS-7C3691. Length 68.5mm. Width 14mm. Thickness 8.5mm. 18th century. Within 50m of grid reference

CORN-349133: SCALPEL
Cast iron instrument with a beaded handle and flattened spatulate terminal which might have been used as a dissector or probe, possibly as a Roman medical or oculist's scalpel. A collection of similar instruments, made of copper alloy and dating to the 3rd century AD, from the Musée Crozatier, Le Puy-en-Velay, France, is illustrated in: Bishop (1996) illustrates a similar scalpel with a blunt dissector and a spatula with an olivary probe, excavated from Roman Aldborough, on page 37, fig.20, nos.204 & 209. Crummy (1983) illustrates toilet implements, a long cupped scoop and a spoon probe, with similar handles on pages 60-61, figs.64-65, nos.1917 & 1932, which are dated from the 2nd to the 3rd century AD, and a similar twisted iron handle on page 112, fig.115, no.2979, which is dated from c.AD 250-300.

CPAT-2D6BB0: VESSEL
An iron pot seen in the river bank below Glasbury in the River Wye, near the Hollybush Pub. Heavily corroded, and measuring 12" in diameter. Heavy rim with thick walls. Looked to be all there but possibly fragmented and the base not visible (Davies, R, 2002)

SWYOR-EA8876: NAIL
An iron nail of uncertain date, Roman to Post Medieval, about AD 43 - 1950. It is a large and robust nail with a rectangular domed head and a shank which is rectangular in cross-section and bent at the end, where it is also broken. The head is solid. The head is 44.9mm long, 44.2mm wide and 16.6mm thick. The shank is 49.7mm long, 11.8mm wide and 9.7m wide near the head, tapering to 7.8mm thick at the break. The nail is 64.6mm long overall. 118g. The nail is rusty and corroded.

CPAT-6AF3D7: SPUR
An incomplete corroded iron spur with rowel largely intact found in the 1970s. Found with a buckle and a pendant.

SUR-2C7D05: SPUR
The heel and arms from a post-medieval iron spur, now corroded. The spur has a short rowel box and a rowel with six points. The box measures 22.5mm from inside the heel. Both attachment terminals are missing.

PUBLIC-0EB9F4: DAGGER
An incomplete Medieval iron ballock dagger with a wooden handle, dating AD1335-1600. The dagger has a single-edged, triangular section blade that is tapered evenly from hilt to the point. The point is still present, but the blade is covered by corrosion which hides any possible maker's marks. The blade measures 220mm from the point to the hilt, it is 30mm wide near the hilt and has a maximum thickness of 12.40mm at the top edge. The handle is incomplete and made of a single piece of wood but due to wear, is difficult to say what type was used for this artefact. Materials such as ebony, rootwood, briar, box-wood root, or holly wood were commonly used during the Medieval period. Only 80mm of the wooden handle is still present, and this is 40mm in diameter. Forming the guard, there are two round lobes carved in to the wooden handle and an iron quillon plate separating the blade from the handle. Each lobe is 20mm in diameter. Dimensions: length of dagger 300mm; length of blade: 220mm; width of quillon plate: 52mm; width of the blade (near hilt): 25mm; thickness of blade: 12.40mm; weight: 142g. Reference: Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1993. London Museum Medieval Catalogue 1940. Anglia Publishing; Ipswich.

LON-DCA6B8: MOUNT
Incomplete Medieval - post medieval iron mount. A wrought iron mount split into two at one end, with one branch tapering to a curved point and the other curling round and terminating in what remains of a rivet hole. The main body of the object has a concave waist resembling a dumbell with two scored lines upon either side. The main trunk terminates again in a break with a rivet hole. The back of the object is flat, probably the side that was in contact with the mounting surface. The shape of the object, with the curved tapering branch, suggests some sort of latch or lever, though the incomplete nature of the object lends it to a number of functions. The object is black in colour with patches of corrosion on the surface. Length: 54.62mm Width: 11.25mm Thickness: 7.26mm Weight: 15.4g

LON-C21A9C: KNIFE
Medieval - Post Medieval iron knife for leather or woodworking with acorn pommel c.AD16th-17th century. Iron knife with a chisel point and blunt triangular blade with solid iron handle terminating in an acorn pommel. The blade is rectangular with a pointed chisel tip, the edges of the blade are blunt and quite thick, while the tip has been ground to take a blade but is not sharp. There is a shoulder that curves up on to the hilt where there are two engraved rings around the hilt. There is another engraved ring just below the pommel this tapers sharply inward before expanding out to for the acorn cup with cross hatched decoration and a terminates in the smooth acorn. The knife is patinated dark black with only a few spots of orange corrosion due to being deposited in an anaerobic environment. It is possible the object is at least in part cast iron with the weight positioned mostly in the handle. This type of knife with a chisel point and unsharpened blade edges resembles those used for leather and woodworking, a modern skiving knife or scalpel is most similar. Length: 165mm Width: 10.32mm Thickness: 2.75mm Diameter: 11.57mm Weight 67.88g

LON-700BE7: KNIFE
Incomplete post medieval iron knife with copper alloy inlay and an ivory handle, c.AD16-17th century. The knife has an iron blade and collar, the blade is trangular in section curving gently round on to the back rather than being pointed, there is a makers mark upon the blade resembling a crowned orb with a pellet, though corrosion makes reading it difficult. The mark does not appear in the catalogue of London makers and the London dagger mark is missing from the blade, supporting a foreign origin for the knife. On the shoulder of the knife there is an inlaid pattern of copper alloy designs, three recangular cells that contain five pellets, the middle cell contains leaf shaped design and the thrid cell repeats five pellets. This is repeated on both sides of the knife. The handle is made of ivory that has been coloured dark brown by the deposition environment, it has longitudinal grooves running the length of it that are semicircular in section. The tang of the knife passes through the handle, which has been hollowed, having a rectangular hole through it.The tang is a 'through' tang, tapering down and emerging at the far end of the handle, pommel plate is missing from the knife leaving the handle loose and revealing the saw marks upon the end of the handle. Length:134.39mm, Width of blade: 13.52mm, thickness of blade: 2mm, Diameter of shoulder: 10.46mm, Width of Handle: 16.14mm, Weight: 35.03g

NLM-5ABA6D: PIN
Iron and copper alloy possible pin fragment. Iron probably round section shank and an expanded head which includes decayed copper alloy in a greater mass of ferrous corrosion. The tendency of iron to expand as it rusts has concealed, and possibly even exploded, the object. It is suggested this may be the upper part of an iron or steel shank with a decoratively sheathed head; the poor state of the ferrous components may argue it is of some age. Suggested date: Post-Medieval, 1600-1800. Length: 24.1mm, Diameter: 17.1mm, Weight: 9.57gms.

LON-DE21A0: ARROWHEAD
Early medieval incomplete tanged iron arrowhead. The blade is leaf shaped in profile and diamond shaped in section, it has a long shoulder section which is circular in section becoming diamond shaped towards the tang. This is short and narrow tappering to a blunt point, square in section. The object is similar to many later early medieval arrowheads in design (Jessop 1997. Fig.4.) but relatively large for an arrowhead perhaps suggesting a small javelin point. The whole object is quite corroded and is beginning to delaminate and crack. it is dark brown in colour and made from wrought iron. Length: 124.24mm Width of Blade: 18.06mm Width of Tang: 3.24mm Thickness of Blade: 5.4mm Weight: 19.88g Ref: Jessop, O. 1997 Medieval Arrowheads Datasheet 22. Finds Research Group 700-1700 Datasbeets 1-24. 1985-1998. Reprographic Unit, University of Oxford.

ESS-9F97DE: ARROWHEAD
Incomplete Iron arrowhead, dating to the Medieval period AD1200-1500. The arrowhead is triangular in shape and socketed. One of the barbs has broken off. A small section of the shank survives. The arrowhead is corroded and covered in a pale brown patina and rust, with part of the darker black metal visible at the break. Similar arrowheads are recorded on the PAS database PUBLIC-2A78F8, PUBLIC-03F86C. The arrowhead weighs 7.58g, 43.45mm length, 15.66mm width

SUR-4C8B1A: AXE
A very corroded fragment of an iron axe blade of uncertain date.

NMS-47010E: PADLOCK
Fragment of a medieval iron cylindrical padlock for a slide-key, a longitudinal iron strip, probably with both ends missing, and slight traces of the case itself with very thick external brazing. Extant length of strip 53mm, width 8mm. 13th - 15th century.

WILT-0BBFE7: HELMET
An incomplete iron helmet of post-medieval date probably a English civil war lobster pot helmet. The helmet is 200mm in surviving height and 210mm wide and 300mm in length. The helmet is formed of two plates joined in the centre with a raised comb. A number of incomplete rivets survive within the two plates, internally they have square sectioned washers (12.6mm wide). The front of the helmet is incomplete in places, the front plate extends 55mm from the raised comb. The front edges has been curled downwards slightly, at this point the helmet is 0.75mm thick. The raised comb widens and extends from 7.4mm wide at the base of the helmet to 8.4mm wide and 28.25mm in height at the centre of the crest. At the break below the crest the helmet is 1.4mm thick.

YORYM-0A96A9: CANNON BALL
An incomplete cast iron cannonball of post-medieval date. The cannonball is spherical with a large area (roughly half) missing due to a worn break, possibly as a result of impact. It is approximately 3 inches / 7.5 cm in diameter and weighs 2lb 2.5 oz. The size and weight of the ball (approximated using the remaining portion) suggests that it would fit a 'Minion' cannon which had a 3.5 inch bore and shot a 4 pound ball. These were used from the 16th century to the late 17th century but saw action in the Civil War as an antipersonnel weapon when it was known as a 'Minion Drake'.

LON-0A640E: SPEAR
Incomplete Late Medieval-Post medieval wrought iron spear head. Small rounded lozenge shaped point which tapers sharply to the short socket, there are long parallel projecting strips (Langets) that are broken at varying lengths, the longest still retaining a small nail used to secure the point in place. There is concretion on the point and around the socket, the surface of the object is black in colour and one side of the point has some corrosion pitting. The point itself is quite blunt and in it's present state would not have been particularly effective as a weapon, there is little suggestion that much has been lost to corrosion, it may be the case that this is a ceremonial weapon or a flag topper. The spearhead is diamond shaped in section. The style of the object would suggest it has a date of c.16th-17 century AD. Length: 126.47mm Width of point: 30.14mm Thickness of point: 4.88mm Weight: 73.62g

DENO-B69CBA: SPEAR
An incomplete iron Iron Age to medieval spear head (c.800 BC-AD c.1500), missing a fragment from its blade. Overall, the spearhead measures c.138mm long, 36.5mm wide and 15.0mm thick. It weighs 81.59g. The blade is broadly leaf-shaped with angled shoulders. It is flat and has no central rib. The blade measures c.82mm long, 36.5mm wide and between 4.5mm thick (tip) and 10mm thick (socket end). The socket is roughly oval in cross-section and the opening is corroded over, but a projection on the side suggests that there is a rivet through it to hold the spear head to the shaft. The socket measures c.56mm long, 18.6mm wide and between 10mm thick (blade end) and 15mm thick (shaft end). The blade of the spear head is slightly bent.

LON-A17876: RAPIER
Complete weighted iron rapier pommel. Pommel has a double collar at the hilt end and is sub-spherical in shape, it has a folded cloth design, with five distinct bands, there is a central band made up of three ridges with the middle one being wider than the out two. Upon either side is a recessed band and then another triple band at the edges. The pommel is pierced through and holds the remains of the iron tang of the sword. The pommel is black in colour with some dark red oxide patination in small amounts around areas of pitting or damage. There is a large scar on the pommel possibly damage from its deposition environment. Weight: 81.34g, Height: 35.46mm, Width: 31.95mm, Thickness: 27.36mm

LON-A0F086: DAGGER
Fragment of Late Medieval - Early Post Medieval (c. AD 15-16th Century) ferrous dagger blade. Triangular in section, this is the blade of a stiletto knife rondel dagger, flattened on one side the other two sides of the blade are concave, hollow ground. Blade tapers to point and is very narrow as is typical with this type of weapon. Length: 184mm, Width: 15.31mm, Thickness: 7.36mm, Weight: 45.4g Parallel can be found in A726, A728 and A729 In the Wallace Collection

NMS-789FE9: PIN
Incomplete probably Middle Saxon to Late Saxon pin, globular lead alloy head and an iron shank most of which is missing. Head diameter 7mm. Extant length 14mm. Rogers, N. in Evans and Loveluck 2009, Type FE01. 9th century.

SUR-B88ABE: HOB NAIL
Two Roman iron hob nails, from foot wear. The nails weigh .62g and 1.21g respectively.

HAMP-F8E435: BUCKLE
An incomplete post-medieval iron sub-annular buckle probably dating to c.1650-1720. The buckle has an oval frame with a central strap bar dividing it into two loops. The incomplete iron pin extends for 5.5mm from the strap bar and was probably attached to an iron chape which has now totally corroded to the bar and frame, filling an entire loop. The iron is heavily corroded all over, but it appears the frame would have been flat to the reverse. The frame is 27.5mm long, 23.8mm wide and 4.9mm thick. Internal loop dimensions are 19.4mm x 16.3mm. The buckle weighs 4.64g.

SWYOR-E75BF2: KEY (LOCKING)
A complete iron rotary key, of probable Medieval or Post Medieval date (about AD 1150 - AD 1800). The bow is D shaped, with the shank extending from the centre of the straight edge. It is sub-rectangular in cross-section. The shank has significant corrosion build-up and its original dimensions are not clear. The shank projects for 9.5mm past the end of the bit. The bit is rectangular in plan and is also obscured by corrosion. It extends 23mm from the shank and is 26.4mm wide and 8.7mm thick. Any details of wards or clefts is invisible. The key is a dark reddish brown colour. It is 142.9mm long, 55.4mm wide 13.4mm thick. 89.94g. WMID-18F2D3 is a similar example. It notes that: "A number of very similar rotary keys are shown in G. Egan's 'Medieval Households' pages 111-119. From the size of the key and the presence of a solid shank it is likely that the key would have been used to lock a door rather than a casket or chest. Chest locks tend to have a hollow shank and are significantly smaller (ibid: 111). The keys illustrated in this volume are all dated from the late 12th - to late 14th centuries (AD 1150 - AD 1400)." However, compare also WILT-D8A7B4 which says "Egan, G, 2005; Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition, p. 74 records similar incomplete keys from a context securely dated to 1550-1600 AD" and LON-7B88B3 which suggests a 17th century date.

NMS-E5237C: KEY (LOCKING)
Incomplete medieval to post-medieval iron key, part of the bit and the end of shank missing. The bow is oval. The sub-circular shank tapers towards the end and was probably solid. The bit is asymmetrical. Probably Goodall, I. H. in Biddle 1990 Type 7. Width of bow 38mm. Extant length 145mm. 13th - 18th century.

LIN-3B81BA: KNIFE
An incomplete iron knife, probably of post-medieval to modern date. The incomplete handle is triangular in section, haveing a flat back and tapering sides. The blade is of a similar section. The tip curves gently up to the flat back.

PUBLIC-E6064C: SPEAR
An iron Spearhead. Wrought iron with a flat leaf shaped blade with shoulders set at circa 45 degrees to the socket and a thin, heavily corroded and lightly bent blade. The object has no central rib and its original length and shape is obscured due to the state of corrosion. The object is close to that of Late Iron Age examples on display at the North Lincolnshire Museum, and as reported from Dragonby, North Lincolnshire (Manning and McDonald, 'Iron Artifacts (other than brooches)' in May 1996, Dragonby: Report on Excavations at an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in North Lincolnshire (2 vols), volume 1, Oxbow, Oxford, pages 286-309, fig. 11.31 nos 2-6, 10-11; fig.11.32, nos 13-15). The object measures 74mm in length, 34mm in width, 10mm in thickness and weighs 25.69g.

PUBLIC-E5D94C: KEY (LOCKING)
A Medieval to post-Medieval iron rotary key. The bow is roughly 'D-shaped', the end of the stem connecting separately to each end, creating a hollow in between. The bit has two projections in the form of rectangular uncrossed G shapes facing each other.

NLM-BC41C2: METAL WORKING DEBRIS
Iron metalworking debris. A small bubbled fragment of possible tapping slag with a flat surface suggesting it has solidified on a flat surface; one end of the fragment is lifted, and may be where it was poured or spilled. This was reported together with broken iron objects, and may suggest ferrous metalworking in the vicinity. An early medieval or medieval date has tentatively been suggested for those objects reported together with this one, though there is no evidence for the quantities of waste material to be expected from a focus of industrial activity. Suggested date: Unknown, possibly Early Medieval to Medieval, 850-1350. Length: 32.3mm, Thickness: 7mm, Weight: 17.04gms

NLM-BC14D8: HINGE
Iron possible hinge strap fragment. Wrought iron strap with straight parallel sides, curled into a tight closed loop of internal diameter c.12.6mm at one end. This object may have been nailed to a door or shutter, and would turn on a hinge pivot driven into the frame. This would be a common type of building ironwork of the medieval period, most likely to occur on a building of some scale and status. The larger extent of the strap is lost. Suggested date: Medieval, 1100-1500. Length: 71mm, Width: 19.1mm, Thickness: (strap): 6.9mm, Weight: 50.22gms.

NLM-BBDE8D: SCYTHE
Iron possible scythe fragment. Tang of an implement with a parallel-sided blade (now mostly lost). The tang is bent at one end, at right angles to the alignment of the putative blade. The blade is lost at the end of a hammered expansion of the tang, with one edge, perhaps the end of a cutting edge, slightly thinner than the other. The angled tang would be inappropriate for a knife or tool but is known amongst scythes of early medieval date, as from Cottam, East Riding of Yorkshire, whose blades were shorter and straighter than more recent and familiar forms. Suggested date: possibly Early Medieval, 850-1100. Length: 90.2mm, Width: 28.6mm, Thickness: 9.6mm, Weight: 43.43gms.

NLM-BBD185: SPEAR
Iron probable spearhead fragment. Wrought iron spearhead comprising one half of a robust socket tapering in its internal diameter from 17mm to 7.5mm, and the base of its blade, now of sub-rhomboid form with angled shoulders, but with an uncertain, possibly limited, extent lost from its tip. If the robusticity of the socket and the shortness of the blade are deemed representative of the original object, rather than of the accretion of corrosion products, an alternative function as a spoon bit might be entertained. Suggested date: possibly Medieval, 1100-1350. Length: 123.4mm, Width (shoulder): 34.0mm, Thickness (base of blade): 10.2mm, Weight: 87.88gms.

DENO-9183DA: BULLET MOULD
Complete iron musket ball mould of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1700 - c. AD 1800. The mould has two curved arms, like scissors, meeting in a flat hinge with a central circular pin or rivet in it, visible on one side. It terminates in barrel shaped jaws which enclose a hollow spherical section in between the two halves. The two halves are circular in plan and semi-circular in profile on the inside with flat outer edges. Each half has a semi-circular groove cut out of one edge so that when the mould is held closed and they meet up, they form a circular hole for the molten lead to be poured through. The lead would cool and solidify within the mould and the jaws could then be opened to release the musket ball. The ball would be spherical apart from a small section of projecting metal or sprue from the hole where the lead was poured in. The mould has a sprue nipper just below the hinge to trim away the projection after the ball had cooled. The object measures 124.6 mm in length and is 42.5 mm wide at the curve of the arms, it is 18.5 mm wide at the jaws. It has a thickness of 4.1 mm at the arms and 17.9 mm thick at the jaws. It weighs 56.9 mm. The object is a mid to dark brown in colour with an uneven patina. There are red/brown traces of iron corrosion near to the hinge. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. Similar examples can be seen on the internet which are dated from the 18th century and those found in America that are very similar in style, date from c.1750-1870. Wilkinson (1969) illustrates a similar mould with two flintlock pistols dating to the late 18th century on page 47, Plate 8. Other British examples that date from the 17th and 19th centuries differ in their style and manufacture. A similar example has also been recorded on the database, CORN-034693. Ref Wilkinson, F. 1969 Antique Firearms, Guinness Signatures, London.

BERK-3E48B6: ARROWHEAD
A iron arrowhead of medieval date. The arrowhead has a long, slender and tapering tang, a triat usually seen in European arrowheads, unlike the English arrowheads which were usually socketed. The head is broadly leaf-shaped but has suffered some damaged around the shoulders and to the tip. Although it was usually barbed arrowheads that were used for hunting, this type too wouls also result in the desired effect and as the tang was firmly fixed into the arrow shaft it could be removed from the prey and reused. The find location of this arrowhead and three others found nearby (see BERK-3E1305) suggests these were used for hunting; Snelsmore Common became such in the medieval period. General 'high' medieval date of .c 1200-1450 AD. The head of this arrowhead measures 32mm long x 15.7mm wide x 2.6mm wide. The tangs measures 103.2mm long and has a roughly square cross section measuring at the most 4.5mm thick. The arrowhead weighs 9.3 grams.

BERK-3E1305: ARROWHEAD
Three iron tanged and barbed arrowheads of medieval date. Each arrowhead has suffered some damage to the barbs with only one example retaining any length of a barb. Each arrowhead has a long, slender and tapering tang, a triat usually seen in European arrowheads, unlike the English arrowheads which were usually socketed. Small barbed arrowheads could be used for hunting game, as they were designed to remain inside the body of the prey, but they were also firmly fixed into the arrow shaft so that the could be removed from the prey and reused. The location of these finds suggests that these were indeed used for hunting; Snelsmore Common became such in the medieval period. General 'high' medieval date of .c 1200-1450 AD. The best surviving arrowhead (with barb intact) has a head that measures 53.6mm long x 10.3mm wide x 3.2mm thick. The tang is broadly square in plan and section and measures 123.1mm long and 3.4mm thick. This example weighs 8.6 grams. All of the arrowheads are of much the same size and length.

BERK-3DB4FD: SPEAR
A near-complete iron spearhead of early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) date. The spearhead has a rounded, split socket, indicative of an Anglo-Saxon date. There is a small portion of the base of the socket missing, but this is the only damage to the spearhead. Inside the socket is the remains of the wooden shaft that has been preserved by the presence of the iron. The shaft narrows before flaring outwards into shoulders for the head of the spear. This is braodly leaf-shaped in plan but with angular rather than rounded shoulders; the blade then narrows towards the spear tip. There is a slight midrib down the centre of the spearhead, and about halfway down the spearhead is slightly bent, possibly as a result of modern agricultural activity. Otherwise the spearhead is in very good condition. This spearhead was found in an area of known Anglo-Saxon activity, and is likely to date from the 6th or 7th centuries AD.

KENT-2B2452: MUSKET
A Post Medieval iron lock platefrom a flint lock rifle, dating AD 1600-1850. The object is formed of a cylindrical shank with a rounded knop at one end and a thread running along the length. The shank travels through a spearate oval shaped plate which would have held the flint in place. The object is 39.6mm long, 22.7mm wide and weighs 18.41 grams.

LON-2A5BF1: BUCKLE
A complete late Medieval iron shoe buckle, dating to the 14th-15th century. The buckle is circular in both profile and section, with the pin attached by a hinge. Similar buckles are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (1991:57) where they are described as shoe buckles and they were excavated from contexts dating late 14th - early 15th century and in Egan (2005:34) dated 1650-1700, however this is described as residual. Egan (2005:34) writes "shoe buckles are first continued with the two standard late medieval forms (as this above example) with a hiatus in the early 17th century before the new post-Restoration fashion of slightly larger, sub-rectangular frames with a plate". Dimensions: diameter: 14.0 mm; thickness: 2.81 mm; weight: 1.48 g. Similar to LON-4BA574 on PAS database Reference: Egan G. and Pritchard F. 1991. Dress Accessories: Medieval finds from the Museum of London. The Stationery Office, London Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London.

SUR-ECB54C: KNIFE
A knife comprising an antler handle, an iron blade and tang, a copper alloy plate on the tang, and possibly aluminium very corroded eagle's head terminal. The iron blade is grooved. The antler handle is 64.6mm long. Two spacers, presumably of wood, are missing. This knife is likely to be of mid to late 19th century date.

LON-94B63C: ARMOUR
A post medieval iron plate armour dating to the 16th century. This is a sheet of iron cut into a rectangular shape with angled corners. The plate is slightly curved in profile. There are four rivets arranged along the longer mid line, the rivets have domed heads. One corner is broken and missing. Similar plate armour is illustrated in Egan (2005:194-197) and these pieces came from 16th century contexts. Dimensions: length: 48.68mm; width: 31.72mm; thickness of the plate: 1.23mm; thickness including the rivets: 6.02mm; diameter of rivet head: 7.78mm; weight: 13.07g. Reference: Egan, G. 2005. Material Culture in London in an Age of Transition. MoLAS Monograph 19. English Heritage: London.

PUBLIC-2A78F8: ARROWHEAD
A nearly complete Medieval iron crossbow or arrowhead dating from the late 14th-15th centuries AD. The arrowhead has a central socket which has flat wings attached, now damaged from old breaks. It has a dark reddish-brown colour. The arrowhead measures 38mm long, 15mm wide, 10mm thick and weighs 6.57 grams

DENO-06FCC9: CANNON BALL
An incomplete, cast iron, probably a small cannon ball or canister shot of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical in plan and is broadly circular in section. There appears to be no casting seam present on the surface of the ball, however there is evidence of heavy iron corrosion in the form of circular indentations or depressions in the surface resembling a golf ball. Precise diameter of the ball is unknown due to the unknown level of the iron corrosion. The ball measures approximately 32.9 mm (1.3 in) and weighs 141.3 g (4.98 oz). The ball is a mid to dark brown in colour with the iron corrosion showing as red and orange, it has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the original surface detail. This is probably a canister shot, possibly dating to the Civil War, but more probably dating to c. AD 1600 - c. AD 1700. Other broadly similar examples of this type of artefact have been recorded on the database including WAW-7D0064.

DENO-D6F7E9: STIRRUP
An iron post-medieval (AD c.1600-c.1800) stirrup. Overall, the stirrup measures c.143mm long, 143.9mm wide and 59.0mm thick. It weighs 146g. The stirrup is formed from a frame made from an iron rod which has been shaped into almost an oval, with a flat base. The frame splits into three at the base to form the foot rest. The centre prong is straight while the outher two curve around to form the edge of the oval foot rest. At the top there is a projecting rectangular suspension loop. According to the finder, there is a similar stirrup on display at Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, which is dated to the 1600s. There are very few of this type of stirrup on the database, but none are dated to a period more precise than the 17th-18th century.

DENO-D6BF2B: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1500 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical. Iron corrosion covers most of the surface of the object and appears to be stable. No casting seam is visible. The cannon ball is in fairly good condition. However, there are a number of areas which exhibit pitting, denting, and grazes, including a broadly circular depression at the base and a broadly circular depression and broadly oval perforation on the left side of the ball. This damage is as a direct result of the exposing of casting flaws by corrosion which has forced areas of metal away from the surface. It is highly unlikely that the ball has been fired / used. The ball measures 89.5 mm in diametre and weighs 2700 g (2.7 kg, 95.2 oz or 5.95 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests that it was for a Saker artillery piece (3.5" bore and 5.25 - 7.5 lb ball). Other examples of cannon balls of this size (approximately) have been recorded on the database, including YORYM-A088E7 and SUR-2D3E56.

DENO-D6394A: CANNON BALL
An incomplete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Late Medieval to Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1475 - c. AD 1700. The ball is roughly spherical but has flattened slightly on one side. Iron corrosion covers most of the surface of the object and appears to be stable. There are eight, small, broadly circular perforations present at the base of the object, as well as a larger broadly oval perforation off centre. There are three broadly circular depressions present also. These could be a result of a casting flaw or a result of corrosion. From the large oval perforation, it appears as though at least half of the cannon ball is hollow. This could be a result of a casting flaw or corrosion. No casting seam is visible. The ball measures 61.8 mm in diameter (however the precise diameter is unknown due to corrosion). It has a height of 61.3 mm and weighs 800.4 g (28.23 oz and 1.76 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests it was possibly for a Falcon cannon (2.5 inch bore, and 2lb ball), although due to corrosion it is difficult to be sure of the original size. Other examples of cannon balls of this size (approximately) have been recorded on the database, including SWYOR-5D91DC.

DENO-D55676: CANNON BALL
A complete iron cast iron cannon ball of the Late Medieval to Post Medieval period, dating from c. AD 1475 - c. AD 1700. The ball is spherical. Iron corrosion is present on the surface of the object and appears to be stable. There is a casting seam that runs the circumference of the ball about half way down. There is a broadly circular depression at the base of the ball and a broadly triangular depression on the left side on the seam. The ball measures 66.4 mm in diameter and weighs 1073.8 g (1.74 kg, 37.87 oz and 2.3670 lb). The ball is a red brown to dark brown in colour and has an uneven patina. Abrasion caused by movement whilst within the plough soil may have resulted in the loss of some of the surface detail. The size of the ball suggests it was possibly for a Falcon cannon (2.5 inch bore, 2lb ball). Other examples of cannon balls of this size have been recorded on the database, including SWYOR-0D82C1 and SWYOR-E227E4.

A fragment comprising the neck and heel of a Medieval iron rowel spur with extensive white metal surface coating (probably tin) surviving. The neck, which bifurcates to take the missing rowel, measures 6.4mm across at the break.

BM-472388: HOB NAIL
A complete iron hob nail dating to the Roman period. The head is conical in shape and measures 9.8mm in diamter and 5 mm high. The shank is square in section, tapering slightly towards a ?bent terminal. The hob nail has a length of 15mm and weighs 0.9 grams.