YORYM-741DA1: COIN
A heavily corroded possible base core of a plated Roman denarius of unclear type, perhas Julia Domna (AD 193-217) or one of the later Severan women, dating to the period c.AD 193-235 (Reece Periods 10-11). Illegible reverse type. Probably a prototype of the mint of Rome.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1152139

YORYM-FD9045: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Carausius (AD 286-293), dating to the period c.AD 286-293 (Reece period 14). Probably LITITI A or derivative reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left holding purse and sceptre. Unclear mint. cf. RIC V.5, no. 1088ff.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1146784

YORYM-5C4E12: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The terret is of the 'simple' type, comprising an ovate basal strap bar flanked by circular collars. A circular sectioned loop extends to either side of the collars, tapering in diameter to the side opposite the strap bar. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The terret loop is 18.15mm in diameter, 2.67mm in thickness while the collars are 7.04mm in diameter. It weighs 2.99g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the East Yorkshire chariot burials of the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD. They can be seen as the archetype from which many of the more complex terrets evolve. Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1139765

YORYM-0B51D1: FINGER RING
A complete copper-alloy finger ring of Roman date, c. AD 43-200. Henig Type II. The object is composed of an oval shaped bezel, set with undecorated blue glass enamel, from which narrowing plain shoulders extend to either side. The band continues to narrow to the reverse and loops completely. There is no decoration visible on the band of the object. The metal is dark green in colour with a worn smooth patina. The ring measures 15.17mm in diameter and 1.73mm in loop thickness with a bezel measuring 4.58mm in width and 6.09mm in length. It weighs 0.89g. The size of the ring suggests it may have been worn on the end of the finger, or that it would have been worn by a child or an adult with small fingers.

YORYM-B88E16: STYLUS
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T1115. Description: A complete though distorted copper-alloy stylus with silver wire decoration of Roman date, c.AD 43 – 200. Manning's Type I. The object comprises a circular sectioned shaft which tapers to a rounded point at one end and a spatulate and waisted, or shouldered, ‘eraser’ at the other. Worn moulded decoration is present where the shaft extends into the point. Four short bands of flat silver plate are adhered to the mouldings. The metal has a dark red/green patina and is worn. The object is 43.7mm long, 5.2mm wide, 3.2mm thick and weighs 4.3g. Dimensions: Length: 43.7 mm Width: 5.2 mm Thickness: 3.2 mm Weight: 4.3 g Discussion: Most work on Roman styli has focused on iron examples but 90% of the Roman styli recorded on the PAS database are of copper alloy. In general terms, the typology developed for iron styli can still be applied to those of copper-alloy. This example fits into Mannings Type 1 with integral point and eraser which date from the 1st to 2nd centuries. Manning (1976; p.34) describes Type 1 styli as the simplest form being essentially a slender rod, tapering to a point at one end and flattened into an eraser at the other. The fact that bronze styli were cast made their decoration relatively easy; iron styli, on the other hand, had to be forged individually, with the result that, as ornamentation was much more difficult and time-consuming, the majority are simple and functional (Manning, 1927, p.34). An undecorated iron stylus of Manning Type1 is held in the collections of the British Museum (Registration number: 1960,0405.250). A further example featuring a bronze stem elaborately decorated with facets and bands of cross-hatching with only the tip made of iron is also in the collections of the British Museum (Registration number: 1934,1106.3). Richard Hobbs, Curator of Romano-British and late Roman collections at the British Museum states that iron styli decorated with silver bands are known while copper-alloy examples are less common (pers.commun. 0911/2023). Conclusion: The stylus consists of five distinct components: a copper-alloy body, and four applied strips of silver plate. These should be treated as individual, associated objects under the Treasure Act 1996. The silver sheet plates fulfil the criteria for Treasure under the Treasure Act 1996 in that they are more than 300 years old and have a precious metal content exceeding 10%; the copper-alloy body is therefore Treasure by association. References: Manning, W. H. (1976) Catalogue of Romano-British ironwork in the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle Upon Tyne. Newcastle: Archaeology Department, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.

YORYM-7B262A: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Carausius (AD 286-293), probably a contemporary copy, dating to the period c.AD 286-293 (Reece Period 14). Probably PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre., large X below branch. Unclear mint prototype.

YORYM-D4123C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Titus (AD 79-81) as caesar under Vespasian, dating to the period c.AD 77-78 (Reece Period 4). SALVS AVGVSTA reverse type depicting Salus seated left holding patera and sceptre. Mint of Lyon. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 148, no. 1249.

YORYM-7D98AC: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman nummus, contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, dating to the period c.AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Unclear mint prototype.

YORYM-3E438D: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 50 - 200. Booth Type A7 (Fowler Type A1) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands towards the terminals. Both terminals are rounded knops. The metal has a shiny brassy yellow patina and is in worn condition. The brooch is 20.2mm in diameter, 1.9mm thick and weighs 1g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Dr Booth (2014, p.137) also states that humped pins are concentrated in the north of Britain. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-AD66F8: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman nummus of the House of Constantine, dating to the period c.AD 318-320 (Reece period 16). VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP reverse type depicting Two Victories holding a shield inscribed VOT/PR on an altar. Unclear mint, probably Trier.

YORYM-AD5204: BRACELET
An incomplete copper-alloy ribbed bracelet of Late Hallstatt - Late Iron Age date, c. 650-100 BC. The bracelet comprises twenty-one (21) complete conjoined pointed ovate knobs with transverse double banded ridges at the juncture between each knob. The section is an asymmetric ovate having a more distinct curve to the upper surface. Both terminals are in the form of half knobs. The metal has a mid-green delaminated patina and is worn. The bracelet is 69.9mm in diameter, 11.9mm wide, 7.1mm thick and weighs 66.2g. A parallel from Roxby, South Humberside has been published by Kevin Leahy in which he notes the type being well known in the Arras culture of East Yorkshire and parallels are also found in the Hallstatt culture on the continent. An example from Castle Hill, Scarborough was dated by Challis and Harding to the second half of the seventh century BC (Hallstatt C2), supported by associated pottery findings. Leahy determines that this evidence leaves a broad date range for knobbed bracelets spanning "the whole of the British Iron Age from Hallstatt C to La Tene III". Ref: Leahy, K. "An Iron Age Ribbed Bracelet From Roxby, South Humberside." Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Volume. 20 (1985): p.79.

YORYM-49DBE7: COIN
A very worn and corroded copper-alloy Roman sestertius, possibly of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), dating to the period c. AD 138-161 (Reece Period 7). Unclear reverse type, possibly depicting a she-wolf suckling twins? Probably mint of Rome.

YORYM-4979A5: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman dupondius of Trajan (AD 98-117), probably dating to the period c.AD 103-117 (Reece period 5). Illegible reverse type. Mint of Rome.

YORYM-37104C: COIN
A copper-alloy possible contemporary copy Roman nummus of Constantine II dating to the period AD 335-341 (Reece Period 17). GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting two soldiers with one standard. Prototype of the mint of Trier. Similar to RIC VII, p.223, no.586.

YORYM-F8A509: HARNESS FITTING
A fragment of a copper-alloy harness fitting, probably of Simple type terret ring of Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC – AD 150. Approximately one-third of the object remains. The fitting comprises an incomplete sub-circular vertical attachment bar collared by a sub-oval moulding. A short length of an ovate sectioned hoop extends from the outer edge of the moulding which terminates in a worn break. The metal has a dark green patina and is in fair condition. The terret is 26.11mm long, 14.53mm wide, 11.67mm thick and weighs 8.73g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings (Lewis 2015; 6). Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-7C7D84: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 150. Lewis Triple Projection Type. Approximately one quarter of the object remains comprising a circular sectioned frame with worn break to one end and integral sub-triangular collar to the other. The basal bar which would have projected from the other side of the collar is lost to worn breaks. A single integral raised knop is present to the outer edge of the frame, close to the break. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The terret is 31.8mm long, 13.1mm in diameter at the collar, 3.9mm in diameter at the frame, and weighs 7.8g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.106) discusses Triple Projection Type terrets as appearing only in Roman-era contexts, although in most cases dating is not precise. Lewis (ibid. p.107) suggests they were manufactured in the late pre-Roman Iron Age, and remained in common currency until at least the mid-late first century AD, with evidence for the occasional deposition of terrets with knobs and with transverse wings in the second century AD. Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-7C0C13: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 50 - 200. Booth Type A8 (Fowler Type A3). Approximately half of the brooch remains. The hoop is circular in section with a worn break to one end. To the other end, it expands into a rounded knop with a single raised moulded collar. A pin loop remains looped around the frame though the pin proper is lost to a worn break. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.6mm long, 4.6mm in diameter at the terminals and 2.5mm diameter at the frame. The brooch weighs 2.1g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-27A4DE: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Trumpet brooch of Roman date, c. AD 100-200; Bayley and Butcher 2004, Group C; Mackreth 2011, Hinged Trumpet Type 4, uncertain sub-class. The head is ovate with a double lug hinge mechanism to the reverse. The axis bar is retained within the lugs but the pin no longer remains. The front of the head is undecorated. A circular sectioned bow extends from the centre of the front of the head widening slightly to a circular acanthus moulding. The lower bow extends from the lower collar with a circular section and terminates in a rounded foot knop. The remains of a catch plate remain to the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 34.2mm long, 10.5mm wide, 6.7mm thick and weighs 6.1g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa AD 75 - 175. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Mackreth, D.F. (2011) Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-BCB111: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T661. Description: An incomplete possible silver finger ring of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 300. Henig type II; Guiraud's type 2. The hoop of the finger ring is ovate in form and section. An ovate recessed bezel is present to the widest part of the hoop and the shoulders taper away from the bezel. The bezel is empty. Dimensions: Length: 22.4mm; Width: 11.5mm; Thickness: 3.9mm; Weight: 7.2g. Discussion: The finger ring fits into Guiraud's type 2 (Henig type II), which dates from the 1st to early 3rd centuries. These are a very common type of Roman finger ring of which NMS-E9B616 (2020 T370) is a typical example. The record notes that over 20 were found in the Snettisham jeweller's hoard. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-D7DCD8: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Trumpet brooch of Roman date, c. AD 75 - 150 Mackreth 2011, Standard Trumpet Type 1.a1a, Plate 78, no. 12361. The head is ovate with a single centrally positioned integral vertical lug to the reverse. The spring and loop remain though the pin terminates with a worn break prior to reaching its full length. An axis bar remains fitted through the lug. Six turns of the spring remain around the axis bar. The outer turns of the spring bend under the head to form a loop. The front of the head is decorated with a recessed border. A circular sectioned bow extends from the centre of the front of the head widening slightly to a circular 6 petal acanthus moulding flanked by a single banded semi-circular collar above and below. The bow continues below the moulding with a D-shaped section terminating in a worn break. An incomplete catchplate extends from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a dark-green patina and is in worn condition. The brooch is 48.82mm long, 15.95mm wide, 8.04mm thick and weighs 9.02g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa AD 75 - 175. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Mackreth, D.F. (2011) Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-F32E5D: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy trumpet brooch dating from the Roman period, c. AD 80-200. Bayley and Butcher 2004, Group B; Mackreth's TR x2.b group, pl.87, no.11839. The trumpet head is decorated with two ridges round the curved upper edge. The head of the brooch contains a double lug hinge mechanism. An axis bar remains fitted through the lug with ends which curve upward to form a head loop held at the waist by a rectangular sectioned open staple. A closed pin loop remains fitted around the axis bar with the pin extending completely to its full length. The upper bow is sub-circular in cross-section. the central moulding is on the front of the bow only. It has a triple collar above, then three petals above and below the central disc. There are then three collars below. The lower bow is fluted and the foot is sub semicircular. The catchplate is incomplete and it bends to the left (viewing the reverse, head uppermost). The object has a mid-green patina. The brooch is 52.01mm long, 15.87mm wide, 25.83mm thick and weighs 10.58g. This brooch fits into Mackreth's TR x2.b group. Similar brooches can also be seen in Hattatt (2000, p.326-328, fig.185-187) and a broadly dated to the period AD 43-200. Refs: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Mackreth, D.F. (2011) Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-CD1017: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman Sestertius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161) (Reece Period 7), [ ], unclear female figure left, (at altar?). Mint of Rome.

YORYM-B805BC: FINGER RING
A complete copper alloy spiral ring of probable Bronze Age to Roman date, c.1500 BC – AD 300. The object is formed of a circular sectioned rod of metal with cut ends. The ring has three coils. It is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in fair condition. The ring is 15.9mm tall, 27.9mm in diameter, 3.5mm thick and weighs 17.7g. Some rings of this type appear to be made from reused fragments of metal and a few are far too big to have been worn on the finger. It has therefore been suggested that they could have been used as hair ornaments or as harness and horse equipment. Spiral rings may, at their earliest, be Bronze Age; see one in the British Museum from the Bronze Age collection found in Heathery Burn Cave. There are also examples on the PAS database of securely dated Middle Bronze Age hoards containing several finger-rings; see WILT-038191 and SUSS-C5D042 for examples. Spiral finger-rings are known from the middle Iron Age (e.g. one now in the British Museum from Garton Station, Yorkshire) but become commoner in the late Iron Age (e.g. one now in the British Museum from the late Iron Age cemetery of King Harry Lane, Verulamium; Stead 1991, 103-4, no. e3) and continue into the Roman period. Good examples of late Iron Age or Roman spiral finger-rings include WAW-8B2932, SOMDOR-89E565, CPAT-CB6BE6, DUR-00F326 and HESH-A3BB08.

YORYM-B6486A: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T456. Description: A complete silver ‘TOT’ type finger ring of Roman date, c.AD 100 – 300. The hoop is circular with an ovate section and expands to triangular shoulders which flank a wide square bezel. The bezel has a raised central circular panel incised with the letters ‘IOI’. The outer edges of the bezel, above and below the central panel, have a row of four integral raised pellets. The shoulders are decorated with two chevron motifs, widest at the bezel end and tapering to meet where the shoulders narrow to form the hoop proper. The interior of the hoop is undecorated. Dimensions: Diameter: 23.3mm; Width: 13.2mm – 3.3mm; Thickness: 4.1mm – 1.9mm; Weight: 5.74g. Discussion: The inscription is likely to be a variant of the more common 'TOT', which are common finds in the East Midlands, especially in Lincolnshire, and are distinctive to Roman Britain. The inscription is regarded as an abbreviation of the name of the Celtic god Toutatis (or Totatis), who was often identified with the Roman god Mars (Daubney 2010, p.109). It is possible that the horizontal lines at each end of the vertical axis seen in this case was intended so that 'TOT' would be read whichever way up it was held. For similar examples see 2012 T434 (WMID-63F643), 2013 T794 (PAS-4A576B) and 2015 T614 (SWYOR-D731AE). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Daubney, A. (2010) 'The cult of Totatis: evidence for tribal identity in Roman Britain' in Worrell, S., Egan, G., Naylor, J., Leahy, K. and Lewis, M. (Eds) A Decade of Discovery: proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme conference 2007, BAR British Series 520.

YORYM-B62774: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T455. Description: A complete silver-gilt annular brooch of medieval date, c.AD 1200 – 1400. The frame is circular with a rectangular section and a constriction for the pin. A triangular pin remains looped around the frame by a rectangular sectioned closed loop. The shaft of the pin has a tapering rectangular section and an expanded collar is present at the junction between the loop and the shaft. The collar bears transverse groove decoration. The front surface of the frame is decorated with a rocker arm design. The reverse is flat and undecorated. One edge of the frame extends outward to form clasped hands at a right angle to the frame itself. The hands are ovate with three moulded grooves to separate the fingers. The thumbs are integrally cast sub-ovate extensions to one side of the hands. Dimensions: Length: 22.1mm; Diameter: 15mm; Width: 2.3mm; Thickness: 0.7mm; Weight: 0.93g. Discussion: According to Egan and Pritchard (1991, p.255,) this style of brooch was relatively common during the late 13th to 14th centuries, with some of the finer examples decorated with two hands clasping a jewel. Such an example is held in the collections of the British Museum (1849,0301.33; Similar examples have been recorded as Treasure on the PAS database including 2023T139 (SOM-A3E70D), 2020 T201 (LIN-38DDC5), and 2005 T264 (SF-F667E1). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (2002). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-9575E2: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T449. Description: A complete gold finger ring of medieval date, c.AD 1400 – 1500. The finger ring is circular with a D-shaped section. The outer surface is decorated with a heart framed by curvilinear vines and leaves acting as a bezel. The hoop is engraved with Jasper Melcior Baltazar in black-letter script. Each name is separated by a short curvilinear vine with leaves. The interior of the hoop is undecorated. Dimensions: Diameter: 21.6mm; Width: 3.5mm; Thickness: 1.5mm; Weight: 3.48g. Discussion: The inscription names the three Magi (the Three Wise Men or Three Kings); Jasper (or Casper), Melchior and Balthazar. These names are often found inscribed on medieval rings and brooches and were considered to convey protective or magical qualities to provide protection against sickness, particularly fever and epilepsy. There are several examples of this ring that have been recorded on the database with similar inscriptions. See 2022 T1146 (NMS-EB01C1), 2019 T734 (ESS-E8A904) and an example in the collections of the British Museum, accession number AF.1017. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-915C6B: FINGER RING
An incomplete coper-alloy snake head finger ring of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. The finger ring is in two pieces; the hoop and one terminal – a second terminal is lost to a worn break. The surviving snake head terminal is pointed ovate with a D-shaped section, tapering to an integral ovate sectioned hoop to one side. The hoop terminates in a worn break. The upper surface is decorated with moulded detail featuring raised pointed ovate eyes flanking an elongated raised ridges nose. The head is bordered by transverse ridges. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The hoop is formed of a rectangular strip of metal, curved to form a loop, which narrows to the terminal ends which are both broken. The exterior surface of the hoop bears incised decoration in the form of repeated chevrons. The interior of the hoop is undecorated. The metal has a dark green patina and is in good condition. The hoop is 24.6mm in diameter, 5.6mm wide, 0.8mm thick. The terminal is 16.7mm long, 6.9mm wide, 2.1mm thick. The objects weighs 2.8g. A similar, though silver, object is recorded as 2022 T1017 (SUSS-FC3136) from near Tangmere, Sussex which discusses the snake headed ring as forming part of a fashion for ‘serpentiform’ jewellery introduced to Britain during the 1st century AD (Johns 1996, 44). The snake depicted on rings of this type was associated with Asclepius, god of healing and became fashionable during the 2nd century (Cool 2010, 33). The snake could also be associated with Mercury and can be interpreted as symbolic of both rebirth and death since the snake often features in funerary contexts; rings of this type have been included in mid second century jewellery hoards, such as the Snettisham hoard and interpreted as an indigenous production (Cool 2000).

YORYM-6586C9: COIN
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T457. Description: A silver Post-Medieval coin possibly a threepence of Elizabeth I dating to the period AD 1558 - 1603. Uncertain Issue. Square shield on long cross fourchee reverse. Uncertain initial mark. Mint of London. The coin has been cut approximately in half and folded over at each end. Dimensions: The coin is 12.3mm long, 10.8mm wide, 2.6mm thick and weighs 1.2g. Discussion: Single coin losses would not normally be considered treasure. However, this example has been altered to such a degree that it could not be used as currency and has instead been altered to perform a secondary role. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-146EC8: PIN
Treasure Case 2023 T398 Description: A complete silver annular brooch pin dating to the Medieval period, c. AD 1200-1400. The pin consists of a sub-oval sectioned shaft tapering into a rounded point at one end. Just preceding the point on both broad faces are transverse concave depression forming rests for the frame of the brooch. An expanded collar, featuring pellets on the broad faces, is present at the junction between the loop and the shaft. The complete loop extends out above the collar, wrapping around to form a loop just above the collar. Dimensions: Length: 32.11mm; Width: 5.78mm; Thickness: 4.64mm; Weight: 1.36g. Discussion: Similar pins are typically found attached to Medieval annular brooches; several examples in copper alloy excavated in a medieval context in London were published by Egan & Pritchard (1991, 249-253). Egan and Pritchard also document an annular brooch from this Medieval context produced in silver (1991, 255). Numerous similar examples in silver have been recorded on the PAS database and as Treasure. These include; WILT-2D79BC, YORYM-6E9BFA, YORYM-8EB50A, YORYM-5669FD, YORYM-C762D6 and SUR-DA04E7. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-6C5149: NAIL CLEANER
A complete copper-alloy nail cleaner with a moulded neck and shoulder blade, c.AD 25 - 400. Crummy Type 2a. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow shaft with forked terminal. A straight groove runs down the centre of the blade from shoulders to terminal. The rounded shoulders taper to a sub-ovate neck featuring two wide and four narrow alternating collars. A circular attachment loop terminal which is in line with the blade projects from the upper end of the neck. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 49.9mm long, 8.6mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 1.6g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade". Ref: Crummy, N. (1983). Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd.

YORYM-E9158D: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy strap mount dating to the Late Iron Age, c.50 BC - AD 100. The openwork mount comprises a fragment of frame, C-shaped in plan and D-shaped in section, with a stud projecting forward from the face and a rectangular loop and an integrally cast sharp pointed conical spike on the reverse of the mount. Both ends of the C-shaped fragment are marked by worn breaks. The front of the frame fragment is decorated with a single parallel incised line extending across the exterior edge and a small band of pellets around the interior edge. Within the interior of the frame fragment is a incomplete part of a triskele which would have once extended across the interior of the frame. The stud projecting forward from the face comprises of a circular-sectioned shaft with a discoidal flat head. This head is decorated with a cell, surrounded by pellets, within which the remains of light red enamel can be found. On the reverse of the frame is an integrally cast sharp pointed conical spike located below the triskele fragment. At the once apex of the mount (and top of the C-shaped fragment) is a complete rectangular loop which appear to be soldered into place, and was thus separately cast. Whilst intermittent filing marks are present on the reverse the mount, it is otherwise undecorated. The mount has a brown patina and is worn. It is 43.42mm long, 21.16mm wide, has a frame thickness of 4.77mm and weighs 15.08g. The spike is 5.01mm wide a the base and measures 9.72mm in height. The projecting stud has a diameter of 9.64mm. The form of this mount is often termed 'lyre-shaped' and four direct parallels are recorded on the PAS database: NMS-3E5C7E (Treasure Case 2020T360; two mounts were identified as part of an Iron Age hoard), DENO-B67153 and DUR-7BDE31. These parallels remain far more intact with DUR-7BDE31 providing a good indication of what this may have initially looked like. All PAS records for these mounts also note another example from Dragonby, Lincolnshire (May 1996, 278, no.83, fig. 11.26), and the record for NMS-3E5C7E also cites examples from Pegsdon Common Farm, Shillington, Bedfordshire (site thought to be a religious sanctuary; Burleigh 2018, 6) and from the late Iron Age hillfort at Rainsborough, Northants (Jope 2000, pl. 271, nos. d, e, f), all broadly dated from the Late Iron Age into the early Roman period c.50BC-100AD. The record for the two mounts from Norfolk (NMS-3E5C7E) goes into some detail regarding the function of the mounts, stating that: "The disc-headed stud which projects from the front is presumably to take a strap, perhaps passing through a slit or a loop. The loops on the reverse are presumably for straps; these would have been a little smaller than width c.11mm and thickness c.3mm. The straps would have had to double back over the loop, to avoid the spike or rivet next to it at the narrow end, and would presumably have done the same at the broad end. The spikes or rivets themselves are thick and and of unusual, perhaps somewhat impractical, conical profile for a rivet; they would have had little purchase on leather, and whatever they fixed the mount into would have to be so narrow that its edges would probably be visible within the openwork. Burleigh (2018, 6) has suggested instead that the spikes on the Pegsdon example could have held the mount proud of the strap, rather than fixing it to a base." The record also notes that spiked cheekpieces are known from late Bronze Age onwards in the Mediterranean (Littauer 1969, 289-91, fig 1) and draws heavily on the work of Pauline Norris and her work on similar spiked mounts as part of Ancient Egyptian bridles. Her research has shown that mounts were likely used "as ‘bridle burrs’ or studded cheekpieces, fixed to the outer side of each bridle of a pair of horses harnessed to a vehicle. As the horses moved in parallel and close together, and the reins were run through terrets preventing a wide sideways pull, the blunt spikes on the cheekpieces were used to keep the horses from turning their heads outwards and to help in directional control.". Burleigh, G. 2018. Finds from sacred places in the landscape around Romano-British Baldock. Lucerna 54, p.6. Jope, E.M. 2000. Early Celtic Art in the British Isles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Littauer, M.A. 1969. Bits and Pieces. Cambridge: Antiquity Publications Ltd. May, J. 1996. Dragonby: A Report on Excavations at an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in North Lincolnshire. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-E7C1D6: CUFF LINK
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T353 Description: A complete cast silver cufflink of post-medieval date, c. AD 1650-1700. Lewis form 1, type A. The cufflink is made up of two separate circular discs both with a stamped design of a crown above two hearts. A silver wire loop is soldered to the reverse of both discs. A longer oval loop of wire is slotted through the discs' loops joining the two together. Dimensions: Length: 30.38mm; Width: 15.76mm; Thickness: 5.42mm; Weight: 2.21g. Discussion: The 'crown and heart' motif on cufflinks is thought to commemorate the marriage of King Charles II (r. AD 1660 - 1685) to Catherine of Braganza (AD 1638 - 1705) in AD 1662, but little evidence has been offered to support this theory (Lewis 2013, 3). The ‘crown and heart’ motif continued to be used as a general symbol of love and/or marriage and was fashionable in the second half of the 17th century (Lewis 2013, 1). The object is a well-known type. Similar examples which have been recorded on the PAS database and as Treasure include ESS-CE0DDA, SUR-8EE3B7, ESS-5C06F6, NMS-476AD2, KENT-64570E and YORYM-FBEB18. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Lewis, M. 2013. Crown and Heart Buttons and Cufflinks. Finds Research Group Datasheet 46.

YORYM-2A8B0B: PENANNULAR RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T312 A complete gold plated pennannular ring dating to the Bronze Age, c. 1000-800 BC. Description: A complete penannular ring, circular in cross section, with corrosion between the terminals. The corrosion likely indicates that it was made by covering a circular copper-alloy bar with gold sheet and hammering it flat, giving it the appearance of being made from solid gold. The ring was decorated with silver or silver rich gold wire, which covers the ring in a continuous spiral that provides a striped effect. Overall, it is in fairly good condition, but there are a couple of scratches, nicks and dents in the surface, as well as some damage around the terminals. Dimensions: Outer diameter: 19.14mm; Inner diameter: 5.93mm; Thickness: 7.06mm; Weight: 11.43g. Discussion: A number of penannular rings of similar size and decoration have been recorded as treasure on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database; 2020T565 (BUC-AD669C), 2019T1091 (HAMP-BE4072), 2015T809 (DOR-0A6139) and 2003T290 (SUR-8E1010). Six Bronze Age gold penannular rings were illustrated in the Treasure Annual Report 2003 (p. 196-197). See also: for a full list. It is not clear how these rings were used. In the past they were called ‘hair-rings’ because they were thought to have been worn in the hair and they have been called ‘ring-money’ as they were thought to have been used as a proto-monetary exchange object and used in trade (Taylor 1980; Green 1988; Eogan 1994; 1997; Varndell 2001; Hobbs 2003; Meeks et al 2008; O'Connor et al 2008). Their function remains uncertain although use as hair decoration has been ruled out, the possibility remains that they were worn on the body and used as personal adornment (see discussion in Armbruster 2021: 191-196). Eogan’s (2004) distribution shows that Bronze Age penannular rings are found in both Britain and Ireland and a small number have been found in northwest continental Europe. Finds recorded on the PAS database for England and Wales reflect a general bias towards southern Britain, with fewer recorded in Wales and northern England. A recent scientific analysis of penannular rings categorised the rings into four broad types based on their components and decoration (Meeks et al. 2008). This particular example comes under their ‘Type 3d gold foil plated copper alloy ring, with silvery gold wire inlay’ and analysis of a similar one in the British Museum collections suggests that the technical skill involved in creating the fine silver-rich gold striped effect on the surface was highly complex. These penannular rings, especially the gold sheet examples with stripes, are generally considered to date to the Ewart Park phase of the Late Bronze Age (c.1000–800BC; Needham 2007, 33). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Armbruster, B.R. 2021. Les ors de l’Europe atlantique à l’âge du bronze: technologie et ateliers. Mémoire LIV. Chauvigny, Association des publications chauvinoises. Eogan, G. 1994, The Accomplished Art: Gold and Gold-Working in Britain and Ireland during the Bronze Age, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Eogan, G. 1994. The accomplished art: gold and gold-working in Britain and Ireland during the Bronze Age (c. 2300-650 BC). Oxford, Oxbow. Eogan, G. 1997. ‘Hair-rings’ and European Late Bronze Age society. Antiquity, 71(272), 308-320. Green, H. S., 1988. A find of Bronze Age" ring-money" from Graianog, Llanllyfni, Gwynedd. The bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 35, 87-91. Hobbs, R. 2003. Treasure: finding our past. London: The British Museum Press. Meeks, N., Craddock, P. & Needham, S. 2008. Bronze Age penannular gold rings from the British Isles: technology and composition. Jewellery Studies 11, 13-30. Needham, S.P. 2007. Cirencester area, Gloucestershire: Bronze Age gold and base-metal scatter (2004 T416). Treasure Annual Report 2004, 26-33, figs. 17.1-6. Meeks, N.D., Craddock, P.T., and S.P. Needham. 2008. ‘Bronze Age penannular gold rings from the British Isles: technology and composition’, Jewellery Studies 11, 13–30. O'Connor, B., Cowie, T. & Worrell, S. 2008. Ring money: dernières nouvelles d’outre- manche. Bulletin de l’Association pour la promotion des recherches sur l’âge du bronze 5, 12-13. Raftery, B. 2004. Pit 119: Rathgall, Co. Wicklow. In: Roche, H., Bradley, J., Coles, J., Raftery, B. (eds) 2004. From Megaliths to Metal. Essays in Honour of George Eogan. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 83-91. Taylor, J.J. 1980. Bronze Age Goldwork of the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Varndell, G. 2001. Ringing the Changes: when terminology matters. Antiquity 75, 515-516.

YORYM-3390FC: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T259. Description: An incomplete gold sheet of uncertain date. The object is rectangular in plan and section. It has two long straight edges which appear complete though show signs of damage. One side has a break midway along its length at which point the sheet is folded over. The two shorter edges appear broken. The object is undecorated though faint horizontal linear striations are present to one side. These are regular in depth though are varying distances apart. Dimensions: Length: 30.5mm; Width: 13.5mm; Thickness: 0.6mm; Weight: 1.67g. Discussion: Gold sheet plates of Bronze Age date are known, see 2010 T664 (LVPL-83FE92), 2020 T222 (CORN-705C14) and 2022 T1057 (LVPL-BBA759). Such examples however tend to have distinctive ribbed decoration or piercings which this piece lacks. The current example displays only sporadic faint incisions which are likely to be resultant of either production or fitting to a secondary object. Similarly there are occasional plain sheets described as Roman (BM-F4E387) or uncertain date (NLM-A31A1E) Conclusion: Due to the undiagnostic nature of the find, it cannot be securely dated to pre-1718 and as such falls outside the provisions of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-06A2E2: BRACELET
A fragment of a glass bracelet dating to the Roman period, c. AD 50 - AD 200. Kilbride-Jones type 2. The bracelet is D-shaped in section and blue in colour. At the apex of the curved side a semi-circular groove is present into which a separate strip of glass has been fitted through marvering. The strip is comprised of alternating thick blue and thin white glass cables which have been twisted together to create a twisted rope effect. The bracelet fragment is 27.79mm long, 13.12mm wide and 8.84mm thick. It weighs 4.47g. Bracelets and bangles of a variety of materials, including metal, jet and shale, are a particularly common find on Romano-British sites. Glass examples such as this were distinctive objects produced in Britain in the mid-first to late-second centuries AD. To create the seamless bangles molten glass was likely wound and stretched with iron rods or pontils (Ivleva, 2019, p.2). The heat of the bangle alone would allow the separate strips of decoration to be applied with the strip sinking further in the longer it is in contact with the hot surface (ibid, p3.). These bangles were produced in a variety of sizes and their use remains unclear. It is possible they were used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, arm, leg or hair ornaments. They may also have had a more specialised use that is not currently understood. Ivleva (2019, p.5) states that these versatile and ubiquitous objects “are usually considered to be delicate and exquisite objects, but the quick manufacturing technique identified through experimental archaeology suggests that they may have been mass-produced, widely available and easily accessible products”. Two similar bracelet fragments from North Yorkshire are currently housed in the Yorkshire Museum. Accession numbers- YORYM: HG5 and YORYM: 2006.2856. Currently 20 such fragments are recorded on the PAS database. These are predominatly discovered in the East Riding of Yorkshire with 8 entries (including YORYM-6EC79C, YORYM-7325B6 ,FAKL-C8D895, YORYM160) with two entries from North Yorkshire (SWYOR-2A4D36 and YORYM-6D12A7) and Lincolnshire (LIN-E2A761 and NCL-A8FD74). Ref: Ivleva, T (2019) Romano-British glass bangles; Datasheet 9; Roman Finds Group.

YORYM-9FBE3F: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius, probably of Sabina (AD 117-138), dating to the period c.AD 130-133 (Reece period 6). Probably CONCORDIA AVG reverse type depicting Concordia seated left holding patera and resting left elbow on Spes. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II.3, no. 2501.

YORYM-0A1045: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T201. Description: A complete gold polygonal finger ring of Roman date, c.AD 200 - 300. Henig's type IX. The finger ring has a circular hoop formed of eight irregular ovate panels joined at their narrowest points. The finger ring is undecorated. Dimensions: Diameter: 19.4mm; Width: 4.2mm; Thickness: 0.9mm; Weight: 2.5. Discussion: Numerous similar polygonal finger rings have been reported as potential Treasure. See: 2016 T912 (SUSS-31AFD6), 2013 T669 (BUC-E7B767), and 2018 T130 (NMS-EA3CBA) which suggests that the distribution of these finger rings shows a marked southern bias. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-F5C417: COIN
A copper-alloy coin of unclear type, possibly a Roman radiate or nummus of unclear ruler, dating to the period c.AD 260-402. Both faces are illegible and corroded. The precise date of this coin is unclear and a slightly earlier (1st-3rd century AD) or later date range cannot be ruled out entirely without the coin being examined in person by the Finds Advisor.

YORYM-F5950F: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate or nummus of unclear emperor, probably dating to the period c.AD 260 - 402. Unclear reverse type or mint.

YORYM-F552A9: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman barbarous radiate, contemporary copy of unclear 3rd century ruler, dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). P[...]A[...] reverse type depicting Aequitas(?) standing left holding scales and vertical sceptre? Unclear mint prototype.

YORYM-F4AC53: COIN
A heavily corroded copper-alloy Roman sestertius, possibly of Hadrian (AD 117-138) and dating to the period c.AD 117-120 (Reece period 6). PONT [...], Unclear seated figure left, possibly Salus feeding snake rising from altar? Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II.3 no. 164 for a possible reverse type of Hadrian.

YORYM-4EF314: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish cut halfpenny of Alexander II (AD 1214 - 1249), probably Type D1 or D2, dating to the period c.AD 1235 - 1249 (Spink S5035 or S5036). Two six-pointed stars on reverse. Moneyers: Andrv, Ricar and Adam. Mint: Roxburgh. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 15.

YORYM-BCB14D: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy enamelled strap fitting of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. AD 40-80. The strap fitting is oval with a D-shaped section and a chequerboard design on the upper surface. The resulting cells are infilled with alternating red and yellow enamel. The reverse of the fitting includes two projections with centrally facing worn terminals which may be the remains of a loop. Between these two projections is a rectangular hollow. The metal has a dark green patina with light brown areas on the fitting reverse. The fitting is 20.54mm in length, 15.79mm in width, 9.12mm in thickness and weighs 6.14g. A similarly decorated objects from this period include studs such as LVPL-1E4C7A. Another similarly decorated stud was inlaid in the bone and bronze hilt of an Iron Age sword from Rudston, East Riding which is dated c.300 BC - 100 BC (YORYM : 1948.938). Stead (1979; p.64) discusses prehistoric Yorkshire swords stating that none appeared to be older than La Tene III, including the Rudston sword based on its typical La Tene III hilt-end. Similar bronze studs were also found in graves at Bugthorpe and Grimthorpe which are theorised as serving similar purposes. Chequerboard enameling can also be seen on other Iron Age objects such as harness equipment, for example two linch pins recorded on the PAS database as WMID-947693 and YORYM-B3FDA2. The same pattern and colours of enamel are also seen in YORYM-83B977, a Roman button and loop fastener which, based on the object typology, dates to AD 50 - 200, later than the Rudston sword. A further parallel is recorded as DUR-4E3C45 which comments that the use of polychrome enamels on geometric chequerboard native style metalwork is a widespread trend in Britain dating from c. AD 40-80 (Davis & Gwilt 2008, 162-171). The extensive use of red glass enamel in Iron Age weaponry is discussed by Giles (2012; p.240) as being a potentially significant deliberate selection reflecting an "elaborate aesthetic of violence". Red glass, coral and stone is featured in a range of weapons as well as chariot fittings, pendants and brooches. The association of the colour with blood may link to both life-giving and life-taking properties (p.241) as well as fertility and anger. As the current example shows no signs of being fitted into any object as described above, a date range spanning the late Iron Age to early Roman period is suggested. Ref: Davis, M. and Gwilt, A. (2008). Material, style and identity in first century AD metalwork, with particular reference to the Seven Sisters Hoard. In Garrow, D., Gosden, C. and Hill, J.D. (Eds) Rethinking Celtic Art. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ref: Giles, M. (2012). A Forged Glamour: Landscape, Identity and Material Culture in the Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ref: Stead, I. M. (1979). The Arras Culture. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

YORYM-FC5A6D: LINCH PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy linch pin Hoof-type terminal of Iron Age date, c.100 BC to c.AD 100. The linch pin is sub-conical with bifid disc-shaped terminals. One terminal has a raise spine along its length which extends into a slight projecting lip to the upper edge. The other terminal has a rounded boss within a recessed setting to the front. Below the terminals, the fitting tapers to a circular stem which terminates in worn breaks. The base is concave. The metal has a mid-brown/green patina and is in fair condition. The object is 16.9m long, 14.6mm wide, 11mm thick and weighs 7.9g. Similar objects have been recorded on the PAS database including SF-18600D, WAW-FCDA60, WAW-A7EE21, NMS-CBFEE7 and WAW-CEE943. The latter record states that linch pin terminals date to the late Iron Age period, c. 100BC to c. 50AD and are known as ‘hoof’ type terminals (Hutcheson, N. 2004 Later Iron Age Norfolk: Metalwork, landscape and society B.A.R. 361 p. 109). Hutcheson illustrates similar examples, No. 46, and dates these to c. 100BC to c. 100AD.

YORYM-7CD0D7: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2023 T41. Description: A complete gold posy finger ring of Post-Medieval date, c. AD 1550 – 1725. The posy ring is circular, though now slightly distorted, with a D-shaped section. The outer surface bears moulded decoration comprising five rectangular panels of curvilinear scrollwork and one square panel with comma-like scrollwork. The interior surface of the ring is inscribed with two lines of capitalised Roman text reading "BE TRV TIL DEATHE AND SO // SHAL I’. Each word I separated by a small cross. A vine-like scroll design is present after the last word of the inscription. Dimensions: Diameter: 20.9mm; Width: 6.3mm; Thickness: 1.4mm; Weight: 05.2g. Discussion: The practice of giving rings engraved with mottoes at betrothals or weddings was common in England from the sixteenth century onwards, and continued until the late eighteenth century. Posy rings could, however be given on many other occasions as a token of friendship or loyalty. The inscription is generally found on the interior of the ring, hidden to everyone except the wearer and most of the sentimental mottoes were taken from popular literature of the time. The inscription on this ring is written in Roman capitals which Oman (1974, 40-41) suggests was the most common style until the second quarter of the 17th century when they were replaced by italic inscriptions which prevailed until posy rings became unfashionable in the 19th century. The construction and decoration of this ring recalls GLO-55A844 (not considered treasure in 2014 due to possibly date of 1720) and IOW-5EFAB8 Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Oman, C. (1974) British Rings 800-1914, Harper Collins: London Adams, K (2014) GLO-55A844: A POST MEDIEVAL FINGER RING Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/638683 [Accessed: 20 Apr 2023 16:59:35] Basford, F (2004) IOW-5EFAB8: A POST MEDIEVAL FINGER RING Web page available at: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/72908 [Accessed: 20 Apr 2023 17:01:20]

YORYM-D52F71: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), dating to the period AD 268-270 (Reece 13). PROVIDENT AVG reverse type depicting Providentia standing left holding baton and cornucopia, leaning on column, with globe at feet. Mint of Rome. cf. Normanby no. 705.

YORYM-5693C6: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Victorinus (AD 269 - 271) dating to the period AD 269 - 271 (Reece Period 13). PIETAS AVG, Pietas standng left, sacrificing at altar. Gaul Mint II. Cunetio p. 150, nos. 2571-2.

YORYM-437F04: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Faustina II (AD 147-175) or Lucilla (AD 164-169), possibly Lucilla, dating to the period c.AD 161-175 (Reece period 8). Reverse type depicting a seated figure left, possibly holding a vertical sceptre. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC III no. 1746 for a possible type of Lucilla.

YORYM-1CF248: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy brooch of Colchester derivative, Polden Hill dating to the Roman period c. AD 75-175. Mackreth 2011, Polden Hill Type 5.b4 of Western Group. Plate 50, no. 9831. The main body of the brooch survives, with only the pin and part of the spring & axis bar missing. Both wings are present, moulded into symmetrical ribbed decoration. The rear of these wings is hollow, moulded into a C-shaped spring case. Both wings end in a pierced wing cap, the right still holding in place a partial copper alloy axis bar. The bow curves gently and at its head terminates in a pierced crest. The bow is decorated with longitudinally aligned incised grooves dividing it into five sections. The central and outer sections are continuous with the crest, whilst the inner two follow down the length of the bow and gradually narrow. The outer grooves are deeper and outside of these there are small incised lines perpendicular to the line of the groove. The bow has a D-shaped cross section at the top and narrows and becomes more pointed running down the bow, coming to a complete catchplate. The catchplate contains three openwork perforations taking the form of an arcing crescent and a pair of sub-triangles. The brooch has a dark brown patina across the surface. It is 84.87mm long, 51.84mm wide and 32.83mm thick. It weighs 59.43g.

YORYM-9E2A52: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius of Septimius Severus (AD 193-211), possibly dating to the period c.AD 195 (Reece period 10). Probably P M TR P III COS II P P reverse type depicting Mars walking right holding spear and trophy. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC IV.1 no. 60.

YORYM-5F7E64: FLAT AXEHEAD
An incomplete copper-alloy flat axehead of early Bronze Age date, c.2150 - 1500 BC. The axehead is sub-trapezoidal with a lenticular long profile, thickest at the middle. The haft end terminates in a worn transverse break. The sides of the axe expand gradually to the wide crescentic blade end with beveled cutting edge. The axehead is undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The object is 114.9mm long, 71.2mm to 28.3mm wide, 10.6mm thick and weighs 283g.

YORYM-F7418A: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Nero (AD 54-68), probably dating to the period c.AD 65-66 (Reece Period 3). Probably SALVS reverse type depicting Salus, draped, seated left, on ornamental throne. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC I (2nd ed.) no. 60 (http://numismatics.org/ocre/id/ric.1(2).ner.60) It weighs 3.1g, with a diameter of 19mm and a thickness of 3mm.

YORYM-230927: COIN
A copper-alloy Early-Medieval Northumbrian penny (styca) of Archbishop Wigmund (837-54), moneyer: Æthelweard, mint: Northumbria (probably York), North 196. Ref: North 1994: 73; cf. Abramson 2018 no. 1054 for obverse inscription).

YORYM-22A32C: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete cast copper-alloy peg-hole spearhead of late Early Bronze Age date, 1700-1550 BC. Davis Type 2a. The remaining spearhead is in two pieces; one comprising a portion of the socket, the other, the blade. The upper and lower end of each section display worn breaks. Fragment 1: Socket and partial blade The socket portion is a truncated sub-lozenge shape, widest at the juncture between the socket and blade, and tapers in thickness from the socket end to the blade end. The socket itself is conical and hollow. It is decorated with 4 raised bosses, approximately evenly spaces around the circumference. Each boss is bordered by a ring of punched dots. A raised crescentic ridge extends between the widest point of the socket fragment, where it begins to taper to the blade, on both sides. Below this are a further three shallowly incised crescentic grooves. A series of incised triangles with cross-hatched interiors projects from the lower most crescentic groove. Above the ridge, the lower blade portion extends. It is sub-ovate in section with a raised mid-rib, median ribs and flattened edges which are broken and worn. A row of shallow punched pellets is present above the crescentic ridge. The mid-rid and median ribs are flanked by further columns of punched pellets. The metal has a deep green patina and is in fair condition. Dimensions: Length: 60.1mm; width: 39.8mm; thickness: 19.1mm; Weight: 79g. Socket diameter: 15.9mm. Fragment 1: Blade The blade portion is a truncated sub-trapezoidal shape, tapering in width and thickness. It is sub-ovate in section with a raised mid-rib, median ribs and flattened edges which are broken and worn. No decoration can be determined. The metal has a pale delaminated green patina and is worn. Dimensions: Length: 51.1mm; width: 31.9mm; thickness: 14.5mm; Weight: 48.2g. Socket diameter: 7.5mm; Socket depth: 19.7mm. Discussion Davis Type 2a is attached by pegs rather than loops, as seen in Type 2b examples. The raised bosses are thought to represent false rivets which are derived from rivets on the earliest spearheads which are effectively dagger blades attached to a long shaft rather than a short handle. Only three similar examples are currently known. One is in Dumfries Museum but without a certain provenance. The other two are from the Isle of Wight and one comes from the Arreton hoard, which gives its name to the stage of metalworking at the end on the Early Bronze Age. The Arreton Down Hoard is in the collections of the British Museum; Registration number: SLAntiq.74 Davis (2017; 1) describes the distribution of spearheads in the EBA and MBA as extending throughout England, Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man, though with areas of particular intensity in the Thames Valley, East Anglia and the Trent Valley. Thanks Thanks are extended to Brendan O’Connor and Edward Caswell for their assistance with identifying this object. Ref: Davis, R. (2017). A Short Guide to Late Bronze Age Spearhead (LPFG Datasheet 3). Sleaford: Later Prehistoric Finds Group

YORYM-B8ADE4: FLANGED AXEHEAD
A complete copper-alloy short flanged Caverton type axehead of early to middle Bronze Age date, c.AD 1600 - 1400 BC. Caverton type. The axehead is sub-rectangular in plan with a rounded butt end, and concave and wasted sides which flare to a crescentic blade. Two integral lateral lozenge shaped flanges are present along either side, rising steadily from the butt, rounding off at the apex midway along the body, before sloping steadily back down to the mid-point of the sides. The exterior surfaces of the flanges have been filed smooth leaving no visible casting lines. A slight steepening to the profile of the axe is present slightly above where the flanges meet the body representing a very slight stop-ridge. D-shaped panels are present below the stop ridge. The metal has a dark brown patina with some delamintation. The axehead is 154.9mm long, 74.9mm wide at the blade, 27.2mm wide at the butt end, 33.1mm thick at the widest point of the flanges, and weighs 530g. Schmidt and Burgess illustrate similar examples on plate 36 (e.g. No.443) which are dated to the EBA-MBA transition, c.1600-1400 cal BC (1981: 85-86). Ref: Schmidt, P. K. & Burgess, C. B. 1981. The Axes of Scotland and Northern Ireland. Praähistorische Bronzefunde Abteilung IX, 7. Band 7.

YORYM-A2C804: MINIATURE OBJECT
TREASURE CASE : 2022 T1094. Description: An incomplete though distorted silver miniature sword of Roman date, c.AD 43-300. The blade has straight parallel sides for most of its length before curving inwards to the point. the point is extremely worn with small nicks of damage. To the opposite end of the blade a transverse hilt is present. The hilt is ovate and decorated with a row of four punched annulets on each side. A rectangular handle projects above the hilt, terminating in a worn break meaning that the pommel no longer remains. The object is bent into a U-shape. Dimensions: Length: 27.8mm (bent); Width: 7.8mm (hilt); Width: 6.2mm (blade); Thickness: 1.3mm; Weight: 2.7g. Discussion: A similar object is recorded as 2008 T515 (NMS-F2D1B2) from Bracon Ash, Norfolk which states that similar miniature copper alloy and iron swords or daggers as votive objects are discussed by Bagnall Smith (2007) and date approximately to the mid-1st to 3rd century. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-7F1062: STEELYARD WEIGHT
An incomplete copper-alloy possible steelyard weight of Roman date, c.AD 43 – 410. The object is in the form of a forward-facing female head with an elongated ovate perforation to the reverse. It terminates at the collar in a worn and distorted curve to the front. The hair is shown as a raised ridge framing the face in a pleat-like design which continues to the neckline and collar. A prominent brow is displayed above ovate eyes with distinct eyelids, to either side of a raised nose. A downturned moulded mouth is present below the nose. The object is hollow though filled with soil from its deposition. The metal has a mid-green/brown patina and is worn. The object is 54.2mm long, 35.6mm wide, 29.4mm thick and weighs 102.3g. Steelyard weights in the form of human or deities faces were not uncommon in the Roman period (see SWYOR-DA4426, OXON-4391B5, HAMP-BD4D67 and NARC-7A7B81). These were generally filled with lead and had iron or copper suspension loops projecting from the top of the head. The present example does not have such a feature. It’s attribution as a steelyard weight is therefore tenuous. As no direct parallel could be found for this object at the time of recording it is also possible it is of a later date, perhaps Victorian.

YORYM-EAEB31: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (sole reign; AD 260-8) (Reece Period 13). FORTVNA REDVX, Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. Cunetio p. 116, no. 1215.

YORYM-5D0A3C: BODKIN
TREASURE CASE : 2022 T991. Description: An incomplete silver dress pin of bodkin type dating to the Post-Medieval period, c.AD 1600 - 1700. The bodkin is sub-rectangular with a narrowed pointed terminal to one end and a worn break to the other. a circular perforation is present below the pointed terminal and the remains of a second perforation can be seen to the broken end. The remaining portion of the plate is decorated with a rectangular panel if incised cross-hatching flanked by two sets of two deep transverse grooves. This decoration is mirrored on the opposite side of the bodkin Dimensions: Length: 19.7mm; Width: 4.2mm; Thickness: 2.5mm; Weight: 1.2g. Discussion: Bodkins have been excavated in Norwich (Margeson 1993: 10, Nos. 21-23) and have been dated to the 17th century. Margeson (ibid: 8) discusses that the term 'bodkin' is assumed to relate to needlework, whilst it is a term that can be applied to both needlework and head-dress or hair pins. However, LVPL-4A8CA1 notes that their primary function was more likely to be used for lacing up garments (Beaudry 2009: 96). Items of clothing that required lacing, such as bodices, were in fashion during the 17th-19th centuries (Beaudry 2010: 153) and are depicted in use in a number of contemporary paintings dating to the 17th century, such as ‘The Mother’ by Pieter de Hooch and an untitled portrait of a young girl with a golden bodkin by the Master of the Schwartzenberg Portraits. A large number of similar artefacts have been reported under the Treasure Act and are recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database – see for instance 2022 T415 (SWYOR-933BE8) from North Cave, East Riding, 2019 T399 (NLM-849DC7) from Binbrook, Lincolnshire, 2018 T911 (IOW-333ABB) from Brightstone, Isle of Wight, and 2018 T168 (YORYM-A5FD52) from Wintringham, North Yorkshire. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Margeson, S. 1993. Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78. Norwich: East Anglian Archaeology 10.

YORYM-F397D1: STEELYARD WEIGHT
An incomplete lead-alloy steelyard weight of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The weight is bi-conical with an iron suspension loop projecting from the apex of each end. The surface of the weight is worn and pitted. The lead has a light grey/white patina and is worn. The weight is 43.4mm long, 33.4mm in diameter and weighs 146g. Steelyards are portable ‘scales with beam arms of unequal length’ (Crummy 1983, 99), rather than being an equal-arm balance. The material being weighed was suspended via a loop at the terminal end, often in a pan, or from a double hook attached below a weight (Brailsford 1964, 78; fig. 40, no. 11). They worked when a counterweight was moved along a graduated scale on the longer beam arm, the weight being measured when equilibrium was reached. Roman steelyards were used for weighing relatively large objects, anything up to multiple modern kilograms, either domestically or commercially. Refs: Brailsford, J. (1964) Guide to the Antiquities of Roman Britain. London: British Museum. Crummy, N. (1983). Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd.

YORYM-C762D6: PIN
TREASURE CASE : 2022 T925. Description: An incomplete silver annular brooch pin of Medieval date, c.AD 1200-1400. The shaft of the pin is triangular in plan and ovate in cross-section. The terminal of the pin tapers to a flattened end where it would have rested on the brooch frame proper. An expanded rectangular collar is present at the junction between the shaft and what remains of the loop. Only a small part of the loop remains, with both sides ending in a blunt breaks. Dimensions: Length: 32.6mm; Width: 5.4mm; Thickness: 3.4mm; Weight: 1.4g. Discussion: Numerous pins from annular brooches and annular brooches of similar forms, though with varying decoration, have been reported under the Treasure Act 1996. For examples see: YORYM-EA0443 (2014 T684), SUSS-69A9E3 (2012 T921), WMID-8624B0 (2017 T702), NMGW-2B3CAC (2013 TW04), YORYM-5669FD (2018 T347), SWYOR-41A658 (2008 T24), YORYM-9A109A (2016 T562), and YORYM-B91C6C (2016 T81). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-9D0DD3: PENANNULAR RING
A complete copper-alloy penannular ring of possible Bronze Age date, c.1000 – 800 BC. The ring is circular in plan and section with a small gap between two flat terminals. The metal has a mid-green/black patina and is worn. The object is 14.7mm in diameter, 4.7mm thick and weighs 3.1g Penannular rings are characteristic finds of the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1300-800 BC), usually being gold plated around copper cores. They are commonly referred to as 'hair-rings' and 'ring-money' but their function remains uncertain. It is perhaps most likely that they were personal adornments, possibly worn on the ears or nose, rather than being hair-ornaments or items of exchange. The uncertainties around their use are complicated by the fact that very few are recorded from secure archaeological contexts. While the general form of this ring is consistent with such Bronze Age objects, the lack of a gold covering makes it difficult to be certain. This object may be more recent and serve a different function than that suggested.

YORYM-F5BEE5: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2022 T805. Description: A small hoard of two silver coins of Henry VIII dating to AD 1529 - 1542. 1. A silver groat of Henry VIII dating to the period AD 1529 - 1532. Second coinage. Royal shield surmounted by a long cross fourchee reverse. Lis (2) initial mark. Mint of London. Ref: North Vol 2, p.111, no.1797. Weight: 2.3g; Diameter: 24.2mm. Obverse Description: Crowned bust of Henry VIII facing right Obverse Inscription: HENRIC VIII D G R ANGL Z FRANC Reverse Description: Royal shield surmounted by a long cross fourche Reverse Inscription: POSVI / DEV AD / IVTORE / M MEV Initial Mark: Lis 2. A silver groat of Henry VIII dating to the period AD 1541 - 1542. Second coinage. Royal shield surmounted by a long cross fourchee reverse. Pheon initial mark. Mint of London. Ref: North Vol 2, p.111, no.1797. Weight: 2.6g; Diameter: 25.3mm. Obverse Description: Crowned bust of Henry VIII facing right Obverse Inscription: HENRIC VIII D G R ANGL Z FRANC Reverse Description: Royal shield surmounted by a long cross fourche Reverse Inscription: POSVI / DEV AD / IVTORE / M MEV Initial Mark: Pheon Discussion: The coins are all official English coins and were likely to have been in circulation together in the 16th century. Conclusion: In terms of age, number of coins and precious metal content this find qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: North, J.J. (1991) English Hammered Coinage Volume 2: Edward I to Charles II 1272 - 1662. 3rd Ed. London: Spink & Son.

YORYM-D08BC4: MOUNT
An incomplete anthropomorphic object, possibly a vessel mount of Roman date, AD 43- 410. The object is sub-oval with a concave reverse and domed front and is in the form of a human head. Approximately half of the head is lost to an old, worn transverse break. The front surface is decorated with incised facial features comprising ovate eyes, a raised hairline with repeated grooves denoting the hair proper and a slight raised stub representing the remains of a nose. The reverse is undecorated though displays a number of irregular striations. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is worn. The object is 21.6mm long, 21.7mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 5.5g. Several similar mounts have been recorded on the PAS database and display a variety of attachment styles including lugs, hooks, solder, and loops suggesting that they had a range of functions, probably often as vessel and furniture mounts. They often seem to depict females, particularly the goddesses Diana or Minerva. No such attribution can be ascertained for the present example due to it’s incomplete nature. For similar examples see: SF-29CFF3, and LANCUM-8A066E.

YORYM-FF73B6: COIN
A silver plated, unclipped contemporary copy of a Roman siliqua recorded originally as a coin of Julian (AD 360-363), but perhaps more plausibly copying a coin of Valens (AD 364-378), dating to the period c.AD 367-375 (Reece period 19). VOT/X/MVLT/XX reverse type depicting the legend within a wreath. Prototype of the mint of Lyon. cf. RIC IX, p. 46, no. 19; Hoxne no. 302. See also BH-3C8D37 on this database for a similar contemporary plated copy of Valens with this reverse type and similar obverse die.

YORYM-0F0E34: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2021 T343 An incomplete fragment probably from a silver annular zoomorphic brooch dating to the Medieval period (AD 1200 - AD 1500). The fragment consists of a zoomorphic head, which would have formed the end of the brooch frame, with a narrow bar protruding from its mouth, which would have acted as a constriction for a pin. The bar terminates in an uneven break. The zoomorphic head is sub-triangular in plan and circular in cross-section. The surface at the wider end of the head is decorated with numerous indented pellets, resembling scales. A smooth, raised, two-lobed band with two circular indentations represents eyes and a smooth, raised, inverted T shape represents a snout and nostrils at the narrower end of the head. The wider end of the head connects to a slightly narrower plain bar, which terminates in an uneven break. The bar is offset to one side of the back of the head, creating a curve in the frame. The reverse is flat and undecorated. Dimensions: Length: 11mm; Width: 5mm; Thickness: 2.5mm; Weight: 0.5g. Discussion: Hattatt (2000, p. 383, fig, 242, no. 1341) depicts a similar example dating to the 13th-15th century, with one pair of zoomorphic heads. There are also parallels on the PAS database, such as YORYM-8D6CEC, KENT-48791C, and HAMP-0BD0B9. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Thanks: Thanks are extended to the finder of this object who provided images and dimensions of this object, allowing a full report to be made during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020-2021. References: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-E71444: TOGGLE
An incomplete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. One terminal is heavily worn, appearing smaller in diameter to the other. The metal has a dark red/brown patina and is worn. The toggle is 18.1mm long, 10.9mm in diameter at the terminals, and weighs 6.8g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-7C7AE6, YORYM-7BC5C2, YORYM-7BBB11, YORYM-CE9F7C, YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-2BD096: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of Alexander III (1249-86), Second coinage, class D1 (Spink S5057) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1292 . Long cross with two six-pointed mullets in the second and fourth quarters and two seven-pointed stars in the first and third quarters reverse (26 points total). Uncertain mint. Ref: Spink 2015, p.18.

YORYM-6A5D43: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate of Gallienus (sole reign) dating to the period AD 260-8 (Reece Period 13). FORTVNA REDVX reverse type depicting Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. Cunetio, pp. 117, cf. no. 1221.

YORYM-A2CCED: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Maximian I (AD 286-310), dating to the period AD 300–301 (Reece Period 15). MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN reverse type depicting Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopiae. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p.192, no.420.

YORYM-0CC70D: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of David II (1329-71) dating to the period AD 1357/8 - 1367. Second coinage, Group A. Long cross reverse with mullets in angles. Mint of Edinburgh. Ref. Spink, p.27, no.5114.

YORYM-61162A: MOUNT
An incomplete copper-alloy mount of Roman date, c.AD 43 – 410. The mount is in the form of a lion’s head and is probably from a box or casket. The object is circular with a domed front face comprising a smaller circular boss projecting from the centre. A smaller sub-triangular boss projects from the centre of the smaller circle, representing the snout of the animal. The outer curved edge of the upper surface is encircled by a ring of engraved transverse, sub-parallel, curved lines forming the lion’s mane. The smallest circular boss depicts engraved lentoid eyes, and a curved recessed line for the mouth. The reverse of the object is concave with the remains of an attachment rivet at its centre. Worn breaks are present to the edge of the mount. The object is 28mm diameter, 18mm tall, 1mm thick and weighs 16g. Similar examples are recorded as YORYM-9B6481, NARC-10A750, HAMP-A02501, OXON-D2B1AA, and SF-9B2175. Also compare BH-0DE347, where the author notes that 'Several similar lion-headed mounts were found in excavations at Skeleton Green, Hertfordshire, in association with mid-1st to 2nd century burial caskets (see Borrill in Partridge 1981: 314-318)'.

YORYM-25E0B9: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy openwork dragonesque brooch of Roman date, c.AD 75 - 175. The brooch is curvilinear in form resulting in a roughly S-shaped piece. The main plate is sub-ovate, with each end tapering to a curved neck. The upper surface of the plate bears a moulded transverse raised pointed ovate design with a raised central dome set within a recessed circular border. To either side of the moulding, where the body narrows to the necks, sub-triangular apertures are present. One neck extends into a smaller s-shaped "dragon head" terminal, the other terminates in a worn break. The remaining terminal displays an ‘eye;’ formed of a smaller pointed ovate with raised central boss element and an upturned pellet nose. A small sprue of metal extends between the nose and main plate, joining the two. The reverse of the brooch is flat and undecorated. No pin remains. The metal has a dark green patina and survives in fair condition. The brooch is 43.1mm long, 27mm wide, 4mm thick and weighs 10.4g. Similar examples can be seen in Hattatt, p.351, fig.210 and Mackreth, pl.129, no.7754. This brooch fits into Mackreth's Classification as a Dragonesque Type 2 (No enamel). These date to the 2nd century and are a type which has a mainly Yorkshire / East Coast distribution, though many are also known from Scotland.

YORYM-6F77FC: KEY (LOCKING)
An incomplete copper-alloy finger ring key, or 'ring-key', of Roman date, c.AD 200 - 410. The finger ring comprises a circular hoop, of which approximately half is now lost to worn breaks, and an integral projecting bezel in the form of a key. The hoop has a rectangular section widening at the mid-point from which the bezel projects to one side. The bezel comprises a hollow tubular stem which projects at right angle from the edge of the hoop with a flat sub-rectangular bit extending to one side. A single deep rectangular ward is present to the upper end of the bit and a series of five clefts and four wards is present on the outer edge. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The hoop of the finger ring is 20.57mm in diameter, it is 21.13mm long and 16.66mm wide. It weighs 6.6g. Similar examples are illustrated in Crummy (1983: nos. 2165, 2169), as well as on the PAS database; LIN-62B3A4, DOR-8FF913, LANCUM-50C0B8, and is of Guiraud Type 5. Keys of this type are associated with small boxes or caskets of personal possessions rather than larger objects such as doors or cupboards, and are dated by Crummy (1983: p. 84) to the 3rd-4th centuries AD.

YORYM-A62700: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T606. Description: A complete gold posy finger ring of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1550 – 1650. The posy ring is circular in plan with a thin D-shaped section. No join mark is evident and the exterior surface of the hoop is undecorated. The interior surface of the ring is inscribed with capitalised Roman text reading ‘* DESERVE x NO x BLAME’. Five transverse cut marks are present at the end of the legend. Dimensions: Diameter: c.16mm; Width: c.2mm; Finder was unable to provide thickness and weight. Discussion: Numerous posy rings have been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme and many are also in the British Museum collections. Catalogues of inscriptions on posy rings have also been compiled. However, whilst the form of the ring is comparable to many examples the inscription has yet to find an exact parallel. The practice of giving rings engraved with mottoes at betrothals or weddings was common in England from the sixteenth century and continued until the late eighteenth century. Posy rings could however also be given on many other occasions as a token of friendship or loyalty. They are more commonly crafted in gold than silver and the inscription is generally found on the interior of the ring, hidden to everyone except the wearer. Many of the sentimental mottoes employed on posy rings were taken from popular literature of the time. Oman (1974, 41) notes that inscriptions in Roman capitals were common until the second quarter of the 17th century when they were replaced by italic inscriptions which prevailed until posy rings became unfashionable in the 19th century. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Thanks: Thanks are extended to the finder of this object who provided images and dimensions of this object, allowing a full report to be made during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020. References: Oman, C. (1974) British Rings 800-1914. London: Harper Collins

YORYM-110C9F: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T582. Description: A complete silver finger ring of medieval date, c.AD 1100 - 1400. The finger ring is sub-circular, with four approximately evenly spaced ovate bezels giving an octagonal appearance to the hoop. The hoop has a D-shaped section and each bezel has a rectangular section. Each bezel is slightly wider than the hoop proper. Moulded collars are present to either end of each bezel, where they join the hoop. Each bezel is decorated with a deeply incised symbol. One is irregular and cannot be adequately determined though appears similar to a Trewhiddle style beast. A second design is a bifurcated curvilinear symbol, similar to a lower-case ‘w’ or Omega sign. The third and fourth bezels contain two upper case Omega symbols oriented horizontally with the bases at the centre of each of the bezels. The interior surface of the hoop is undecorated. Dimensions: Diameter- 2cm Width - 5mm bezels; 3mm band Thickness - 2mm bezels; 1mm band Weight - 4.5g Discussion: No direct parallel for this finger ring could be found at the time of recording. Exponaded ovate bezels are known on Early-Medieval finger rings (see: 2018 T333/YORYM-EA5D0E and 2011 T625/HAMP-C25EF3) which are 9th – 10th century in date and also on medieval signet finger rings (see: YORYM-7BEE03, YORYM-2D15D6 and SOM-0169B4) of 15th to early 16th century date. The overall form and execution of the finger ring however is suggestive of a date somewhere between these two types. A date range of c.AD 1100 – 1400 is therefore suggested.

YORYM-824004: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T556. Description: An incomplete gold finger ring of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1300. The hoop of the ring is circular in plan and section. It widens slightly in diameter to form slightly flared shoulders and is undecorated. A sub-rectangular bezel is present which appears soldered on to the hoop. The bezel is deep set with slightly rolled upper edges to secure the stone. The edges are jagged and irregular with a small portion missing due to old worn breaks. A partial green coloured gem, possibly emerald or coloured glass, is retained within the bezel. Approximately one half of the gem is lost to a worn break. Dimensions: Exterior measurements: 19mm length (including stone setting); 18mm diameter Interior measures: 16mm x 14.5mm (shortest to base of the bezel) Bezel measurements: 5mm long, 4mm wide, 3mm deep - the 1st 1mm holding the stone before tapering the final 2mm. Discussion: Finger rings of similar form have been found through excavations at London in deposits dating to the second half of the 14th century – though may be residual deposits - and are ‘perhaps an indication of increasing prosperity within London’ (Egan & Pritchard 2002, p.327). Similar examples on the database include 2016 T40 (ESS-78D908) also with a rectangular bezel, 2016 T793 (YORYM-CEBD94) which has a lozenge bezel with red gem setting, 2015 T330 (YORYM-FA20E4) with a square bezel and 2005 T380 (YORYM-D8B8A2) with a hexagonal bezel. A visual examination of images of the finger ring is not sufficient to allow a positive identification of the material of the stone. It may be an emerald or coloured glass which was not uncommon. Emeralds are commonly used on medieval jewellery and are said to be linked to chastity. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Thanks: Thanks are extended to the finder of this object who provided images and dimensions of this object, allowing a full report to be made during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020. References: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (2002) Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: HMSO.

YORYM-2A5351: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T544. A complete gold finger ring of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1720 - 1800. This finger ring is circular in plan with a D-shaped section. The exterior surface of the hoop is decorated with a series of repeated transverse zig-zag grooves, some rubbed. The interior surface of the ring bears raised capitalised text reading "[. – raised dot] AS FAYTHFVL [. – raised dot] AS [. – incised dot] FRENDLY”. Two quatrefoil designs formed of inwardly pointing arrows are present between the end and start of the text. No makers mark is present. Patches of a dark green substance, possibly enamel, are retained in the areas around the raised text, suggesting that the text appeared against a green ground. Dimensions: Diameter: 18mm; Width: 4mm; Thickness: 1mm; Weight: 3.1g. Discussion: Finger-rings bearing affectionate inscriptions are known as posy-rings after the short mottos and verses engraved/inscribed on their hoops, often on the interiors. However, inscriptions set in reserves flooded with enamel appear most commonly to be mourning rings. Examples in the BM collection are predominantly of rings with exterior enamelling. Enamelling is less known on the interior of rings. The BM rings are overwhelmingly eighteenth century. No rings with the motto ‘As faithful as friendly’ are in the BM collection, but an example with spellings ‘FREND’ and ‘FAYTH’ in capitals has been attributed to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (1961,1202.396). The capitalised font is consistent with an eighteenth-century date. A similar ‘quatrefoil’ design can be seen on the exterior of BM AF.1621, which also bears a capitalised inscription reserved in enamel and the date 1745. Further similar ‘quatrefoil’ designs can be seen on the exteriors BM AF.1624, which also bears a capitalised inscription reserved in enamel and the date 1770, BM AF.1627, which bears a capitalised inscription reserved in enamel and the date 1788, and BM AF.1628, which also bears a capitalised inscription reserved in enamel and the date 1792. A green enamel reserve with text can be seen on the exterior of AF.1635 (inscribed 1715). On balance, it is likely that this ring was made in the period after 1720. There is wear to the exterior of the ring, especially around the highest point of the band, suggesting that that the incised lines may not have anchored enamel, or perhaps that enamel was only confined to the rim sections of the exterior band

YORYM-AF144C: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T528. Description: An incomplete and damaged finger ring of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 900 – 1100. The finger ring comprises an elongated sub-lozenge shaped strip of gold. The wider portion of the strip is thin and curved to form a U-shaped section. The strip tapers to either end into narrow circular sectioned wires. One wire remains coiled by two turns around the second wire, where it narrows from the lozenge portion of the strip. The other wire is arched with a broken and worn hooked terminal. The outer surface of the lozenge strip is decorated by a transverse raised zig-zag design which results in tessellating recessed triangular cells. Each cell has a single raised pellet within. The inner surface of the strip is not completely clear in the provided images though appears to be flat and undecorated. A wide triangular nick is present to one edge of the gold strip. Dimensions: Length: 30.3mm; Width: 10mm; Weight: 4.99g. Discussion: The coiled knotted terminals of this object are paralleled in a number of gold finger rings which have been reported as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. These finger rings occur in a variety of forms; 2016 T483 (SF-7E3EDB) and 2012 T234 (KENT-9B6555) are plain gold strips dated to the 6th to mid-8th century and 11th - early 12th century respectively. 2017 T660 (SOM-707012) is formed of two twisted gold rods and is dated to the 9th-11th century. 2008 T141 (CAM-A32F23) is a solid lozenge sectioned strip with punched annulet decoration dated to the 10th century. The closest parallels from the PAS database are 2014 T939 (ESS-9CB5B8) which has similar decoration also on a lozenge strip which is ascribed a 9th - 10th century date. Also, 2007 T19 (NCL-FEC824) from Maunby, North Yorkshire is a triple coiled finger ring with similar exterior decoration. This example is dated tightly to AD 875 – 950. Based on stylistic comparisons the current example is likely to date to the 9th – 11th century AD. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Thanks: Thanks are extended to the finder of this object who provided images and dimensions of this object, allowing a full report to be made during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020.

YORYM-B5647C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman As of Domitian dating to the period AD 81 - 96 (Reece Period 4). Unclear reverse type depicting standing figure. Mint of Rome.

YORYM-9F8589: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman dupondius of Domitian dating to the period c.AD 85 - 96 (Reece Period 4). FIDES PVBLICAE S/C reverse type depicting Fides standing left holding corn ears and plate of fruit. Mint of Rome. RIC II, p.290. no.368 passim.

YORYM-368D13: COIN
A silver washed copper-alloy Roman radiate of Philip I (AD 244-9) dating to the period AD 247 - 249 (Reece Period 12). Unclear reverse type, but possibly hybrid with reverse of Gordian III (AD 238-44): IOVI STATORI, Jupiter standing front, holding spear and thunderbolt. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 3, p. 80, cf. no. 93

YORYM-A311FF: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman radiate of unclear type, probably Claudius II, Quintillus, or Aurelian, dating to the period c.AD 269-275 (Reece Period 13). Illegible reverse type. Unlear mint, probably Rome.

YORYM-D2FE11: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. Wild Class II. Ring headed. The button and loop fastener comprises an openwork circular head with an expanding D-shaped section, the reverse being flat. The remains of an integral circular stud (approximately 60% remaining) with a recessed central panel is present to the interior edge of the narrower portion of the object. A partial central perforation can also be determined suggesting a secondary element may have been held within the recessed panel. The very edge of a second integral stud remains to the opposite interior edge (<10%). A second fragment of the object remains which represents the remaining portion of the larger internal stud. An ovate sectioned shaft extends from the reverse of the fragment, curving and splitting in to two. This would have formed the attachment loop though this is now lost to worn breaks. The finder joined the two pieces with Blu Tack which obscures the join. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The head portion of the button and loop fastener is 27.5mm in diameter, 7.5mm wide and 5.9mm thick. The shank portion is 14.5mm long, 7.9mm wide and 10.9mm thick. The object weighs 9.9g. Downes and Griffiths (2017) state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Wild (1970, p.138) discusses the dating of Class II button and loop fasteners based on similar discoveries in the Stanwick, Traprain Law and Middlebie hoards. These range from the mid-first century AD to the second century AD. The class as a whole may be said to be in a British Iron-Age tradition which survived into the second century AD. Ref: Downes, A, and Griffiths. R. (2017) 50 Finds From Yorkshire : Objects From the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. Wild, J.P. (1970) Button-and-loop fasteners in the Roman provinces. London: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

YORYM-D269F9: STRAINER
A fragment of ceramic strainer/colander or cheese press of uncertain date, probably Roman or Post-Medieval, c.AD 43-410 or c.AD 1500-1800. The fragment is sub-triangular with once rounded edge and two broken and worn straight edges. The curved edge is bevelled. Eight irregularly sized and spaced circular apertures are present through the object. It is otherwise undecorated. The ceramic fabric is a mid-buff/orange colour with a soft and soapy texture. It is not possible to ascribe a specific period to this object based on this fabric type. The fragment is 50.4mm long, 60.4mm wide, 16.1mm thick and weighs 40.5g. Similar objects have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. See: HAMP-CE014B for a similarly undated example, LANCUM-0156C1 for Roman and SWYOR-B38EB5 for Post-Medieval.

YORYM-AB6BF2: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of David II (1329-71) dating to the period AD 1357/8 - 1367. Second coinage, Group A (Spink 5114) . Long cross reverse with mullets in angles. Mint of Edinburgh. Ref. Spink 2015, pg 27.

YORYM-957401: COIN
A silver Roman siliqua of Constantius II dating to the period c.AD 359-361 (Reece period 18). VOTIS/XXX/MVLTIS/XXXX reverse type depicting legend within wreath. Mint of Arles. RIC VIII, p. 224, no. 261.

YORYM-93988A: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy umbonate disc brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 250. The brooch is circular with broken and worn edges from which a single rounded projection extends. The reverse of the projection houses a double lugged hinge for the pin. The pin no longer remains. The main body of the brooch is distinctly domed and is decorated with two concentric rings of triangular cells pointing towards a central ring and dot motif. The outer most ring of cells retain blue enamel. The reverse is concave and undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 22.5mm long, 17.9mm wide, 6.7mm thick and weighs 3.3g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.350, fig.209, no.128. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-936F71: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Thealby Mine brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 200. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings which act as an integral hinge mechanism. A central slot for the pin is present within which an axis bar is retained though the pin no longer remains. The front of the wings are flat and an integral rectangular plate projects to the top of the head. It is decorated with a row of raised pellets flanked by raised ridges above and below. The edges are broken and worn. A square sectioned bow extends from the centre of the front of the wings, curving and tapering to a worn break. Moulded raised ridge decoration is present to either side of the bow, extending in to the wings. The reverse of the bow is undecorated. The metal has a dark brown delaminated patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.4mm long, 27.8mm wide, 6.3mm thick and weighs 11.9g. Comparable examples of Thealby brooches are illustrated in Hattatt, p. 333, fig. 192. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-ADAEE5: MOUNT
An incomplete copper-alloy zoomorphic (bovine) vessel or bucket mount of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC-AD 200. The head is cast three dimensionally and is a chunky sub-triangular shape with a variable sub-ovate section. An integral horn projects from either side of the top of the head pointing upwards and curving in to form a U-shape. Both horns terminate in worn points. Slight pointed ovate recesses to the lower end of each horn, where it meets the head, may represent the ears of the bull. The front of the bulls head has a tapering ovate section, widest at the horns and narrowing to a rounded snout with a slight raised ridge which denotes the brow. Two pairs of curves incised elements to either side of the brow form lentoid eyes. The end of the snout has a transverse groove representing the mouth of the bull. The reverse of the mount is faceted with a 90 degree slope from the back of the horns to the widest point of the mount, approximately where the neck would extend. From here, the reverse curves gently to form the underside of the chin and snout. An integral ovate sectioned shaft is set on the ridge created between the two facets of the reverse of the mount. It is short and terminates in a worn break. The metal has a dark green patina and survives in good condition. The mount is 29.7mm long, 22.8mm wide, 24.1mm wide and weighs 16.7g. A number of bovine mounts of varying forms have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. For examples see DEV-E8CD43, YORYM-005786, YORYM-E7DD98, YORYM-CAD7AB, and WAW-7A977C. The majority of these have concave reverses with the remains of a possible adhesive material. The present example lacks these features, instead having an integral shaft to the reverse. SOM-2F31A3 is a similar bovine mount with a concave reverse which houses a rivet for attachment and the record cites a further example from Shepton Mallet, Somerset which has a separate rivet. The flattened nature of the upper facet to the reverse of the present example would appear to be suitable to allow the object to sit flush against a larger object, perhaps such as a vessel/bucket. A different purpose altogether however cannot be ruled out. YORYM-D4715B is a Roman cosmetic mortar with bull head terminal which may be an alternative though the current object is larger than would be expected for such a use.

YORYM-8456B6: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 50 - 200. Booth Type A8 (Fowler Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands towards the terminals. Both terminals are flattened knops with a single raised moulded collar. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in fair condition. The brooch is 35.7mm long, 5.6mm in diameter at the terminals and 2.6mm diameter at the frame. It weighs 5.8g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-8364F2: TOGGLE
An incomplete copper-alloy toggle or strap fitting of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a D-sectioned shaft. The shaft has three evenly spaced raised rounded semi-circular mouldings. An integral band of metal extends between the terminals forming a flat loop behind the flat side of the shaft. Part of the strip is lost to worn breaks. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in good condition. The toggle is 19.2mm long, 12.8mm in diameter and weighs 10.3g. Simple dumbell type toggles are fairly common finds and numerous examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, for examples see: YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92 A variety of types with integral loops are also becoming fairly common in metal detecting assemblages. For examples see: YORYM-16A17B, NLM-03D124, LON-52A030, SF-842982, YORYM-27AFA2, YORYM-0FB733 and YORYM-F6987B.

YORYM-7084EC: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-37) dating to AD 322 (Reece Period 16). BEATA TRAN-QVILLITAS reverse type depicting globe on altar inscribed VOT//IS/XX with three stars above. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p.194, no.341.

YORYM-706558: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-37), dating to AD 321 (Reece Period 16). BEATA TRAN-QVILLITAS reverse type depicting globe on altar inscribed VO//TIS/XX with three stars above. Mint of Lyon. RIC VII, p.131, no.128.

YORYM-6EBC1C: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Nero as caesar (AD 54-68), struck under Claudius I (AD 41-54), dating to the period AD 50-54 (Reece Period 2). EQVESTER/OR-DO/PRINCIPI/IVVENT reverse type depicting the legend on a shield with vertical spear behind. Mint of Rome. As RIC Vol. I, p.125, no.79.

YORYM-5CFAC5: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T318. Description: A complete silver finger ring of medieval date, c.AD 1100 - 1300. The finger ring comprises a circular hoop with rectangular section which widens to an integral flat sub-ovate bezel. The bezel bear incised decoration featuring a central lozenge with a double square-box frame with inwardly curved sides. The box is flanked by three parallel grooves which narrow into the hoop. The interior of the hoop is undecorated. Dimensions: Diameter: 19.2mm; Bezel Width: 7.9mm; Hoop Width: 1.9mm; Thickness: 1.9mm; Weight: 1.2g. Discussion: This finger ring is similar in form, though perhaps somewhat more crude, than a number of examples recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. See: 2014 T899 (YORYM-03DF22), 2010 T520 (DENO-A0AFF8), 2012 T639 (NMS-EFD014) and 2017 T614 (LANCUM-E195C6). All have been dated to the 12th or 13th centuries on the basis of a similar example found in the Lark Hill hoard, now in the British Museum, which also contained coins of Tealby type and is thought to have been deposited in the late 12th century.

YORYM-20BBD9: STRAP END
An incomplete copper-alloy zoomorphic strap end of medieval date, c.AD 1250 - 1400. The object comprises a sub-ovate plate – broken to one end and rounded at the other - with a shallow triangular section resulting in sloping sides. The upper surface of the plate is decorated with a series of incised chevrons pointing toward the rounded end. A single rivet hole, retaining a partial rivet, is present close to the rounded end of the plate. Above the rivet, at the curved end of the plate, an ovate shaft projects at 90 degrees, expanding out to form an integral sub-rectangular knop in the form of an animal head. The head has moulded features denoting ears, a snout and open mouth with protruding tongue within. The reverse is flat and undecorated. Length: 30.4 mm Width: 9 mm Thickness: 13.3 mm Weight: 3.8 g Similar objects have been recorded on the PAS database including SWYOR-590253, YORYM-866A28, YORYM-A30948, SF3663, HAMP1569, and NMS-7E9C17. Rob Webley, Project Officer - PASt Explorers, comments that these can be interpreted as strap-ends and that SWYOR-590253 is quite helpful in showing the split between this cast front plate and a separate sheet back plate. It is the kind of construction you get on the king’s head strap-ends like Egan and Pritchard (2002, 132-133; fig. 86) no. 614, from a 14th-century layer in London. We might want to go back into the 13th century for these, but not as far back as the late early-medieval or Norman period as suggested by Hammond (2013, 44; fig. 1.3-c) who published one from Norfolk. Ref: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-206169: BUCKLE
A complete copper-alloy buckle of medieval date, c.AD 1350 -1450. Meols Type 4. Buckle and plate present. The buckle has a D-shaped loop, of square section, with a triangular knop at the apex. It narrows at the edge of the arms where it joins the strap bar. The bar is circular in section. The plate is formed of a single sheet folded over the bar; each side of which is broadly rectangular in shape; the front side is larger than the back. The plate has two folds, between which rest the pin. The pin is sub-circular in section and fitted around the bar with an open loop. A single rivet joins the two sides of the plate together at the terminal. Length: 30.8 mm Width: 11.9 mm Thickness: 3.9 mm Weight: 1.9 g Similar examples are illustrated in Whitehead p.20 and are dated to circa AD 1350 - 1450. Refs: Griffiths, D., Philpott. R. and Egan, G. (2007) Meols: The Archaeology of the North West Wirral Coast. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. Whitehead, R. (1996). Buckles 1250-1800. Chelmsford: Greenlight Publishing.

YORYM-B7BE6C: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Hadrian (AD 117-138), dating to the period AD 130–133 (Reece Period 6). NILVS reverse type depicting Nilus reclining right on urn, holding cornucopia and reed, a hippopotamus in front and crocodile below. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II.3, p. 177, no. 1547 (RIC II, p.375, no.310). This type does not appear listed in RIC II with laureate and draped bust right.

YORYM-A69218: BUCKLE
An incomplete copper-alloy buckle of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1650. The buckle is a single looped sub-rectangular shape with expanded, splayed feet and a narrowed and recessed strap bar. The feet bear outwardly projecting lobed knops. An integral oval on ovoid knop projects from the outer edge of the frame. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is in good condition. The buckle is 35.2mm long, 28.6mm wide, 4.2mm thick and weighs 7.7g. Similar examples are illustrated in Whitehead, p.29 and are dated to circa AD 1500 - 1650. Ref: Whitehead, R. (1996). Buckles 1250-1800. Chelmsford: Greenlight Publishing

YORYM-A6204C: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy brooch of Iron Age date, c.300 – 150 BC. Adams Type 2Bb2. The brooch comprises four substantial hollow domes arranged in a square forming a lozenge-shaped openwork centre. The domes are all slightly different sizes and are linked by narrowed and recessed integral collars. The domes and collars are all undecorated. The reverse of the brooch houses a double-lug hinge for the pin and a broken projection represents the remains of the catchplate. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 29.6mm long, 28.4mm wide, 9.5mm thick and weighs 22.9g. This brooch appears to be a variant of Adams Type 2Bb2 which are characterised by their bulbous mouldings and appear in a variety of shapes including square, cross (quatrefoil around a central dome or variant) and circular. Adams suggests a middle Iron Age date for such brooches. The type appears to be largely concentrated on the West Berkshire / Vale of the White Horse (Oxfordshire) border over the Ridgeway which may indicate a local source. The occurrence of the present example in Yorkshire is therefore of note. Other examples of the same type recorded on this database are BERK-D83302, BERK-09448A (square), WILT-BF5093, BERK-8C4F34 and BERK-521572 (other shapes). Ref: Adams, S. A. 2013.The First Brooches in Britain: from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age. Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of Leicester. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28593

YORYM-A54AF5: STRAP END
An incomplete copper-alloy zoomorphic strap end of medieval date, c.AD 1300 - 1400. The strap end comprises a prominent animal head terminal which is sub-rectangular in both plan and section. The moulded decoration includes sub-triangular ears to either side of the terminal, each with a shallow recess to the outer edge. Below the ears, the brow is defined by two transverse chevron grooves. Circular recesses to the outer edges of the lower grooves denote eyes. From the eyes the terminal narrows with curved sides before flaring out to a squared off snout. A recessed groove is present at the tip of the snout representing the mouth. From the back of the head, between the ears, a narrowed and thinned plate emerges, flaring gradually over its length towards the attachment end which terminates in a worn break. A partial sheet back plate remains toward the broken end. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The strap end is 51.6mm long, 8.8mm wide, 6mm thick and weighs 7.1g. While initially similar in form to Early-Medieval strap ends of Thomas Class B, Type 1 they appear to be a separate class of object. These are discussed by Webley (2019) and are described as lacking “both a research history and a name” with findspots which seem to cluster in the North. Webley (ibid) notes only one published example for a strap-end of this form which is from a late 14th- to late 15th-century context from Church Close, Hartlepool. The date ascribed to these objects is supported by the terminal cross found on some examples (not present on the current one), which recorders have pointed out is a feature of composite strap-ends, such as one found in London in a late 13th- to mid-14th-century context. Ref: Webley, R. (2019) Guest Blog; Thin up North? https://finds.org.uk/counties/yorkshire/thin-up-north/ (accessed 12/03/2020)

YORYM-A3AD44: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of Alexander III (1249-86) Second coinage class Mc2/D mule (Spink 5055) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1292 . Long cross reverse with two six-pointed mullets in the second and fourth quarters and two six-pointed stars in the first and third quarters. Possibly Berwick mint. Ref Spink, 2015, pg 19.

YORYM-A1EE02: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Septimius Severus (AD 193-211), dating to the period c.AD 202-210 (Reece period 10). INDVLGENTIA AVGG / IN CARTH reverse type depicting the Dea Caelestis riding right on lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, water gushing from rock below. Mint of Rome. As RIC IV.I, p.125, no.266.

YORYM-918056: HAIR PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy pin of Roman date, c.AD 43 – 200. Cool’s Group 7, Sub-Type A. The head of the pin is it the form of a human hand in a two dimensional appearance, with the fingers defined by vertical grooves. Approximately two thirds of the fingers are lost to old, worn breaks. A complete thumb extends separately from the fingers tapering to a worn rounded tip. The pin head tapers to the heel of the hand which narrows to become a circular sectioned shaft. A raised circumferential collar is present at the wrist portion of the object. The metal has a mid-brown patina and is worn. The pin is 25.1mm long, 15.2mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 3.2g. Cool’s Group 7, Sub-Type A is dated to the 1st to 2nd century AD. Pins pins in this group are very similar, varying only slightly in size and this may suggest that they are all from the same workshop A (Cool, 1990: p.157, figs.5.1-2). Ref: Cool, H.E.M. (1991) Roman metal hair pins from southern Britain. London: Royal Archaeological Institute.

YORYM-8C9C7A: BUCKLE
An incomplete copper-alloy buckle of Post-Medieval date, c. AD 1720 - 1790. The buckle is a sub-rectangular knee buckle with a drilled frame to house a separate spindle. An articulated tube is fitted around the spindle with one remaining projecting spiked tongue, a scar representing a second spiked tongue is also present. The metal has a shiny brassy patina and is worn. The buckle is 28.3mm long, 21.6mm wide, 2.3mm thick and weighs 3.1g. A similar example is illustrated in Whitehead p.111, no.712 and is dated to circa AD 1720 - 1790. Ref: Whitehead, R. (1996). Buckles 1250-1800. Chelmsford: Greenlight Publishing

YORYM-7C5A4A: BUCKLE
An incomplete copper-alloy buckle of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1660 - 1720. The object is a sub-rectangular shoe or knee buckle with a drilled frame for a separate spindle. The frame has moulded roundels flanked by concave bifid sides. Moulded concave sub-triangular designs are present to either end of the frame from which ridges rectangular knops extend. The corroded spindle remains but the pin is now lost. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is in good condition. The buckle is 23.8mm long, 15.9mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 3.5g. A similar example is illustrated in Whitehead, p.100, no.632 and is dated to circa 1660 - 1720. Ref: Whitehead, R. (1996). Buckles 1250-1800. Chelmsford: Greenlight Publishing.

YORYM-7B8231: COIN
A broken silver medieval Scottish penny of Alexander III (1249-86) second coinage, probably class Mc1 (Spink 5055) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1286. Long cross reverse with mullets in angles. Uncertain number of points. Mint of Scotland. Ref. Spink, 2015, pg 19.

YORYM-FCB7C7: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestretius of Lucius Verus (AD 161-169), dating to the period c.AD 166-168 (Reece period 8). Reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC III, p. 328, no. 1460 passim for the type.

YORYM-F94776: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Otho (AD 69) dating to the period AD 69 (Reece Period 3). SECVRITAS P R reverse type depicting Securitas standing left holding wreath and sceptre. Mint of Rome. As RIC I (2nd ed.), p.261, no.8.

YORYM-4FE371: SPEARHEAD
A copper alloy fragment of a blade dating possibly to the Bronze Age period, about 1700-800 BC. The fragment is rectangular in plan and triangular, or wedge shaped, in section. The outer edge of the blade fragment flattens to a sharp edge, whilst the inner edge widens to a broken edge. Both the top and bottom of the blade fragment are broken. It seems likely this is a fragment of a triangular blade possibly from a spear head which would widen to a central prominent rib. The metal has a mid-green patina. The object is 39.6mm long, 12.5mm wide, 5.3mm thick and weighs 6.1g. Although the object is relatively undiagnostic, its shape and association with other Bronze Age spear head fragments suggests it is of this date and type. Davis (2017) has classified spearheads of the Early to Late Bronze Age, and whilst this fragment does not suggest a type, if it is from a spearhead it would date from about 1700 - 800 BC. A complete example is recorded on the database: YORYM-748913.

YORYM-D50E56: FLAT AXEHEAD
A complete copper-alloy flat axehead of early Bronze Age date, c.2150 - 1500 BC. The axehead is sub-trapezoidal with a lenticular long profile, thickest at the middle. The haft end terminates in a flat topped butt which is broken and worn. The sides of the axe expand gradually to the wide crescentic blade end with beveled cutting edge. The axehead is undecorated. The metal has a mid-orange/brown patina and is worn. The object is 100.3mm long, 54mm to 19.2mm wide, 11.9mm thick and weighs 154g.

YORYM-D1A0C9: COIN
A contemporary copy of a Roman silver denarius of Vitellius (AD 69), dating to the period AD 69 (Reece Period 3). CONCORDIA AVG reverse type depicting Concordia seated left holding patera and cornucopia. Obverse prototype of the mint of Rome, but reverse type usually CONCORDIA P R, cf. RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 272, no. 73 for the type. Denarii with CONCORDIA AVG reverse types are known for unclear early and military issues of Vespasian, c.AD 69-70 (cf. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 156, no. 1348 passim).

YORYM-BBE818: COIN
A Roman base silver radiate of Probus (AD 276-282), dating to c. AD 276 (Reece Period 14), VIRTVS AVG, Virtus standing left, holding Victory (facing away from Virtus), spear and shield. Mint of Ticinum. RIC V, pt. 2, p. 64, no. 435; Gloucester Hoard (CHRB XIII), p. 76, no. 1212 (10 specimens). Diameter: 23.1mm, thickness: 2.1mm, weight: 3.3g.

YORYM-BBBE81: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Caracalla (AD 198-217), dating to AD 201 (Reece Period 10). The obverse depicts a laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right and is inscribed ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. The reverse depicts a trophy and two captives and is inscribed PART MAX PONT TRP IIII. Mint of Rome. RIC Vol IV, part I, p. 220, no..54a. Diameter: 18.1mm, thickness: 2.4mm, weight: 2.6g.

YORYM-BB9D93: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Julia Paula dating to AD 219-220 (Reece Period 10). Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, p. 45, no. 211. Obv. IVLIA PAVLA AVG; draped bust right Rev. CONCORDIA; Concordia seated left, holding patera; in right field, (star?) Star is unclear, but type not recorded without star. For a piece with star in right field, see BMC V, pl. 88, no. 12. Diameter: 19.4mm, thickness: 2.0mm, weight: 2.7g.

YORYM-ABB4EB: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The terret is of the 'simple' type, comprising an ovate basal strap bar flanked by circular collars. A circular sectioned loop extends to either side of the collars, tapering in diameter to the side opposite the strap bar. The collars are decorated with two parallel circumferential grooves filled with red enamel. The outer surface of the loop bears a wide recessed strip, extending between the collars, with a central raised zig-zag design. The recessed area is filled with red enamel. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The terret is 20.2mm long, the collars are 21.8mm in diameter, the loop is 9.5mm in diameter at the narrower end. It weighs 9.7g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the East Yorkshire chariot burials of the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD. They can be seen as the archetype from which many of the more complex terrets evolve. Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-AB70A0: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2020 T246. Description: A hoard of approximately three pennies of Edward the Confessor dating to the period AD 1053 - 1056. The coins are fused together. Approximately three quarters of two of the coins remain, the reverse of one fused to the obverse of the second. Only a small fragment of the third remains and is fused to the reverse of the second coin. No detail can be determined on the third coin. The two larger coins are silver pennies of Edward the Confessor dating to the period AD 1053 - 1056. Pointed helmet type. Hild. F. Moneyer unclear. Mint unclear. North, Vol.1, p.180, no.825. Obverse Description: Pointed helmet, draped and bearded bust right with sceptre Obverse Inscription: [-----]D REX Reverse Description: Short cross voided with each arm ending in three small crescents Reverse Inscription: [---]OF[-]VLF[---] Dimensions: Length: 19.2mm; Width: 15mm; Thickness: 4.7mm; Weight: 2g. Discussion: All the coins are official English silver coins of the 11th century and would have been in circulation together. It is likely all the coins were deposited together as a group on a single occasion. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: North, J.J (1994) English Hammered Coinage Volume I. Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, c.600 – 1272. London: Spink.

YORYM-AACD80: COIN
An incomplete contemporary plated copy of a Roman silver siliqua of Julian II (AD 355-363), dating to the period c.AD 360-363 (Reece period 18). VOT/X/MVLT/XX reverse type depicitng the legend within a wreath. Unclear mint prototype. The coin has a copper-alloy core with the remains of plated silver surfaces. Diameter: 18.9mm, thickness: 1.1mm, weight: 0.6g.

YORYM-2E05EA: COIN
A cast copper-alloy Roman as of Hadrian (AD 117-138), dating to the period c.AD 122 (Reece period 6). Probably PONT MAX TR POT COS III, S C, PIE AVG (across field) reverse type depicting Pietas standing left raising both hands with an altar to the left. Copying mint of Rome. Cf. RIC Vol. II, p. 413, no. 579a. This coin is probably a 'Coin of British Association' from a 'Casting Mint' in Britain, identified by D. R. Walker in his report on the coins excavated from the Sacred Spring (see pp. 291-2 and pl. XXXII, nos. 33-34). Walker surmises that these coins might have been produced around AD 122 by officials to make up for a shortfall in small change at about the time of Hadrian's visit to Britain.

YORYM-2C0921: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Julia Domna (AD 193-217) dating to the period c.AD 196-211 (Reece Period 10). SEACVLI FELICITAS reverse type depicting Isis wearing peaked headdress standing right, left foot on prow with the infant Horus at her breast; to left, altar against which leans a rudder. Mint of Rome. As RIC IV.1, p.170, no.577.

YORYM-01E717: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. Wild Class III. The head is pointed ovate with a central raised circular boss within a deep circumferential recess. The pointed terminal has a slight raised lenticular moulding. An integral shank extends down from the reverse of the boss and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two arms, and forming an open triangular loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and arms being on different plains. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 34mm long, 15.4mm wide, 13.7mm thick and weighs 12.3g. Downes and Griffiths (2017) state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Wild (1970) discusses the dating of Class III button and loop fasteners suggesting that dated examples support a 2nd century date though perhaps beginning in the late 1st century AD. Ref: Wild, J.P. (1970) Button-and-loop fasteners in the Roman provinces. London: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantius II dating to the period AD 353 - 355 (Reece Period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting soldier spearing fallen horseman. Mint of Lyon. RIC VIII, p.191, no.187.

YORYM-9BF426: COIN
A complete silver Roman denarius of Elagabalus dating to the period AD 218 - 222 (Reece Period 10). TEMPORVM FEL reverse type depicting Felicitas standing left holding patera and vertical scepter. Mint of Antioch. RIC IV, pt.2, p.44, no.201d.

YORYM-9BDA67: COIN
A complete copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-37), dating to the period AD 323 – 324 (Reece Period 16). CAESARVM NOSTRORVM reverse type depicting VOT/X in wreath. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p. 202, no. 441.

YORYM-9B4A35: COIN
A complete Roman silver denarius of Julia Maesa (AD 218-222) (Reece Period 10). SAECVLI FELICITAS reverse type depicting Felicitas standing left, holding long caduceus and sacrificing over lighted altar; star in right field. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, part II, p. 50 no. 271.

A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine II (AD 317-340) dating to the period AD 323-324 (Reece Period 16), CAESARVM NOSTRORVM reverse depicting wreath enclosing VOT/X. Mint of Trier, - // STR. RIC VII, p. 202, no. 433.

YORYM-08DD1A: COIN
A complete copper alloy Roman radiate of Probus (AD 276-282), dating to c. AD 276-7 (Reece Period 14). SALVS AVG reverse type depicting Salus draped, standing left, feeding out of patera in right hand serpent rising from altar and holding sceptre in left hand. Mint of Rome, First Series. RIC V, pt 2, p. 97, no. 744; Gloucester Hoard (CHRB XIII), p. 70, no. 1032 (11 specimens).

YORYM-058817: COSMETIC PESTLE
A copper alloy end looped cosmetic pestle dating to the late Iron Age to early Roman period (c. AD 100-200). The pestle is circular in cross section and concave in profile. The pestle consists of a circular loop created from the metal being bent back on itself. The bow of the pestle is then curved downwards, with the opposite end turning upwards and tapering to a point. Along the underside of the pestle are linear marks and scratches. These could be related to the function of the object as grinding substances. The metal is a mid-green and smooth. The pestle is 57.2mm long, 6.6mm wide, 4.4mm thick and weighs 9.5g. This pestle makes up one half of a two piece cosmetic set which would have compromised of the pestle and the mortar. The mortar, which would have been elliptical in shape, would have had a channelled groove along the inner curve. A substance would have been placed within the mortar groove and then the pestle would then be used to grind or crush the substance within the groove. A complete example of a mortar is recorded on the database on: YORYM-C05A08. Similar end-looped cosmetic mortars can be seen illustrated in Jackson (2010).

YORYM-4B9757: STUD
A complete copper-alloy enamelled stud of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. AD 40 - 80. The stud is circular with a D-shaped section and a quartered design on the upper surface. The resulting recessed cells retain traces of alternating red and yellow enamel. The metal has a dark brown/green patina and is worn. The stud is 15.2mm in diameter, 5.6mm thick and weighs 3.7g. A similar stud is inlaid in the bone and bronze hilt of an Iron Age sword from Rudston, East Riding which is dated c.300 BC - 100 BC (YORYM : 1948.938). Stead (1979; p.64) discusses prehistoric Yorkshire swords stating that none appeared to be older than La Tene III, including the Rudston sword based on its typical La Tene III hilt-end. Similar bronze studs were also found in graves at Bugthorpe and Grimthorpe which are theorised as serving similar purposes. Similar examples also recorded on the PAS database include YORYM-8597F3 and DUR-4E3C45. The latter record states that the use of polychrome enamels on geometric chequerboard native style metalwork is a widespread trend in Britain dating from c. AD 40-80 (Davis & Gwilt 2008, 162-171). The extensive use of red glass enamel in Iron Age weaponry is discussed by Giles (2012; p.240) as being a potentially significant deliberate selection reflecting an "elaborate aesthetic of violence". Red glass, coral and stone is featured in a range of weapons as well as chariot fittings, pendants and brooches. The association of the colour with blood may link to both life-giving and life-taking properties (p.241) as well as fertility and anger. As the current example shows no signs of being fitted into any object as described above, a date range spanning the late Iron Age to early Roman period is suggested. Ref: Giles, M. (2012). A Forged Glamour: Landscape, Identitiy and Material Culture in the Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ref: Stead, I. M. (1979). The Arras Culture. Arras Culture. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

YORYM-B9EC9D: TORC
A complete copper-alloy cruciform bead from a beaded torc of Iron Age date, c. 50 BC – AD 150. The bead is cruciform, or quatrefoil, with a flattened central panel through which is a central square aperture. The aperture would have accommodated an iron rod onto which the beads would have been threaded. Each arm terminates in convex ovate lobes. One lobe appears undecorated, a second has a single horizontal groove, and the remains two have repeated parallel transverse grooves. The metal has a light green patina and is in good condition. The object is 25.7mm long, 25.3mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 7.5g. The perforation is 6.4mm x 5.7mm. Similar object have been recorded on the PAS database: NMGW-7FAC90, GLO-EEB7E3 and PUBLIC-FBA25B. A more complete example of this type of beaded torc from Benwell, Northumberland is illustrated in MacGregor (1976) vol:2, p.198. Ref: MacGregor, M. (1976) Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

YORYM-25E582: SPINDLE WHORL
A complete ceramic spindle whorl of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The spindle whorl is fashioned from a reused piece of greyware ceramic and is circular with a central perforation running through it. The edges are slightly beveled. The object is 37.1mm in diameter, 10.1mm thick and weighs 14.6g. The perforation is 14.6mm in diameter.

YORYM-2257A3: BRACELET
An incomplete, Roman copper alloy twisted cable bracelet fragment dating to the period c. AD 320-450. It is formed from a pair of sub-circular section twisted cables of copper alloy. Both terminals are missing, and the cable is unwound in part at each end. The metal has a dark green patina. Length: 72.98mm, width: 4.4mm, thickness: 3.9mm, weight: 6.54g. Comparable examples of incomplete two-cable twisted bracelets have been recorded by the PAS, including: SOM-D6309F, SOM-E1DFB1. An examples with complete terminals: YORYM-7115F3.

YORYM-2218A6: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Thealby brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 200. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings which act as an integral hinge mechanism. An axis bar is retained within the wings though the pin no longer remains. The front of the wings are concave and an integral attachment loop projects to the top of the head. The loop is set on a raised rectangular panel with a lateral ridges separated by a deep transverse groove. A square sectioned bow extends from the centre of the front of the wings. The bow curves downward and tapers to a it's now broken terminal. An integral catchplate with hooked terminal for the pin is partially present to the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a pale green patina and is worn. Length: 36.09mm, width: 14.95mm, weight: 5.91g Comparable examples of Thealby brooches are illustrated in Hattatt, p. 333, fig. 192. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-F712B4: FINGER RING
2019-T1152 Description: A complete silver finger ring dating to the Roman period (c. AD 100-200). Henig (1974) Type III. The ring consists of a plain loop, sub-triangular in plan and rectangular in section. The narrowest part of the ring is on the underside. The ring widens at the shoulders and the top where there is an oval, flattened bezel present. The bezel contains a moulded relief design which depicts a pair of clasped right hands (dextrarum iunctio) with thumbs pointed upwards. The metal of the loop has a dull silver colour with patches of tarnish. The bezel is a brighter silver colour which appears worn. Dimensions: Diameter: 19.2mm; Thickness: 2.5mm; Weight: 4.4g. Discussion: The depiction of dextrarum iunctio on Roman finger rings is a relatively common motif. There are at least five examples recorded on the PAS database, and a further 15 identified from Roman Britain by Marshman in his 2016 survey. This symbol is most often interpreted as a symbol of Roman betrothal or marriage (Marshman, 2016 and references within). However, this symbol has also been found as a motif on Roman funerary monuments, interpreted to depict relationships and ‘integration into identity groups’ (Baillargeon, 2013). The style of ring is also similar in form to those finger rings found from the Snettisham Roman Jeweller’s Hoard found in Norfolk in 1985, which dates to around AD 155. Similar rings are illustrated in Henig (1974, part II- plate XLVII no.742, plate LII no775 and plate LI no.759). According to Martin Henig the fact that the dextrarum iunctio is so worn on this ring could indicate that this ring was constantly worn as a sign of a long, happy marriage thus giving an interesting insight into the daily life of Roman Britain. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Baillargeon, D. (2013). Marriage or a Multiplicity of Meanings? The Dextrarum Iunctio on Roman and Early Christian Funerary Monuments (Unpublished master's thesis). Henig, M. 1974. A Corpus of Roman Engrave Gemstones from British Sites, part I. Oxford: BAR 8(1). Henig, M. 1974. A Corpus of Roman Engrave Gemstones from British Sites, part II. Oxford: BAR 8(1). Marshman, I. 2016. Making Your Mark in Britannia: an investigation into the use of signet rings and intaglios in Roman Britain. (Unpublished PhD Thesis).

YORYM-E7AE64: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of Alexander III dating to the period AD 1280 - 1292. Second coinage, class E(2?) (Spink 5056). Long cross reverse with mullets, each with five points in angles, giving a total of 20 points, uncertain mint. Ref. Spink, 2015, pg.19

YORYM-E3F79A: STRAP FITTING
A complete, copper alloy strap fitting of Late Iron Age to Early Roman date (c. 70BC - AD50). It comprises a plain annular hoop, broadly plano-convex in section with a narrow circumferential channel on the reverse, with a prominent annular enamelled disc attached. The disc is divided by a central triangle into three sub-ovate panels, each retaining red enamel. A later, sub-triangular perforation is present beneath the disc. The metal has a dark green patina, and is worn and pockmarked on it's underside. Diameter (of hoop): 21.5mm, diameter (of disc): 12.5mm, thickness (total): 7.2mm, weight: 5.5g. A number of these objects have been recorded on this database. They are believed to be baldric or sword belt fasteners, and indeed some examples have been found in relation to swords. They have been recorded in the past as both 'Harness rings'. For similar examples recorded by the PAS see: BERK-C6DAA3, GLO-F03685, NMGW-533AAE, and DEV-270D7F - the latter of which contains a list of examples recorded by the PAS up until March 2019.

YORYM-A1B0B3: BROOCH
An incomplete, copper-alloy Roman trumpet brooch dating to the period c.AD 75-175. The head and spring are present; the bow, catch plate, foot, and pin are missing. The trumpet head is falred outwards and retains a spring of eight coils with an axis bar above. A narrow projections is evident at the head of the brooch. It has a pale orange-brown patina. Length: 19.6mm, width (at head): 25.2mm, thickness (at head): 10.9mm, weight: 10.0g.

YORYM-7ED3AE: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap fitting of medieval date, c.AD 1300 - 1500. The fitting comprises a suspension mount with two parallel rectangular plates; the front plate has a D-shaped section and the back plate is rectangular. The two are joined by an integral semi-circular strip and are held in place by a single rivet. A circular ring remains fitted through the looped strip. The metal has a mid-grey/green patina and is in fair condition. The object is 20.2mm in overall length; 4.7mm wide, 4.4mm thick; the ring is 10.5mm in diameter and 1.5mm thick. The object weighs 1.2g. Similar examples can be seen in Griffiths et al (2007: 126) pl.21 nos.1239-1241. Ref: Griffiths, D. et al (2001) Meols: The Archaeology of the North Wirral Coast. Oxford: University of Oxford.

YORYM-BF8491: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Septimius Severus dating to the period AD 209 (Reece Period 10). P M TR P XVII COS III P P reverse type depicting Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and sceptre; two children standing at his feet, one to each side. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, p.120, no.226.

YORYM-AA366C: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Claudius I (Ad 41-54), dating to the period AD 50-54 (Reece Period 2). AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE reverse type depicting bust of Agrippina right, wearing crown of corn-ears and with long plait. Mint of Rome.As RIC I (2nd ed.), p.126, no.81.

YORYM-17C4D1: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy cruciform brooch with 'florid' Style I decoration of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 500 - 570. The fragment is an expanded flat knob which would have projected from the head of the brooch. The central element of the knob is rectangular with a D-shaped section. One edge bears four parallel ridge and groove designs and two parallel punched annular designs are present towards the opposite edge, giving the appearance of eyes. A short rectangular projection with D-shaped section extends from the edge with the grooves, terminating in a worn break. This would have fitted to the brooch proper. The opposite edge expands into an integral curved fan-shaped plate in the form of out-turned bird heads. Two parallel semi-circular apertures are present in the plate, close to the central element. An integral semi-circular tube with iron in the perforation is present to the reverse of the central element. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The fragment 20.3mm long, 23.2mm wide, 7.7mm thick and weighs 5.3g. A similar example is illustrated in EAA 84, p.174, fig.56a, no.1. Ref: West, S.E. (1998) A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon material from Suffolk. Ipswich: Suffolk County Council.

YORYM-178F62: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
An incomplete Bronze Age socketed axehead dating to the period c. 1000-800BC. The fragment is the blade end of a socketed axehead, which is trapezoidal in it's surviving shape with a worn cutting edge and rounded corners. The cross-section is rectangular, bulging slightly at the waist, and the breaks are old and worn. There is no trace of the socket at the broken end. The metal has a pale green patina for the internal metal; at the surface it is a darker green-brown in colour and is delaminating. The fragment is 39.7mm long, 24.4mm wide, 11.8mm thick and weighs 38.3g. Due to the incomplete nature of the axehead it is not possible to ascribe it to a particular type series and it has therefore been dated broadly as late Bronze Age in date circa 1000 - 800 BC.

YORYM-16A17B: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle or strap fitting of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a D-sectioned shaft with central raised semi-circular moulding. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. An integral band of metal extends between the terminals forming a flat loop behind the flat side of the shaft. The metal has a dark green patina and is in good condition. The toggle is 23.6mm long, 14.8mm in diameter and weighs 15.1g. Simple dumbell type toggles are fairly common finds and numerous examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, for examples see: YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92 A variety of types with integral loops are also becoming fairly common in metal detecting assemblages. For examples see: NLM-03D124, LON-52A030, SF-842982, YORYM-27AFA2, YORYM-0FB733 and YORYM-F6987B.

YORYM-162BE0: BROOCH
A complete Roman copper alloy and enamel umbonate plate brooch dating to c. AD 100-200. The brooch is discoidal, with a raised central boss surrounded by an integral groove and a plain border. There are four D-shaped plate projections evenly spaced around the border, one of which is larger and centrally perforated. The boss is decorated with enamel- four blue panels surround a cast four-petalled flower design. A central annular ring of red enamel is present in the centre of the flower. The reverse is undecorated and has a pair of centrally-pierced twin D-shaped lugs beneath the projecting suspension loop. The axis bar remains in situ and retains the pin in situ. The catchplate is present but the overhanding plate is truncated. The metal has a pale green patina. Length: 31.1mm, width: 26.3mm, thickness: 11.0mm, weight: 5.4g. Other umbonate brooches with identical decoration have been recorded by the PAS: NMS-755F34, NCL-EDED84, and WMID-0049C4 Other examples are published in Hattatt 2007, fig. 350.

YORYM-AFE112: COIN
A complete post-medieval copper-alloy 2 Ör (Ore) of Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden (1611-32), klippe form, dated 1626 struck on a square flan at the mint of Sater or Nykoping (Sweden; KM#107Sweden). Ref: Krause, Mishler and Bruce 1999: 1142. The flan is a little corroded and there is some damage at the top. The coin appears to be complete. Obverse: central crown with the letters GAR beneath, and the letter S in the line below. Reverse: central sheaf motif, with the number '2' to the immediately left, and the letters 'ÖR' to the right. The date 1626 is below. On both faces, the design is within a plain raised, rectangular border, which is stamped off-centre in the frame. Length: 41.1mm; width: 36.0mm, thickness: 5.3mm, weight: 54.5g Reference: Krause, C. L., Mishler, C., and Bruce II, C. R. 1999. Standard Catalog of World Coins (17th Century, 2nd edition, 1601-1700). Iola (WI), Krause publications.

YORYM-968B25: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 322-5 (Reece period 16). SARMATIA DEVICTA reverse type depicting Victory advancing right holding palm branch and trophy. Mint uncertain.

YORYM-181C0E: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of the House of Constantine - CONSTANTINOPOLIS / Victory standing on prow - dating to c. AD 330-5 (Reece Period 17. Possibly Mint of Trier.

YORYM-EF9FD5: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Antoninus Pius dating to the period AD 140 - 144 (Reece Period 7). SALV-S AVG S C reverse depicting Salus standing left, feeding snake coiled around altar and holding rudder on globe. Mint of Rome RIC III, p.112, no.636a

YORYM-6F692E: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Sawfish type brooch of Roman date, c.AD 75 - 200. The head of the brooch comprises semi-circular wings which would have held the pin mechanism. The mechanism and pin no longer remain and the front of the wings are undecorated. A D-sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the head, tapering to a rounded foot. A raised pointed ovate moulding, oriented towards the foot, is present at the top of the bow with a deep central recess. Below the moulding the bow is decorated with a row of five raised lozenge panels. A shallow circular recess is present at the foot of the bow. The remains of a row of integral sub-triangular projections - or saw teeth - can be seen to either side of the upper bow. The broken and worn remains of a catchplate extend to the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 36.9mm long, 26mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 10.7g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.304, fig.163 and are dated to the 1st to 2nd Century AD. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-5DDA89: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Elagabalus dating to the period AD 218 - 222 (Reece Period 10). [MARS VICTOR], Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, p. 36, cf nos. 121 / 123..

YORYM-5A17B1: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Claudius I (Ad 41-54), dating to the period c.AD 50-54 (Reece Period 2). AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE reverse type depicting bust of Agrippina right, wearing crown of corn-ears and with long plait. Mint of Rome. As RIC I, p.126, no.81.

YORYM-DFFD81: COIN
A plated silver Roman radiate of Philip I (AD 244-249), dating to the period c.AD 247-249 (Reece period 12). SAECVLARES AVGG reverse type depicting a Lion walking right, I in exergue. This is a contemporary plated copy or hybrid combining an obverse type of Philip's early issues (c.AD 244-247), with a reverse type for the Secular games commemorating the 1000th anniversary of Rome in AD 248. cf. RIC IV.3, p. 70, no. 12 for the reverse type.

YORYM-754EAF: COIN
A silver Roman siliqua of Valentinian II (AD 375-392) dating to the period c.AD 378-383 (Reece Period 20). VICTOR-IA AVGGG reverse type depicting Victory advancing left with wreath and palm. Mint of Aquileia. As RIC IX, p.100, no. 27a; Hoxne no. 475.

YORYM-E4A2BB: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap fitting of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The fitting consists of a dumbbell-shaped upper (analogous with the shape of various toggles), comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft, and a projecting bar of circular section behind. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. Length: 22.0mm, width: 9.7mm, thickness: 12.8mm, weight: 5.3g.

YORYM-3DFB5E: BEAD
A complete glass bead of Guido Group 5; Type 10d, dating to the Late Iron Age to mid Roman period (c. BC 150-AD 300). The bead is annular in shape with a large central perforation. The bead is a dark blue or cobalt semi-translucent colour with white decorative swirling, formed of a zig zag pattern, across the outer surface. The white decoration would have been formed through trailing hot white glass on the surface of the bead when it was still hot. Then a technique referred to as marvering, in which the hot outer surface of the bead with decoration was pressed against a cold and smooth surface, would have been applied to allow for the decoration to be submerged into the hot glass matrix. The longer the bead was left hot 150, the deeper the decoration would be submerged into the matrix. Therefore, the fact that the decoration is raised on the surface of this bead suggests that the marvering technique may have been applied relatively quickly, to prevent the white decoration from submerging too far. Thus the raised, textured feel of the bead could have been intentionally made through this method. The bead's outer diameter is 9.6mm and inner diameter is 4.5mm. The bead is 6.3mm thick and weighs 0.63g. Similar beads of the same date can be found on the database at: HAMP-FB9144, CAM-CF57E4.

YORYM-1540BD: BUTTON
An incomplete copper-alloy button of Medieval to Post Medieval date (c. AD 1400-1700). The button is discoidal and flat. There is a central moulded relief decoration in the form of a cinquefoil with a central raised pellet. The petals of the cinquefoil are blue enamelled, and the quadrants between each petal are enamelled with red. The back is plain and there is a central raised boss, which is likely the broken remains of a shank or loop. See YORYM-79EC41 for a similar example. The button is 13.1mm in diameter, 1.6mm thick and weighs 1.2g.

YORYM-D5EF76: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 350 - 450. The brooch is of Booth Type M (Fowler Type H4) with a plain, circular sectioned frame with terminals which are flattened vertically, with three notches along the upper edges. A rectangular sectioned pin remains fitted around the frame with an open loop. The pin is bent but undecorated. The metal has a dark black/brown patina and is word. The brooch is 29.5mm long, 2.5mm in diameter and weighs 5.2g. the pin is 29.1mm x 4.1mm x 1.7mm. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.178) discusses the dating of Type M brooches stating that "all other dated examples suggest that the type had a relatively short chronology around the late fourth to fifth century AD". Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-D54204: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to c. AD 317-24 (Reece Period 16), IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left. Mint unclear.

YORYM-C3FCBD: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap loop belt mount of medieval date, circa AD 1150 - 1450. The mount has an elongated D-shaped loop with a single collared knop on the outer curved edge. An integral attachment rivet is present at the centre of the straight edge and would have been used to hold the mount in place on the strap. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The mount is 26.8mm long, 15.8mm wide, 5.1mm thick and weighs 3.3g. Similar mounts can be seen in Egan and Pritchard, p.230, fig.145 and on the database as YORYM-01D642, YORYM-5041F0, LEIC-13D791 and YORYM-8A9DC7. Ref: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-AA6B46: COIN
A complete Medieval silver penny of John Baliol of Scotland (AD 1292-1296), First coinage, rough issue (Spink S5067) type SC, uncertain obverse die, reverse die type SL. Mint: St. Andrews. Obverse: IOhAN[NES DEI GRA]; Crowned bust left with sceptre Reverse: CIVI/[TAS]/SAN/DRE. Long cross dividing the inscription with two six-pointed mullets (first and third quarters) and two five-pointed mullets (second and fourth quarters). Reversed-barred N in SAN. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 21. Diameter: 18.6mm, thickness: 0.7mm, weight: 1.3g.

YORYM-0670C5: PENDANT
A lead alloy pendant of Medieval to Post Medieval date (c. AD 1250-1700). The pendant consists of a small cross shape with horizontal arms of equal length. The bottom arm is the longest, and the top is perforated to create a suspension loop. The metal has a light brown patina. The pendant is 16.6mm long, 12.9mm wide, 2.1mm thick and weighs 1.9g. This pendant is likely a cross pendant, which may have been carried as a personal symbol of one's religious beliefs, or as an apotropaic device to ward off evils spirits and demons. Similar parallels can be found on the database at LIN-05BCE7, NLM-18A6C8 or NLM-F4C47C. A comparison may also be made to the form of Tau pendants (e.g. YORYM-96F498). Although this lead pendant appears cross shaped, the top arm consists, almost entirely, of the suspension loop. Therefore, the actual pendant may be T-shaped, in the form of the Greek letter Tau. These Tau crosses often acted as miniature reliquaries which are thought to have contained a herbal compound that was used to treat the symptoms of St Anthony's fire.

YORYM-02671D: MOUNT
A copper alloy possible mount dating from the Late Iron Age to the Roman period (c. 200 BC- 100 AD). The object consists of asymmetrical open work decoration in the form of an adjoined double cusp (type B from Joy, 2008). On one face in the centre there is a split lip moulding decoration, of which a shaft extends from the top, splitting into two tendrils which curve inwards into a loop and join the bottom of the central split lip moulding. The overall shape is that of a figure of eight. On the right hand tendril the loop is broken by another split lip moulded decoration in the centre. The left hand tendril is uninterrupted except for the terminal on the bottom, which is a trumpet shape, in which one corner connects to the bottom of the central mould, the other half is unconnected and hangs freely. On the reverse the object is flat with three projections present. Two of which are in the centre of the object and one on the end of the object on the reverse face of the right hand tendril with the split lip decoration. The object has a mid-green patina. The object is 30.6mm long, 19.2mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 6.6g. It is unclear exactly what this object is. The two projections on the back may have formed a loop suggesting this is some form of strap fitting. However, this does not account for the third projection. It has therefore been classified as a mount.

YORYM-ED5854: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate, probably of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period c.AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). Probably VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting Virtus standing left holding globe and vertical sceptre. Mint of Rome. cf. Cunetio no. 927. Diameter: 21.0mm, thickness: 2.0mm, weight: 2.8g.

YORYM-9BDFD1: TORC
An incomplete copper-alloy hinged beaded torc of Late Hallstatt - Late Iron Age date, c. 650-100 BC. The remaining bracelet comprises four (4) conjoined sub-ovate knops with narrowed ribbed grooves at the juncture between each knop. The section is an asymmetric ovate having a more distinct curve to the upper surface. One of the terminal knops has a circular sectioned tapering projection - or tenon - to the outer edge. This would have secured this end of the torc to a mortice hole at the other end. The opposite terminal knop has a deep rectangular aperture flanked by perforations and would have acted as a hinge. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The torc is 59.5mm long, 18.5mm wide, 12.3mm thick and weighs 53.2g. A similar torc found at Skerne, East Riding of Yorkshire is illustrated in MacGregor (1976) vol: 2, p.207. A parallel from Roxby, South Humberside has been published by Kevin Leahy in which he notes the type being well known in the Arras culture of East Yorkshire and parallels are also found in the Hallstatt culture on the continent. An example from Castle Hill, Scarborough was dated by Challis and Harding to the second half of the seventh century BC (Hallstatt C2), supported by associated pottery findings. Leahy determines that this evidence leaves a broad date range for beaded bracelets spanning "the whole of the British Iron Age from Hallstatt C to La Tene III". Refs: Leahy, K. "An Iron Age Ribbed Bracelet From Roxby, South Humberside." Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Volume. 20 (1985): p.79. Print. MacGregor, M. (1976) Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

YORYM-72C1A7: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Tacitus dating to the period AD 275 - 276 (Reece Period 14). LAETITIA FVND reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. Mint of Rome. RIC V, pt.1, p.335, no.89.

YORYM-DDBE68: COIN
A silver medieval Scottish penny of Alexander III (r.1249-86) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1292. Second coinage type Mc or E (Spink S5055 or S5056). Long cross reverse with mullets in angles, uncertain number of points on reverse. Spink 2015, pg.19

YORYM-DA24C2: STRAP FITTING
A copper-alloy double loop trapezoidal strap slide dating to the Medieval period (c. AD 1350-1450). The buckle frame consists of a trapezoidal shape, with separate strap and pin bar. The pin bar is off centre, towards the narrow end of the frame. The outer edge at the broader end of the frame is decorated with an anthropomorphic face. The face is sub-rectangular in shape. On top there is a small rectangular shape with engraved lines, likely to be a hat or hair. The face itself has two grooves side by side acting as eyes, with a triangular projection in the centre as a nose, and a third groove underneath for the mouth. At either side of the face there are two square like projections, representing the ears. Underneath the face the frame narrows representing the neck and then widens again to form the base of the outer edge of the frame. The remaining frame of the strap fitting is plain and undecorated. Although similar shaped decorated buckles can be seen in Griffiths (et al 2007, p. 95, no.640), no parallels with anthropomorphic faces have been found.

YORYM-5F7896: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Gratian (AD 364-383), dating to the period AD 378-383 (Reece period 20). [REPARATIO REIPVB] reverse type depicting the Emperor standing facing, head left, right hand raising a kneeling woman and holding Victory on a globe in left. Mint of Arles. RIC IX, p. 67, no. 20a; LRBC p. 57, no. 548 This nummus type is rarely found in Britain.

YORYM-3481B4: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete openwork strap fitting of Roman date, c.AD 120 - 200. Nicolay Type B13. The fitting is rectangular with a D-shaped section and an irregular sub-ovate perforation to the centre. Both ends of the fitting are raised and each of the two arms flanking the perforation have two, evenly space raised transverse ridges resulting in undulating D-shape section. Two integral, circular sectioned rivets project from the reverse of the mount, one to either end of one arm. Each rivet is flattened to the top. The scars from two further rivets remain to the reverse of the other arm. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in fair condition. The fitting is 19.8mm long, 19.6mm wide, 5mm thick (10.9mm with rivets). Roman mounts have been classified by Nicolay (2007) and are thought to have been decorative horse gear fittings. This type fits into Nicolay's Type B13 which are described as being elongated and ridged. A similar example is illustrated on p.89, pl.77, no.7. Nicolay dates these fittings to period 3, c.AD 120-200. Ref: Nicolay, J. (2007) Armed Batavians: Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-Military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 450). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

YORYM-9F31BB: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 315-316 (Reece Period 15), Mint of London, T F // PLN. RIC VII - ; Cloke and Toone, The London Mint (2015), p. 228, no. 8.08.008. The obverse legend is not recorded in RIC. Only one specimen is recorded in Cloke and Toone, on the Forum of Ancient Coins. Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; Laureate and cuirassed right Reverse: SOL INVICTO COMITI; Sol standing left raising right hand with globe in left hand. Note that RIC VII (pp. 102-3) dates the T F // PLN issue to AD 316-7, but this has been changed to AD 315-6 by Cloke and Toone.

YORYM-3496CB: HARNESS PENDANT
A copper-alloy harness pendant dating to the medieval period (c. AD 1200-1400). The pendant is shield shaped with an integral loop attached to the top edge of the shield. One surface of the pendant has been decorated with blue enamel and another unknown colour which has not survived well. The design appears to be a cheque pattern with alternating squares of blue enamel and possibly uncoloured squares, this appears in six lines. Across the middle of the shield is a bar (a fess). Similar examples in the region with this design appear to show that this fess is coloured red (a fess gules), however the colour does not survive on this pendant. The reverse is plain. The pendant is 45.4mm long from the top of the suspension loop to the bottom of the shield. The widest point of the pendant is 27mm wide, the middle point of the pendant is 24.2mm wide. The pendant is 2.9mm thick. A similar pendant: YORYM-5C8186 / IHS-E20060, has been identified by Irene Szymanski, as belonging to the arms of the Clifford family, who were important in the north of England. This artefact would therefore date to the 13th or 14th century.

YORYM-B7117E: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 50 - 200. Booth Type A8 (Fowler Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands towards the terminals. Both terminals are flattened knops with a single raised moulded collar. A humped pin remains looped around the frame. The upper most portion of the pin is a flat rectangular sheet, decorated on the upper surface with two parallel grooves, and tapers to a circular section at the rounded tip. The metal has a shiny brassy patina as a result of having been in a salt water and sand rich environment. The brooch is 31.3mm long, 5.8mm in diameter at the terminals and 2.1mm diameter at the frame. The pin is 37.7mm long, 2.9mm wide, 1.5mm thick. The brooch weighs 6.1g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Dr Booth (2014, p.137) also states that humped pins are concentrated in the north of Britain. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-366098: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy headstud brooch of Roman date, c.AD 75 - 200. The head of the brooch comprises rectangular wings with a concave reverse which retain a single centrally positioned semi-circular integral lug. An axis bar around which ten turns of the spring are present remain through the lug. Either end of the spring join to form a loop which runs across the top of the head. The loop is secured to the top of the head by an integral forward facing hook which extends from lug, tapering to a point in the middle of the head. A separate hinged pin is fitted around the axis bar, between the lug and the inner most turn of one side of the spring. The pin has a circular section and a flat closed loop. The front of each wing has a circular depression into which a separated decorative element would have fitted. These no longer remain. An integral rectangular bow extends centrally from the front of the wings, tapering to a circular foot knop. The front of the bow is decorated with two parallel grooves running down either side, extending from the tips of the wings to the foot. A circular aperture is present at the apex of the bow which would have held a separate headstud element. This no longer remains. A central column of vertically aligned rectangular cells are present below the aperture and retail traces of alternating green/blue and red enamel. A double banded circumferential collar is present where the bow and foot meet and the base of the foot has a ring and dot design. A complete catchplate projects from the reverse of the bow terminating with a curved loop for the pin. The metal has a dark green patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 60.4mm long, 26.5mm wide at the wings, 4.6mm thick and weighs 33.4g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.333, fig.192 and are dated to the 2nd Century AD. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-2631AE: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Thealby brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 200. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings which act as an integral hinge mechanism. An axis bar is retained within the wings though the pin no longer remains. The front of the wings are concave and an integral attachment loop projects to the top of the head. The loop is set on a raised rectangular panel with two parallel ridges separated by a deep transverse groove. The lower ridge has incised groove decoration. A square sectioned bow extends from the centre of the front of the wings and is flanked by a band of transverse incised groove decoration. The bow curves downward and tapers to a circular foot. The bow is undecorated and an incised cross is present to the base of the foot. An integral catchplate with hooked terminal for the pin is present to the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 72.4mm long, 27.2mm wide, 7mm thick and weighs 32.1g. Comparable examples of Thealby brooches are illustrated in Hattatt, p. 333, fig. 192. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-0D9E78: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy-strap fitting of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1700. The fitting comprises an openwork plate with a trefoil terminal extending from a sub-ovate main panel. A heart-shaped aperture is present at the centre of the main panel topped by a lozenge aperture. A worn knop projects form the opposite end of the plate to the trefoil. The reverse of the fitting is flat with two broken and worn spikes projecting from either end. The metal has a mid-green/red patina and is worn. The fitting is 31.5mm long, 14.9mm wide, 1.6mm thick and weighs 3.3g.

YORYM-F84672: COIN
A heavily corroded and possibly slightly base silver Roman denarius of Trajan (AD 98-117), probably dating to the period c.AD 103-111 (Reece period 5). [S P Q R OPTIMO PR]INCIPI reverse type, possibly depicting Pax seated left holding branch and sceptre, Dacian at her feet. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II, p. 257, no. 188. Diameter: 18.6mm, thickness: 2.1mm, weight: 2.5g.

YORYM-E75F33: PENDANT
An incomplete probably cast lead alloy pendant or pilgrim badge of Medieval date, c.AD 1300-1500. The pendant is an annular disc with a narrow projection above, assumed to be the base of a (now missing) suspension loop. The obverse is decorated with a crude depiction of either the Crucifixion or the Deposition from the Cross in medium relief. Christ is central in the frame; the oval head and reverse L-shaped body are prominent with the arms, bent at the elbow, and ending with splayed fingers, are visible behind. The lateral bar of the cross is depicted by a rectangular, lattice-decorated grid. His body is bent at the waist to the left of the frame, with two linear extension beyond presumed to be legs. A figure is present to either side, both simply depicted with one arm raised towards Christ - presumably the Virgin Mary and St. John. The edge of the frame, behind the standing figures and beneath Christ is also decorated with the latticed grid, curving with the frame. The reverse depicts an eight-petalled flower, each oblanceolate petal radiating from a central dot. The edges of each petal are raised. The form of the petal and its use on a lead-alloy object may be compared with those that decorated Medieval ampullae (holy water flasks). For a discussion of the type see Anderson 2010. The metal is a cream colour and is worn, except on the reverse where modern abrasion exposes the dark grey fabric near the edge. The pendant is 29.2mm in diameter, 3.0mm thick and weighs 12.0g. The obverse decoration may be compared with finer examples on lead alloy discs, also interpreted as pendants/pilgrim badges, recorded on the database. NCL-FD6AD1, YORYM-1BF953, YORYM-21CB41, SWYOR-5C3563 and SWYOR-25C3E5 all derive from the Yorkshire region and may represent a discrete group.

YORYM-7C8EDA: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy one piece Colchester brooch of Mackreth type 2 of late Iron Age to early Roman date, c.AD 25 - 60. The head of the brooch comprises short rectangular wings with an integral forward facing hook projecting from the centre of the top. An integral circular sectioned strip of metal extends from the centre of the reverse of the head coiling to form three turns of the spring. The spring bends around to the front of the head, through the hooked loop and terminates in a worn break. An oval sectioned bow projects centrally from the front of the wings tapering gradually towards a worn point. The brooch appears undecorated. The broken and worn remains of a catchplate project from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The brooch is 39.4mm long, 11.7mm wide, 3.2mm thick and weighs 4.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt p.296, fig.155. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-7C7AE6: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised double collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The collars are decorated with transverse grooves. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 17mm long, 6.8mm in diameter at the terminals, 3.7mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 3.4g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-7BC5C2, YORYM-7BBB11, YORYM-CE9F7C, YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-D50FF4: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 19.5mm long, 9.7mm in diameter at the terminals, 5.5mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 7.2g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-7BC5C2, YORYM-7BBB11, YORYM-CE9F7C, YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-7D2826: COIN
An Early-Medieval silver early penny sceat of Secondary Phase Series C (Variety E, sub-variety g), dating c.720-40, mint: Low Countries (probably). Ref: Metcalf and Op Den Velde 2009-10: 47-9

YORYM-7CC0FA: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting of late Iron Age date, c.200 BC - 50 AD. The fitting comprises three sub-ovate roundels arranged around a central triangular opening. The roundels are pointed ovate with a central raised circular boss set within a deep circumferential recess. The pointed ends project outward and have raised lenticular moldings. An integral, curved circular sectioned bar extends transversely from the pointed end of one roundel. Both ends are broken and worn. An integral rectangular staple is present to the reverse of the fitting, extending between the centres of two roundels. Where the staple joins the fitting it has a square section and tapers to a rounded bar. The metal has a dark brown/green patina and is worn. The fitting is 39.5mm long, 37.5mm wide, 6.2mm thick (13.1mm including loop) and weighs 17.7g. Similar fittings discovered as part of a hoard of Iron Age metalwork hoard from Stanwick, North Yorkshire are illustrated in MacGregor (1962), p.40, fig.5. Similarly styled fittings have also been recorded from Knaresborough, North Yorkshire (YORYM-B0B357), Cottam, East Riding (YORYM-AACA85) and Leyburn, North Yorkshire (LANCUM-B03EC0). Harness fittings with similar roundels and staples are also shown in MacGregor (1976) including no.16 from Stanhop, Peeblesshire, and no.21 from Corbridge, Northumberland. In YORYM-B0B357 Dr Rena Maguire comments that the style is "very much British" and not seen in Irish examples. Dr Maguire also highlights the similarity to the Swanton Morley bit (NMS213) as well as a bridle bit from Rise, East Riding now in the collections of the British Museum (1866,0714.2). MacGregor (1962, p.21) describes openwork roundel fittings with loops or staples as a "form unique in British Iron Age metalwork but [which also] occurs in Continental chariot burials such as Somme Bionne, Marne (Jacobsthal, 1944: pi. 113, no. 180). Ref: MacGregor, M. (1962) The early Iron Age metalwork from Stanwick, North Riding of Yorkshire, England. Cambridge: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. MacGregor, M. (1976) Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

YORYM-6C27D5: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The terret is of the 'simple' type, comprising a sub-ovate collar with tapering circular sectioned loop extending to one side. The remains of a rectangular basal strap loop can be seen to the other side of the collar. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The terret is 42.3mm long, the collar is 16.2mm x 14.9mm, the loop is 3.4mm in diameter at the narrower end. It weighs 14.4g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the East Yorkshire chariot burials of the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials in the East Riding though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD. They can be seen as the archetype from which many of the more complex terrets evolve. Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-161A6E: STRAP END
A complete copper-alloy strap end of medieval date, c.AD 1150 - 1450. The object is a composite strap end comprised of two plates which are sub-rectangular in plan, tapering towards a curved terminal with a knoped protrusion. The upper plate is decorated with five circular perforations arranged in a cross toward the attachment end. The outermost four perforations are joined by an incised circle. The lower plate is undecorated. Two rivets are present; one centrally to the attachment end, the other centrally at the closed end. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The strap end is 37.7mm long, 14.7mm wide, 2.2mm thick and weighs 6.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Egan and Pritchard (2002), p.142, fig.93. Ref: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-C37EB7: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper-alloy probable strap fitting of late Iron Age date, c.100 BC - 0 BC/AD. The object comprises a circular sectioned ring with five integral decorative knops projecting to the outer edge. Three of the knops are in the form of birds, possibly ducks, spaced evenly at three of the quarter points. The bodies of the birds are ovate with an upward turn to the pointed end representing the tail. A smaller integral ovate element projects from the upper surface of the wider end of each body, forming the head and beak. No further detail is present on the birds. The central bird and one behind it face the same direction while the third bird, in front of the central one, faces the opposite direction, toward the center. The remaining two knops are smaller and in the form of twisted knots each with a raised collar where they join the ring. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The object is 41.1mm long, 45.6mm wide, 8.9mm thick and weighs 39.9g. No direct parallel for this object could be found at the time of recording though similar features are noted in a number of different object types. Objects of similar ring shaped design including three projecting knops include triple knoped terret rings such as YORYM-71FC10 and SWYOR-3A981A which are dated typologically to the early Roman period c.AD 43 - 150. The absence of a D-bar makes this an unlikely function for the present example however. The lower knotted terminals find parallels in a mounts recorded as BH-B9C0B5 which is ascribed a date of c.100 BC-AD 43 and SF-9722BA dated to c.300-200 BC as well as HAMP-C319B7, HAMP-A63ECB and BH-00BCA1, identified as pins of middle Iron Age date c. 300-150 BC. The birds are paralleled in LIN-F1A832 and LVPL-273BD0 which are furniture fittings of Roman date, c.AD 100-300. SF-DF4933, WILT-E1FA22 and NMGW-C46CB4 are fragments of vessels dated broadly to the late Iron Age to Roman period and SUR-8328CA, a fob dangler of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.50 BC - AD 100, displays four similar bird decorations. Given the form of the current example the function of strap fitting is suggested. It is possible the object was designed to hang from a strap or belt with the space between the knot terminals designated to hold the strap. Reb Ellis, PHD Student at The University of Hull, comments that bird decoration in general appears in pockets in England and Wales, as well as in Ireland and on the Continent, though in stylistically different ways. Miss Ellis suggests a date of approximately 100BC-0BC/AD for this object based on the style of the bird which is paralleled in other Iron Age material (as discussed above). Despite the richness of metal work in the East Riding of Yorkshire, animals are somewhat rare making this object especially interesting and important. The absence of any known direct parallels for this object suggests it is nationally unique.

YORYM-AF81A2: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). [DIANAE CON]S AVG reverse type depicting a Doe standing right head turned left. Mint of Rome. Cf. Cunetio no. 1361

YORYM-AF3AE1: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). IOVI CONSERVAT reverse type depicting Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and sceptre. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio, p.117, no.1271

YORYM-98B516: COIN
A silver-plated contemporary copy of a Roman denarius of Claudius Albinus as Caesar (AD 193-5), dating to the period AD 193-5 (Reece Period 10), [ROMAE AETERNAE], Roma seated left, holding Palladium and sceptre. Prototype Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 45, cf. no. 11a.

YORYM-96F4A5: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy annular brooch of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1400. The frame of the brooch is circular with a sub-D-shaped section and six raised circular collets at regular interval to the upper surface. The interior of five collets retains traces of a white fill, possibly coral or paste. A recess is present in the frame between two collects which houses a circular sectioned pin. The pin is corroded in place. The reverse is flat and undecorated with patches of gilding. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 18.1mm in diameter, 4.4mm wide, 4.4mm thick and weighs 3.8g. Numerous examples of this type of annular brooch are recorded on the PAS database, including YORYM-FAE87E, WILT-E1F2A6, KENT-906386 and DUR-EFD75E. A further example is found in Griffiths (2007, 143: no.1722). Ref: Griffiths, D., Philpott, R.A., Egan, G. (2007) Meols: The Archaeology of the North Wirral Coast: Discoveries and Observations in the 19th and 20th Centuries, with a Catalogue of Collections. Oxford University School of Archaeology, Oxford.

YORYM-83701C: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap mounted terret of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 200. Lewis' Type 19. The terret comprises a main ovate ring with integral rectangular loop projecting to one end. The main ring is bottom-heavy displaying wear to the upper edge. The ring has a tapering ovate section and the loop is sub-rectangular in section having rounded corners. The terret is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The terret is 38.3mm long, 33.2mm wide, 10.6mm thick and weighs 27.2g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Based on depositional contexts of excavated examples Lewis (2015, p.114) concludes that such terrets are current in Britain from the mid-first century AD to the late first century AD. While they are relatively common finds there is no known evidence for their manufacture in Britain. It is possible though that such objects were made in Britain rather than imported (2015, p.112). Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-F9DFB2: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). ORIENS AVG reverse type depicting Sol walking left with right arm raised and holding whip in left hand. C mint, - // C. RIC V, pt 2 - This is the seventh coin of this type in Sam Moorhead's Corpus for RIC.

YORYM-F7CE31: STRAP END
TREASURE CASE : 2019 T275. Description: A complete silver strap end of medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1450. The object is a composite strap end comprised of two plates which are sub-rectangular in plan, tapering towards a curved terminal with a knoped protrusion. Both plates are undecorated. A complete tapering forked spacer is retained between the sheets. A single rivet is present positioned centrally at the attachment end. Dimensions: Length: 27.9mm; Width: 10.5mm; Thickness: 2.7mm; Weight: 2.2g. Discussion: Copper-alloy composite strap ends of medieval date are common finds. Silver examples are less common though do occur with some frequency. Similar examples are illustrated and discussed in Egan and Pritchard (2002; p.142, fig.93), described as ‘tongue-shaped’ and date to the mid-14th to mid-15th centuries. These dates will also apply to silver examples. Parallels on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database include 2019 T135 (WAW-DA2185), 2008 T330 (SUSS-66D2D3), and HAMP-AF9575. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-A7BA82: NAIL CLEANER
A complete cast copper-alloy nail cleaner with moulded neck and shouldered blade of Eckardt, H. and Crummy, N. 2008, 121, fig. 59 (Group) and of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 200. The circular attachment loop is large.The blade is a pointed leaf- shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow forked terminal. The neck has four mouldings. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 39.4mm long, 11.7mm wide, 3.9mm thick, and weighs 2.2g. Nail cleaners of this type have been recorded on the database as YORYM-4CC96A, YORYM-05DCE8, YORYM-6A81A4.

YORYM-8EDB42: COIN
This coin was found in a garden treated with imported gravel of unclear origin. It is likely, therefore, that the coin has been moved from its original findspot and transported to the current location, but we do not know where the original source may have been. A very base, silver Roman radiate of Trebonianus Gallus (AD 251-253), dating to the period c.AD 251-253 (Reece Period 12). FELICITAS AVG reverse type depicting Felicitas standing left holding long caduceus and cornucopiae. Possibly an Eastern mint (Antioch) coin, cf. Cunetio no. 397 (RIC IV.3, no. 82var), BM 1961,0805.7, although with obverse legend ending GALLVS AVG as in Rome mint coins. See also RIC IV.3, p. 162, no. 33n for a possible Rome mint coin with FELICITAS AVGG reverse type, at least two examples of which appear to be within the Dorchester Hoard coins in the British Museum collection (BM 1937,0509.919 and 1937,0509.968)

YORYM-0E5412: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2019 T232. Description: An incomplete silver quatrefoil brooch of medieval date, c.AD 1300-1400. The brooch comprises four rounded U-shaped lobes, joined at the open ends to form a quatrefoil. The lobes have bevelled sides, steeper to the inner edge than the outer, creating an irregular D-shaped section. One of the lobes has a constriction for the pin. The pin no longer remains. Dimensions: Length: 10.9mm; Width: 10.5mm; Thickness: 1.5mm; Weight: 0.5g. Discussion: Similar examples of quatrefoil brooches have been recorded on the PAS database and reported as Treasure including: 2017 T613 (LANCUM-E18C2B), 2006 T386 (PAS-376815), and 2016 W39 (LVPL-5D63F3). Quatrefoil brooches are also discussed in Egan & Pritchard (1991), p.256-7. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991). Dress Accessories, c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: Stationery Office Books.

YORYM-FDE585: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Maximinus I (AD 235-8) dating to AD 236 (Reece Period 11). SALVS AVGVSTI, S C, reverse type depicting Salus seated left, feeding a serpent rising from altar. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.2, p.145, no. 58; BMC VI, pp. 230-1, nos. 100-101.

YORYM-6ABFC6: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of Iron Age date, c.300 - 50 BC. Lewis Lipped Type V. Approximately one third of the terret remains which is circular in section. It is smooth on the interior of the curve and the outer curve is moulded into a series of five distinct bipartite projections, each of which has the appearance of a pair of full parted lips. The breaks to both ends are worn, one displaying a ferrous core from which the bar would have extended. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The terret is 45.3mm long, 10.1mm in diameter and weighs 29.5g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.201) states that lipped terrets are "relatively common in north-east, north-west and south-west England and the East Midlands, but rare or non-existent in the West Midlands and in Wales". Ref: Lewis, A.S.G. (2015) Iron Age and Roman-era Vehicle Terrets From Western and Central Britain: An Interpretive Study. Leicester: University of Leicester.

YORYM-67E39E: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman siliqua of Eugenius (AD 392-394), dating to the period AD 392-394 (Reece Period 21). VIRTVS RO-MANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe. Mint of Trier. As Hoxne, nos. 626, 628; RIC IX, p. 33, no. 106d.

YORYM-40C2E2: COIN
A silver denarius of Augustus dating to the period 15 - 13 BC (Reece Period 1). IMP X ACT reverse type depicting Apollo Citharoedus standing left in long drapery, holding plectrum in right hand and a lyre in left hand. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC I, p.52, no.171a.

YORYM-2FC93D: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Valens (AD 364-378), dating to the period AD 364-367 (Reece Period 19). GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Emperor dragging captive right. Mint of Lyon. RIC IX, p.44, no.10b.

YORYM-1A506D: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius of Aelius (AD 136-138), dating to the period c.AD 137 (Reece period 6). TR POT-COS I[I] reverse type depicting Pietas standing left beside altar, raising right hand and holding left hand at breast. Mint of Rome. As RIC II, p. 392, no. 432. Diameter: 17.6mm, thickness: 2.4mm, weight: 2.5g.

A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Valens (AD 364-378), dating to the period c.AD 364-367 (Reece period 19). GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse type depicting the Emperor advancing right holding standard and dragging captive. Mint of Arles. As LRBC, p. 56, no. 480. Diameter: 16.7, thickness: 1.6mm, weight: 1.9g.

YORYM-D8A514: BELL
An incomplete copper-alloy bell of possible Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The bell is conical with a circular base and wide arched sides with a broken and worn loop at the apex. A slight raise ridge is present around the remaining portion of the base though approximately one half of the base is broken and worn. The surface of the bell is extremely worn and no decoration can be determined. The interior surface is also very worn and the clapper no longer remains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is extremely worn. The bell is 29mm tall, 31.7mm in diameter, 2.4mm thick and weighs 21.9g. Similar bells have been recorded including SF-0D8879, ESS-7CC10C and NCL-CF0FE4. Similar published examples from Colchester are illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.127, nos. 4165, 4165 and 4168 and are described as probably being "attached to the halters or collars of cows, sheep, goats, or possibly domestic pets, though some may have been used as personal ornaments". Two of these examples are however from unstratified examples and are ascribed an age of Roman to modern by Crummy. A similar bell is also recorded as KENT-421C7E. This record discusses the dating of these objects stating that "Clarke (1971) points out that simple hemispherical and conical bells are known from both Roman and post-Roman contexts and considers unstratified examples of these as undatable. Those with decoration consisting of concentric lines and a circular cross-section can be found on bells from Roman contexts (e.g. Crummy no.4166)." Ref: Crummy, N. (1983) Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd.

YORYM-B0B357: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting of late Iron Age date, c.200 BC - 50 AD. The fitting comprises four sub-ovate roundels arranged around a central square opening. An integral curvilinear strip of narrow rectangular sectioned copper-alloy diagonally divides the opening. Two of the sub-ovate roundels are pointed ovate with a central raised circular boss set within a deep circumferential recess. The rounded ends of these roundels form opposite sides of the frame for the square opening. The pointed ends project outward and are broken and worn. The nature of the breaks and wear suggests a possible casting flaw. The remaining two roundels also have a raised circular boss set within a deep circumferential recess. The rounded ends form the other two size of the opening frame. The pointed ends of these roundels are elongated and curve round to form a U-shape. The tips of both are broken and worn suggesting the object is incomplete. The arrangement of the four roundels results in an irregular cruciform or quatrefoil shape. An integral rectangular loop, or staple, with D-shaped section is present to the reverse of the fitting. It extends from the centre of the reverse of the boss of each of the elongated roundels. Tooling marks are present around the staple at both points where it meets the body of the fitting. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The fitting is 41.9mm long, 50mm wide, 7.4mm thick (19.3mm including loop) and weighs 34.8g. Similar, though not identical, fittings discovered as part of a hoard of Iron Age metalwork hoard from Stanwick, North Yorkshire are illustrated in MacGregor (1962), p.40, fig.5. Similarly styled fittings have also been recorded from Cottam, East Riding (YORYM-AACA85) and Leyburn, North Yorkshire (LANCUM-B03EC0). Harness fittings with similar roundels and staples are also shown in MacGregor (1976) including no.16 from Stanhop, Peeblesshire, and no.21 from Corbridge, Northumberland. Dr Rena Maguire comments that the style is "very much British" and not seen in Irish examples. Dr Maguire also highlights this objects' similarity to the Swanton Morley bit (NMS213) as well as a bridle bit from Rise, East Riding now in the collections of the British Museum (1866,0714.2). MacGregor (1962, p.21) describes openwork roundel fittings with loops or staples as a "form unique in British Iron Age metalwork but [which also] occurs in Continental chariot burials such as Somme Bionne, Marne (Jacobsthal, 1944: pi. 113, no. 180). Ref: MacGregor, M. (1962) The early Iron Age metalwork from Stanwick, North Riding of Yorkshire, England. Cambridge: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. MacGregor, M. (1976) Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

YORYM-1B45EF: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius, probably of Domitian (AD 81-96), dating to the period c.AD 81-96 (Reece period 4). Reverse type depicting Minerva advancing right holding spear and shield. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II (2nd ed.) no. 58 passim.

YORYM-086FAD: COIN
TREASURE CASE : 2019 T180. Fifth-sixth century AD Pseudo-Imperial solidus fragment. Obv.: Crude, linear folds of drapery for bust (bust type and obv legend not visible) Rev.: [VICT]ORI[...]; Crude, linear figure holding long cross (details uncertain)

YORYM-07D83A: COIN
A heavily corroded copper-alloy Roman sestertius, possibly of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period c.AD 98-117 (Reece period 5). Reverse type depicting Fortuna seated left holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome.

YORYM-9E001D: COIN
A complete Post-Medieval silver Scottish eighth thistle merk of James VI (AD 1567-1625), before accession to the English throne, dating to the period AD 1601-4. Crowned thistle on reverse. Mint of Edinburgh. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 81, no. 5500.

YORYM-9AA04E: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. Wild Class III. The head is pointed ovate with a central raised circular boss within a deep circumferential recess. The pointed terminal also has a raised lenticular moulding. An integral shank extends down from the reverse of the boss and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two arms, and forming a loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and arms being on different plains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 40.1mm long, 15.7mm wide, 13.4mm thick and weighs 11.9g. Downes and Griffiths (2017) state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Wild (1970) discusses the dating of Class III button and loop fasteners suggesting that dated examples support a 2nd century date though perhaps beginning in the late 1st century AD. Ref: Wild, J.P. (1970) Button-and-loop fasteners in the Roman provinces. London: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

YORYM-9A778D: COIN
An Early-Medieval silver sceat of Primary Phase Series F (Type 24), reverse type d AD 695 - 710. Ref: Naismith 2017: 95, pl. 4 no 103. Obverse depicts diademed bust; reverse a cross on steps.

YORYM-1CA007: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy crossbow brooch of Roman date, c.AD 200-300. The brooch has tubular crossbar wings with closed ends, although one end is fragmented, exposing the central axis bar fitted within the wings. The reverse of the wings have a central slot allowing a pin to be looped around the bar. The pin remains and has a circular section, tapering to a worn point. A central three-tiered knop protrudes upwards from the top of the axis bar. The axis bar meets the bow at a raised rectangular block. From this a D-sectioned bow extends with a steep C-shaped curve before bending straight down forming a P-shaped profile. The lower bow is in the form of an open sided tube, which acts as a catchplate for the pin. The catchplate terminates at the base in a worn break. The brooch is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 57.2mm long, 27.5mm wide at the wings, 5.0mm wide at the bow, 21.7mm thick from the bow to the pin, 3.7mm thick at the bow, and weighs 11.7g. Parallels are illustrated in Hattatt (2000), p.368, fig.227, dated to the 3rd century AD. Similar brooches have been recorded on the database as ASHM-B5DA31, DUR-888FEF, WILT-CA9F6A. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-0AD62C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman barbarous radiate copying a coin of unclear Gallic ruler, dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). Reverse type depicting a standing female(?) figure left? Unclear mint.

YORYM-C982B2: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman barbarous radiate, struck on a square flan, copying a coin of unclear probable Gallic Emperor, dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). Reverse type depicting a standing female figure left holding unclear objects in both hands, possibly Salus or Providentia. Unclear mint. The object is 15.7mm long, 15.2mm wide, 2.2mm thick and weighs 1.8g.

YORYM-87D15E: COIN
A heavily corroded copper-alloy Roman sestertius, possibly a countermarked coin of Claudius I (AD 41-54), dating to the period c.AD 41-54 (Reece period 2). Probably [SPES AVGVSTA] reverse type depicting Spes walking left holding flower and skirt. Possibly mint of Rome. cf. RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 128, no. 99 passim for the possible type. The large rectangular indentation at the back of the obverse bust might be the remains of a rectangular countermark. Robert Kenyon, following on from the work by the French scholars P-A. Besombes and M. Bompaire (in Trésors Monétaires XXI, 2005), is working through the British examples of Claudian coinage recorded through the PAS assigning many so-called Claudian contemporary copies to Roman auxiliary mints which operated at Lyons (Gaul) and in Spain. This example could not be classified to a mint.

YORYM-767309: SPEARHEAD
An incomplete copper-alloy side-looped spearhead of Middle Bronze Age date, c. 1550 - 1125 BC. It fits into the Acton Park or Taunton phases. These phases correspond with Needham's Period 5 (c. 1500 - 1150 BC). The spearhead has a leaf-shaped blade with a pronounced triangular cross-sectioned mid-rib on both faces, giving a lozenge shaped cross-section at the point. The edges of the blade are irregular and highly fragmentary due to corrosion. Some trace of edge bevels are discernable along parts of the blade edge, but it is hard to distinguish these from areas of corrosion. At the base of the blade is a socket, which is rectangular in plan, circular in cross-section, and is hollow, with no trace of wood remaining inside. Corrosion has created several holes in the sides of the socket. The socket has cast side loops roughly half way along its length, which are fragmentary. The spearhead is green and brown in colour and in poor condition. All surfaces of the object are pitted and have copper disease, and the edges of the object are very fragile. The spearhead is 154.1mm in length, 35.9mm in width, 22.3mm thickness, and weighs 102.2g. This object corresponds closely with Davis Group 6, 'developed side looped'. For this group, the most numerous of all Early and Middle Bronze Age spearheads, Davis suggests a chronology corresponding with the Acton Park and Taunton phases, about 1550 - 1250 BC. Similar objects have been recorded on the database as SWYOR-A8FC69, OXON-838037, and YORYM-2D7578

YORYM-4B3899: MORTARIUM
A fragment of a wheel made painted Crambeck parchment ware mortarium of Roman date, c.AD 300 - 410. The fabric is smooth and soapy with abundant fine quartz and large black slag trituration grit inclusions. It is off-white/yellow in colour. The fragment is a rim from a dish or bowl with a double flange. The upper most flange is painted with a series of large irregular S-shapes in a dark red/brown paint. The lower flange has overlaid inverted V's. The fragment is 105.4mm long, 47.7mm wide, 18mm thick and weighs 68g. Ref: Monaghan, J. 1997. Roman Pottery from York (Archaeology of York 16/8). York: York Archaeological Trust

YORYM-BA828C: COIN
Probably a copper-alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93). unclear standing figure. Mint unclear. The bust is unclear and a radiate crown not certain. It was originally suggested that this was a copper-alloy nummus possibly of Constantine I dating to the period AD 307 - 318 (Reece Period 16). Possibly IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN reverse type depicting Jupiter facing holding Victory, eagle at feet. Mint uncertain.

YORYM-A250CA: COIN
A Scottish silver penny of William I (1165-1214), third coinage (Short Cross and Stars) Phase B, bust IV (Spink S5029) dating to the period AD 1205 - 1230. Short cross reverse with stars of five points in angles. Moneyer Walter and Hue working jointly. Mint of Edinburgh, Perth or Roxburgh. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 14. .

YORYM-7BB079: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). LAETITIA AVG reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. Mint of London, S A // MSL. RIC V, pt.2, p.560, no.22. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-26624C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-337), dating to the period c.AD 324-325 (Reece Period 16). PROVIDENTIAE AVGG reverse type depicting a camp gate with two turrets and a star above. Mint of Lyons. As RIC VII p.137, number 231.

YORYM-7BC5C2: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. One terminal is slightly larger than the other and part of one collar is lost to wear. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 17.7mm long, 10.4mm in diameter at the terminals, 5.7mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 6.8g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-7BBB11, YORYM-CE9F7C, YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-7BBB11: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 19.1mm long, 10.4mm in diameter at the terminals, 5.5mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 8.1g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-CE9F7C, YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-7BA8DC: FINGER RING
A complete copper-alloy finger ring, of probable late Iron Age to Roman date, c.50 BC - 300 AD. The ring is cast in one piece and is relatively uniform in diameter with a broadly D-shaped cross section. The outer surface of the ring is decorated with a single groove which divides the ring, resulting in a coil effect. The interior surface of the ring is smooth and undecorated. The metal has a dark green abraded patina. The ring is 12.5mm tall, 24.1mm in diameter, 3mm thick and weighs 13.1g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database. For examples see HESH-EA57F3, LVPL-038103, DUR-A536F4 and HESH-626DC4. The latter record states that a similar ring formed from a single turn can be seen in Lindsay Allason-Jones and Roger Miket's 'Catalogue of small finds from South Shields Roman fort,' 1984: pp 125-127, figures 3.199 - 3.202.

YORYM-6AC877: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Septimius Severus (AD 193-211), dating to the period c.AD 207 (Reece Period 10). P M TR P XV COS III P P reverse type depicting Africa wearing elephant skin head-dress standing right, holding out drapery with fruits in its folds (and snake?), lion at feet. Mint of Rome. As RIC IV.1, p.118, no.207.

YORYM-6A81A4: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete cast copper-alloy nail cleaner of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 200. Crummy Type 2a; Eckardt and Crummy 2008, 120, fig. 59. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow shaft which terminates in a worn break. The rounded shoulders taper to a sub-ovate collared neck with an attachment loop terminal which is in line with the blade. The loop is broken and worn and the blade is decorated on both sides with a faint incised spine. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 40.8mm long, 13.7mm wide, 5.3mm thick and weighs 4.4g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

YORYM-698254: HAIR PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy pin of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The head of the pin is biconical with a beaded median ridge and a cross formed of parallel grooves to the upper hemisphere. A circular sectioned shaft extends from the centre of the lower hemisphere, tapering in diameter to a worn break. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is worn. The pin is 45.8mm long, 8mm in diameter at the head, 2.2mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 3.1g. Similar pins have been recorded as LEIC-7D7996, SF-6D904A, NMS-1A4999 and YORYM-7A89E6.

YORYM-00B6AB: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Bow and Fantail brooch of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings which act as an integral double lug hinge mechanism through which an axis bar remains. Only one tubular wing remains intact, the other is fragmentary. The pin no longer remains. An integral attachment loop projects centrally from the upper edge of the head with a small central perforation which is mostly obscured by corrosion product. The front of the head tapers to a narrow bow with two parallel incised lines running down its length. A triangular foot extends from the bottom of the bow in a 'fantail' shape. The foot is decorated with a Celtic style scroll, with a lozenge cell above. Very worn traces of a catchplate remain on the underside of the foot. The metal is black in colour and is worn. The brooch is 42.6mm in length, 19.2mm in width, 5.6mm thick, and weighs 5.5g. Parallels are illustrated in Hattat (2000), p.315, fig.174 (especially number 76-461-815), dated to the 1st-2nd century AD. Similar brooches have been recorded on the database as YORYM-70940F, NLM-320E42, WILT-EE9F62, and SWYOR-3110B3. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-FFB458: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 50-200. The head of the fastener is semi-circular in shape, formed of a C-shaped twin domed trumpet coil which meets and joins at the inner points of the trumpet terminals, forming a loop with an empty centre. There is a lozenge shaped raised knop at the narrowest point of the coil, above the shank attachment. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, and bends at 90 degrees before forming a triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different planes. Flat circular knops on the outer sides of the attachment loop mark where the bar meets the split shank. The reverse is undecorated with triangular recesses on the underside of the trumpet terminals. The metal is dark brown in colour and worn. The fastener is 37.4mm in length, 25.8mm in width, 11.8mm thick in total with a thickness of 6.6mm at the head, and weighs 16.3g. Roman button and loop fasteners have been classified by Wild (1970), although this example does not fall obviously into one of the categories. There is Wild Class II, ring-headed fasteners, but these are normally characterised by a plain or decorated loop (e.g. YORYM-74A6F1) rather than the shaped moulding present on this example. No close parallels could be found on the database. The decorative style of this fastener is described and illustrated in Macgregor (1976), 'The Grammar of Ornament', Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Refs: Downes, A. and Griffiths, R. (2017), 50 Finds from Yorkshire. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. MacGregor, M. (1976). Early Celtic Art in North Britain: a study of decorative metalwork from the third century BC to the third century AD (Vol. 2). Leicester: Leicester University Press. Wild, J.P., (1970) 'Button-and-loop fasteners in the Roman provinces', London: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

YORYM-FC7873: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman dupondius of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180), dating to the period c.AD 176-177 (Reece period 8). Probably DE GERM or DE SARM (in exergue), IMP VIII COS III P P, S C reverse type depicting a trophy, at the base of which are seated a German or Sarmatian woman and man with his hands bound. Mint of Rome. Cf. RIC III, p. 306, no. 1179 passim.

YORYM-BF80F7: MOUNT
An incomplete copper-alloy mount of possible Roman date, c.AD 43 -410. The mount is in the form of a human head with worn features. The head is ovate, wider at the top of the head than at the chin. The hair is denoted by a curved line across the top of the head and a grooved central parting. Large ovate eyes are present beneath the hairline flanking a short raised ovate nose. The area of the mouth is worn, obscuring the detail. The reverse of the mount is slightly concave and undecorated. The edges are worn. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The mount is 20.5mm long, 16.3mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 6.3.3g. Similar mounts with human features have also been recorded such as SF-238567, LVPL-A627B9, SF-2B9C68, YORYM-EB4804 and LIN-0357D6.

YORYM-6D276B: COIN
An incomplete and clipped silver Roman siliqua probably of the House of Theodosius, dating to the period AD 388-402 (Reece period 21). [VIR](T)VS [R]O-MA[NORVM] reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding Victory on globe. Unclear mint, probably Trier or Milan.

YORYM-58688E: AWL
A complete though worn copper-alloy awl of probable late Bronze Age date, c. 1500 - 800 BC. The object is sub-square in section at the middle and widest point tapering to worn rounded points to either end. The object is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The object is 51.6mm long, 6.2mm wide, 6.1mm thick and weighs 5.2g. Plain copper alloy awls are hard to date precisely but examples of this form are thought to have been introduced in the Bronze Age (2150-800 BC) with most being Late Bronze Age in date (1500-800 BC).

YORYM-5534E7: COIN
A silver Scottish halfpenny of Robert II (1371-90) probably dating to the first period (type IIIa?) AD 1371 - 1385/6. no marks on sceptre handle (Spink S5152). Long cross reverse with five pointed mullet in each angle. Mint of Edinburgh. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 29.

YORYM-551E6E: COIN
A silver Scottish cut halfpenny of William I (1165-1214) Third coinage (Short Cross and Stars). Phase B, bust III (Spink S5029) dating to c.1205-c.1230. Moneyer: Hue Walter. Mint: Edinburgh, Perth or Roxburgh. Six-pointed star in each remaining quarter. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 14.

YORYM-546D74: COIN
A copper-alloy as, possibly of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period AD 98 - 117 (Reece Period 5). Unclear reverse type depicting unclear standing figure left, possibly Victory with a trophy? Probably mint of Rome.

YORYM-2F1748: PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy pin of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 800 - 1000. Only the head of the pin remains which is sub-ovate, tapering to one end in to a short, circular sectioned shaft which terminates in a worn break. The front surface of the pinhead is decorated with ten (10) ring and dot motifs. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark red/brown patina and is worn. The pin is 24.1mm long, 18.9mm wide, 2mm thick and weighs 4.2g. Several flat headed pins were found in York and are published by Mainman and Rogers (2000, p.2578) and date from the 9th or 10th century. Ref: Mainman, A.J. and Rogers, N.S.H. (2000) Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds From Anglo-Scandinavian York. York: Council for British Archaeology.

YORYM-2ED432: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), dating to the period c.AD 156-157 (Reece Period 7). TR POT XX COS IIII reverse type depicting Salus seated left feeding snake coiled around altar. Mint of Rome. RIC III , p.57, no.264.

YORYM-2E9A4D: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy dumbbell type toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 250. The head of the object is cylindrical with a circular terminals to both ends and a double banded collar at the centre. An integral shank extends down from the reverse of the head and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two arms, forming a triangular loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and arms being on different plains. The metal has a shiny dark green patina. The head is 20.6mm long and 7.5mm in diameter. The loop is 20.8mm long, 12.1mm (at the widest point) and 3.8mm thick. It is 14.5mm tall from the top of the head to the base of the shank. While the head of this object is most similar to artefacts described as toggles, such as YORYM-426E64, the shank and loop arrangement is common in Roman button and loop fasteners, such as YORYM-DE4F4B. There is no direct parallel for this object in Wilds classification of button and loop fasteners. The loop form is seen in Classes III - VI and the head is closest to the "bar" type of Class IX. Toggles and button and loop fasteners dating to the late Iron Age to early Roman periods are becoming increasingly common finds and greater variation in style and decoration are becoming apparent through recording with PAS.

YORYM-2CFF4B: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD 50 - 200. The brooch is of Booth Type A8 (Fowler Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands towards the terminals. Both terminals are flattened knops with a single raised moulded collar. A pin remains looped around the frame. The upper most portion of the pin is a flat rectangular sheet, decorated on the upper surface with two parallel grooves, while the opposite end has a circular section. The tip is lost to a worn break. The metal has a dark green patina and is in fair condition. The brooch is 39.9mm long, 6.1mm in diameter at the terminals and 3.5mm diameter at the frame. The pin is 39.5mm long, 5.8mm wide, 2.2mm thick. The brooch weighs 12.1g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Dr Booth (2014, p.137) also states that humped pins are concentrated in the north of Britain. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

YORYM-ED86CE: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap-slide of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 300. The fitting comprises a circular plate with enamelled decoration to the upper surface and an integral rectangular attachment loop to the reverse. The decoration features a central circular cell pf red enamel enclosed by four sub-ovate petal of blue enamel. The gaps between the petals also hold red enamel. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is worn. The fitting is 20.7mm in diameter, 3.5mm thick (9.5mm thick including loop), and weighs 7.4g. Similar fittings have been recorded as SWYOR-565D3C, YORYM-BB449F and LVPL-BA72FD.

YORYM-AFDE1A: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus, contemporary copy, possibly copying a coin of Constantius Gallus (AD 351-354), dating to the period AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a soldier spearing fallen horseman. Mint unclear, possibly from a prototype of the mint of Trier.

YORYM-AED2AF: MEDALLION
A copper-alloy Roman medallion of Severus Alexander (AD 222-235), dating to the period c.AD 231 (Reece Period 11). FIDES MILI-TVM reverse type depicting Jupiter naked standing front, head left, holding thunderbolt in right hand and long sceptre in left. Severus Alexander helmeted, in military dress, stands facing him, sacrificing out of a patera over a tripod and holding a spear in left hand and is crowned by Virtus helmeted, in military dress, standing behind him; at foot left a shield; to right behind Jupiter, a standard. Mint of Rome. Ref: BMC VI, p. 186, no. 727; BMCRM p.39, no. 7; Gnecchi III, pl. 152, no.15 (all the same medal). Two medallions of this type and of the same module are held in the British Museum: 1872,0709.408 (https://tinyurl.com/yah2fgal) and R.13012 (https://tinyurl.com/y83uxuso). The current example appears to be from the same dies, albeit perhaps slightly more worn. Just seven Roman medallions are currently recorded on the PAS, this example is the first of Severus Alexander and of the first half of the 3rd century all together.

YORYM-5B006A: PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy and gilded disc headed pin of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 700-900. The pin head is circular in plan and a circular sectioned pin shaft extends from its base before terminating in a blunt break. The front of the pin bears zoomorphic moulded decoration depicting a backward facing animal within a circular border. The head of the beast, with an open mouth and a dot for an eye, is at the top of the disc head, facing backwards. A stylised neck and body extend from the head and occupy the centre of the disc, with a raised front leg with three distinct toes in the centre left (as viewed from the front), and in the centre right a tail with pellet terminal curves upwards to almost meet the snout. Beneath the tail a thick line extends downwards, forming a hind leg with three distinct toes. In the bottom left a thin line marks out the second rear leg. Gilding remains in all the recesses between the ridges that form the imagery. In the bottom right of the pin head is a regular circular piercing. The reverse is undecorated. The metal is black in colour. The pin is 17.5mm in length, 16.6mm in width at the head and 2.6mm in width at the shaft, 2.5mm thick, and weighs 2,4g. Similar pins have been recorded on the database as FAKL-506575, SWYOR-5C4307, HAMP-9BC0E1, and SF-72B9CA. Backward facing animals are common images in Early-Medieval decoration, although no parallels could be found on disc headed pins. Objects with similar imagery have been recorded on the database as SF-199744, SF-5BA88A, and YORYM-B1D77B.

YORYM-718C02: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper-alloy nail cleaner with high shoulder, of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 200. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow shaft which terminates in a worn break. The rounded shoulders taper to a sub-ovate neck with an attachment loop terminal which is in line with the blade. The blade is decorated on both sides with a faint incised spine. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 32.9mm long, 9.6mm wide, 0.8mm thick and weighs 0.9g. A similar example is illustrated in Eckardt and Crummy 2008, 122 fig. 60 Crummy (1983), p.58, states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

YORYM-7115F3: BRACELET
An incomplete copper-alloy possible bracelet or armlet of Roman date, c.AD 320 - 450. The bracelet is sub-circular in both plan and cross-section. It is formed of two tightly twisted rectangular strips of metal with a fairly consistent diameter. Both ends terminate in worn breaks. The metal has a dark green patina. The object is 33.9mm long, 29.8mm wide, 4mm thick and weighs 5.9g. Similar bracelets are illustrated in Crummy (1981), p.39, fig.41 and are described as cable bracelets of two wire strands. They were found in grave context dated to Crummy's Period 2 covering c.AD 320 - 450.

YORYM-700D19: VESSEL
A complete copper-alloy zoomorphic vessel mount Iron Age date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The mount comprises a sub-D-shaped loop with zoomorphic decoration and a split attachment terminal. The zoomorphic element comprises an ovate shaped and sectioned beast head with prominent brow and rounded, slightly outward turned snout. Two parallel semi-circular projections to the top of the head represent ears and deep circular recesses mark the eyes to either side of the brow. A D-sectioned neck extends from the reverse of the head, just behind the ears, curving to form a C-shape and expanding into the split terminal. Chevron incisions are present to the top of the neck, possibly representing hair or fur. The split attachment is transverse to the beast head. The snout is integral to the upper curve and, when viewed from the front, the terminal has moulded vertical grooves, possibly attempting to denote the breast of the beast. Rivet holes are present in each fork of the terminal and the remains of a worn rivet extend between them. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The object is 35mm long, 11mm wide, 25.1mm thick and weighs 13.9g. A similar mount has been recorded as NMS-1E6986 from Quidenham, Norfolk with another included in a hoard from Shipdham, Norfolk; NMS-E51D37.

YORYM-042201: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Colchester derivative, rear hook brooch of Mackreth 2011, CD RH 2.i of Roman date, c.AD 43-70 ad of the brooch comprises rectangular wings with a concave reverse which would have held a spring mechanism. The mechanism and pin no longer remain. The front of the wings have parallel ridge and groove decoration. A d-sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings curving and tapering to a rounded foot. Faint traces of three parallel vertical grooves can be determined on the bow. The worn remains of an integral catchplate extends from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a dark brown patina with patchy delamination. The brooch is 64.9mm long, 32.9mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 21.6g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.298, fig.157 and are dated to the 1st Century AD. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-F424E2: COIN
A base silver denarius of Faustina II (147 - 175) struck under Antoninus Pius dating to the period AD 147 - 161 (Reece Period 7). VENVS reverse type depicting Venus standing left holding apple and rudder. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p.94, cf. nos.515-517. Part of the edge of the coin is lost to worn breaks.

YORYM-F2E764: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman as, probably of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period c.AD 98-117 (Reece period 5). Illegible reverse type. Probably mint of Rome.

YORYM-DE4F4B: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 43-200. Wild Class II The button and loop fastener is of the single headed variety comprising a pointed ovate shaped head decorated with a lenticular moulding at the apex of the point. A large circular aperture is present at the centre of the pointed ovate. An integral ovate cross-sectioned shank extends at 90 degrees from the apex of the curved side before splitting in to two to form a sub-triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 39.9mm long, 18.6mm wide x 4.3mm thick at the head, 14.6mm wide at the loop, and weighs 10.2g. Downes and Griffiths (2017) state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Wild (1970) discusses the dating of Class III button and loop fasteners suggesting that dated examples support a 2nd century date though perhaps beginning in the late 1st century AD.

YORYM-9C0947: JETTON
An incomplete medieval copper-alloy (late) Tournai jetton. Shield of France Modern type with unclear inscription, dating to c. 1415-1497. Minted at Tournai. See Mitchiner (1988, 229). The jetton is worn with much of the edge lost to old breaks. It has a diameter of 25.6 mm and weighs 2.4 g

YORYM-F4A2BC: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A fragment of a copper-alloy Bronze Age socketed axehead (c. 1100 - 800 BC). Only the cutting edge remains. The fragment is sub-rectangular in plan, sub-rectangular in profile, and triangular in section. The fragment is hollow with an internal triangular recess tapering to a point towards the cutting edge. The edges and faces of the axehead fragment are smooth and precise. The break is uneven and runs diagonally down the body of the axehead. Unfortunately not enough remains of the axehead to be able to identify it more precisely or attribute a closer date. The metal has a green patina. The axehead fragment is 27.6mm in length, 44.0mm in width, 12.5mm thick, and weighs 39.9g. Similar objects have been recorded on the database as YORYM-F04668, NLM-3CB08D, LVPL-653004, and YORYM-B41E65.

YORYM-8EB50A: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T686. Description: An incomplete silver annular brooch pin of Medieval date, c.AD 1200-1400. The shaft of the pin is triangular in plan and rectangular in cross-section. An expanded rectangular collar is present at the junction between the head loop and the shaft. Only part of the head loop remains, with both sides ending in a blunt break approximately half-way along the length of the loop. The outer edges of the loop are flattened, suggesting a rectangular shape. The inner edge is curved where the loop would have wrapped around the brooch frame. No trace of the frame remains. Dimensions: Length: 26.8mm; Width: 4.8mm; Thickness: 5.2mm; Weight: 1.6g. Discussion: Numerous pins from annular brooches and annular brooches of similar forms, though with varying decoration, have been reported under the Treasure Act 1996. For examples see: YORYM-EA0443 (2014 T684), SUSS-69A9E3 (2012 T921), WMID-8624B0 (2017 T702), NMGW-2B3CAC (2013 TW04), YORYM-5669FD (2018 T347), SWYOR-41A658 (2008 T24), YORYM-9A109A (2016 T562), and YORYM-B91C6C (2016 T81). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-8E80B6: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T685. Description: A hoard of approximately 22 medieval long cross pennies dating to the period AD 1280 - 1399. Eight (8) pennies are complete or mostly complete, survive individually and are to a degree identifiable. Two (2) are fused together in a small group. The remainder are fused together in a larger group. The fused groups appear to comprise medieval long cross pennies. Catalogue: 1. Silver penny of Edward I (AD 1272-1307) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1281. Long cross reverse. Mint of Lincoln. Class 3c. Obverse Legend: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: CIVI/TAS/LIN/COL Reference: North Vol 2, p.28, no.1018. Dimensions: Weight: 1.3g; Diameter: 18.7 mm. Die Axis: 5. 2. Silver penny of Edward I (AD 1272-1307) dating to the period AD 1280 - 1281. Long cross reverse. Mint of London. Class 3g. Obverse Legend: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Reference: North Vol 2, p.29, no.1022. Dimensions: Weight: 1.3g; Diameter: 19 mm. Die Axis: 6. 3. Silver penny of Edward I (AD 1272-1307) dating to the period AD 1283 - 1285. Long cross reverse. Mint of London. Class 4b. Obverse Legend: EDW R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Reference: North Vol 2, p.29, no.1024. Dimensions: Weight: 1.31.3g; Diameter: 18.9 mm. Die Axis: 6. 4. Silver penny of Edward I (AD 1272-1307) dating to the period AD 1299 - 1301. Long cross reverse. Mint of Bury St Edmund. Class 9b. Obverse Legend: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: VILL/SCIE/DNV/NDI Reference: North Vol 2, p.30, no.1037/1. Dimensions: Weight: 1.1g; Diameter: 19 mm. Die Axis: 9. 5. Silver penny of Edward I (AD 1272-1307) dating to the period AD 1301 - 1310. Long cross reverse. Mint of Bury St Edmund. Class 10cf. Obverse Legend: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: VILL/SCIE/DMV/NDI Reference: North Vol 2, p.32, no.1040cf. Dimensions: Weight: 1.2g; Diameter: 17.8 mm. Die Axis: 6. 6. Silver penny of Edward II (AD 1307-1327) dating to the period AD 1310 - 1314. Long cross reverse. Mint of London. Class 11a2. Obverse Legend: EDWA R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Reference: North Vol 2, p.36, no.1060/2. Dimensions: Weight: 1g; Diameter: 18.7 mm. Die Axis: 1. 7. Silver penny of Edward III (AD 1327-1377) dating to the period AD 1352 - 1353. Long cross reverse. Mint of York. Fourth Coinage. Pre-Treaty Period, Series D. Obverse Legend: EDW[--]R ANGL DNS HYB Reverse Legend: [----]/TAS/EBO/R[---] Reference: North Vol 2, p.51, no.1158. Dimensions: Weight: 0.9g; Diameter: 17.4 mm. Die Axis: 1. 8. Silver penny of Edward III or Richard II dating to the period AD 1354 - 1399. Pre-Treaty Series E to Richard II Class 1. Long cross with quatrefoil centre reverse. Mint of York. Obverse Legend: Illegible Reverse Legend: Illegible Dimensions: Weight: 0.7g; Diameter: 16.8 mm. Die Axis: -. 9 & 10. The smallest fused group (wt: 1.42g) consist of two partial coins, both pennies. The uppermost coin is illegible while the reverse of the lower coin reads VILL/S[-----] representing the mint of Bury St Edmunds which issued coins from the mid-reign of Edward I onward. 11 - 22. The largest fused group (wt: 14.4g) appears to consist of eleven coins, all appear to be pennies. The obverse of the uppermost coin can be seen with a legend which reads EDWA[------]. The reverse of the lower coin is also visible and reads CIVI/TAS.DVBL/INIE representing the mint of Dublin which issued coins from the reign of Edward IV onward. Discussion: All the coins are official English silver coins of the 13th or 14th century and will thus have been struck to the sterling standard, over 90% fine metal, and would have been in circulation together. It is likely all the coins were deposited together as a group on a single occasion. Conclusion: In terms of age, number of coins and silver content the find qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: North, J.J (1994) English Hammered Coinage Volume II Edward I to Charles II 1272 - 1662. London: Spink.

YORYM-8DF4BE: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T684. Description: A hoard of five (5) complete, three (3) cut half short-cross pennies and one complete voided long cross penny dating to the period AD 1204 - 1272. Catalogue: Short Cross Pennies 1. Silver penny of John (AD 1199-1216) dating to the period AD 1204/5 – c.1209. Moneyer Iohan. Mint of Canterbury. Class 5b2. Obverse Legend: HENRICVS REX Reverse Legend: IOHAN . M ON CA Reference: North Vol 1, p.221, no. 970. Dimensions: Weight: 1.4g; Diameter: 18.3mm. Die Axis: 8. 2. Silver penny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217/8 – c.1222. Moneyer Norman. Mint of Bury St Edmunds. Class 7a type A. Obverse Legend: HENRICV[S] RE[X] Reverse Legend: NORMAN ON [SA]NT Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 1.3g; Diameter: 18.6mm. Die Axis: 9. 3. Silver penny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217/8 – c.1222. Moneyer Abel. Mint of London. Class 7a type A. Obverse Legend: HENRICVS REX Reverse Legend: ABEL ON LVND Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 1.4g; Diameter: 19.2mm. Die Axis: 12. 4. Silver penny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217/8 – c.1222. Moneyer Henri. Mint of Canterbury. Class 7a type A. Obverse Legend: HENRICVS R[EX] Reverse Legend: HENRI ON CANT Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 1.1g; Diameter: 17.0mm. Die Axis: 7. 5. Silver penny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period c.AD 1242 - 1247. Moneyer Nichole. Mint of Canterbury. Class 8b2. Obverse Legend: HENRICVS REX Reverse Legend: NICHOLE ON CAN Reference: North Vol 1, p.223, no. 981/2. Dimensions: Weight: 1.4g; Diameter: 18.1mm. Die Axis: 7. Short Cross Cut Halfpennies 1. Silver cut halfpenny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217/8 – c.1222. Moneyer Willelm. Mint of Bury St Edmunds. Class 7a type C or D. Obverse Legend: H[ENRICV]S REX Reverse Legend: [WILL]ELM ON SA[NT] Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 0.9g; Diameter: 19.2mm. Die Axis: 8. NB. Matches with short-cross half penny 2. 2. Silver cut halfpenny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217/8 – c.1222. Moneyer Willelm. Mint of Bury St Edmunds. Class 7a type C or D. Obverse Legend: [H]ENRICV[S REX] Reverse Legend: W[ILL][ELM ON SA]NT Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 0.5g; Diameter: 19.0mm. Die Axis: 8. NB. Matches with short-cross half penny 1. 3. Silver cut halfpenny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217 – 1222. Moneyer uncertain. Mint of Canterbury. Class 7a type A. Obverse Legend: [----]ICVS RE[---] Reverse Legend: [------]N . ON . CA[---] Reference: North Vol 1, p.222, no.978. Dimensions: Weight: 0.62g; Diameter: 18.5mm. Die Axis: 7. 4. Silver cut halfpenny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1217 – 1242. Moneyer Simon. Mint of Canterbury. Class uncertain. Obverse Legend: : [--]NRICVS R[--] Reverse Legend: [---]SIN/VNO[--] Dimensions: Weight: 0.71g; Diameter: 16.5mm. Die Axis: 6. NB. This coin appears to be the same as that recorded as NLM-CD2F34. On 10th May 2021 the coin was swapped with the finder. See discussion below. The newly deposited coin is as follows: Voided Long Cross Penny 4.1 Silver penny of Henry III (AD 1216-1272) dating to the period AD 1251 – 1272. Moneyer Nicole. Mint of London. Class Vb2. Obverse Legend: HENRICVS REX III Reverse Legend: NIC/OLE/ONL/VNDS Reference: North Vol 1, p.227, no.992/2. Dimensions: Weight: 0.71g; Diameter: 16.5mm. Die Axis: 6. Discussion: When initially deposited, one coin in this hoard was identified as that previously recorded as NLM-CD2F34. When asked, the finder stated that he had purchased a number of coins through private sales for use in model making and believes he had accidentally mixed up the coin he bought with the cut half from the hoard. On 10th May 2021 the cut halfpenny previously recorded as NLM-CD2F34 and erroneously included with this hoard was returned to the finder who deposited an alternate coin. The coin deposited was a complete voided long cross penny of Henry III dating to AD1251-72. This does not match with rest of the hoard which are all short cross pennies or halfpennies. When asked for an opinion on these coins a museum professional specialising in numismatics states that the patina of these coins suggests they are unlikely to have been deposited together in a single event. It is also unusual for cut fractions to be included in hoard context. References: North, J.J (1994) English Hammered Coinage Volume I Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III c.600-1272. London: Spink.

YORYM-38750A: COIN
A Medieval Scottish silver cut halfpenny of William I (AD 1165-1214) to Alexander III (AD 1249-1286), dating to the period c.AD 1195-1250. Voided short cross with stars in angles reverse type. Possibly Phase B (Spink S5029-30). Moneyer: Walter or Hue Walter. The remains of a W can be seen in the reverse legend. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 14.

YORYM-FCA45C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), dating to the period AD 268-270 (Reece period 13). VBE[RITAS AVG] reverse type depicting Uberitas standing left holding purse and cornucopiae. Mint of Siscia. As Normanby no. 1102.

YORYM-7A5023: SPEARHEAD
A nearly complete cast copper alloy spearhead dating to the Middle Bronze Age (1400 BC - 1125 BC). The spear blade is leaf shaped, with loops incorporated into the base. This is known as a basal-looped spearhead. The blade is now broken into two pieces, roughly half way down with a diagonal break. Most of the outer edge of the blade is abraded, except around the tip where it is complete. The centre of the blade is divided by an expanding (tip to base) lozenge sectioned midrib. This midrib expands into the socket of the spear. Conjoined at the base of the blade are two oval shaped loops. When viewed in profile, the outer edges of the loops (loop plates) are lozenge shaped. The socket is conical in shape, the lower edge of which is slightly damaged and missing a small section. There is remains of wood inside the socket. The metal is dark brown in colour, with an uneven but polished patina. The tip is 98.6 mm long, 33.9 mm wide and 13.9 mm thick at the midrib. The second piece is 172.7 mm long and 39.4 mm wide. The base of the socket is 23.9 mm by 22.5 mm. The tip weighs 57.6 g and both pieces together weigh 191 g. Middle Bronze Age spearheads have been categorised by Davis (2017) and this example falls into Group 8: Incorporated basal looped. He notes that spearheads of the later MBA were generally larger, as well as having loops at the base of the blade. They are dated by associated to the Taunton and Penard phases (1400 BC - 1125 BC). Further examples have also been recorded on the PAS database, including BERK-AAB536, HESH-CB1BF7, SF-54C472 and DENO-DC8D26. Reference: Davis, R. 2017 A Short Guide to Early and Middle Bronze Age Spearheads Later Prehistoric Finds Group: Datasheet 5.

YORYM-95D6FF: COIN
A Medieval Scottish silver cut halfpenny of William I (AD 1165-1214), third coinage (Short Cross and Stars) Phase B, uncertain bust type (possibly bust III) (Spink S5029) dating to the period c.AD 1205-c.1230. Voided short cross with five-pointed stars in angles. Moneyer Hue Walter. Mint of Edinburgh, Perth or Roxburgh. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 14.

YORYM-925E66: COIN
A Medieval Scottish clipped silver penny of Robert II (AD 1371-1390), first period, probably type II (Spink S5150) dating to the period AD 1374-1385/6. Star at the base of sceptre handle. Long cross reverse with four five-pointed mullets (20 points). Mint of Perth. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 29.

YORYM-D7346B: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Aurelian (AD 270-275), dating to the period c.AD 271 (Reece Period 13). FORTVNA REDVX reverse type depicting Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. Mint of Siscia. As RIC V.1, p.289, no.220.

A copper-alloy Roman as of Domitian (AD 81-96), dating to c.AD 84-96 (Reece Period 4). [ ], S C, Unclear reverse type, probably Moneta standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome.

YORYM-C29261: PIN
A complete copper-alloy wire-wound head pin of Medieval to Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1200-1900. The pin has a globular head. A narrow neck connects the head to a slightly wider shaft. The exact use of this type of pin is still under discussion, they could be sewing pins or used as a dress fastener or hair pins. The metal is brown in colour. The pin is 25.2mm in length, 1.8mm thick and weighs 0.1g. The object displays striations and a patina which give it the appearance of having been cleaned. It was however discovered on a beach, in the mud level below the sand and this appearance is likely due to the abrasive action of salt water and sand. Similar objects have been recorded on the database as LVPL-D980D2 and have been given a Medieval date. However, the Portable Antiquities Scheme Volunteer Recording Guide for pins (https://finds.org.uk/volunteerrecording/guide/pins) gives a Medieval to 19th Century date range for wire-wound head pins. Since discovering the pin detailed above the finder returned to the site and discovered seven (7) further examples. A further example with a broken head was also discovered. Lengths: 41.69mm 20.93mm 24.54mm 27.48mm 27.91mm 28.64mm 33.35mm (See attached photographs)

YORYM-9AB338: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman radiate of Tacitus (AD 275-276), dating to the period c.AD 275-276 (Reece Period 14). FE[LICIT TE]MP reverse type depicting Felicitas standing left holding caduceus and sceptre. Mint of Ticinum. RIC V, pt.1, p.340, cf.no.140.

YORYM-961AC1: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 310 - 313 (Reece Period 15). MARTI CONSERVATORI reverse type depicting helmeted and cuirassed bust right. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p.227, no.884.

A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding olive branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of London. RIC V, pt.2, p.561, no.33var. Although not in RIC, this piece is common. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-8597F3: STUD
A complete copper-alloy enamelled stud of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. AD 40 -80. The stud is circular with a D-shaped section and a chequerboard design on the upper surface. The resulting cells are infilled with alternating red and yellow enamel. The metal has a dark brown patina and is in good condition. The stud is 13.7mm in diameter, 2.5mm thick and weighs 1.6g. A similar stud is inlaid in the bone and bronze hilt of an Iron Age sword from Rudston, East Riding which is dated c.300 BC - 100 BC (YORYM : 1948.938). Stead (1979; p.64) discusses prehistoric Yorkshire swords stating that none appeared to be older than La Tene III, including the Rudston sword based on its typical La Tene III hilt-end. Similar bronze studs were also found in graves at Bugthorpe and Grimthorpe which are theorised as serving similar purposes. Chequerboard enameling can also be seen on other Iron Age objects such as harness equipment, for example two linch pins recorded on the PAS database as WMID-947693 and YORYM-B3FDA2. The same pattern and colours of enamel are also seen in YORYM-83B977, a Roman button and loop fastener which, based on the object typology, dates to AD 50 - 200, later than the Rudston sword. A further parallel is recorded as DUR-4E3C45 which comments that the use of polychrome enamels on geometric chequerboard native style metalwork is a widespread trend in Britain dating from c. AD 40-80 (Davis & Gwilt 2008, 162-171). The extensive use of red glass enamel in Iron Age weaponry is discussed by Giles (2012; p.240) as being a potentially significant deliberate selection reflecting an "elaborate aesthetic of violence". Red glass, coral and stone is featured in a range of weapons as well as chariot fittings, pendants and brooches. The association of the colour with blood may link to both life-giving and life-taking properties (p.241) as well as fertility and anger. As the current example shows no signs of being fitted into any object as described above, a date range spanning the late Iron Age to early Roman period is suggested. Ref: Giles, M. (2012). A Forged Glamour: Landscape, Identitiy and Material Culture in the Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Ref: Stead, I. M. (1979). The Arras Culture. Arras Culture. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

YORYM-04C393: SPOON
An incomplete copper alloy mandolin-shaped spoon dating to the Roman period (AD 43-410). The spoon is now broken into two pieces. There is a mandolin-shaped bowl and a square sectioned handle. The handle is pointed at one end and curls into a worn break at the other end. The metal is worn and mid green in colour. The spoon bowl is 30.9 mm long, 26.2 mm wide, and 5.7 mm thick. The handle is 87.7 mm long and 2.7 mm wide. Altogether the pieces weigh 9.7 g. Spoons with mandolin-shaped bowls appear to have been produced throughout the Roman period (Crummy 1983, 69). Reference: Crummy, N., 1983 Colchester Archaeological Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9 Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd.

YORYM-F079EE: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Philip I (AD 244-249) dating to the period AD 244 - 247 (Reece Period 12). ANNONA AVGG reverse type depicting Annona standing left holding corn-ears over modius and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.3, p.71, no.28c.

YORYM-9ECEB3: PIN
A complete copper-alloy pin of Early Medieval (Anglian) date, c.AD 475-600. The pin head is oval in plan with two flat faces and slightly rounded edges. The head is decorated on both faces in identical Salin Style I bird motifs. In the centre a headframe encloses an eye, which connects to a long beak with a slotted mouth. The beak curves around to form one side of the oval and an off-centre hole through the object. The base and other side of the oval are formed by a plain curving body which coils back to attach to the headframe. The oval shape deviates where the headframe meets the beak and where the body meets the back of the headframe. A cuboid collar connects the longer side of the oval head with the shaft. The shaft is circular in cross section and bent back on itself half-way along its length with a second slight bend at three-quarters of its length. The pin measures 36.8mm in length (to where it bends) and 3.0mm in diameter along its shaft. The head is 9.4mm in length and 13.5mm in width. The collar is 6.0mm in length and 4.6mm in width. The pin weighs 4.7g. No object type parallels could be found. However, parallels to the pin head bird motif are YORYM-1476F6, LIN-3A7E52, and SF-1B4771. Similar bird motifs are also depicted in Dickinson (2002), p.168, fig. 5.

YORYM-4BBA0E: COIN
A silver Roman Republican denarius issued by Mark Antony and Marcus Barbatius Pollio, dating to the period c.41 BC (Reece Period 1). CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR R P C reverse type depicting bare head of Octavian right. Travelling Mint with Mark Antony. As RRC, p. 525, no. 517/2.

YORYM-F795FD: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy dolphin brooch of Roman date, c.AD 55 - 100. The head comprises tubular wings which act as a hinge mechanism for the pin. The axis bar cannot be seen and the pin no longer remains. The front of each wing has a semi-circular groove to the outer end. A D-sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings curving steeply to form an arch and tapering steadily a worn knopped terminal. The upper portion of the bow displays three rectangular recessed which likely originally housed enamel though this no longer remains. These cells are flanked by vertical grooves extending the length of the bow. The worn remains of a catchplate extend from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in good condition. The brooch is 37.3mm long, 24.3mm wide, 4.1mm thick and weighs 8.2g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.301, fig.160 and are dated to the 1st Century AD. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-BAECA8: COIN
An early-medieval base silver or copper-alloy Northumbrian penny of Ælfwald II (806-8), moneyer name around cross reverse type. Moneyer Cuthheard. Mint of Northumbria. Ref: Naismith 2017: 118, no 659.

YORYM-A7917B: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy Colchester derivative, hinged type of Mackreth 2011, CD H, 4.c. Plate 57f Roman date, c.AD 55 - 100. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings within which is an axis bar which act as a hinge mechanism for the pin. A pin remains looped through a central slot to the reverse of the wings, tapering to a worn point. The pin is bent and the wings appear undecorated. A rectangular sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings curving and tapering steadily a circular foot knop. A raised spine extends from the top of the bow to the foot. It is decorated with parallel transverse grooves. An integral catchplate extends from the reverse of the lower bow with a hooked terminal to fit the pin. The metal has a dark green patina and is in fair condition. The brooch is 40.3mm long, 26.9mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 8.5g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.298, fig.157, no.358 though this is a sprung brooch. Hinged brooches of the same type are illustrated on p.299, fig.158 and are dated to the 1st Century AD. Ref: Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

YORYM-8CE34C: BROOCH
A copper alloy brooch dating to the medieval period. The brooch frame is square, with three corners extending outwards into worn points. The fourth corner is in the form of an integral pin mechanism. A pin has survived but is attached to the frame through a hole pierced in one of pointed corners, indicating that the brooch has been repaired. There are four tall circular collets (sockets for a setting) positioned in the centre of each side of the frame. All of the collets are filled with a white substance. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal is worn and dark green in colour. The brooch is 38.5 mm long, 37.4 mm wide, and 7.4 mm thick (including the collets or 2.3 mm with just the frame). Comparable examples on the PAS database include WILT-3D821C and WILT-BD4E7C.

YORYM-3DE6DE: FLANGED AXEHEAD
An incomplete copper-alloy flanged Ulrome type axehead of middle Bronze Age date, c.AD 1600 - 1300 BC. Acton Park II / Taunton phase. The axehead is sub-rectangular in plan with a rounded butt end which extends to a curved cutting edge with splayed crescentic blade. Two integral lateral lozenge shaped flanges are present along either side, rising steadily from the butt, rounding off at the apex midway along the body, before sloping steadily back down to the blade. Each tip of the flanges curve slight in toward the body of the axe, though one tip is lost to a worn break. The exterior surfaces of the flanges have been filed smooth leaving no visible casting lines. A slight steepening to the profile of the axe is present where the flanges meet the body representing a very slight stop-ridge. The metal has a dark brown patina with some bubbly green corrosion, possibly signs of bronze disease. The axehead is 106.5mm long, 45.9mm wide at the blade, 25.3mm wide at the butt end, 27.9mm thick at the widest point of the flanges, 13.3mm thick at the widest point of the main body and weighs 188g.

YORYM-FCDC3B: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild 1970, Class III, c. AD 50 - 200. The head is a pointed ovate - or teardrop - in shape with a raised circular boss within a circumferential recess towards the rounded end. The pointed terminal is also raised. An integral shank extends down from the reverse of the boss and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two to form a sub-triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 14.6mm long, 17.1mm wide, 7.9mm thick and weighs 14.7g. Downes and Griffiths (2017) state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.' Wild (1970) discusses the dating of Class III button and loop fasteners suggesting that dated examples support a 2nd century date though perhaps beginning in the late 1st century AD.

YORYM-66F7A2: COIN
A silver denarius of Elagabalus (AD 218-222), dating to the period AD 220 - 222 (Reece Period 10). FORTVNA REDVCI reverse type depicting Fortuna standing left holding rudder on globe and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, p. 34, no. 83A.

YORYM-66698A: PIN
A copper alloy plate headed pin dating to the early medieval period (AD 800 - AD 1000). The pin head is in the form of an inverted triangular plate with rounded edges. The plate is decorated with three ring and dot motifs with central perforations, two positioned above the third. The shaft tapers in size and terminates in worn point. The metal is worn and mid green in colour. The pin is 60.8 mm long, 17.3 mm wide, and 0.7 mm thick. It weighs 2.3 g. Other varieties of plate headed pins have been recorded on the PAS database (e.g. YORYM-546D89, YORYM-0EB048) and are discussed in Haldenby (FRG Datasheet 43, p. 7), who notes most are disc-shaped.

YORYM-EA5D0E: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T333. Description: A complete gold finger ring of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 800 - 925. The bezel of the finger ring is lozenge-shaped tapering at opposing points to form an integral circular sectioned hoop. The hoop and bezel are both distorted, presumably due to its deposition. The upper surface of the bezel is decorated with a narrow border decorated with a series of incised linear grooves. Within the border is a smaller lozenge panel with Trewhiddle style zoomorphic decoration. The beast has a broadly S-shaped body with pointed tail to one end, a forepaw, bent at the elbow at the other, and the head and neck turned backward so the head is positioned mid-body. Double short incised lines are present at interval along the body, possibly representing folds in the flesh. The reverse of the bezel is undecorated. Dimensions: Hoop; Length: 26.1mm; Diameter: 1.4mm. Bezel; Width: 9.8; Thickness: 1mm. Weight: 2.3g. Discussion: This finger-ring adds to a small group with variously-shaped bezels depicting single Trewhiddle-style animals. Most known examples are made from silver, for instance from Ropley, Hampshire (British Museum, accession number 2013,8021.1; PAS database HAMP-C25EF3), a riverine site near York (British Museum, accession number 2010,814.3), Tibenham, Norfolk (Norwich Castle Museum; NMS-F27122) and Coppergate, York (Webster and Backhouse 1991, no. 204). Another silver example from Draycott in the Moors, Staffordshire has a zoomorphic bezel flanked by expanded shoulders containing S-shaped motifs (Potteries Museum and Art Gallery; NARC-33F6F4). A copper-alloy example from Giselham, Suffolk (NMS-A67AE8) is of slightly poorer workmanship. Examples in gold are less common (as is the case for Trewhiddle style metalwork in general). An example is known from near Selkirk in Scotland, with additional ornament flanking the bezel (Webster and Backhouse 1991, no. 203); others with single beasts are more ornate in form than the Wighill finger-ring, for instance the so-called Æthelswith and Æthelwulf finger-rings (British Museum, accession numbers AF.458 and 1829,1114.1). The Trewhiddle style was in use during the ninth centuries, and into the early tenth centuries in parts of northern England. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Webster, L. and Backhouse, J. (eds.), 1991. The Making of England. London: British Museum Press.

YORYM-AAC76F: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306 - 337) dating to c. AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting Two captives seated under standard inscribed VOT / XX. Mint of London. RIC VII, p. 109, no. 191; Cloke and Toone, The London Mint, p. 254, no. 9.02.001.

YORYM-9A2B72: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Colchester derivative, rear hook brooch of Mackreth 2011, CD RH 2.e type of Roman date, c.AD 55 - 100. The head comprises tubular wings which act as a hinge mechanism for the pin. A pin loop remains fitted through a central slot to the reverse of the wings though the pin proper no longer remains having been lost to a worn break. Each wing is decorated with two groups of two evenly spaced parallel raised ridges; one plain, the second featuring curvilinear wrigglework. A circular sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings curving steeply to form an arch and tapering steadily a worn pointed terminal. A raised spine is present where the arms and bow meet. From the base of the spine a band of curvilinear wrigglework flanked by two plain ridges extends towards the terminal. This is, in turn, flanked by bands of curvilinear wrigglework. The lower portion of the bow is corroded, obscuring the decoration. The worn remains of a catchplate extend from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 39.4mm long, 30mm wide, 7.5mm thick and weighs 15.2g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.299, fig.158 and are dated to the 1st Century AD.

YORYM-583B27: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A fragment of a copper alloy Late Bronze Age socketed axehead, dating to the period c. 1150-800 BC. Only the tip of the axehead survives. The blade edge is mostly intact and has a convex curve. The fragment has a broadly rectangular cross-section at the break and the socket is revealed inside the break. One edge is bent inwards due to post depositional damage, and the edges are uneven and jagged. The fragment is corroded and pitted, with a green-brown patina. The axehead measures 24.25mm from the break to the cutting edge, 36.29mm wide (length of cutting edge), and 10.19mm thick at the break. It weighs 29.05g. The internal measurements of the socket are 28.02mm by 5.67mm. Cf. DENO-DE3DDD on the database

YORYM-57D704: FLANGED AXEHEAD
A copper alloy Bronze Age flanged axehead, dating to the period c.2000-1700 BC. The axehead is broadly rectangular, with an incomplete expanded crescent shaped blade. The butt is narrow and incomplete and measures 12.72mm in width and is 3.28mm thick. In profile the axe is a sub pointed oval with both terminals tapering. In section the axe is slightly H-shaped as the side edges of the axe have been worked to form a slight raised collar rather than having cast flanges. The flanges extend 1.0 mm above the body of the axe head. The expanded blade measures 29.31mm in width and is 5mm thick. The axehead has a green patina, with a corroded and pitted surface. The axehead measures 72.23mm in length, has a maximum width of 29.31mm (blade), a minimum width 12.72mm (butt), and has a width of 15.82mm in the centre. It is 8.20mm thick at the central point. It weighs 55.30g. This axehead is similar to SWYOR-3DAD49 and DOR-28154A, and is consistent with that of the Arreton type axe, of Early Bronze Age III dating, metalworking stage V, which corresponds to Needham's (1996) Period 3 circa 2000 - 1700 CAL BC.

YORYM-4332A6: MINIATURE OBJECT
A complete lead-alloy probable miniature votive axe possibly of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The object is wedge-shaped, with an oval hole pierced through the thicker part of the object; the thicker portion of the axe is sub-rectangular in cross-section, whereas the blade end is flat and flares downward to the lower cutting edge. The metal has a clean white patina and is worn. The object is 33.5mm long, 6.3mm wide, 7.2mm thick and weighs 6.8g. Axes, mainly from religious shrines and graves, form the largest group of miniature tools found from Roman Britain. For similar examples on the PAS database see SUSS-571122; LEIC-751012; FAKL-B0C080; for copper alloy versions: NMS-B80741; NMS-796911.

YORYM-426E64: TOGGLE
A copper alloy toggle dating to the late Iron Age to Roman period (100 BC - AD 100). The toggle is dumbbell shaped, comprising of two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a circular shaft. There is raised collar at each junction between the shaft and terminal. The metal is worn and dark green in the colour. The toggle is 17.6 mm long, 8.2 mm wide, and 7.4 mm thick. It weighs 4.3 g. Numerous examples have been recorded on the PAS database, such as YORYM-C963FB and YORYM-BB9C93.

YORYM-ADBEDA: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T285. A complete though damaged and distorted gold posy ring of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1600 - 1750. The posy ring is U-shaped with a break to one end and has a D-shaped section. The interior surface of the ring is inscribed with italicised text reading * As I Love the . So . God . love . Me. The text begins with a star at the rounded end of the ring and the word G/od is split by the brake. No makers mark is present. The exterior surface of the ring is undecorated though transverse scratches or file marks are present. The regularity of the marks suggests they were purposeful. Similar marks are also present to the interior surface of the ring to either side of the break. Dimensions: Length: 27.1mm; Width: 3.6mm; Thickness: 1.5mm; Weight: 3.96g. Discussion: The practice of giving rings engraved with mottoes at betrothals or weddings was common in England from the sixteenth century onwards, and continued until the late eighteenth century. Posy rings could, however be given on many other occasions as a token of friendship or loyalty. They were considered magical, having the power when worn to enforce the poesy (poem) engraved on them. They believed that the words touching the vein running directly from the fourth finger to the heart have a special power. A number of similar posy finger rings have been reported as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. For examples see WILT-4CDFB8, 2005 T343 (NMS-6F2545) and BERK-B85A87. Rings bearing similar inscriptions are also held within the collections of the British Museum see; 1961,1202.332, 1961,1202.137 and 1961,1202.338. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-83B977: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A copper alloy button and loop fastener dating to the Roman period (AD 50 - AD 200). The head of the fastener is flat and teardrop shaped. It is decorated with a chequered design, alternating between squares of red and yellow enamel. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, and bends at 90 degrees before forming a triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different planes. The metal is worn and dark brown in colour. The fastener is 41.2 mm long, 16.6 mm wide, and 5.2 mm thick. It weighs 8.0 g. Roman button and loop fasteners have been classified by Wild (1970), although this example does not fall obviously into one of the categories. There is Wild Class III, teardrop or petal-headed fasteners, but these are normally characterised by a central boss (e.g. YORYM-F37A91). Wild Class VIa features chequered enamel designs, but for rectangular shaped heads (e.g. LIN-444AE6). Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-8345DF: MINIATURE OBJECT
A copper alloy miniature axe probably dating to the Iron Age or Roman period (800 BC - AD 410). The miniature object is flat and in the form of an axehead. It is sub-rectangular in shape, flaring in size at the cutting edge. The butt of the axe is decorated with two tranverse grooved lines on both the front and reverse side. There is a circular attachment loop projecting from the external edge, near the butt of the axe. The metal is worn and mid green in colour. The miniature axe is 25.9 mm long, 17. 8 mm wide, and 2.1 mm thick. It weighs 3.9 g. Miniature axeheads are thought to be votive in nature and may have been worn as pendants. Other examples have been recorded on the PAS database, such as: SWYOR-5C21D2, PUBLIC-C50638, DUR-35C6C8.

YORYM-095ED9: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy harness fitting terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The terret is of the 'simple' type, comprising a rectangular basal strap loop flanked by raised sub-ovate collars. The remains of an ovate loop project to either side of the collars, both arms of which have an ovate section and taper to worn breaks. The metal has a delaminated brown patina and is worn. The terret is 59.3mm long, 9.3mm wide, 3.8mm thick and weighs 31.8g. The collars are 16.9mm in diameter. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the East Yorkshire chariot burials of the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials in the East Riding though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD. They can be seen as the archetype from which many of the more complex terrets evolve.

YORYM-057F37: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A complete copper-alloy socketed axehead of late Bronze Age date, c.1000 - 800 BC. South Wales (Stogursey) Type and of Ewart Park Metalworking Industry of Needham's (1997) Period 7. The axehead is wedge-shaped with a square socket mouth and a moulded everted collar. The remains of four runners / casting jets in the form of raised ovate knops are present - being positioned at the mid-point of each side of the mouth. Internally the socket is wedge shaped - it tapers and narrows to the cutting edge. Externally the sides of the axehead are broadly parallel before expanding to form a crescentic shaped blade with distinct blade tips. On the upper part of the socket is a D-shaped, ovate sectioned attachment loop it is positioned directly below the swollen collar. Casting flashes are present on both sides of the axehead including the loop and a crack is present along one corner. The flashes have been trimmed and hammered flat. Likewise the blade is prepared and sharpened - suggesting the axe was in a condition where it would have been usable.Three distinct vertical ribs are present on the two widest surfaces of the axehead, these commence from the underside of the moulded collar and taper to blunt points on the lower blade before the cutting facet of the axe. The metal has a largely shiny reddish/brown patina with some green patches on the blade. The area around the socket is slightly blackened while the ribs retain a brassy shine. Peter Reavill Finds Liaison Officer - Herefordshire & Shropshire comments that this is a common feature with the axes seemingly dipped or deliberately blackened, and the ribs then polished resulting in a shiny gold on black effect. Dimensions: Length: 112.9mm; Socket (external): 53.4mm x 44.9mm; Socket (internal): 30.7mm x 27.9mm; Blade width: 59.5mm; Loop: 30.5mm x 7.6mm x 5.4mm; Internal depth: 80.1mm; Weight: 403g. NMGW-718725 states that South Wales axes and their variants are prolific in south east Wales with over 120 examples now known as single finds and from within hoards. Examples of both complete and damaged socketed axes in hoards within the National Collection of Wales include St.Mellons, Cardiff (Stanton 1984), Llantwit Major, Vale of Glamorgan (Savory 1980, no.281) and Penwyllt, Ystradgynlais, Powys (Savory 1980, no.284). Recently, this phase has been radiocarbon dated to 1020-800 CAL BC (Needham et al. 1997; Needham 1996)

YORYM-F112E1: PILGRIM BADGE
An incomplete lead-alloy pilgrim badge of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1400. The object is rectangular in plan with a narrow rectangular section. Each of the four corners are broken and worn though would have featured sewing holes. The front faces bears a moulded design featuring a knight on horseback riding left within a beaded border. The name +GVILELM is present along the top edge. The reverse is undecorated. The imagery represents St Guilhem-le-Desert of Southern France. St Guilhem was a cousin of Charlemagne who halted the invasion of the Frankish Kingdom by the Arabs in AD 793. His tomb became a centre of pilgrimage in the medieval period. The metal has a dark grey/black patina and survives in good condition. The object is 32.1mm long, 26.9mm wide, 1.6mm thick and weighs 5.2g. A similar pilgrim badge is in the British Museum collection (ref: 1997,0105.1)

YORYM-F0C4B9: CLASP
A complete copper-alloy folding strap clasp buckle of medieval date, c.AD 1350 - 1450. The frame is sub-rectangular with a narrowed and offset rectangular strap bar. The opposite end of the frame is circular in section and also narrowed with a rotating closure plate looped around it. The plate is decorated with two incised X's within rectangular borders. The metal has a dark brown/green patina and is worn. The clasp is 21.7mm long, 12.1mm wide, 3.7mm thick and weighs 1.9g. Similar examples are illustrated in Whitehead p.41 and are dated to circa AD 1350 - 1450.

YORYM-F01276: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman quadrans, anonymous issue dating to the period c.AD 81-161. S C reverse type depicting a Caduceus. Mint of Rome. As RIC II (Anonymous quadrantes) no. 32.

YORYM-DBEDC9: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild Class VIb, dating c.AD 43-200. The button and loop fastener is of the single headed variety and exhibits a square head. An integrally cast circular cross-sectioned shank extends at 90 degrees from the base. The shank bends at 90 degrees, becomes ovate in cross section, and splits into two arms to form a triangular attachment loop. The button and loop fastener measures 36.21mm in length, 18.56mm in width at the square head, 9.85mm in thickness including head and shank, and weighs 9.46g. Wild states that plain (unenamelled) heads of class VIb are typically northern British (Wild 1970, 141). Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-5DFF33: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild Class III, c. AD 50 - 200. The head is a pointed ovate in shape with a raised circular boss within a circumferential recess. The pointed terminal is also raised. The rounded end displays a worn break at the point from which the shank would have extended. The reverse of the object is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 19.4mm long, 14.2mm wide, 6.3mm thick and weighs 6.1g.

A silver Republican denarius of Julius Caesar dating to the period 47-46 BC (Reece Period 1). CAESAR reverse type depicting Aeneas advancing left, carrying palladium in right hand and Anchises on left shoulder. Mint of Africa.

YORYM-E1CD69: COIN
A silver denarius of Severus Alexander dating to the period AD 228 - 231 (Reece Period 14). VICTORIA AVGVSTI reverse type depicting Victory standing right, foot on helmet, writing VOT X on shield. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.2, p.87, no.219.

YORYM-C963FB: TOGGLE
A copper alloy toggle dating to the late Iron Age to Roman period (100 BC - AD 100). The toggle is dumbell shaped, comprising of two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a circular shaft. There are two, worn collars at each junction between the shaft and terminal. The metal is worn and mid green in the colour. The toggle is 24.1 mm long, 10.5 mm wide, and 9.8 mm thick. It weighs 10.4 g. Numerous examples have been recorded on the PAS database, such as YORYM-2DC666 and YORYM-BB9C93.

YORYM-0EA0A8: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper alloy possible nail cleaner of Crummy 1984, Type 2a, dating to the Roman period (AD 43 - 200). The object consists of a moulded neck, straight blade shaft, and a forked terminal. The moulding is spherical with a raised collar above and below. Above the top collar, the object flares out and terminates with a flat upper surface. On this surface there are some broken remains, which may have formed an attachment loop. The shaft flares out from underneath the moulding, where it is circular in section. It then tapers in size and flattens, until reaching the forked terminal. The shaft is now bent upwards upon itself, and the tips of the forked terminal are missing. The metal is worn and dark green in colour. The object is 50.5 mm long, 6.5 mm wide, and 6.6 mm thick. It weighs 5.4 g. Possible parallels have been recorded on the PAS database, including NMGW-E56D44, NMS-910996 and NMS-F2D8C3. Crummy (1983, p. 58, no. 1872) also depicts a nail cleaner, with similar mouldings, although the shaft is leaf-shaped rather than straight.

YORYM-7F91B2: COIN
A silver penny of Alexander III (1249-86 AD) second coinage, class Mb2 (Spink S5054), dating to the period AD 1280 - 1292 AD. Four mullets of six points on reverse, giving 24 points in total. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 19.

YORYM-7F630B: AXEHEAD
An incomplete cast copper-alloy socketed axehead very probably dating from the Early Iron Age, c. 800 - 600 BC. Sompting type, probably Kingston variant. The axehead is wedge shaped with a square socket at the haft end and a circumferential raised mouth moulding. Internally the socket tapers and narrows from the mouth to the cutting edge. Externally the axehead expands gently along the body before expanding into the blade and cutting edge which flares out towards each blade tip. To one side of the mouth, just below the moulding, are two worn projections which represent the remains of an integral attachment loop. No casting flashes are visible. Both faces of the axehead are decorated with three long parallel ribs which terminate in raised pellets. Two breaks are present in the surface of the axehead; one above the central rib on one face, the second to the side opposite the attachment loop. The metal has a dark brown patina with a delaminated surface. The axehead is 56.9mm long, the mouth moulding has an external diameter of 16mm x 15.6mm, and is 25.6mm wide at the blade. The socket is 48.8mm in depth. The axehead weighs 24.1g. Note: The size of this Sompting axe (56.9mm) is somewhat unusual. Normally Sompting axes are large and heavy, with a weight of c. 400-500gs and a length of c. 110-130mm. Often they are elaborately decorated (Kingston variant) or plain (Tower Hill variant), but rib-and-pellet decoration is common, too. There are smaller examples of all variants, but they are rare. It is possible that this is some kind of miniature Sompting type axe, but there is no doubt of the date; it is no later than Earliest Iron Age, 8th/7th century BC. Ref: Boughton, D. The Early Iron Age socked axes in Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Central Lancashire. Link: http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/14716/

A copper-alloy Roman as, probably of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period c.AD 98-102 (Reece period 5). [...]OT [...] reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding shield, S [C] in the field. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC II, p.273, no. 395 for the reverse type.

YORYM-FC7AE6: PLOUGH
Stone object which has been interpreted by the finder as an early medieval plough pebble (c. 600 - 1100 AD). The pebble is red quartz and has a smooth surface. One end is domed while the other end has been worn into a flat convex surface, with linear striations running across the face. The length of the object is 31.68mm, it is 30.24mm in width and 27.72mm in thickness. It weighs 30.06g. Plough pebbles were hammered into the mould-boards of wooden ploughs to protect them from abrasion, which accounts for the wear and striations of this example. The exact date of the introduction of the mould-board plough is disputed, but recent finds from Lyminge, Kent have pointed to use as early as the 7th century.

YORYM-E841F9: DODECAHEDRON
A fragment of a copper alloy dodecahedron dating to the Roman period (AD 43 - AD 410). In their full form, dodecahedrons are hollow, twelve-sided objects. This fragment consists of one complete edge with two spherical lugs in each corner. Each face of the dodecahedron would have contained a circular hole, and the edges of three circles are visible on this fragment. Surrounding two of these is a double incised border, which presumably forms two concentric rings around the holes. The reverse is hollow and undecorated. The metal is worn and mid green in colour. The fragment is 29.5 mm long, 18.7 mm wide, and 7.2 mm thick. It weighs 3.8 g. Dodecahedrons are uncommon finds and their function currently remains uncertain, but suggestions include surveying instruments, rangefinders, candleholders, astronomical measuring devices, polygonal dice, or sceptre heads (Downes and Griffiths 2016, 51). They appear to be restricted to the northern part of the Roman empire, in contexts ranging from first to fourth centuries AD (Downes and Griffiths 2016, 51). Only a few dodecahedrons have been recorded on the PAS database (SUR-729950, WILT-37C5E1, GLO-9EE34F), with the most complete example from the East Riding of Yorkshire: YORYM-41CD72.

YORYM-E7D43A: AXEHEAD
Fragment from a polished stone axehead of Neolithic date (c. 4000 - 2350 BC), made from stone from Langdale, Cumbria. The fragment is light green in colour, with a smooth polished surface. The fragment seems to be from the butt end of the axehead; a small section of tapered edge from the butt end is evident, as well as one side edge. Much of the original face survives on one side but is largely missing on the other. Overall, the axehead appears to have been pointed oval in section. The fragment is 38.47mm in length, 47.89mm in width and 17.93mm in thickness. It weighs 36.59g. Langdale axeheads are found all over the country and are readily recognisable.

YORYM-E78C4D: AXEHEAD
Fragment probably from the butt end of a polished stone axehead of Neolithic date (c. 4000 - 2350 BC). The fragment is tapered at the edge but widens rapidly. It has a pointed oval section. A portion has broken off to the side of one of the faces. The original surface of the object is smooth, while the surface of the breaks is rough. The butt edge is slightly chipped. The fragment is 50.97mm in length, 30.72mm in width and 34.48mm in thickness. It weighs 38.96g.

YORYM-E755D0: AXEHEAD
Fragment probably from the blade end of a polished stone axehead of Neolithic date (c. 4000 - 2350 BC). The fragment appears to be the corner of the blade end of the axehead, with a diagonal break at the top of the fragment. A section of the tapered curved cutting edge is evident and a side edge, which is set at an angle suggestive that the object flared towards the blade edge. Enough can be made out to infer that the overall section of the object would have been oval. The stone is rough with quartz inclusions. The fragment is 52.61mm in length, 25.86mm in width and 24.49mm in thickness. It weighs 32.75g.

YORYM-97A93D: LEAF ARROWHEAD
Complete flint leaf arrowhead dating within the period from the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (c. 4000 - 1600 BC). The arrowhead is pear-shaped in form with shape angles at the tip and widest points. It is bifacially worked with invasive, scaled, low-angle retouch on the dorsal face and minimal edge retouch on the ventral face. The flint is mottled grey and white in colour. The length of the arrowhead is 21.95mm, it is 16.86mm in width and 3.06mm in thickness. It weighs 0.90g. Similar examples on the database include: BH-925A72, SWYOR-7857C8 and SWYOR-09D55A.

YORYM-9330CB: COIN
A ,mediveal silver cut halfpenny of Henry II (1154-89), 'cross and crosslets' (Tealby) type, probably Class D3 (c.1165-8; North 959), moneyer uncertain, mint: Canterbury.Ref: North 1994: 216-7. The coin is poorly struck off-centre onto an irregular flan.

YORYM-53B8E5: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286 - AD 293) dating to the period AD 286 - AD 293 (Reece Period 14). SECVRIT AV reverse type depicting Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. C Mint. This coin is a new variant and is the first of its type in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-C16254: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Wild 1970, Class IV, dating to the Roman period (AD 50 - AD 200). The head of the fastener is circular and domed, with a hollow reverse. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, and bends at 90 degrees before forming a triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different planes. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal is worn and dark green in colour. The fastener is 37.4 mm long, 16.1 mm wide, and 12.7 mm thick. It weighs 12.3 g. Roman button and loop fasteners have been classified by Wild (1970) and this example falls under Class IV: Fasteners with hollow boss and shank attached to the rim. Numerous other examples have been recorded on the PAS database, such as SWYOR-CAD8F3 and LEIC-067100. Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-C0CDD4: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Wild Class III, dating to the Roman period (AD 50 - AD 200). The head of the fastener is teardrop shaped, with a central circular boss within a circumferential recess. The surrounding moulding is raised and drawn out into a point. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, and bends at 90 degrees before forming a triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different planes. The reverse is flat and undecorated, except behind the head which is recessed under the central boss. The metal is worn and dark green in colour. The fastener is 38.8 mm long, 18.9 mm wide, and 9.0 mm thick. It weighs 14.7 g. Roman button and loop fasteners have been classified by Wild (1970) and this example falls under Class III: teardrop or petal-headed fasteners. Numerous other examples have been recorded on the PAS database, such as YORYM-604C99 and SWYOR-D68398. Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-D9AD33: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
An incomplete cast copper-alloy 'Yorkshire Type' socketed axehead of Late Bronze Age date, 1000 - 800 BC. The axehead is wedge shaped with a sub-square socket, the mouth has been lost to old worn breaks. Internally the socket tapers and narrows to the cutting edge. Externally the axehead tapers and narrows along the body before expanding into the blade and cutting edge which flares towards each blade tip. Much of one surface is damaged, broken and worn. A D-shaped, ovate sectioned attachment loop is present to one side, below the mouth and casting flashes are present on both sides of the axehead including the loop. The surviving face appears to have faint traces of three worn short and narrow ribs. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The axehead is 83.3mm long, the remaining socket has an external diameter of 24mm x 27.2mm and is 3.5mm thick, the blade is 45.5mm wide. The axehead weighs 122g. Three ribbed Yorkshire type axes are a well-known part of the Ewart Park metalwork assemblage of the British Late Bronze Age. In Yorkshire, many hundreds of these axes have been found as single finds as well as in hoards.

YORYM-D9791B: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper-alloy strap mounted terret, Lewis' Type 19 of Roman date, AD 43 - 200. The terret comprises a main ovate ring with integral rectangular loop. The main ring is bottom-heavy displaying wear to the upper edge. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The terret is 35.4mm long, 35mm wide, 8.9mm thick and weighs 25.1g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Based on depositional contexts of excavated examples Lewis (2015, p.114) concludes that such terrets are current in Britain from the mid-first century AD to the late first century AD. While they are relatively common finds there is no known evidence for their manufacture in Britain. It is possible though that such objects were made in Britain rather than imported (2015, p.112).

YORYM-C6AAEF: BRACELET
An incomplete copper-alloy ribbed bracelet of Late Hallstatt - Late Iron Age date, c. 650-100 BC. The bracelet comprises thirteen (13) conjoined pointed ovate knobs with transverse double banded ridges at the juncture between each knob. The section is an asymmetric ovate having a more distinct curve to the upper surface. Both terminals are broken and worn. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The bracelet is 60.4mm in diameter, 11.9mm wide, 7.3mm thick and weighs 43.1g. A parallel from Roxby, South Humberside has been published by Kevin Leahy in which he notes the type being well known in the Arras culture of East Yorkshire and parallels are also found in the Hallstatt culture on the continent. An example from Castle Hill, Scarborough was dated by Challis and Harding to the second half of the seventh century BC (Hallstatt C2), supported by associated pottery findings. Leahy determines that this evidence leaves a broad date range for knobbed bracelets spanning "the whole of the British Iron Age from Hallstatt C to La Tene III". Ref: Leahy, K. "An Iron Age Ribbed Bracelet From Roxby, South Humberside." Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Volume. 20 (1985): p.79. Print.

YORYM-C64EA2: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy umbonate disc brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 250. The brooch is circular with broken and worn edges from which two projections extend at opposite points. One projection houses a hinge for the pin to the reverse, the other, the catchplate. The pin proper no longer remains. The main body of the brooch is distinctly domed and is decorated with two concentric rings of triangular cells pointing towards a central ring and dot motif. Blue glass enamel is retained within some of the cells. The reverse is concave and undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.8mm long, 18.8mm wide, 10.5mm thick and weighs 3.8g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.350, fig.209, no.128.

YORYM-AE3D86: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Gallienus, sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). BON EVEN AVG reverse type depicting Genius standing left holding cornears and patera over altar. Mint of Milan. As Cunetio, p.129, no.1780.

YORYM-1A1608: COIN
Medieval silver Scottish penny of Alexander III (1286-92 AD), second coinage, class E1 (Spink 5056), dating to the period c.1280- 1292 AD. a star of seven points in first and third quarters and a mullet of six points in second and fourth quarters giving a total of 26 points. Ref: Spink 2015, pg 19. The coin is 19.36mm in diameter and 1.23mm in thickness and weighs 1.20g.

YORYM-87BB61: SLEEVE CLASP
An incomplete copper-alloy wrist or sleeve clasp of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 450 - 570. Hines Form B18c, cast in one piece. The clasp consists of a rectangular plate with a raised bar along one long straight edge and one curvilinear edge forming five roundels, with four perforations, or sewing holes, for attachment between the bar and the roundels. The bar is decorated with perhaps eight broad transverse grooves alternating with double narrow grooves. The reverse of the clasp is flat and undecorated though the worn remains of a hook project from the centre of the straight edge. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The clasp is 35.2mm long, 15mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 4.9g. Hines (1993, p.59) discusses Form 18c sleeve clasps as being particularly popular in the north of England and describes the available dating evidence for this form as “disappointing”. Wrist clasps have been studied and classified by Hines (1993) and Penn and Brugmann (2007). Hines three levels of classification suggests a date range of late 5th to 6th century for these objects. Penn and Brugmann’s chronological study of selected East Anglian grave-good types included a small sample size of wrist clasps which limited their suggested dating to the mid-to late 5th century. As these systems have not been completely reconciled it seems reasonable to give all wrist-clasps a wide date-range of c.AD 450-570 (see Ref: Hines, J (1993) Clasps Hektespenner Agraffen: Anglo-Scandinavian Clasps of Classes A-C of the 3rd to 6th Centuries A D: Typology, diffusion and function. Stockholm: Kungl Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.

YORYM-85956D: LEAF ARROWHEAD
Complete flint leaf arrowhead dating from the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (c. 4000 - 1600 BC). The arrowhead is pear-shaped, with covering, scaled, low-angle retouch on both faces. The flint is patinated with dark brown patches and light grey speckles on a mid-grey surface. The arrowhead is 29.36mm in length, 20.80mm at maximum width and 4.26mm in thickness. It weighs 2.25g. There are many similar examples on the database, including: NLM-6AAAD5, YORYM-8CFE1Fand BH-82314E.

A silver Roman denarius of Titus (AD 79-81), struck under Vespasian, dating to the period AD 72-73 (Reece Period 4). NEP RED reverse type depicting Neptune standing left, right foot on globe, holding acrostolium and sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC II (2nd ed.), p.83, no.366.

YORYM-60307F: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild Class III, dating c.AD 43-200. The button and loop fastener is of the single headed variety and exhibits a teardrop shaped head decorated with a lenticular moulding at the apex of the point. A large circular aperture is situated in the curve of the teardrop. An integrally cast oval cross-sectioned shank extends at 90 degrees from the apex of the curve, the rounded terminal of which extends into the aperture and joins the rim of the head. The other end of the shank bends again at 90 degrees, becomes square in cross section, and splits into two arms to form a triangular attachment loop. The reverse of the head is concave and undecorated. A green patina is on the surface. The button and loop fastener measures 44.82mm in length, 16.79mm in width at the widest part of the triangular loop,18.35mm at the head, 9.71mm in thickness including head and shank, and weighs 9.71g. This is similar to Wild's (1970) Class III (p.39, fig. 1). Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-C8A176: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle or strap fitting of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a D-sectioned shaft with central raised semi-circular moulding. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet, each with transverse grooved decoration. The central moulding also has a median band of transverse grooved decoration. An integral band of metal extends between the terminals forming a flat loop behind the flat side of the shaft. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in fair condition. The toggle is 23.7mm long, 13.1mm in diameter and weighs 17.4g. Simple dumbbell type toggles are fairly common finds and numerous examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, for examples see: YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92 More unusual types with integral loops of varying designs are also becoming apparent in metal detecting assemblages. For examples see: NLM-03D124, LON-52A030, SF-842982, YORYM-27AFA2, YORYM-0FB733 and YORYM-F6987B.

YORYM-CCCEB3: COIN
A worn copper-alloy Roman radiate, possibly of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). CONSERV[AT PIET](AT) reverse type depicting the Emperor standing left, right hand raising a kneeling woman, vertical sceptre in left. Mint of Rome. Cf. Gobl no. 648t; RIC V.1, p. 145, no. 171a.

YORYM-10C233: SEAL MATRIX
TREASURE CASE : 2018 T6. An incomplete silver seal matrix of late Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1700 - 1900. The die of the matrix is ovate with a tapering ovate handle extending from the reverse. The handle terminal is lost to worn breaks. The die depicts a female bust left. Overall Length: 10.9mm Die Length: 17.7mm; width: 16.2mm. Weight 5.5g. Seal matrixes of this style and quality are generally dated from the later 18th century into the Victorian period. The female bust bears a resemblance to that used for Queen Anne (AD 1702 - AD 1714), which may attribute this seal matrix to the earlier portion of the suggested date range. Similar recorded examples include 2015 T589 (HAMP-5E4DB8) and WMID-080672.

YORYM-FB0BD7: STRAP END
A copper alloy strap end of Thomas class E3, dating to c.AD 900-1000. The strap end is tongue-shaped, with a straight upper edge split to accommodate the strap. An iron rivet is placed centrally towards this edge and extends through to the reverse. A raised longitudinal ridge runs down the centre of the front. There is no other decoration and the reverse is undecorated. A green patina is on the surface. The strap end measures 25.32mm in length, 13.71mm in width, 5.22mm in thickness and weighs 6.39g.

YORYM-E7BC73: LEAF ARROWHEAD
Complete flint arrowhead dating to the period from Early Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (c. 4000 - 1600 BC). The arrowhead has a flat base and convex sides. There is intensive low-angle scaled reworking on one face; there is some very slight scaled reworking on the other face. The flint is a translucent grey with white spots. The arrowhead is 33.75mm in length, 21.20mm at maximum width and 4.04mm at maximum thickness. The weight of the arrowhead is 2.85g.

YORYM-963762: FOB
A complete copper-alloy fob dangler of late Iron Age to early Roman date, c.50 BC - AD 100. The fob is circular in plan with an openwork design comprising a circular sectioned outer ring, which encloses an s-coil design with coiled tendril terminals. The reverse is flat with an integral rectangular lug at the centre. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The object is 52.1mm in diameter, 3.6mm thick (without lug), 12.6mm thick (with lug) and weighs 25.1g. The function of fobs or 'danglers' is poorly understood and may have been hung from items of equipment, personal apparel or harness decoration (Jope 2000, 285). Jope also records 17 known examples of danglers and related 'hangers' from Britain, while Macgregor (1976a, pp 37) records nine know examples of Triskele-decorated fobs from the British Isles. One recorded example (Macgregor, 1976b, pp 40) can be seen as a good parallel for this piece, with a simple openwork triskele design enhanced by a border of punched dots. The dating of these objects is traditionally assigned to the late Iron Age to early Roman transition, presumably based on the 'Celtic' triskele motif decoration of the majority of examples.

YORYM-6D2CAD: COIN
An early-medieval copper-alloy styca of Archbishop Wigmund of York (837-49/50), North 196, moneyer: Coenred, mint: Northumbria (York?). Ref: North 1994: 73; Abramson 2018: pl. 45, nos 1051-62.

YORYM-41EEF8: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy openwork swastika plate brooch dating to the Roman period (AD 100 - AD 300). The brooch is swastika shaped, pointing clockwise with rounded edges. The upper face is decorated in the centre with a large ring and dot design, which is filled with red enamel. The reverse is undecorated and has a single pin lug attached to one of the arms. At the opposite end, there is the remains of a catchplate. The pin is missing. The metal is worn and dark green in colour. The brooch is 26.9 mm long, 27.3 mm wide and 7.2 mm thick (with the lug included, and 2.2 mm without). It weighs 7.5 g. Various swastika shaped brooches have been recorded on the PAS database, some decorated with multiple ring and dot motifs (SF-CFDB27; SUR-EEBBB0; SUSS-5BE681), others with no decoration (LVPL-F52FB5; BUC-3E1EF1; BERK-36CC39) and one example with a punched dots design (LEIC-E26AB2). Hattatt (p. 357, fig. 216, no. 1145) also depicts an undecorated example and dates it to the 2nd-3rd century AD.

YORYM-ECA0C1: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Aurelian (AD 270-275), dating to the period c.AD 270-271 (Reece period 13). DACIA FELIX reverse type depicting Dacia standing left holding staff surmounted by ass's head or Draco. Mint of Milan. As RIC V.1, p. 277, no. 108.

YORYM-D67240: PENDANT
An incomplete copper-alloy pendant of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1850 - 1950. The pendant is in the form of a bible with articulated front and back pages linked by a hinged spine. The remains of a hook and loop fastening are present to the outer edges of the pages. The front cover is decorated with a raised cross with the instruments of crucifixion, the whip and nails, in the lower angles. Traces of blue enamel or paint remain in the field. The back cover has a border of pellets enclosing an elaborated five petalled flower, possibly representing the Christian passion flower. Three blanks sheet metal pages remain within the cover of the bible. Between the first and second of these is a page of organic material though no detail can be determined. The object is 24.6mm long, 20.4mm wide, 7.7mm thick and weighs 8.4g.

YORYM-C3BFBE: PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy pin of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 900 - 1000. The pin comprises a flat kite-shaped head with small rounded knop protrusion to three points. The fourth point expands in to an integral circular sectioned shaft which terminates in a worn break. A worn raised collar is present at the junction between the head and the shaft. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The pin is 59.6mm long, the head is 12.8mm x 2.2mm wide, the shaft is 2.6mm in diameter and weighs 3.2g. These pins are considered to be Irish in origin, but their discovery in this country is reflective of Viking activity. Several flat headed pins were found in York and are published on p.2578 of Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York by Mainman and Rogers. Compare also LANCUM-399D7C, SWYOR-0D5863, YORYM-C60150, SWYOR-77388A, SWYOR-6C6612 and NCL-9E8DC7. LANCUM-399D7C also cites Dr Kevin Leahy as stating that the best dated example of these pins was a more elaborate example found in the grave of Archbishop Wulfstan of York, obit. 1023. While other finds are not securely dated a 10-11th century date is likely.

YORYM-B1EB3D: COIN
A silver halfgroat of Edward III dating to the period AD 1354 - 1355. Fourth coinage. Pre-Treaty Period. Series E. Long cross reverse. Mint of York. North Vol 2, p.51, no.1166. The coin was found inside a folded piece of lead sheet. The lead sheet is rectangular in plan and section and has been folded twice over to hold the coin. The lead sheet is 30.5mm long, 32.4mm wide, 8.7mm thick and weighs 47.9g. The coin is 23.6mm in diameter and weighs 2.2g.

YORYM-9CE3B3: PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy object, possibly a pin, of probable Early-Medieval date, c.AD 700 - 900. The head of the object is zoomorphic, in the form of a side-facing beast or dragon. The eye of the beast is denoted by a ring and dot design and a moulded mouth is present on an elongated snout. An integral, circular sectioned shaft extends from the base of the head. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The object is 19.9mm long, 15.4mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 1.5g.

YORYM-5BA97C: NAIL CLEANER
A complete copper-alloy nail cleaner of Baldock type of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 200. Crummy Type 2a. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow bifurcated terminal. The rounded shoulders taper to a sub-ovate neck with an attachment loop terminal which is at right angles to the blade. The blade is decorated on both sides with a faint incised border. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 45.1mm long, 11mm wide, 1mm thick (at the blade). The handle is 5.5mm x 2.1mm. The object weighs 2g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

YORYM-C46D57: COIN
An extremely worn and incomplete probable silver coin, perhaps a Roman denarius of uncertain 1st to 3rd century AD date, although the coin is now largely undiagnostic due to its preservation and a later date cannot be ruled out entirely.

YORYM-1DE526: COIN
A copper-alloy as of Vespasian (AD 69-79), probably dating to the period c.AD 77-78 (Reece period 4). PROVIDENT, S C reverse type depicting an Altar. Probably mint of Lyon. Cf. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 147, no. 1234.

YORYM-1B4B0C: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper-alloy harness fitting of "simple type" terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The terret is of the 'simple' type and comprises an ovate loop and integral rectangular basal strap loop to the lower edge. The loop is widest at the base, to either side of the strap bar, and tapers in diameter to the top. The junctions between the loop and bar have integral raised ovate collars. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The terret is 17.5mm long, 15.1mm wide, 3.3mm thick and weighs 2.1g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the East Yorkshire chariot burials of the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials in the East Riding though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD. They can be seen as the archetype from which many of the more complex terrets evolve.

YORYM-F26461: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Colchester derivative, rear hook, dolphin brooch of Roman date, c.AD 43-65. The head comprises tubular wings, now largely lost to worn breaks, which would have acted as a hinge mechanism for the pin. The pin proper no longer remains. A circular sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings, tapering steadily in width and thickness to a worn pointed terminal. The bow appears undecorated apart from faint linear decoration at the apex of the bow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 38.9mm long, 31.8mm wide at the wings, 3.2mm wide at the bow, 2.6mm thick and weighs 3.6g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.299, fig.158 and are dated to the 1st Century AD.

YORYM-F0F226: PILGRIM BADGE
A complete copper alloy pilgrim's badge dating to the medieval period (AD 1400 - AD 1500). The badge is of openwork design and decorated with relief moulding. The central figure is stood facing and possibly naked, with their hands bound behind them and arrows protruding from their legs. At the top of the figure is a curved moulding which is possibly representative of a tree. On each side of the central figure is an archer, both standing in profile with their bows drawn and arrows pointing at the captive. The archers appear to be wearing baggy breeches. Together, the archers and base form a deep, 'U-shaped' curve at the bottom side of the badge. The reverse is flat and undecorated, with a bent wire loop attached to the back of the central figure's torso. The metal is worn and dark grey in colour. The badge is 27.4 mm long, 26.8 mm wide and 2.1 mm thick. It weighs 4.4 g. "Pilgrimage was a vital component of devotional practice in the late Middle Ages, pilgrims visiting shrines for a number of reasons: to solicit favours, to remedy sickness, to express gratitude or to offer penance. Once at the scene of pilgrimage, visible proof of piety was supplied by the sale of pilgrim badges such as this one" (Robinson 1989, 66). Robinson (1989, 67) considers two candidates for the iconography of this badge, as both St Sebastian and St Edmund were martyred in this way. The paper concludes that St Edmund is more plausible based on the geographical distribution of known examples, and the overall anchor shape possibly representing St Edmund's protection of those at sea. St Edmund was king of East Anglia and murdered in 869 during the Danish invasions (Robinson 1989, 67). An identical badge was found in excavations at Chaucer House, London and published in detail by Robinson (1989). Other examples have also been recorded on the PAS database, including, DUR-022964, BH-589BA2 and BH-CB9BB7. This badge has been published by Lewis (2021, 16, fig. 7b)

YORYM-CE9F7C: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The toggle is 20.3mm long, 10.3mm in diameter at the terminals, 6.2mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 8.1g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-CC249E, YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-7990ED: BOOK FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy medieval zoomorphic book-fitting, a very chunky example of Howsam type A.1.1, probably dating to c. 1350 - 1450 AD. The object is part of a two-piece book clasp with hinged plate and loop. The plate has been lost, although the hinge bar and loop remain with a small scrap of sheet around the bar. The protruding terminal of the book clasp is in the shape of a beast's head: triangular ridges form the ears, two diamond-shaped grooves the eyes and a wide horizontal ridge at the end of the 'snout' represents a tongue. There is a circular hole through the top of the zoomorphic terminal, between the 'ears' and the 'eyes'; this would have accommodated a peg on the opposite cover of the book over which the clasp would have been placed to fix the covers shut. Another circular perforation runs through the loop from side to side, cutting through half of one of the eyes; this would have had a cord attached to aid purchase when opening or closing the book. Two integral loops extend from the back of the beast's head. Still attached to these is a separate copper-alloy rod and scrap of sheet adhering, both with a rough pale green patina. The patina of the rest of the book-fitting is smooth and dark brown. The fitting is 21.48mm in length, 9.28mm in width and 9.50mm in thickness. The weight of the book-fitting is 5.56g. A close parallel on the database is SUSS-D911D3. Examples of other contemporary styles of book-fitting can be found in Egan 1998, p. 270.

YORYM-77F7A2: BROOCH
Description: A silver medieval annular brooch complete with pin, dating to c.1200 - 1400 AD. The brooch frame is flattened and rectangular in section. The pin, D-shaped in section and tapering slightly towards the end, is attached by means of a wrap-around head-loop with a transverse collar through a circular perforation in the brooch frame. The front surface of the brooch is decorated with an incised square pattern. The back surface of the brooch is plain apart from an incised IXI directly adjacent to the pin perforation. There is a linear score line or break on both sides of the brooch frame; it is difficult to determine the significance of this. Otherwise, apart from some surface scratches and marks, the brooch survives in good condition and has retained a shiny patina with some slight patchy silver corrosion, especially on the underside of the pin. Dimensions: Diameter: 18.84mm; Width: 3.80mm; Thickness: 1.02mm; Weight: 1.52g; Length of Pin: 17.55mm. Discussion: The form and decoration of this brooch are similar to other recorded examples on the PAS database, dated between the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries: LIN-349D34 (2008 T21), DUR-79F6F4 (2017 T412), LVPL-3434D3 (2016 T225), LANCUM-285905 (2014 T444). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-4E7E91: COIN
A clipped silver siliqua of the House of Valentinian (AD 364-78), dating to the period AD 367 - 375 (Reece period 19). VRBS ROMA reverse type depicting Roma seated left on throne, holding globe with Victory, reversed spear in left hand. Mint of Trier. RIC IX, pp. 19 and 22, cf. nos. 27 and 45.

YORYM-D1B10C: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date, c. AD50 - 200. The brooch is of Booth Type A8 (Fowler Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands slightly towards the terminals. The terminals are rounded knops with a single raised moulded collar. A sub-circular sectioned pin with arched median portion remains looped around the frame. The metal has a shiny brown patina and is in fair condition. The brooch is 30.8mm long, 5.2mm in diameter at the terminals and 3.1mm diameter at the frame. The pin is 38.8mm long, 3.8mm wide, 2.2mm thick. The brooch weighs 6.7g. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as focusing on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Dr Booth (2014, p.137) also states that humped pins are concentrated in the north of Britain.

YORYM-26FC8D: COIN
An early-medieval silver Secondary phase sceat of Eadberht of Northumbria and Archbishop Ecgbert of York jointly, dating c.737-58. Ref: Gannon 2013: 135, plate 33 no. 700. The edge of the coin is slightly chipped. On the obverse is the king's name around a central cross: EOTBEREHTUΓ. The Archbishop's name is on the reverse of the coin, arranged around the left side of the figure of a man holding a cross in either hand. The archbishop's name is in the form: EGBErHT. Both edges of the coin are beaded. The letters of the obverse are crisp and easy to read, yet the detail of the design on the reverse has been heavily obscured by corrosion and wear. The coin has a dark shiny patina. The dimensions of the sceatta are: 13.02m in diameter and 1.30mm in thickness. The weight of the coin is 0.90g.

YORYM-7EA65A: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy umbonate disc brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 250. The brooch is circular with four knopped projections extending from quarter points around the circumference. One knop houses the pin hinge while the opposite knop houses the catchplate to the reverse. The hinge and catchplate are both broken and worn and the pin no longer remains. The main body of the brooch is distinctly domed and is decorated with a quatrefoil of dark blue enamel around a central perforation. A band of red enamel is present within the perforation suggesting it was once solid but has been damaged. The quatrefoil is set within a field of light blue enamel within an outer recessed border. The reverse is concave and undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and survives in fair condition. The brooch is 32.5mm long, 28.3mm wide, 9.8mm thick and weighs 6.5g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.351, fig.210, no.538a.

A copper alloy nummus of Licinius I (AD 308-24) dating to the period AD 317 (Reece Period 16), IOVI CONSERVATORI reverse type depicting Jupiter advancing right, throwing a thunderbolt. Mint of Arles. RIC VII, p.246, no.127.

A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260 - 268 (Reece Period 13). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1009.

YORYM-80CFF8: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260 - 268 (Reece Period 13). FORTVNA REDVX reverse type depicting Fortuna standing left holding rudder in right hand and cornucopiae in left. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1215.

YORYM-02F5E8: NAIL CLEANER
Incomplete copper-alloy Roman nail- cleaner with high shoulders (c. 43 - 200 AD). The object has a long teardrop shaped tapering body with a large round loop at the head. The implement is damaged: a section of the loop has broken off, as well as its tip. The object is very thin and light: it is only 0.82mm thick with a weight of 0.50g. The length is 32.65mm and the width is 8.37mm. The loop suggests that this item was hung along with other toilet implements as part of a cosmetic set. The implement has a green-brown patina.

YORYM-C50C23: SEAL MATRIX
An incomplete lead seal matrix of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1300. The seal is a pointed-oval shape with a slightly raised central rib along the longitudinal axis of the reverse. A worn projection is all that remains of the lug. The front bears a central design of a fleur-de-lis. Between the lis and the inscription, on the upper left-hand side of the lis, is a circular perforation which looks deliberate, possibly intended as a repair to the lost lug. The device is surrounded by an inscription between grooved lines which reads + SIGILL' GALF' FIL' W (Seal of Geoffrey son of W.., probably William). The metal has a light brown/white patina and is worn. The seal matrix is 30.8mm long, 19.8mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 12.2g.

YORYM-AFD702: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). SECVRIT PERPET reverse type depicting Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding sceptre. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1246; RIC V.1, p. 155, no. 280.

YORYM-AE397C: COIN
An early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) silver Primary Phase sceat of Aldfrith of Northumbria (685-704). Ref: Gannon 2013: 134-5. The obverse is struck slightly off-centre resulting in the inscription being partially off the flan. The beast on the reverse is somewhat cruder than usual.

YORYM-562707: TENTERHOOK
A complete copper-alloy possible tenterhook of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1600 - 1900. The object comprises a circular sectioned shaft with pointed spiked terminal to one end. The opposite end forks into a shorter, hooked point. The metal has a dark brown patina and is in good condition. The object is 51.2mm long, 5.1mm in diameter and weighs 10.2g. Tenter racks were large wooden frames on which wet cloth was stretched and dried to prevent shrinkage. on a tenter rack to prevent valuable cloths being stolen. Blunt headed nails, known as tenterhooks, were driven at intervals into the perimeter of the frame to which the selvedges of the cloth were pulled evenly and hooked.

YORYM-1A2F8D: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Galba (AD 68-69), dating to the period AD 68-69 (Reece Period 3). [ROMA] RENASCENS reverse type depicting Roma advancing right, holding Victory on globe and spear. Mint of Spain. As RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 233, no. 28.

YORYM-9C8FA7: SPUR
An incomplete copper-alloy prick or 'rivet' spur of Roman date, c.AD 200 - 410. The object comprises a D-sectioned arm which terminates to one end in a flattened disc which is perforated to accommodate a rivet by which it would be attached to its strap. The opposite end of the arms expands into a sub-lozenge plate, broken to one side from which the second arm would have extended. An iron filled rivet hole is present at the centre of the plate. The lower point of the plate extends into a semi-circular, bifurcated terminal with ribbed decoration to the outer edge. The upper point forms a fan-shape, again with ribbed decoration to the outer edge, and the remains of an integral hook. The object has a curved profile, allowing it to fit around a heel. The metal has a dark brown patina and is in fair condition. The object is 42.9mm long, 32.5mm wide, 5.1mm thick and weighs 12.9g.

YORYM-884E64: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy nummus of Crispus (AD 317-26) dating to the period AD 323 - 324 (Reece Period 16). CAESARVM NOSTRORVM reverse type depicting VOT//X in wreath. Mint of London. The obverse legend break is IVL CRISP - VS NOB C. RIC VII, p.115, no.291.

YORYM-850B27: FOB
An incomplete object, possibly a horse harness fitting or fob dangler, of Late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - 100 AD. The object is openwork with curvilinear motifs within a (presumably) circular frame. The metal has a dark green/brown patina and is worn. The object is 25.6mm long, 16mm wide, 5.1mm thick and weigh 3.1g. An insufficient portion of the object remains allowing it to be ascribed to a particular object type.

A copper-alloy nummus of Constantius II (AD 337-361), dating to AD 337-40 (Reece Period 17), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting two soldiers with one standard. Mint of Lyon. RIC VIII, p. 178, no. 22.

YORYM-5FAAB2: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper-alloy nail cleaner with moulded neck and shoulder blade of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 200. The object comprises a looped suspension terminal with an elongated ribbed neck. An integral blade extends from the base of the neck. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a worn break. A median groove runs from the base of the collar to the break in the blade. The loop is at right angles to the blade. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 34mm long, 8.9mm wide, 6.9mm thick and weighs 2g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting galley left. C mint. RIC V, pt 2, p. 569, cf. nos. 128-9. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead' corpus for RIC.

YORYM-CC249E: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The toggle is 20.5mm long, 10.8mm in diameter at the terminals, 6.4mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 10g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-780C6A: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Magnentius (AD 350-3) dating to the period AD 351 - 352 (Reece Period 18). VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE reverse type depicting two Victories holding shield inscribed VOT//V//MVLT//X. Mint of Amiens. RIC VIII, p.123, no.23

YORYM-B916E4: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper-alloy finger ring of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 300. The hoop is incomplete with approximately half lost to old worn breaks. What remains of the hoop widens to form an integral bezel. The bezel is formed by a recessed ovate cell which would have held an intaglio, gem or enamel though this no longer remains. The hoop is undecorated. The finger ring is similar to a Henig Type III. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The finger ring is 21.9mm long, 7.8mm wide, 3.3mm thick and weighs 2.4g.

YORYM-EAA632: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). LAETITIA AVG reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. Mint unclear. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-7EDAF1: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy flat, enamelled disc brooch of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 200. The brooch is circular and is decorated with a six-pointed star around a large central ring. The recessed interior of the star is filled with red enamel as are the external angles created between the arms of the star and a raised border. The worn remains of an integral double lug hinge and catchplate project from opposite points on the reverse of the brooch. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 22.2mm in diameter, 4.5mm thick with lugs, 1.4mm thick without lugs and weighs 2.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.345, fig.204 and date to the 2nd century AD.

YORYM-6A7EA0: COIN
A copper-alloy dupondius of Domitian (AD 81-96) dating to the period AD 84-86 (Reece Period 4). S C, Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. Mint of Rome. The obverse is unclear, but the head appears to be radiate.

YORYM-B2A53B: COIN
A silver washed radiate of Probus (AD 276 - 282), dating to c. AD 282 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of Lyon. RIC V, pt 2, p. 28, no. 91; Gloucester Hoard (CHRB XIII), p. 67, no. 957 (56 specimens); Bastien, Le monnayage de l'atelier to Lyon, AD 274-85, no. 366..

YORYM-33A7AE: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180), dating to the period AD 170 - 171 (Reece Period 8). PRIMI/DECEN/NALES/COS III/S C in wreath reverse type. Mint of Rome. As BMC, p. 619, no. 1398; RIC III, p.293, no.1006.

YORYM-A0AA0D: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy ansate brooch of early-medieval date, c.AD 700-750. The head of the brooch comprises an unevenly armed cross, one arm of which extends to form the start of an arched bow. Only a short length of the rectangular bow survives, the rest having been lost to old worn breaks. The arm opposite the bow is narrower and has a rounded terminal. The remaining arms are also rounded, narrow and short. The three surviving arms are decorated with ring-and-dot designs at the terminals joined by linear grooves. To the reverse of the brooch, an integral hook or loop remains through which the pin would have fitted. This is set transversely, perpendicular to the direction of the pin. The presence of iron corrosion suggests the pin was constructed of iron. The metal has a light green, abraded patina and is worn. The brooch is 25.8mm long, 20.7mm wide, 3.7mm thick (10.3mm with loop) and weighs 4.3g. Brooches of this type are dated by Weetch to the late 7th or early 8th century following Continental dating (Weetch 2013, 156), but do not occur in graves in England so probably post-date the 7th century here. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.380, fig.239; also compare LEIC-4F3D07 and NCL-68A842.

YORYM-87E0ED: COIN
A worn silver Roman denarius of Sabina (AD 128-137), dating to the period AD 128-137 (Reece period 6). Reverse type depicting Concordia seated left holding patera and resting left arm on statuette of Spes? Mint of Rome. Cf. BMC, p. 853, no. 895 passim; RIC II, p. 387, no. 398.

YORYM-B86525: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 21.8mm long, 9.8mm in diameter at the terminals, 5mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 6.9g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-2DC666, YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-D1E7D7: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). HILARITAS AVG reverse type depicting Hilaritas standing left holding palm and cornucopiae. Mint of London, S A//MSL. This type is not recorded in RIC with the obverse type: radiate, draped and cuirassed right, seen from behind. RIC V, pt.2, p.560, no.20var. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-BC4031: MICROLITH
A complete knapped lithic implement of Mesolithic date, c.7000 - 4000 BC. The lithic is a flint microlith formed of a tertiary flake which is sub-rectangular in plan and triangular in section. The ventral surface is smooth and flat. The dorsal surface has a prominent ridge and displays short, parallel, semi-abrupt retouch on the right edge. The flint is light whitish-grey in colour. The implement is 20.5mm long, 6.1mm wide, 2.8mm thick and weighs 0.3g. Microliths are small objects which would have been set into wooden or bone handles to make composite tools such as spears and arrows.

YORYM-4E1074: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild Class VIb, dating c.AD 43-200. The button and loop fastener is of the single headed variety and exhibits a rectangular head decorated by a series of longitudinal mouldings. An integrally cast circular cross-sectioned shank extends at 90 degrees from the base. The shank bends again at 90 degrees, becomes square in cross section, and splits into two arms to form a triangular attachment loop. The button and loop fastener measures 27.23mm in length, 23.02mm in width at the rectangular head, 11.74mm in thickness including head and shank, and weighs 11.05g. Wild states that plain (unenamelled) heads of class VI are typically northern British (Wild 1970, 141). Downes and Griffiths (2017) in 50 Finds from Yorkshire state: 'Button and loop fasteners are perhaps best interpreted as multi-purpose fasteners for use with harness equipment as well as clothing. They are thought to be military objects, though the PAS examples tend to be found on rural sites not specifically related to military activity.'

YORYM-C1CB6C: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Roman Aucissa brooch, dating to the period c.AD 43-75. The brooch is missing the hinged pin, and the rolled terminal of the head which would have housed the axis bar. The head birfurcates where it would have accommodated the pin, and terminates in worn breaks. It is decorated with a series of moulded transverse bands, the middle of which is narrowed to form a neck. The bow is very steeply arched, is rectangular in cross section, and is decorated with a central moulded longitudinal ridge and a series of transverse mouldings at its base. It narrows to the foot, which terminates in a rounded knop. The catchplate is intact at the reverse of the foot, although its edges have worn breaks. The reverse is undecorated. A light green patina is on the surface, aside from an area at the terminal of the head which is iron stained. The brooch measures 42.94mm in length, 12.67mm in width at the head, 7.71mm in width at the bow, 25.04mm in thickness from catchplate to bow, and weighs 5.09g. CF. Bayley and Butcher (2004) p.67, no. 76

YORYM-965A30: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy Roman button and loop fastener of Wild Class Va, c. AD 50 - 200. The head is a pointed ovate in shape with a raised circular boss within a circumferential recess. The pointed terminals are also raised. Ain integral shank extends down from the reverse of the boss and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two to form a circular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 50.6mm long, 16.7mm wide, 15.2mm thick and weighs 21.7g.

YORYM-2BBE37: BOOK FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy book clasp of Howsam type A.1.1 and of medieval date. The object is part of a two-piece book clasp with hinged plate and loop. The plate has been lost, though the separate copper-alloy hinge bar remains. The main plate is D-shaped with moulded and engraved linear decoration, stamped with irregularly spaced annulets to the upper surface. A central circular perforation is also present. A moulded stylised zoomorphic terminal extends from the rounded edge of the main plate, at right angles to the plate itself. The forward facing terminal has a prominent mouth, nose, brow and ears, and a circular perforation runs transversely through the "mouth" of the beast. Two integral loops extend from either corner to the opposite side of the main plate. A separate rod of copper-alloy remains fitted through the loops. The reverse of the object is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark green patina and is in fair condition. The object is 29.9mm long, 18.2mm wide, 7.2mm thick and weighs 7.6g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database including BH-D895C7, ESS-E50B1B, DENO-0D92E8 and SWYOR-2DF84B and are also shown in Egan, G. (1998) The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London), 277- 80. This type of object had previously been identified as a form of strap end (Egan G. and Pritchard, F. (1991) Dress Accessories: Medieval finds from the Museum of London, 101-2 but intact examples on books have since been discovered (Howsam 2016). They are often dated to the late 14th or early 15th century, but the stamped annulets on this type may suggest an earlier date, perhaps late 12th or 13th century.

YORYM-D706B9: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Carausius (AD 286-293) dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). (ME)R(C)VR-I CONS AV[G?] reverse type depicting Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. Mint: Uncertain, possibly only marked S/C//[-]. Cf. RIC IV.2, p. 503 no. 468var.. This is the third example of this type in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-AC9989: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Salonina (AD 253-268), dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). PVDICITIA reverse type depicting Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding transverse sceptre. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1110. RIC V, pt.1, p.194, no.24.

YORYM-9DD301: SLEEVE CLASP
An unusual incomplete gilded copper-alloy hook-piece from a wrist or sleeve clasp of early Anglo-Saxon date, c.AD 475-575, probably of Hines form B20. The clasp consists of a rectangular plate and bar, cast in one piece, with a long straight front edge and a curvilinear rear edge shaped into four convex curves. Each curve houses a small circular perforation. The perforations are now blocked with corrosion material. A groove links each hole to the edge of the clasp, and there are V-shaped notches separating the curves. Two wide grooves separate the curved lobes from the bar, and the ridge in between is decorated with fine transverse grooves. The bar is decorated with two widely spaced bands of grooves, each consisting of two wide grooves or flutes alternating with three narrow grooves. A stub of hook projects from the reverse in the centre of the front edge, between the two groups of grooves. The reverse of the clasp is slightly curved with a further transverse attachment loops projecting from the reverse at either end. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The clasp is 39.8mm long, 14.8mm wide, 4.6mm thick and weighs 5.6g. This is an unusual clasp in that it has attachment loops on the reverse. These are often thought to be fastened by a removable pin, and should narrow it down to Hines forms B3, B4 or B10; but none of these have a plate and bar cast in one piece. This is characteristic of Hines form B20, to which this clasp should be allocated. See DENO-8428D0 for another B20 clasp with the same unusual method of attachment. Wrist clasps have been studied and classified by Hines (1993) and Penn and Brugmann (2007). Hines three levels of classification suggests a date range of late 5th to 6th century for these objects. Penn and Brugmann’s chronological study of selected East Anglian grave-good types included a small sample size of wrist clasps which limited their suggested dating to the mid-to late 5th century. As these systems have not been completely reconciled it seems reasonable to give all wrist-clasps a wide date-range of c.AD 450-570 (see Ref: Hines, J (1993) Clasps Hektespenner Agraffen: Anglo-Scandinavian Clasps of Classes A-C of the 3rd to 6th Centuries A D: Typology, diffusion and function. Stockholm: Kungl Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.

YORYM-88048E: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date, c.AD 100 - 200. It is of J.P. Wild's Class VIb which dates to the 2nd century AD. The object comprises a rectangular head with an integral circular sectioned shank extending at 90 degrees from the base. The shank bends again at 90 degrees and splits into two arms to form an ovate attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 29.2mm long, 19.7mm wide, 10.7mm thick and weight 6.1g.

YORYM-CD2A87: HARNESS PENDANT
An incomplete copper-alloy crentic, lunula harness pendant of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 200. The object comprises an openwork crescentic plate. The plate is joined at the narrowest point by two terminal pellets, and a projecting lip is present at the opposing point. A raised border is present on the upper surface which is divided into recessed three cells. A central rectangular cell is flanked by elongated triangular cells. Two small patches of red enamel are retained, one within each triangular cell. The reverse is undecorated with a slight raise rim to the outer edge. The projecting rim is likely to represent the worn remains of an attachment hanger. The metal has a dark green patina and is slightly worn. The object is 23.3mm long, 22.5mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 2.6g. These harness pendants are associated with the Roman military and may have adorned a horse harness or soldier's apron. Similar examples have been found at Vindolanda. A similar example which can be found on the PAS database. For examples see: LVPL-6E70B4, NMS-ADC3E7 and BERK-DCEB17.

YORYM-8A7FB2: COIN
A medieval silver continental sterling imitation penny of Enguerrand of Créqui, Bishop of Cambrai (1273-85), dating post-1279 (Mayhew M85), mint: Cambrai (France). Ref: Mayhew 1983: 56.

YORYM-3AF67B: COIN
A copper-alloy sestertius of Philip I dating to the period AD 244 - 249 (Reece Period 12). AEQVITAS AVGG SC reverse type depicting Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. Mint of Rome. RIC VI, pt.3, p.89, no.166c.

YORYM-3A34B1: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Julia Maesa, dating to the period AD 218-222 (Reece Period 10). Uncertain reverse type, possibly PVDICITIA, Pudicitias seated left. Probably Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, p. 50, cf. no. 268.

YORYM-BC3757: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 323-37), dating to AD 325-6 (Reece Period 16),. PROVIDEN-TIAE CAESS reverse type depicting camp or gate with two towers; star above. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p. 206, no. 464..

YORYM-BA822C: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman finger ring of Henig Type VIII, c.AD 200 - 300. The finger ring consists of a slightly raised circular bezel and D-shape sectioned shoulders which taper to worn breaks either side of the bezel. The shoulders are slightly flared to either side of the bezel. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The finger ring is 15.4mm long, 6.8mm wide, 2.5mm thick and weighs 0.8g.

A base silver denarius of Elagabalus dating to the period AD 218 - 222 (Reece Period 10). SVMMVS SACERDOS AVG reverse type depicting emperor left holding patera over altar; star above, and branch. Mint of Rome. RIC IV pt.2, p.38, cf. no.146.

A copper-alloy nummus of the House of Constantine - CONSTANTINOPOLIS / Victory standing left on prow - dating to AD 332-3 (Reece Period 17). Mint of Arles. RIC VIII, p. 271, no. 369. Note: Reverse image is upside down.

YORYM-EA7D62: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete Roman copper-alloy button and loop fastener of Wild Class Vb, c. AD 100 - 200. . The head of the object is circular with a quartered circular enamelled motif set within a circular recess at its centre. The quartered triangular cells retain alternating red and yellow enamel. A circular sectioned shank extends straight down from the reverse of the boss, close to one edge, and splits into two arms to form a sub-triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 40mm long, the head is 21.3mm in diameter; the shank is 15.4mm wide, 3.5mm thick. It weighs 14.8g. J. P. Wild (1970; p.140) discusses enamelled button and loop fasteners, stating that the "type was probably a product of the northern school of enamellers of the second century A.D". The predominant red and yellow coloured enamels increased to include white, green and blue with a flower-petal design being favoured. Wild also explains that this type is commonly found in the forts of Hadrian's Wall, on the Antonine Wall and on the Upper German limes.

YORYM-55A842: AXEHEAD ROUGHOUT
A stone Neolithic Langdale axehead roughout, dating to the period c.4000-c.2,350 BC. The axehead is an elongated oval in plan, but tapers to the butt end and has a squared cutting edge. It has an asymmertrical cross section, which broadly resembles a pointed oval with a pronounced curve to one hemisphere. Evidence of flaking is visible on both sides, and the surface has been smoothed either through post-depositional processes or as part of the object's fabrication. However, the axehead has not been finished as it has not been polished smooth. Gabriel Cooney inThe Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europewrites 'The grinding a polishing that transformed a roughout into a finished axehead frequently took place away from the quarry sites'. A chip is present at the cutting edge from more recent damage, and traces of green and white paint are present from modern intervention. The axehead is made from a grey-green fine-grained siliceous tuff - a sedimentary volcanic rock possibly from the Great Langdale quarries in Cumbria. This stone was most probably chosen for its colour and fineness which allowed it to be highly polished. It is likely that axeheads such as this were high status and probably not functional. If functional however the axehead would have been hafted to an organic handle or haft. Axeheads made of Langdale geological material have been found throughout England (see distribution map:http://finds.org.uk/database/search/map/q/langdale) and represent important evidence for the exchange of materials in the Neolithic period. The object measures 229mm in length, 58.97mm in width at the cutting end, 74.31mm in at the middle and 43.67mm at the butt end. In thickness it is 51.88mm at its thickest at the centre, 19.81mm at the cutting edge and 16.06mm at the butt end. It weighs 1058kg. Cf. DENO-6D9B16 and ESS-9FAB03 on the database

YORYM-476B94: MICROLITH
A complete knapped flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in plan and concavo-convex in section formed of a tertiary flake. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The distal, left and right hand edges have short, parallel, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and concave. The flint is mid-grey in colour. The implement is 23.6mm long, 4.9mm wide, 2.8mm thick and weighs 0.25g.

YORYM-F1D245: HARNESS PENDANT
A complete copper-alloy harness pendant of Post-Medieval date, c.AD 1500 - 1800. The pendant is in the form of a ten (10) pointed star with an ovate section and sub-rectangular attachment loop projecting from one edge. The metal has a deep green patina and is in good condition. The object is 55.1mm long; the star is 37.5mm wide and 3.5mm thick; the loop is 8.1mm wide and 5.7mm thick. It weighs 19.7g. A similar example is recorded on the PAS database as IOW-AC3BA4.

YORYM-EF7850: BADGE
An incomplete lead-alloy Medieval badge, dating to the period c.AD 1200-1500. The badge is in the form of a horse in profile with its head forward and lowered. The lower edge of the neck has a series of short incised parallel grooves along its length. The eye is depicted with a moulded sphere, and a incised groove mirrors the upper curve of the neck to delineate the mane. The head, legs and tail all touch the ground, represented by a bar at the lower limit of the badge. This bar has a break at its centre where the badge has been bent at a 90 degree angle, possibly as a result of post depositional damage. The body of the horse is damaged at the bend where some loss of surface has occured. The reverse is undecorated, but has the remains of two transverse lugs, one placed on the reverse of the neck and the other at the reverse of the hindquarters. One lug has the remains of two projections where the pin would have hinged, and is surrounded by an orange-brown patina as a result of iron staining, possibly from the now missing pin. The other lug has a green patina at its break, and therefore has a high copper content. In addition there is iron staining around it. The patina over the remainder of the badge is grey-brown in colour. This horse is riderless and therefore is not likely to be a pilgrims badge as those that have a rider usually depict Thomas Beckett riding in triumph (see examples in Spencer 1998, pp 81-85). An interpretation as a livery badge is not ruled out, but the imagery would need a definite association with a lord. Therefore this is more likely to be a secular badge. A parallel is found on the Kunera database, no. 02658 (http://www.kunera.nl/) from Spencer (1990) Salisbury Museum Catalogue Part 2 - Pilgrim souvenirs and secular badges, p. 105, n.184, p.127, fig. 242

YORYM-ED30F6: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Mint unclear, possibly letter(s) in exergue. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-C83913: COIN
A silver denarius of Tiberius dating to the period AD 14 - 37 (Reece Period 1). PONTIF MAXIM reverse type depicting Livia or Pax seated facing right, holding a sceptre and branch. Mint of Lyon. RIC I, p. 95, no. 30.

A silver denarius of Titus (AD 79-81), dating to the period AD 80 (Reece Period 4). TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII P P reverse type depicting throne with round back on which are corn ears. Mint of Rome. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 206, no. 122.

YORYM-C7A068: COIN
A complete early medieval Merovingian gold tremisis of the 'National' coinage dating to the late 6th or 7th century, c.AD 580 - 670, moneyer and mint uncertain.

YORYM-B4F3C3: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus, probably of Constantine II (AD 337-40), dating to the period AD 337 - 340 (Reece Period 17), VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Emperor standing lfacing, head right, holding spear and shield. Mint of Rome. RIC VIII, p. 249, cf. no. 4.

YORYM-B47191: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Mintmark S C // [?] for C Mint. Probably no letters in exergue. RIC V, pt 2, p. 504, cf. 476. This coin has been included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-DE565A: PIN
An incomplete copper-alloy pin, mount of stud of probable late Iron Age or Early Roman date, c.100 BC - AD 100. The head of the pin is a hollow rounded hemispherical shape with an integral circular sectioned shaft extending from the centre of the curved surface. The recessed hollow is empty. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn and abraded. The object is 13.3mm in diameter at the head, 4.1mm in diameter at the shaft, 9.6mm long and weighs 2.9g. A similar object has been recorded as HESH-EF8A56 in which the function is discussed as possibly a box or furniture decoration, or possibly associated with horse harness or equipment. HESH-EF8A56 also cites three similar studs found at Dinorben, a hillfort in Wales (Gardner and Savory 1964, 11.1-3). These three examples are most likely (acording to the authors) to be associated with dress accessories and are probably pin heads; all are broken at similar points to this example. They have been analysed and shown to be leaded bronze, where the lead content exceeds the tin. Two of the Dinorben examples were discovered from contexts associated with a roundhouse floor, reinforcing a possible domestic function. All three examples were from contexts which the authors have dated to the 'conquest period' - which I assume to mean the Iron Age-Roman transition. Similar examples have also been recorded with the PAS and dated to the same period; compare LVPL-F5BF41, WAW-DE9044 and PUBLIC-76EFD3 (all with red enamel), SWYOR-509885 and NCL-A9B646 (both with no surviving enamel) and NARC-9510C7 and SWYOR-801348 (both with blue enamel).

YORYM-7713B8: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy penannular brooch of late Roman to Early-Medieval date, c.AD 350 - 600. The brooch is of Booth Type F (Fowlers Type F) which has integral, forward facing zoomorphic terminals, which are solid cast, not folded back. The hoop is ovate and decorated with irregularly spaced bands of grooving. A continuous band of 15 grooves extends from the terminal after which four bands of three grooves are present. The terminals are sub-rectangular including a 'snout' facing forwards with recessed circular 'eyes' behind. The reverse of the brooch is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is in good condition. The brooch fragment is 47.7mm long, 7.3mm wide, 3.6mm thick and weighs 5.8g. This brooch also has features in common with Fowlers Type F but these all have circular sectioned hoops whereas Type E has a wider variety of shapes. Booth (2014; p.175) discusses the sections of hoops, stating that 'D-sectioned hoops are restricted to north-east England apart from an outlier at Minchin Hole, Glamorgan; rectangular and oval sectioned hoops only appear in the south and west'. Type E in general is described as 'widely distributed from southern Britain as far as the Scottish islands, but focused on central and eastern England. A smaller cluster of sites producing more than one are located in the Severn Cotswolds region and a more dispersed group is found in Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire and along Hadrian's Wall'. The better dated brooches cluster around the late fourth and early fifth century AD. There is also a small group of sixth century date all from mortuary contexts (Booth: 2014; p.176). Anna Booth comments that this example would best fit into her Type E/F, which is a transitional type.

YORYM-749FFC: BELL
An incomplete copper-alloy harness bell of medieval date, c.AD 1200 - 1400. The bell is made from a single sheet of metal rolled into and elongated conical shape with integral suspension loop at the pointed end. The join is clearly visible. The base of the bell is formed of four lobed terminals folded inward to create a chamber. No pea remains. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The bell is 52.4mm long, 18.8mm wide, 0.7mm thick and weighs 8.1g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database as LIN-C5A5E3, LANCUM-0FA80A and KENT-1EABA5.

YORYM-6243DD: MOUNT
An incomplete copper alloy mount dating to the Roman period (AD 43 - AD 410). The mount comprises of a central, circular panel surrounded by six peripheral lugs, which resemble flower petals. Originally there would have been seven lugs, but one is now missing. The lugs are filled with blue enamel and the central panel has traces of red enamel, as well as a central, circular perforation. The reverse is flat and undecorated, with a D-shaped attachment loop in the centre. The metal is worn and grey-ish green in colour. The mount is 23.4 mm long, 20.1 mm wide and 9.8 mm wide. It weighs 9.2 g. There are a few comparable examples on the PAS database including YORYM-98EE75 and YORYM-530C95. Interestingly, the closest parallel (YORYM-98EE75) was found in the adjacent field by the same finder.

YORYM-FB9929: TOY
An incomplete copper-alloy toy miniature cannon of late post-medieval date, c.AD 1600 - 1800. The toy is comprised of a circular barrel, or cascable, which tapers in diameter from the cascable to the muzzle. The cascable end is fluted with a raised rim from which a rounded neck extends terminating in a projecting knop at the end. The neck has two circumferential incised rings. Two trunnions, or basal lugs, for attachment to a block or stock project midway along the barrel and are set on a raised ridge. The muzzle end extends terminating in a flared opening. The metal has a brassy brown patina and is in good condition. The object is 34.8mm long, 15.6mm wide (including trunnions), 7.7mm in diameter and weighs 4.9g. Numerous similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database including: Unique ID: YORYM-DA74D0, SWYOR-E21697, IOW-9F60A7, LANCUM-EC68C8, YORYM-831B24 and YORYM-6A5AA5.

YORYM-F6C208: COIN
A complete Iron Age cast copper-alloy potin of British South Eastern (Cantiaci) rounded bull type dating to the period c.120 - 100 BC. Outline head right obverse. Outline bull reverse. ABC, p.35, no.165. David Holman, the world authority on Kentish potins, writes: This coin appears to belong to (probably) Holman type D4/4-1, although the casting errors visible on both sides render it impossible to fully classify. The obverse, in particular, shows evidence of an existing coin being double-impressed into the mould, a feature occasionally seen elsewhere, e.g. CCI 14.0181, a Birchington hoard coin within the same part of the sequence. Group D coins are particularly prone to poor casting and errors of this nature.

YORYM-3C8B80: COIN
An early-medeival silver sceat of Secondary Phase Series Y, Aethelred I (second reign; 789-796). Moneyer: Cudhheard, mint: Northumbria (probably York). North 185.1. Ref: North 1994: 71.

YORYM-2DC666: TOGGLE
A complete copper-alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date, c. 100 BC - AD 100. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The toggle is 20.6mm long, 9.9mm in diameter at the terminals, 6.2mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 8.6g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-D8BEA5: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding olive branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of London, S P // ML. RIC V, pt 2, p. 561, no. 33var. Although not recorded in RIC this is a common coin. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-8431CF: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy brooch of middle Iron Age date, c. 400BC - 100BC. The brooch comprises an arched ovate bow with two circular knops projecting from the top and centre of the left edge. A worn break is present at the centre of the right edge. A forward facing ovate foot projects from the bottom of the ovate bow, with four smaller ovate moulding project from the cardinal points. To the reverse of the head a broken and worn projection extends which may represent the remains of a catchplate. The metal has a mid-green patina and pitted surface. The brooch is 35.5mm long, 15.8mm wide, 9.4mm thick and weighs 6.2g. No direct parallel for this object could be found at the time of recording. It shares features in common with Hull and Hawkes Type 1bc in the arched bow and Type 2Bb2 in the cross-shaped head. Dr Sophie Adams comments that this object is a Middle Iron Age brooch though later examples also display similar features (e.g. Romano-British and early medieval period brooches). No exact parallels are known but comparative examples with similar features do exist, though mostly without archaeological context. This example would have had a pin pivoting on a rod between what looks to be a double lug at the head end. This would have rested in the hooked catchplate, now broken, at the foot end of the brooch. Dr Adams places this example in her Type 2Ba subdivision of Hull and Hawkes Type 2B 'Decorative forms, peculiar to Britain' (Hull and Hawkes 1987, 143). This subtype is for those brooches with a more bowed profile rather than the flatter plate forms although the bow is quite low on this example. It is not, at present, possible to confine it to one of the specific subgroups of each subtype e.g. 2Ba1. Dr Adams suggests a number of parallels from her thesis database (see appendices at back). For details about Type 2Ba brooches see pages 64-70 and 112-113. 1. PAS: CAM-DC0942. (Adams 2013 [10740]) Godmanchester, Cambs. Adams Type 2Ba. 2. PAS: CAM-C4D8E2 (Adams 2013 [10989]) Soham, Cambs Adams Type 2Ba3. 3. PAS: SF-DCDAA3 (Adams 2013 [10719]) Kenton, Suffolk. Possibly Adams Type 2Ba. 4. Hull and Hawkes 1987, 66. pl.22 No.2278. (Adams 2013 [10278]) Great Chesterford, Cambs but provenance uncertain. This example is further decorated with inlaid coral. Adams Type 2Ba. 5. Hattatt 1982, No.721 (Adams 2013 [10804]) Bledlow Bucks. Adams Type 2Ba3. 6. Also Mill Hill Deal for approximate outline: BM 1990.0102.25 (Stead 1995) (Adams 2013 [10002]) but this examples is a Type 2Bb which are plate forms rather than bowed brooches. Reference: Adams, S. A. 2013.The First Brooches in Britain: from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age. Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of Leicester. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28593

YORYM-6E270D: COIN
A silver denarius of Otho (AD 69), dating to the period AD 69 (Reece Period 3). PONT MAX reverse type depicting Ceres standing left holding corn ears and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 261, no. 20var. This is a denarius variant of the listed aureus type in RIC. Two examples of this type are known in the British Museum: 1867,0101.1628 and 2005,0834.1

YORYM-C62F94: COIN
Silver denarius of Augustus (27 BC - AD 14) (Reece Period 1), with unclear reverse, possibly [IMP XII], Bull butting right. Mint of Lugdunum, 11-10 BC (BMC I, pl. II, cf. 14. However, it is possible that the design is of a monumental structure.

YORYM-5C1B40: WEIGHT
A complete copper alloy Medieval to Post Medieval weight in the form of an acorn. The weight is three-dimsional with a large circular suspension loop at its apex. This expands out to the cap, which narrows sharply to the body. A circular-cross sectioned knop extends from the rounded terminal of the body. The weight is undecorated and a green patina is on the surface. The weight measures 42.95mm in length, 17.47mm in diameter and weighs 36.06g.

YORYM-5B7291: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Late Iron Age to Roman brooch, dating to the period c.AD 25-60. The brooch is a Colchester one piece type, and comprises the wings, half of the spring and most of the catchplate. The pin is missing. The wings are short and have a small hook set between them, turned back from the centre of the reverse. One half of the spring is still intact behind one wing, but the other half is now missing. The bow narrows from the wings before terminating in a point at the foot. Decoration on the front of the bow is in the form of a longitudinal incised groove, set to one side. The catchplate is still intact on the reverse of the foot, although it is missing its curve to accommodate the pin, due to a worn break. The reverse is undecorated, and a mid green patina is on the surface. The brooch measures 44.83mm in length, 13.56mm in width at the wings, 1.83mm in width at the foot, 7.41mm in thickness and weighs 54.90g. Similar examples are illustrated in Bayley and Butcher (2004) p. 62, nos 46-49 and p.146 no. T90. Cf. KENT-6B5035 on the database

YORYM-45FB3C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). LEG I MIN VII P VII F reverse type depicting Minerva standing left, holding Victory on globe in right hand, long vertical sceptre and shield in left hand. Mint of Milan. Cf. Cunetio, p.123, no.1491 but with bust variant.

YORYM-44850D: COIN
A copper alloy as of Domitian (AD 81-96), dating to the period AD 86 (Reece Period 4). VIRTVTI AVGVSTI S C reverse type depicting Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear. Mint of Rome. RIC II.1, p. 299, no. 500.

YORYM-19CA39: CANDLE SNUFFER
A complete, but slightly distorted, copper alloy candle snuffer of post-medieval date, c.AD 1600 - 1800. The object is conical tapering from the base to the rounded conical apex with projecting rim. The base of the snuffer is slightly expanded with a recessed circumferential grooved border above. Roughly one third of the way up from the base a semi-circular handle is present. The tips of the handle can be seen projecting to the interior of the object which is hollow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The object is 60.6mm long, 39.7mm wide, 24.3mm thick and weighs 29.1g.

YORYM-C93A07: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete Roman copper alloy nail cleaner with high shouders, dating to the period c.AD 43-200. The nail cleaner is a teardrop in plan, with a worn break at its wider upper terminal, which would have expanded into a suspension loop on the same alignment as the body. Decoration comprises a central longitudinal groove on the front, while the reverse is undecorated. The nail cleaner is worn, particularly on the edges, and has a brown patina on the surface. The nail cleaner measures 24.70mm in length, 11.23m in width, 2.11mm in thickness and weighs 1.78g. Cf. SWYOR-B55314, LIN-EA24F9 and BERK-75196C on the database

YORYM-88DE32: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy headstud brooch dating to the Roman period (AD 75 - AD 200). The head of the brooch comprises of wide tubular wings which hold the axis bar where the pin would have attached. Part of the pin has survived but was discovered unattached from the main brooch. The front of the wings are flat and decorated with three vertical grooves on each side. A broken attachment loop projects centrally from the top of the wings and an integral bow extends centrally from between the wings. The bow is flat and tapers in size until the terminal. The apex is decorated with a ring and dot headstud design which contains traces of red enamel. Below this, the upper surface is decorated with a moulded cross-hatched design which forms a series of lozenge and triangular cells. Five of the eight lozenge cells are still filled with blue enamel, whilst traces of red enamel can be seen in the triangular cells. There is a double transverse band at the bottom of the bow and the brooch then flares into a round, flat foot. The remains of the catchplate are present on the reverse of the lower bow. The reverse is undecorated. The metal is worn and light green. The brooch is 48.7 mm long, 18.0 mm wide, and 4.7 mm thick. The pin is 16.7 mm long, 5.8 mm wide, and 1.9 mm thick. Together they weigh 11.1 g. There are numerous brooches on the PAS database with comparable designs, including YORYM-1DEC97 and YORYM-610853.

YORYM-49BDAC: HOOKED TAG
TREASURE CASE : 2016 T620. An incomplete silver-gilt dress hook of Post-Medieval date. The object is formed from a trefoil plate, the edges of which are notched, with three hemispherical bosses to the upper aspect. Each boss has a central raised pellet and is encircled by fine filigree decoration. Two further smaller filigree circles are present on each boss. Gilding is prevalent on the bosses. A separate dome-headed split pin set within a frame of seven petals is present through the centre of the plate, splaying to the reverse. Only one arm now survives, the other having been lost to a worn break. A separate soldered wire hook projects from the reverse, curving to a pointed hooked terminal. The worn remains of solder patches, presumably from the attachment loop also remain on the reverse of the main plate. Dimensions: Length: 23.6mm; Width: 16mm; Thickness: 5.8mm; Weight: 3.2g. Discussion: Read's early Post-Medieval Class D, Type 6. Numerous similar dress hooks with varying degrees of decoration have been reported as treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. For examples see Treasure case Nos. 2006 T339 (YORYM-AF19A2), 2013 T339 (WAW-7B21E4) and 2012 T297 (IOW-6CD1A5). Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Read, B. (2008). Hooked-Clasps and Eyes. Langport: Portcullis Publishing.

YORYM-0939B8: DEBITAGE
19 pieces of flint debitage, or waste material, produced during the knapping process. Including bladelets, flakes and chips, all tertiary. Probable Mesolithic date. Combined weight: 69g.

YORYM-20CA6B: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2016 T587. A fragment of a silver brooch of Roman date. All that remains is a semi-circular loop which would have projected from the head of the brooch proper. The loop has a circular section and tapers to either end. It is decorated with a faint incised curvilinear design. A rectangular bar encloses the loop at its narrowest point and is decorated with a median circumferential band of transverse grooves, resulting in a twisted-rope effect. The terminals of the loop turn outward where they extend from beneath the bar. One terminal is broken and worn while the other tapers to a worn, downturned point. Dimensions: Length: 13.5mm; Width: 16.9mm; Thickness: 5.4mm; Weight: 3.3g. Discussion: Given the size and style of the brooch fragment, it is likely to have been part of a large bow brooch of the Trumpet type which dates to c. AD 75 - 175. Conclusion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-1DEC97: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date, c.AD75-200. The head of the brooch is comprised of rectangular wings the reverse of which act as a double lug hinge mechanism which retains a central axis bar. A square sectioned pin remains looped around the bar tapering it a worn break. The front of the wings are decorated with recessed rectangular cells, one to either wing, with three vertically aligned lozenges within. The lozenges retain blue enamel with the surrounding cells have red enamel. The outer edge of each wing has vertical incised borders. An integral bow extends centrally from between the wings beginning with a square section and tapering to D-shaped. The bow terminates in a circular foot knop. A raised ridge is present at the centre of the top of the bow, between the wings. It has two grooves on the upper surface and slopes into a deep circular recess at the apex of the bow. This recess would have housed a separated headstud feature which would have been held in place by a rivet through the perforation at the centre. The upper surface of the bow, below the headstud, is decorated with a central column of vertically aligned conjoined lozenge shaped cells the interiors of which are filled with blue enamel. These cells are flanked by small recessed triangular cells with red enamel. A triple banded collar is present where the bow and foot meet and the foot has expanded leaf-style moulding. A complete catchplate with curved terminal to house the pin projects from the reverse of the bow. One side of the catchplate is decorated along the edge with an incised curved line containing triangles filled with stippling. A small perforation is present on the lower portion of the bow at the same side as the curved pin hook. This perforation is in line with that present at the centre of the headstud recess. The metal has a vibrant green patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 49.5mm long, 25.6mm wide, 16.7mm thick (at catchplate) and weighs 21.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.333, fig.192 and are dated to the 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-E4A36B: VESSEL
A rim sherd of a wheel-thrown ceramic Black Burnished Ware (Type BB2) jar of Roman date, circa AD 120 - 250. The fabric is dark blackish-grey in colour with a hard and gritty texture and black burnished outer surface. Abundant rounded quartz temper is present within the fabric. The fragment is 51.9mm long, 30.2mm wide, 9.8mm thick and weighs 22.9g. Overall diameter: 16cm (projected using rim chart); approx.11% remaining. BB2 wares were produced at sites around the Thames estuary (Kent and Essex) and distributed in south-east England and in northern Britain during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

YORYM-C9C446: FINGER RING
A complete silver finger ring of late post-medieval to modern date. The finger ring has a narrow rectangular section and is sub-circular in plan having been misshapen as a result of its deposition. The hoop of the ring is in the form of a belt with the bezel acting as the buckle. The exterior of the hoop is decorated with an elaborate foliate design within incised circumferential borders which continue into the piece representing the overlapping belt flap. The bezel comprises a rectangular buckle with pin and strap slide to secure the flap. All of these elements are cast integrally to the finger ring hoop. The metal has dull grey patina and is worn. The finger ring is 18.1mm in diameter, 7.4mm wide, 1.2mm thick and weighs 1.7g. Finger rings in the form of a belt and buckle were popular in Europe from around the 14th century onwards and were often favoured by lovers.

YORYM-4FD29C: VESSEL
Eight (8) sherds of Roman vessels of 2nd - 3rd century date. Seven (7) sherds of ceramic vessels: local (unsourced) miscellaneous greyware dish/vessel. Sherd 1: Rim. Weight: 27.6g; Length: 64mm; Width: 29.3mm; Thickness: 9.4mm. Overall diameter: 26cm (projected using rim chart); approx.7% remaining. Sherd 2: Rim. Weight: 23.9g; Length: 45mm; Width: 32.5mm; Thickness: 13.9mm. Overall diameter: 30cm (projected using rim chart); approx.5% remaining. Sherd 3: Body. Weight: 24.8g; Length: 47.7mm; Width: 41.1mm; Thickness: 11.2mm. Sherd 4: Rim. Weight: 17.7g; Length: 45.2mm; Width: 35.3mm; Thickness: 8.3mm. Overall diameter: 24cm (projected using rim chart); approx.5% remaining. Sherd 5: Body. Weight: 13.6g; Length: 37.9mm; Width: 27.8mm; Thickness: 10.7mm. Sherd 6: Body. Weight: 6.1g; Length: 31.6mm; Width: 30.3mm; Thickness: 7.7mm. Sherd 7: Rim. Weight: 8g; Length: 32.3mm; Width: 21.3mm; Thickness: 9.6mm. Overall diameter: 16cm (projected using rim chart); approx.6% remaining. One (1) sherd of a ceramic vessel. Smooth sandy fabric. Light buff in colour with grey burnish on both surfaces. Sherd 8: Weight: 5.5g; Length: 34.6mm; Width: 27.8mm; Thickness: 5.1mm.

YORYM-E79D2A: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper alloy finger ring of Roman date. The hoop of the ring is broken to either side of the ovate bezel. Blue enamel is retained on the upper surface of the bezel though the finger ring is otherwise undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina colour and is worn. The finger ring is 17.4mm long, 14.4mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 4.4g.

YORYM-D190C2: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Crispus (AD 317-26), dating to the period AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting two captives seated either side of standard, inscribed VOT XX. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p.188, no.269.

YORYM-CE2632: COIN
A silver medieval farthing of Edward III (1327-77), Class 8b (North 1094; Withers & Withers types 8-10), dating to the period 1333 - 1342. Mint of Berwick-Upon-Tweed. Ref: North 1991: 40; Wither and Withers 2006: 60-1. Long cross reverse with bear's head in two quarters.

YORYM-C1C49D: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper alloy nail cleaner of Roman date, c.AD 50 - 200. This nail cleaner is of Crummy's Type 2a. The object comprises a circular suspension loop joined by a flared collar to a sub-rectangular blade. The loop is set at right angles to the plane of the blade and short curve projections are present at the junction of the collar and blade. Approximately 50% of the lower end of the blade has been lost to and old worn break. The upper surface of the blade is decorated with a geometric design within an incised border. The reverse is undecorated. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 44.8mm long, 15.2mm wide, 1.4mm thick and weighs 5.6g.

YORYM-BB9C93: TOGGLE
A complete copper alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date. The toggle is of the dumbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The toggle is 17.7mm long, 7.5mm in diameter at the terminals, 3.8mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 3.6g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-44D65D, YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-3C465C: FURNITURE FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy object, possibly a furniture fitting/handle of Roman date. The object comprises a circular stud with integral looped handle. The base of the stud is encrusted with iron corrosion suggesting an iron rivet was used in securing the object to the furniture proper. The metal has a light grey/green patina and is worn. The object is 14.9mm long, 16.3mm in diameter, the handle is 9.9mm x 6.9mm. It weighs 6.7g.

YORYM-AD8CB3: VESSEL
A fragment of a wheel-thrown ceramic vessel of Roman date, circa AD 120 - 250. The fragment is a rim sherd from a Black Burnished Ware (Type BB2) a shallow, straight sided dish with plain everted rim. The fabric is dark blackish-grey in colour with a hard and gritty texture and black burnished outer surface. Abundant sand temper is present within the fabric which has a hard, silky texture. The fragment is 53.4mm long, 67.2mm wide, 15.9mm thick and weighs 32.1g. Overall diameter: 18cm (projected using rim chart); approx.13% remaining. BB2 wares were produced at sites around the Thames estuary (Kent and Essex) and distributed in south-east England and in northern Britain during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

YORYM-ACFE1D: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy brooch of Iron Age date. The brooch comprises a hollow H-shaped bow flattened circular knops to each terminal. To the reverse, an integral double lug hinge mechanism projects from one end, with a narrow hooked catchplate at the other. The catchplate appears to be moulded in zoomorphic form. The metal has a shiny mid-brown patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 30.8mm long, 29.4mm wide, 17.3mm thick and weighs 23.2g. Similar brooches have been found in the Arras Culture burials of the East Riding of Yorkshire with the hollowed areas containing glass beads or coral. The Queens Barrow Brooch, now in the Yorkshire Museum, is one such example (YORYM : Comparative examples have been recorded on thePAS database from Letcombe Bassett, Oxfordshire (BERK-D08268) and also from Congham, Norfolk (NMS-398851). A parallel was also recently found at Pocklington, East Yorkshire. The British Museum also hold an example of this type of brooch (1990,1005.1) reported to be from Dr Sophie Adams, Research Associate, University of Bristol, comments that these are a Middle Iron Age type on the basis of the general form, the double lug hinge, the hooked catchplate and the indentations for inlay. The indentations would have been inlaid with coral which is again confined to MIA brooches. Sub-types of Hull and Hawkes Type 2B may also bear decoration of a moulded form with bulbous features or various tendril designs that are classified as La Tène style ornament. The head and feet can be decorated with applied bulbs or moulded circular shapes. The apparent zoomorphic design of the catchplate may be a variant of this type of decoration. Hull and Hawkes Type 2B; Adams' subtype 2Ba1 (p.62, Fig.3.5). The date of such object based on comparable examples is c.250-c.175BC. Ref: Adams, S. A. 2013.The First Brooches in Britain: from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age. Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of Leicester.http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28593

YORYM-55E459: STUD
A complete copper alloy lock pin of Roman date, c.AD 43 - 410. The lock pin is comprised of a circular-sectioned head with a concave top, at the centre of which is a raised conical boss. The tip of the boss is also recessed. From the base of the head the object flares out to form an integral flat circular disc. An integral rectangular shaft extends from the centre of the disc, tapering in width and thickness to a flattened terminal. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The lock pin is 27.2mm in diameter at the head, 57.5mm long, the shaft is 7.2mm x 4.2mm and it weighs 35.3g. Similar example can be seen in Crummy, p.125, no.4143 and numerous parallels have been recorded on the PAS database: Bell-shaped studs are a multi-purpose form of artefact, commonly found on sites dating to the Roman period. The key difference from other Roman studs, nails and fittings is the circular countersunk or convex face, which usually has at its centre a boss or cone. While their exact purpose is not fully understood, they are believed to have been used, for example, on furniture, doors, and caskets, such as the bronze box-plate from Walheim Germany (Allason-Jones and McKay 1985, 30). It is noted that unless found in-situ, or as part of a set, it is rarely possible to attribute the stud to a specific purpose (Allason-Jones 2011, 8-9). Often found in association with northern frontier forts, the studs are known to be in use from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. Refs: Allason-Jones, L. (2011) Artefacts in Roman Britain: Their Purpose and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Allason-Jones, L. and McKay, B. (1985) Coventina's Well: A Shrine on Hadrian’s Wall. Trustees of the Clayton Collection Chesters Museum, Hexham.

YORYM-55A828: BUCKLE
An incomplete copper alloy buckle plate of early-medieval date. The plate is sub-rectangular with slightly incurved sides, and two straight ends, one with hinge loops for attachment to the buckle frame. The attachment end is split to take the strap, but the underplate has broken away (worn break). The plate has five circular holes. Two at the attachment end retain iron rivets; one centrally nearby, and two near the hinge loops, are empty and may have always been merely decorative. The upper surface of the plate is decorated with a central sub-rectangular or trapezoidal panel of recessed chip-carved lozenges, possibly together forming a chip-carved interlace. This panel is set within a border of small raised pellets. The holes at the hinged end of the plate are encircled by rings of similar small raised rectangles. The rings are interlinked between the holes (like a Venn diagram). At the attachment end, beyond the central chip-carved panel, the border line flares out, following the line of the edge of the buckle plate. The border may follow the edge around the end of the plate, but here it is obscured by iron corrosion. The reverse is undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The buckle plate is 28.5mm long, 12.1mm wide, 2.8mm thick and weighs 2.3g. The shape is reminiscent of late 9th- or 10th-century buckle plates such as LIN-531374 and BH-9B4B78, and the decoration, with roundels near the hinged end, is similar to that on a now-lost buckle plate (with five possible rivets but a pointed attachment end) from Meols which David Griffiths argues has decoration characteristic of 10th-century Irish Sea metalwork (Griffiths et al 2007, 62 and 72, no. 309). Also see a buckle excavated from Eynsham Abbey, Oxfordshire, illustrated by Thomas (2000, 281-2, fig. 8.2F), who links the decoration to his Class F strap-ends which belong to the later 9th to 11th centuries and have Irish origins.

YORYM-EE3C29: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The sherd is soft fabric, with a reduced grey centre and orange outer surfaces. Small, infrequent mica(?) inclusions are present. The fragment is 54.8mm long, 56.1mm wide, 6mm thick and weighs 18.5g. Possibly a local greyware produced at the Cantley Kiln's Doncaster in the 2nd - 3rd centuries.

YORYM-ECC653: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete knapped lithic implement of Neolithic date, circa 4000 - 2300 BC. The implement is a thumbnail scraper, designed to be held between the thumb and forefinger, formed from a tertiary flake which is D-shaped in plan and section. The ventral surface is smooth with visible ripples of percussion suggesting the hard hammer technique was used in its removal. The dorsal surface displays semi-abrupt, long, sub-parallel retouch around the distal edge and both sides. The flint is a mid-grey colour. The implement is 28.5mm long, 25.8mm wide, 9.5mm thick and weighs 7g. Scrapers are fairly ubiquitous throughout prehistory and are generally less chronologically distinctive than other artefact types. They had many different functions as they were very useful tools and were employed, for example, for skinning animals, removing the fatty deposit from hinds and much more.

YORYM-D91E02: VESSEL
A fragment of Crambeck greyware vessel of Roman date. The fragment is a projecting and everted rim sherd from a dish or bowl. The fabric is a deep grey/blue colour with a hard and fine texture incorporating abundant fine quartz sand inclusions. The sherd is 43.8mm long, 36.1mm wide, 10.8mm thick and weighs 21.5g. Crambeck wares were produced at the site of Crambeck in North Yorkshire from the early 4th century and continued until end of Roman period with the grey ware being the most abundant type. Thanks are extended to Adam Parker, Collections Facilitator at the Yorkshire Museum, for his assistance in identifying this object.

YORYM-6C1BCA: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Involute type, La Tene II brooch of Iron Age date, c. 2nd and 1st century BC. Hull type 2Cb. In profile the brooch comprises a circular ring head with a raised median circumferential ridge bearing swirled mouldings obscured by wear. A circular sectioned bow extends from the front of the base of the head and is steeply curved resulting in a reversed C-shape. The join between head and bow is decorated with a raised knop featuring an S-shaped trumpet coil design. The bow itself bears opposing lobe-like mouldings to the upper surface. At the base of the bow an extended ovate everted foot panel projects, curving backwards and narrowing again to a circular sectioned shaft. The shaft terminates in a worn break. The reverse of the bow and the projecting shaft are joined by an integral rod. A half-moon moulding is present at the junction between bow and foot and the foot proper is decorated with swirled triskele design. An integral circular sectioned pin extends from the back of the circular head, tapering in diameter to a worn point and is seated behind the ovate foot plate. The metal has a pitted green patina and is worn. The brooch is 52.1mm long, 14.9mm wide, 15.7mm thick and weighs 12.3g. Invoulte brooches are commonly made of iron and have been found in the Arras Culture region of the East Riding and Humberside such as the Wetwang Chariot Burial (British Museum catalogue number: 2001,0401.21). H.E.M. Cool confirms that "brooches such as this are an Iron Age form in use during the 2nd and 1st century BC and were probably in existence by the end of the 3rd century BC (Harding 1974, 188-9)" Similar examples have been recorded on the database as SWYOR-B18B81 and SWYOR-399938 and one is also illustrated in Hattatt (2007), p.289, no.229.

YORYM-20080C: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Carausius dating to AD 286-293 (Reece period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left, holding branch and vertical sceptre. Mint unclear, [ ] // [ ]XX[ ]. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-DD6A75: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Titus (AD 79-81), dating to the period AD 80 (Reece Period 4). TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII P P depicting a dolphin coiled around an anchor. Mint of Rome. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 206, no. 112.

YORYM-D999EC: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Probus (AD 276 - 282), dating to c. AD 282 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of Lyon, Ninth Series. RIC V, Part 2, p.30, no.119; Gloucester Hoard (CHRB XIII), p. 69, no. 1001 (300 specimens); Bastien, Le monnayage de l'atelier to Lyon, AD 274-85, no. 424.

YORYM-D96116: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PROVIDENTIA AVG reverse type depicting Providentia standing left holding globe and transverse sceptre. Probably C Mint, S P // (C?). RIC V, pt 2, p. 567, cf. no. 105. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC. The original record attributed this coin to London, but this type, although in RIC (no. 38) is not verified since. However, the type is common for C Mint, and it is probably a C in the exergue.

YORYM-5EC01C: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman dupondius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), possibly dating to the period AD 153-154 (Reece Period 7). [...]OS II[II] reverse type probably depicting Libertas standing left holding purse and vertical sceptre. Mint of Rome. This is probably a Coin of British Association, similar to examples published by Walker from the Sacred Spring at Bath: Walker, 1988: pp. 294, 297, nos. 1-5, pl. XXXIV; RIC III, p. 140, type as no. 917 (sestertius).

YORYM-5D4518: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy hinged Colchester derivative brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch comprises tubular wings which would have house the pin mechanism. The mechanism and pin no longer remain. An elongated narrow D-sectioned bow extends centrally from the front of the wings, tapering to a worn pointed terminal. A sharp bend is present roughly two thirds of the way down the bow. The bow is decorated with a raised central spine running its length and the remains of a catchplate extends from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a light green patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.1mm long, 19.4mm wide, 1.9mm thick and weighs 4.1g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt (2007), p.302, fig.161 and are dated to the 1st Century AD. National Finds Advisor Sally Worrell comments that Colchester-derivative hinged brooches are reasonably common, occurring in the east, south and Midlands with fewer examples in the north.

YORYM-0930A7: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). [ ], Uncertain reverse type depicting standing figure. Mint unclear. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-06D0A9: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Galba (AD 68-69), dating to the period AD 68-69 (Reece Period 3). VIRTVS reverse type depicting Virtus standing left holding Victory and parazonium. Mint of Tarraco, Spain. As RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 235, no. 64.

YORYM-8B862F: VESSEL
A fragment of a wheel-thrown ceramic vessel of Roman date, circa AD 120 - 250. The fragment is a rim sherd from a Black Burnished Ware vessel Type BB2 shallow, straight sided dish with plain everted rim. The fabric is dark blackish-grey in colour with a hard and gritty texture and burnished outer surface. Abundant quartz inclusions are present within the fabric. The fragment is 45.8mm long, 22.2mm wide, 10.3mm thick and weighs 8.3g. Overall diameter: 24cm (projected using rim chart); approx.6% remaining.

YORYM-8B33DE: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The vessel is a rim sherd from a local (unsourced) miscellaneous greyware jar. The fragment is rectangular with a projecting rim. The fabric is fairly hard and gritty with a smooth feel. It is a mid-grey colour throughout. The fragment is 40.8mm long, 24.8mm wide, 13mm thick and weighs 16.6g. Overall diameter: 18cm (projected using rim chart); approx.7.5% remaining.

YORYM-8AFA01: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper alloy nail cleaner with moulded neck and shouldered blade of Roman date. This nail cleaner is of Crummy's Type 2a. The object comprises a circular suspension loop with an integral ovate collar which expands to form the rounded shoulders of the top of the blade. The blade proper has been lost to an old worn break. The collar is decorated with circumferential moulded rope-work rings. The loop at right angles to the plane of the blade. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 21.7mm long, 10.6mm wide, 5.6mm thick and weighs 1.6g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

YORYM-8AD855: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman dupondius of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period c.AD 112-114 (Reece Period 5). DACIA AVGVST PROVINCIA, S C reverse type depicting Dacia seated left on rock, holding aquila; at her side, a child holding corn; in front, a child holding grapes. Mint of Rome. As RIC II, p.288, no. 623.

YORYM-888F7C: COIN
A silver denarius of Hadrian dating to the period AD 134 - 138 (Reece Period 6). AFRICA reverse type depicting Africa with elephant skin headdress, reclining leaning on a rock, holding scorpion and cornucopiae, in front; a basket of fruit. Mint of Rome. RIC II, p.374, no.299.

YORYM-0D6D93: PIN
An incomplete Early Medieval copper alloy pin, dating to the Anglo Saxon period c. AD 700-850. The pin exhibits a flattened globular head which narrows to a collar before extending to a circular cross-sectioned shaft. This shaft curves slightly before terminating in a worn break. The head of the pin is decorated with ring and dot motifs. A green-brown patina is present on the surface. The pin measures 22.47mm in length, 5.80mm in diameter and weighs 1.12g.

YORYM-E008AC: COIN
A commemorative nummus of the House of Constantine dating to AD 330 (Reece Period 17), POP ROMANVS / Bridge over River. Mint of Constantinople, CONS / Γ. RIC VIII, p. 448, no. 21. Commemorative issue relating to the dedication of the new city of Constantinople in AD 330.

YORYM-DFEAB9: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Maximian dating to the period AD 296 - 297 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPVLI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left, chlamys over left shoulder holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p. 182, no.181b.

YORYM-DF772A: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Marius (AD 269), dating to the period AD 269 (Reece Period 13). CONCORDIA MILITVM reverse type depicting clasped hands. Gaul Mint I (Trier). As Cunetio p.147, no.2504.

YORYM-DF4851: PENDANT
TREASURE CASE : 2016 T327. An incomplete early medieval gold pendant. The pendant is made from a crescent-shaped sheet of gold comprising a central, elongated plate flanked by birds' heads. The birds' long beaks curve sharply around to join the lower edge of the plate under their heads, creating an open-work circle on each side. The beaks are joined at the bottom by a narrow strip of gold, now dislodged from one terminal and bent, which creates a sub-triangular open-work void in the centre of the pendant. The front of the pendant is decorated with applied filigree and granulation. The central plate is bordered with fine gold beaded wire with a V-shaped filigree motif in the middle, a small section of which is lost to the outer edge. An irregular patch between the two terminals of the V suggests a further line of filigree was present, forming a triangle. Five annulets of plain gold wire fill the space on either side of the V-shaped motif, each group arranged irregularly. The birds' heads also have a border of gold beaded wire, and a single strand of plain beaded wire runs along the centre of their beaks. Each bird has an eye made from a single gold granule. The narrow strip linking the terminals of the pendant retains one strand of gold beaded wire along its lower edge. Much of filigree decoration is worn, manifested in the flattening and merging of individual beads. The reverse is flat and undecorated. At the top, a faint short horizontal line just below the upper edge is likely to be evidence from a lost suspension loop. A section of gold beaded wire is missing from the same location on the front of the pendant, further supporting this likelihood.

YORYM-A0E36D: COIN
A silver denarius of Julia Domna dating to the period AD 196 - 211 (Reece Period 10). VENVS FELIX reverse type depicting Venus standing left, holding apple and drawing drapery from shoulder. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.1, p.170, no.580. This object has not been seen by the FLO and has been recorded based on the images provided.

YORYM-E60DC4: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper alloy strap mounted terret ring of late Iron Age to Roman date. The terret is of the 'simple' type and comprises an ovate loop and integral rectangular basal strap loop to the lower edge. The loop is widest at the base, to either side of the strap bar, and tapers in diameter to the top. The rectangular bar has a slight projection to the lower edge. The junctions between the loop and bar have integral circular collars with circumferential grooves around the edge. The metal has a crisp brown patina and is worn. The terret is 50.5mm long, 46.2mm wide, 3.7mm thick at the bar. The loop is 5.2mm in diameter and the collars are 13.5mm in diameter. The object weighs 29.2g. Similar terret rings have been recorded on the PAS database as LEIC-76003A, LANCUM-DC5F14, and LVPL-2F6BC0. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts used during the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period. They were set in a line along the yoke and five terrets were usually used per chariot. This suggested function is supported by evidence of wear or fractures on many examples. The Stanwick / Melsonby hoard included a complete set of such horse trappings. Lewis (2015, p.87) discusses the longevity of simple terrets stating that the earliest examples come from the 3rd or 2nd century BC chariot burials in the East Riding though examples are known into the second half of the 1st century AD.

YORYM-D3FF65: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and sceptre. Probably Unattributed Mint. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-97A047: SEAL BOX
An almost complete copper alloy seal box of Andrews (2012) D1 of Roman date. The box in lozenge shaped with a lower container joined to an upper lid by an integral double lugged hinge mechanism. Small integral lobular knops project from three of the outer corners of the box and lid though one has been lost to old worn breaks from the box. The base of the box has four circular perforations. The lid is decorated with a raised grid design resulting in 25 lozenge shaped cells. Traces of yellow enamel is retained within three cells. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and survives in good condition. The seal box is 30.1mm long, 21.2mm wide, 6.8mm thick and weighs 6.7g. The cells are approximately 3.2mm. Seal boxes were used to protect the wax seals attached to documents and packages and saw the greatest period of use in the 2nd century AD. Crummy (1983, 103) suggests that most seal boxes are of 2nd or 3rd century AD date - indicated by the use of enamel - with their manufacture ceasing in the 3rd century. Examples are rare on 3rd - 4th century excavated sites.

YORYM-965C63: SLEEVE CLASP
A complete copper alloy sleeve clasp of Early-Medieval date, c.AD 450-570. Hines Form B12. The clasp consists of a rectangular bar, with three lobes protruding along one edge. The lobes to either end each have a circular sewing hole for attachment; the central lobe is slightly longer than the other two. An integral rectangular hook extends from the opposite front edge, parallel with the central lobe. The reverse is undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The sleeve clasp is 27.8mm long, 12.7mm wide, 1.8mm thick and weighs 2.3g. This clasp essentially consists only of a bar, with lugs on the reverse for attachment, making it a Hines form B12. Many B12s have a third lobe in the centre which is unperforated. Late 5th or 6th century AD. Hines Form B12 is characterised by the presence of a simple rectangular bar with projecting sewing lugs and spiggot. This group of clasps is concentrated in and around East Anglia and is generally dated to the 6th century AD. Wrist clasps have been studied and classified by Hines (1993) and Penn and Brugmann (2007). Hines three levels of classification suggests a date range of late 5th to 6th century for these objects. Penn and Brugmann’s chronological study of selected East Anglian grave-good types included a small sample size of wrist clasps which limited their suggested dating to the mid-to late 5th century. As these systems have not been completely reconciled it seems reasonable to give all wrist-clasps a wide date-range of c.AD 450-570 (see Ref: Hines, J (1993) Clasps Hektespenner Agraffen: Anglo-Scandinavian Clasps of Classes A-C of the 3rd to 6th Centuries A D: Typology, diffusion and function. Stockholm: Kungl Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.

YORYM-7FD3B9: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Aucissa brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is formed from a flat, rectangular panel which splits into two at the back and rolls up and round to form the integral hinge which would have held the pin mechanism. One half of the plate, including hinge has been lost to old worn breaks. The pin and axis bar no longer remain though patchy iron corrosion is present obscuring the decoration of the head plate. From the front of the head plate an integral rectangular-sectioned bow extends with a steeply curved profile which tapers in width to a bulbous rounded foot knop. The front surface of the bow is decorated with a raised central spine bearing vertical ribbing flanked by raised longitudinal bands. Similar ribbed decoration is also present to either edge of the bow. The decoration ends at a horizontal double banded collar where the bow begins to curve into the foot. A complete catchplate projects from the reverse of the foot of the brooch with a curved edge to secure the pin. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 51.1mm long, 15.4mm wide, 5.3mm thick (with catchplate) and weighs 6.7g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.317, fig.176 and date to AD 43 - 75.

YORYM-1A8984: MORTARIUM
Base sherd of a large mortarium vessel. Buff core, pale orange interior, grey exterior. Abundant sand inclusions, frequent ill-sorted black grits. Grits are large and black, ill-sorted across the surface. Wheel thrown. Probable York region mortaria. The sherd is 117.3mm x 65.7mm x 16.4mm. Weight: 144g. Report by Adam Parker, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-1A368D: VESSEL
Rim sherd of an everted rim jar. Probable cooking vessel. Abundant large, irregular shaped calcite inclusions of varying sizes. Dark grey core with black surfaces. Inclusions erupt to surface. Calcite-gritted Ware. 4th Century. The sherd is 41.8mm x 33.9mm x 14.2mm. Weight: 19.9g. Report by Adam Parker, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-1A2EB7: VESSEL
Rim sherd of an everted rim jar. Probable cooking vessel. Abundant large, irregular shaped calcite inclusions of varying sizes set within an otherwise clean matrix. Dark grey core with black surfaces. Inclusions erupt to surface. Calcite-gritted Ware. 4th Century. The sherd is 31.6mm x 19.9mm x 11.3mm. Weight: 8.7g. Report by Adam Parker, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-1A227C: VESSEL
Base and body sherd of a large, wheel thrown, grey ware urn. Pale grey core with a dark, burnished exterior surface. Tempered with abundant small (c.>1.0mm) rounded quartz pebbles and infrequent large lay pellets. Holme-on-Spalding Moor Ware (aka 'Throlam Ware'). 4th Century. The sherd is 70.6mm x 59.5mm x 14.3mm. Weight: 62g. Report by Adam Parker, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-1970CA: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The fragment is a body herd from a local (unsourced) miscellaneous greyware dish/vessel. The fragment is sub-trapezoidal with a rectangular section. The fabric is fairly hard and gritty with a smooth feel. It is a mid-grey colour throughout. The fragment is 65.7mm long, 45.9mm wide, 9.3mm thick and weighs 34.5g.

YORYM-196201: VESSEL
A fragment of a handmade coarseware ceramic vessel of Roman date, circa AD43 - 410. The fragment is a body sherd from a large vessel. The fabric is dark blackish-grey in colour with a soft and gritty texture. Abundant calcite inclusions are present within the fabric. Possible Huntcliff Ware, manufactured in East Yorkshire and common across the north of England. The fragment is 45.1mm long, 43.9mm wide, 9.3mm thick and weighs 23.2g.

YORYM-16A8C2: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constans dating to the period AD 337-340 (Reece Period 17). GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting two soldiers with one standard. Mint of Arles. RIC VIII, p. 205, no. 13.

YORYM-FF6780: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The vessel is a base sherd from a shallow South Gaulish Samian Ware (terra sigillata) bowl or dish. The sherd is semi-circular with a projecting base ring. The fabric is smooth and hard with a pinkish-brown colour and a glossy red slip covering the entire surface. The breaks display conchoidal fracturing and abundant inclusions of fine limestone are present. A rouletted band runs round the interior floor of the pot with a central cartouche containing a partial maker's stamp. The only distinguishable letters remaining are 'OFCA[]'. Similar fragments containing the maker's stamp 'OFCALVI' are known from Excavations at Elms Farm, Essex (Bird 2015) and are all of the La Graufesenquea South Gaulish type. Production at La Graufesenque commences in the late Augustan period, and there may be some Tiberian exports to Britain, but the period of the major export is c. AD 40-100. Local production continues up to at least c. AD 200 (http://potsherd.net/atlas/Ware/SGTS). The fragment is 95.2mm long, 54.1mm wide, 20.1mm thick and weighs 66g. Reference: Bird, J. (2015) The Italian-type terra sigillata, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.bird

YORYM-44D65D: TOGGLE
A complete copper alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date. The toggle is of the dumbbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 14.9mm long, 6.9mm in diameter at the terminals, 4.3mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 2.7g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, see: YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, SWYOR-71E73D and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-B5966D: SEAL MATRIX
A complete copper alloy seal matrix of medieval date. The die of the matrix is circular with a tapering hexagonally faceted handle extending from the reverse. The handle has a trefoil terminal with central quatrefoil perforation which would have served as a suspension loop. The die itself carries a central motif depicting a small animal, probably a hawk, flying down on its prey, a rabbit or hare in profile facing left (on the inscription). Behind the rabbit is a large tree spreading over the scene. A circumferential legend is present between beaded borders, which reads * PETE PVR MOY IE VOV PRI. Pete is a spelling of the Anglo-French word for 'pity'; 'have' is understood, so the legend means "(have) pity on me, I pray you". This legend is entirely appropriate for the motif; similar motifs tend to have legends of the "Alas je su pris" type, which translates as "Alas, I am caught", alluding to being caught by love or a lover. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. The seal matrix is 21.8mm tall, the handle is 8.4mm x 2.5mm, the die is 17mm in diameter and it weighs 8.2g. Sealing was used for authenticating documents for around 300 years in medieval Britain. Though initially limited to the higher ranks of the church and state, the use of seals became more general from the 11th century onward and by the end of the thirteenth century tradesmen and peasants also possessed them.

YORYM-B514B6: BUCKLE
A complete copper alloy buckle frame of medieval date. It has a single D-shaped or oval loop with narrowed and offset bar. The outside edge is thick with a lozenge section and is shallowly incised with the letters AMOR (Love) within which traces of gilding can be seen. The A has a downward-angled bar. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and survives in good condition. The buckle is 24.2mm long, 16.8mm wide, 5.5mm thick and weighs 3.7g. A similar inscribed example (with the letters R and RI) has been recorded on the PAS database at NMS-CDA8A6, and dated to the 13th century.

YORYM-A1136D: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy brooch probably of headstud type. All that remains of the brooch is the lower bow and foot. The remaining bow is D-shaped in section and terminates in a circular foot knob with a widely spaced double banded collar. The upper surface of the bow is decorated with a central column of vertically aligned conjoined lozenge shaped cells the interiors of which retain traces of blue enamel. These cells are flanked by small recessed triangular cells. The remains of an integral catchplate extend from the reverse of the bow. The opposite end of the brooch is broken and worn. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The brooch is 27.8mm long, 5.7mm wide, 11.9mm thick and weighs 3.7g.

YORYM-A0FFD5: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy Trumpet brooch of Hull T158A. The reverse of the head is concave with a single centrally positioned integral lug through which an axis bar is fitted. The remains of a pin are looped around the axis bar with a broken pin extending from the central most turn of the spring. The mechanism is heavily corroded. The head of the brooch itself is ovate and tapers from the centre to form the circular sectioned upper bow which is decorated with a series of transverse grooves creating a rope work design. The centre of the bow swells to form a semi-circular acanthus moulding flanked by triple banded collars. Extending down from the lower collar is a triangular sectioned lower bow which terminates in a triple banded circular foot knop. The central band of the foot knop is decorated with transverse grooves. An integral catchplate projects from the reverse of the lower bow and terminates in a worn break. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 56.1mm long, 15.1mm wide, 7mm thick and weighs 11g. Similar examples are illustrated in Bayley and Butcher 2004, 160-161, fig. 130; Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa AD 75 - 175.

YORYM-889FFC: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Trumpet brooch of Hull T158A of Roman date. The head is ovate with an integral double lug hinge mechanism to the reverse. The pin no longer remains and the reverse of the head is obscured by corrosion and material from its deposition. A circular sectioned bow extends from the front of the head widening in circumference to an elaborate semi-circular acanthus moulding. The moulding is flanked by double banded circumferential collars. Below the lower collar the bow terminates in a worn break. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 42.9mm long, 22.3mm wide, 9.9mm thick and weighs 13.8g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.327, fig.186 and are dated to circa AD 75 - 175.

YORYM-888B5E: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of rectangular wings the reverse of which acts as an integral double lug hinge mechanism. An axis bar remains through the lugs though only the loop of the pin remains, the rest having been lost to a worn break. The remains of an integral attachment loop projects centrally from the upper edge of the head though terminating to both sides in worn breaks. An integral rectangular sectioned bow extends centrally from between the wings tapering in width to terminate in a circular foot knop. A raised central spine is present along the centre of the bow at the apex of which is an integral ring and dot style headstud. Below the headstud the upper surface of the bow is decorated with a series of raised lozenges. An almost complete catchplate extends from the reverse of the bow and foot, curving round to form a hook for the pin. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 40.5mm long, 16.6mm wide, 6.3mm thick and weighs 9.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.332, fig.191 and date to the 2nd Century AD.

A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 310 - 313 (Reece Period 15). SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse type depicting bust of Sol right. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p. 227, no. 892.

Possibly tetradrachm of an uncertain emperor, dating to the second half of the 3rd century AD. Possibly mint of Alexandria.

YORYM-D15CC3: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 310 - 312 (Reece Period 15). COMITI AVGG NN reverse type depicting Sol standing left, chlamys falling from left shoulder, right hand holding up globe, left holding whip. Mint of London. RIC VI, p.135, no.153.

A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period c. AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting standard inscribed VOT//XX with captives seated on the ground to either side. Mint of London. RIC VII, p. 109, no. 191; Cloke and Toone, The London Mint, p. 254, no. 9.02.001.

YORYM-51F95E: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). Uncertain reverse type. Mint uncertain. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-507065: BROOCH
A complete copper alloy brooch of early Early-Medieval date. The brooch is annular with a narrow D-shaped section which flattens at opposing points on the frame to form integral decorative conjoined zoomorphic heads. One pair is in the form of open-mouthed beasts with ring-and-dot motifs representing eyes. A narrowed bar joins both beast's mouths and acts as a constriction for the pin. The opposite portion of the frame is in the form of birds' heads with long curved beaks delineated by incised lines. The eyes are also marked with ring and dot designs. Triple-banded circumferential collars are present where each of the four heads widens to the frame proper. The frame appears otherwise undecorated. The reverse is flat and undecorated. A circular-sectioned copper-alloy pin remains looped around the constriction in the frame and is also decorated with a triple-banded circumferential collar at the close of the loop. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 26mm in diameter, 2.9mm wide, 2.3mm thick and weighs 2.7g. The Style II animal heads date this brooch broadly to the 7th century AD.

YORYM-E414AF: BUCKLE
TREASURE CASE : 2016 T16. A complete silver buckle of post-medieval date. The object is a shoe buckle consisting of a sub-rectangular silver frame with rounded corners and swellings to the interior edges of either loop. The frame also swells at the centre from which an integral spindle extends. A separate copper alloy sub-ovate chape remains looped around the spindle, though one of the two loops by which it is secured is now broken. The remains of an iron rivet remain to the attachment end of the chape. Dimensions: Length: 29.6mm; Width: 17.4mm; Thickness: 3.1mm; Weight: 3.2g. Discussion: This form of buckle is illustrated in Whitehead (1996), p.103. No.661-663 though these examples have separate spindles rather than integral as with the present example, which is relatively unusual. Conclusion: On balance of probability, the buckle is more than 300 years old. Therefore in terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. References: Whitehead, R. (1996) Buckles 1250 - 1800. Essex: Greenlight Publishing.

YORYM-BF1FCB: TOGGLE
A complete copper alloy toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date. The toggle is of the dumbbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The toggle is 21.9mm long, 11mm in diameter at the terminals, 6.9mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 10.3g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, for example: YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, NARC-4C2B74 and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-BE7D75: COIN
A copper alloy as or dupondius of Sabina dating to the period AD 128 - 137 (Reece Period 6). CONCORDIA AVG S C reverse type depicting Concordia standing left holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC II, pt.1, p.479, no.1047.

YORYM-BC75B5: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Magnentius dating to the period AD 350 - 351 (Reece Period 18). FELICITAS REI PVBLICE reverse type depicting emperor in military dress standing left holding Victory on globe and standard. Mint of Arles. This is quite a scarce coin. RIC VIII, p.213, no.136.

YORYM-BA035A: PADLOCK
An incomplete copper alloy zoomorphic padlock dating to the Medieval period (AD 1100 - AD 1500). The padlock takes the form of a stylised three-dimensional horse. The head of the animal is hollow, with a hole that runs through from the back of the head to the snout. The head is decorated with two small and triangular ears, which protrude slightly from the top of the head. Behind the ears is a raised line which appears to wrap around the front of the ears, possibly depicting a bridle. The body of the horse is hollow and D-shaped in section. It is decorated with two raised lines across the back which resemble a saddle. There is another raised line across the base of the neck which appears to connect to the line on the head, again suggesting a bridle. There is an oval shaped hole in the chest of the horse, where the key would have been inserted. The hind of the horse has three square holes, one of which is positioned above the other two. The loop of the padlock is missing, but is likely to have run from these three holes in the hind, into the hole at the back of the head. Both front legs are complete and their curved position gives the impression of running. The back left leg is complete and the back right leg is missing with a worn break evident. The metal has a light green and even patina. The padlock is 42.0 mm long, 33.6 mm wide, and 13.7 mm thick. It weighs 18.5 g. Many similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database, including SWYOR-E9B1C4, SWYOR-92FE85, BH-DA5807, BERK-82AD36, IOW-34D9BC, and SF-67C2E5Z. Record BH-DA5807 also references Biddle (1990, p. 1011, fig. 313, no. 3665) for a comparable example. The suggested date range is 12th to early 13th century, though dating on the PAS database ranges from AD 1100 - AD 1500. Such padlocks would probably have been used to secure small caskets, and have also been referred to as barrel or barb-spring padlocks. Reference: Biddle, M., 1990 Object and economy in medieval Winchester: artefacts from medieval Winchester Oxford : Clarendon.

A silver-washed radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). VIRT GALLIENI AVG reverse type depicting Emperor running right with spear and shield. Mint of Milan. As RIC V, pt.1, p.177, no.530.

A copper alloy nummus of Diocletian dating to the period AD 303 - 305 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI depicting Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of London. RIC VI, p.125, no.28a.

YORYM-1BB5BA: BROOCH
A complete copper-alloy gilt disc brooch of Roman date (100-300AD). The decorative front has three concentric circular ridges, with seven small semi-circular peripheral knobs and one attachment loop spaced equally around the edge. The concentric circles are stepped, the centre circle is raised around a hollow which would have most likely held a glass centre-boss. Small patches of gilding remains on the front, suggesting the entire brooch was gilded as is typical of the type. On the reverse is a twin-lug hinged pin, with the hinge placed to correspond with the attachment loop. The catch plate is square and perpendicular to the reverse face of the brooch and is intact. From the reverse the brooch itself if concave, with a centre domed projection due to the centre-boss hollow. The metal has a light green patina and is smooth. The brooch is 33.60mm in length, 26.59mm wide, 10.47mm thick and weighs 8.41g. Parallels have been recorded on the database as: WILT-8AECC4, HAMP-E4B94E, WILT-69BF66, NLM-F574D3, and NMS-02131A. Other examples can also be seen in Hattatt's Visual Catalogue (2007, p.344, no.544).

YORYM-F4044D: PIN
A complete copper-alloy collared pin of Early-Medieval date (700AD-900AD). The head is globular with a flat top. Ring and dot decoration adorns the head, with five small ring and dot features spaced evenly longitudinally around the centre and most bulbous area of the pin head. There is also a larger ring and dot on the flat top. Below the head is a single step collar. The pin itself is intact and smooth, circular in cross-section, with a consistent cross-section diameter tapering only at the point. Collared pins are the most abundant type of early medieval pins. The 'flat top' type is a subgroup which is more common in counties above the Humber, and also became more common in the Anglo-Scandinavian period (Haldenby 2010, p. 6). Haldenby also suggests that these pins should be given a more precise date range of the ninth century (p.5). Following casting, pin shanks were thinned and lengthened through hammering, and casting lugs filed down creating the flat top (p.4). The pin is 61.90mm in length, the head and collar together are 12.78mm in length and the head has a diameter of 13.37mm. The shanks is 2.70mm wide and the object weighs 10.79g. Parallels can be seen in West (1998, p. 214) and on the database recorded as DUR-D0FF07, SUSS-77E67D, YORYM-110318, LIN-923BA0.

YORYM-F31052: BROOCH
A copper-alloy zoomorphic plate brooch depicting a lion, dating to the Roman period (2nd century AD). The brooch depicts a side view of the lion advancing right, with the body and two legs visible. The tail protrudes upwards and is fan shaped at the terminal with two vertical latitudinal lines. The back leg is angular and broad, extending to a triangular foot with small incision to portray digits. The head and the mane of the lion dominate the brooch with an open mouth suggestive of a roaring lion. The ear and eye appear worn although the hollow of the ear can be seen. The main and shoulder are decorated with incised parallel lines radiating from the lions head. Below the shoulder the front leg is thinner in comparison to the back and terminates in a rounded foot with small with small incisions at its tip. The brooch is flat, 3mm thick, and the metal on the reverse has a dark red green patina. The front of the brooch is smooth and silvered with a small patch of metal showing through near the front leg. On the reverse of the brooch are two rectangular projections, one vertical and the other horizontal. These are worn and the pin is missing. A very similar parallel can be seen in Hattatt's visual catalogue (2000, 363, no.1193) and an almost identical parallel has been recorded as SWYOR-0E2A45. Other examples have been recorded as LEIC-D26F13, LEIC-751965. The brooch is 34.7mm in length, 23.2mm wide, 6.8mm thick and weighs 6.2g.

YORYM-F2EE54: BROOCH
Almost complete copper-alloy Roman Brooch of Headstud type, dating from AD75 - AD200. The head of the brooch is comprised of a semi-tubular double lug hinge mechanism, with the axis bar complete and the pin still attached. This example does not have an attachment loop, and there is no evidence that one was present. Each wing of the hinge is decorated with at least two worn faint vertical ridges. Below the head is an integral rectangular decorative ridge, and below this is the recess for a head stud. The recess is oval and deep, with a small perforation at the base which, on the reverse of the bow, is situated at the very top of the catch plate. The bow itself is plain, however a slight raised spine is present extending from the headstud down to the foot, now worn down. The foot has a terminal knob, which is 'bell' shaped, a globular body above a collar and flat bottom. The catch plate is broken above the curl, presumably as the foot has bent to one side. The catch plate extends and the outer curve follows that of the bow almost up to the head of the brooch. The pin is broken with the remaining length bent in two places. The metal has a light green patchy patina. The brooch is 41.83mm in length, 16.96mm wide at the head, 19.20mm thick from bow to pin, and weighs 9.88g. This brooch is similar to examples in Hattatt (1989) fig. 191-333, and Painter and Sax (1970), p.132, fig.3. Similar examples have also been recorded as SWYOR-9E7228 and GLO-E9CAA4. Earlier headstud brooches had spring mechanisms, and had a retaining strip on the bow which would hold the spring cord. With hinged mechanisms this retaining strip was no longer required functionally, and developed into decorative crests seen on many headstud brooches (Painter and Sax 1970, p. 155).

YORYM-B3BEDA: COIN
A copper alloy radiate possibly of Carausis dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). Uncertain reverse type. Mint uncertain. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-B17E6D: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener dating to the Roman period (AD 50 - AD 200). The head of the fastener is teardrop shaped and marginally convex, with a circular perforation. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, and bends at 90 degrees before splitting into two to form a triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different planes. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark brown and even patina. The button and loop fastener is 30.7 mm long, 16.1 mm wide, and weighs 5.9 g. This fastener falls between two types of Wild's (1970, p. 138, fig. 1) classification. The teardrop shaped head is typical of Class III, but the perforation is typical of Class II. Standard examples of these types can be found on the PAS database, for example YORYM-5F21E0 (Class II) and YORYM-AF1344 (Class III). Another very similar hybrid example has also been recorded: LIN-329CC7. Reference: Wild, J.P., 1970 Button-and-loop fasteners in the Roman provinces, 1.

YORYM-B04E0E: COIN
A silver penny of Edward I dating to the period AD 1280 - 1281. Long cross reverse. Mint of Newcastle. Class 3e. North Vol 2, p.28, no.1020.

YORYM-9FD993: COIN
A copper alloy Q-radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). LAETITIA AVG reverse type depicting unclear galley. C Mint. RIC V, p. 569, cf. no. 125. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-5EF9AD: SLEEVE CLASP
A complete copper alloy wrist or sleeve clasp of early Anglo-Saxon date, c.AD 450 - 570. Hines form B20. The clasp is sub-rectangular with plate and bar cast in one piece; it has a long straight front edge and a curvilinear rear edge, curving around four perforated lobes; the perforations are sewing holes, for attachment. A double grooved band separates the plate from the bar. The bar is decorated with two bands of three transverse grooves dividing it into three roughly equal parts; there is also a single transverse groove to either end . From the centre of the front edge a rectangular attachment loop projects. The reverse of the clasp is slightly curved and undecorated. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. The clasp is 34.6mm long, 19.1mm wide, 3.1mm thick and weighs 6.3g. This clasp is of Hines Form B20, which is datable to the late 5th or 6th century AD. Form B20 is a “populus and very diverse group” (Hines 1993, p.64). Wrist clasps have been studied and classified by Hines (1993) and Penn and Brugmann (2007). Hines three levels of classification suggests a date range of late 5th to 6th century for these objects. Penn and Brugmann’s chronological study of selected East Anglian grave-good types included a small sample size of wrist clasps which limited their suggested dating to the mid-to late 5th century. As these systems have not been completely reconciled it seems reasonable to give all wrist-clasps a wide date-range of c.AD 450-570 (see Ref: Hines, J (1993) Clasps Hektespenner Agraffen: Anglo-Scandinavian Clasps of Classes A-C of the 3rd to 6th Centuries A D: Typology, diffusion and function. Stockholm: Kungl Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.

YORYM-1D793D: BROOCH
An incomplete and probably burnt cooper alloy zoomorphic brooch of Roman date. The brooch is in the form of a hare or rabbit running right. The hind quarters have been lost to a break which shows signs of melting and only one foreleg remains. The head of the animal is ovate with an elongated ear projecting from the upper edge. The head is connected to the ovate body by a narrowed neck and one long foreleg projects, extending forwards, from the lower front edge. The reverse is irregular with numerous melted protrusions which may represent the remains of a hinge, catchplate and pin. While the hare is indigenous to Britain the rabbit was "spread across Europe from Spain, with help from the Romans, and its earliest known introduction into England was by the Normans in the twelfth century AD" (Hattatt, 1982, p.162). It is therefore likely that the current example represents a hare rather than a rabbit.

YORYM-A1B9BA: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Magnentius (AD 350-3), dating to the period AD 351 - 352 (Reece Period 18). VICTORIAE DD NN AVG CAE reverse type depicting two Victories facing each other holding wreath inscribed VOT//V//MVLT//X. Mint of Amiens. RIC VIII, p.122, no.25.

A complete copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306 - AD 337) dating to AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting two captives seated under standard inscribed VOT/XX. Mint of Lyon. RIC VII, p. 129, no. 107. Diameter: 17.6 mm Thickness: 1.6 mm Weight: 2.2 g

YORYM-1F9199: TOGGLE
A complete copper alloy toggle of Iron Age to Roman date. The toggle is of the dumbbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The reverse is flattened and worn. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 20.9mm long, 8.1mm in diameter at the terminals, 5.3mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 4.9g. Numerous comparable examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. See: YORYM-1A6833, YORYM-8530AC, SWYOR-72CC15A, NARC-4C2B74 and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-1F6FF6: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy strap mounted terret ring of Roman date. The terret comprises an incomplete oval loop with an ovate section and an integral rectangular basal strap loop projecting from the lower edge. A raised band is present around the centre of the outer surface of the loop, extending from the basal strap loop to the breaks. Roughly one third of the loop has been lost to old worn breaks which may have resulted from a weakness caused by the harness reigns rubbing against the inner surface during use. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The terret is 36mm long, 32.8mm wide, 12.4mm thick and weighs 18.4g. Numerous similar terret rings have been recorded on the PAS database including: SWYOR-25AC1C, YORYM-C449B0, KENT-367219 and NMS-41D155.

YORYM-E51788: BELL
A complete lead bell of medieval date. The bell is sub-spherical with four integrally cast petal-like expansions from the base and a loop at the apex. The surface is decorated with a raised design which represents the midrib and veins of a leaf. The pea remains within the bell. The metal is a light brownish-white colour and is worn. The bell 21.3mm long, 14.6mm wide, 11.4mm thick and weighs 6.2g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database. For examples see: YORYM-747851 and SWYOR-F92A53. Four examples from London (Egan and Pritchard 1991, nos. 1668-71) were all made from tin, and found in contexts of ceramic phase 7 (c. 1200-c. 1230) and 9 (c. 1270-c. 1350).

YORYM-E4BD15: MOUNT
An incomplete copper alloy mount of early post-medieval date. It is acorn-shaped with a horizontal triangular panel extending from the stem at the upper curved end. The front bears an incised double median band though further detail is lost to wear. Two integral spikes for attachment are present projecting from either end of the reverse. One spike is complete with a 90 degree downward turn and the second is broken and worn. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The fitting is 28.7mm long, 12.7mm wide, 7.8mm thick (with spikes) and weighs 2.9g. Bent-over attachment spikes were most commonly used in the 16th or 17th centuries.

YORYM-E31B78: COIN
A silver denarius of Vespasian, posthumous issue struck under Titus (AD 79-81), dating to the period AD 80-81 (Reece Period 4). EX S C reverse type depicting shield resting against cippus, on which stands an urn, laurels to right and left. Mint of Rome. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 220, no. 359.

A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding olive branch and vertical sceptre. Mint of London, L -//ML. RIC V, pt.2, p.472, no. 101. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-620A34: BRACELET
A fragment of a glass bracelet dating to the Roman period (AD 50 - AD 200). Kilbride-Jones type 2. The bracelet is D-shaped in section and greenish-blue in colour. At the apex of the curved side a semi-circular groove is present into which a separate strip of glass has been fitted through marvering. The strip is comprised of alternating thick blue and thin white glass cables which have been twisted together to create a twisted rope effect. The bracelet fragment is 42.7 mm long, 7.9 mm wide and 8.5 mm thick. It weighs 4.7 g. Bracelets and bangles of a variety of materials, including metal, jet and shale, are a particularly common find on Romano-British sites. Glass examples such as this were distinctive objects produced in Britain in the mid-first to late-second centuries AD. To create the seamless bangles molten glass was likely wound and stretched with iron rods or pontils (Ivleva, 2019, p.2). The heat of the bangle alone would allow the separate strips of decoration to be applied with the strip sinking further in the longer it is in contact with the hot surface (ibid, p3.). These bangles were produced in a variety of sizes and their use remains unclear. It is possible they were used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, arm, leg or hair ornaments. They may also have had a more specialised use that is not currently understood. Ivleva (2019, p.5) states that these versatile and ubiquitous objects “are usually considered to be delicate and exquisite objects, but the quick manufacturing technique identified through experimental archaeology suggests that they may have been mass-produced, widely available and easily accessible products”. Two similar bracelet fragments from North Yorkshire are currently housed in the Yorkshire Museum. Accession numbers- YORYM: HG5 and YORYM: 2006.2856. Currently 11 such fragments are recorded on the PAS database. Four of these are from the East Riding of Yorkshire (YORYM-6EC79C, YORYM-7325B6 ,FAKL-C8D895, YORYM160), two from North Yorkshire (SWYOR-2A4D36 and YORYM-6D12A7) and one from each of the following counties: Durham (NCL-8B5644), Doncaster (SWYOR-65B384), Lincolnshire (LIN-E2A761) and North Lincolnshire (NLM-9E8743). Ref: Ivleva, T (2019) Romano-British glass bangles; Datasheet 9; Roman Finds Group.

YORYM-FB0EE6: COIN
A copper alloy contemporary copy of a siliqua of Julian dating to the period AD 361 - 363 (Reece Period 18). VOT/X/MVLT/XX in wreath reverse type. Prototype from mint of Lyon. See RIC VIII, p. 196, no. 234.

YORYM-514C17: KNIFE
A complete knapped lithic implement of Neolithic date (circa 4000-2350BC). The implement is most likely a knife, although could be a small Neolithic hand-axe shaped implement known as an 'Ovate' dating to the Late Neolithic (3000-2350BC). However, the implement is not bifacially worked to the extent expected of an Ovate. The implement appears to have been knapped from a primary flake, from which secondary and tertiary flakes have been removed from the ventral surface. The Dorsal face has been worked to remove cortex on the left medial edge, leaving a substantial amount on the right edge. The ventral surface is almost flat, the implement being D shaped in section and ovate in plan. The Dorsal face has intensive scaled and sub-parallel semi-abrupt retouch, whilst the retouch on the left edge itself is short, stepped and semi-abrupt. Larger flakes on the ventral side have been removed, however there is comparatively little retouch: that which is present is invasive, scaled and semi-abrupt on the top of one edge corresponding to the retouch on the dorsal left side mentioned above. The flint is a translucent dark brown grey colour, with light grey opaque areas. The cortex is a light cream colour. Where this remains on the right medial edge it provides a good blunt platform for finger placement if the implement was utilised as a knife. The implement 74.54mm in length, 48.79mm wide, 18.29mm thick and weighs 69g.

YORYM-956C7F: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2015 T701. Description: A complete gold finger ring of post-medieval date. The hoop of the finger ring is rectangular in section, widening slightly to an integral, raised hexagonal bezel. The bezel is set with dark blue glass. A chip is present to one corner of the glass within which a fracture pattern can be determined which is unlikely to occur within a gem or precious stone and suggesting a glass composition. Both the interior and exterior surfaces of the hoop are inscribed with Gothic or 'black letter' script. The exterior reads: ". kar bien . et . male . toutdy . ne . dure" a single transverse flower with enamelled head marks the end of this text. The interior reads: "+ Coies Imale . en . nostre . coer" with a single incised leaf design at the end. Much of the lettering retains possible traces of niello. This text is translates roughly to: "As good and evil always endure / Quiet the evil in our heart". Comparable examples of finger rings with gothic or black lettering have been recorded with the PAS as Treasure. For examples see: 2013 T589 (NMS-2F0775), 2012 T849 (YORYM-4F2206), 2012 T675 (LIN-026715) and 2014 T211 (CORN-5482E1). The latter record states that similar rings inscribed with Gothic script appear to originate in the thirteenth century when knightly culture, specifically courtly love, prompted the giving of gifts or love tokens from a knight to his lady. Such rings tended to also be ornamented with floral sprays alongside the amatory mottos. Finger rings bearing inscriptions, such as this example, are generally referred to as "posy" rings, from the word poésie or poetry, though this type is technically a later sixteenth-century phenomenon, replacing the custom of black letter rings of previous centuries. Dimensions: Hoop: Diameter: 22.2mm; Width: 5.2mm; Thickness: 1.6mm; Bezel: Length: 10.7mm; Width: 7.8mm; Thickness: 4.3mm; Weight: 7.66g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Author and title: Date: Rebecca Griffiths 6th October 2015 FLO for North and East Yorkshire Thanks are extended to Ben Paites (FLO for Essex) for his assistance in translating the text and to Dr Sarah King, Curator of Natural Science at the Yorkshire Museum for her assistance in identifying the glass inset.

YORYM-4141EA: STRAP END
An incomplete copper alloy strap end of medieval date. All that remains is part of the forked spacer of a composite strap end which has a double collared acorn-style terminal. The forked spacer arms taper slightly in width and terminate in worn breaks. File marks are present on the surface of the spacer as a result of the shaping and finishing process. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. Traces of iron corrosion are present on the shoulders of the object which suggest the use of iron pins in securing the object when complete. The object is 49.3mm long, 23.4mm wide, 5.3mm thick and weighs 7.6g. Parallels are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (2002), Dress Accessories 1150-1450, p.144, fig.94.

YORYM-AD976C: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman Republican Denarius of Julius Caesar by the moneyer P. Sepullius Macer, dating to c.44BC (Reece period 1). P.SEPVLLIVS MACER reverse type depicting Venus standing left holding Victory in left and and sceptre in right. Mint of Rome. As RRC, p.489, no. 480/5.

YORYM-ABCCE1: HAMMER
Late Bronze Age cast copper-alloy socketed hammer, (1000-800BC). The hammer is almost complete with some wear on the mouth and base. The hammer body face is almost rectangular, tapering slightly towards the mouth end. There is a lower moulding line and flared collar to the mouth. From a side view the tapering cannot be seen, and the base is rounded. The vertical corners on the hammer body are chamfered, resulting in an octagonal cross-section. The mouth is ovate in shape 27.75mm by 23.51mm. Casting seams can be seen on both sides, evidence of two piece moulding. The hammer surface is smooth with a dark brown patina, where this surface has been lost the metal is rough and a light green. The earliest bronze hammers were created in the Middle Bronze Age Taunton metalwork phase, however hammer finds are more defined in Late Bronze Age hoard discoveries. Socketed hammers became more widespread in the Penard phase (c1200-950BC), and according to Burgess this tradition lasted longer in the North of Britain whereas the characteristics of the Wilburton Phase were prominent in southern Britain during the tenth century BC. Hammers were produced in smaller numbers during the Ewart-Park Phase which is characterised by a higher volume of leaded bronze artefacts. The production of bronze and in particular tin bronze depleted after 800BC. Burgess (1968) describes two socketed hammers from the Kilnhurst hoard in Yorkshire, one long and the other short which is similar to the example here. Early examples tend to be plain with no collar, whereas later examples have collars and moulding. The example described here is more likely a later example in the Penard Phase. Burgess also parallels Penard metalwork to continental examples and in particular western France. In comparison to socketed axes, socketed hammers are a rare find, and to date only 35 recorded and publically accessible on the PAS database, 3 of which were found in North Yorkshire. Similar hammers to this example have been recorded as FAKL-9C9543, LVPL-5A7954 and SWYOR-D13642. The Kilnhurst hammers can be seen in Burgess (1938, Fig. 13, p.18). This hammer is 54.58mm in length, 24.25mm wide, 20.57mm thick and weighs 77g. The mouth has a max diameter of 27.75mm and a minimum of 23.51mm.

YORYM-15F7B6: VESSEL
Roman vessel rim sherd, possibly Crambeck Parchment Ware (360-410AD). Oxidised hard fired buff pale orange fabric with paler orange white surfaces and a rough laminar fracture. Abundant fine sand tempering and sparse sub angular quartzite inclusions. The surfaces appear to have been smoothed, however there is no evidence of slip or decoration. This is a beaded rim sherd, with a vessel diameter of 120mm (10% remaining), suggesting a small beaker or flagon form without handles. The sherd is 40.32mm in length, 27.93mm wide, 4.76mm thick and weighs 10.15mm.

TREASURE CASE : 2002 T170 Keystone disc brooch of early Anglo-Saxon date. The brooch, which is broken in two unequal halves, is circular and gilded on the front and tinned on the back to give the appearance of a silver base; diameter: 50 mm. In the centre is a large, empty, circular cell, which would originally have held a boss of white material (possibly shell or cuttlefish) with a central garnet. This is encircled by a band containing four smaller, empty circular cells (for coloured glass or garnet settings) flanked on either side by simple, sharply cast, thumb-knot motifs (Avent's class 6 ornament type 12.1; see R Avent, Anglo-Saxon Disc and Composite Brooches (BAR 11), Oxford 1975), each group alternating with four T-shaped collets in a cruciform arrangement, their stems pointing towards the centre of the brooch and three of the four still containing a flat garnet setting. The fourth collet retains a lattice-patterned gold backing foil for the garnet. The knot motifs replace the typical animal eyes of earlier classes of keystone garnet brooches. A discontinuous ridge joins the circular collets on their sides adjoining the inner rim, which is formed by a second, continuous ridge. The rim proper consists of a flat, circular rib originally punched all round with annulets (though now worn smooth on one side) and surrounded by an outer 'light-and-shade' ring, in which plain sections alternate with seven remaining, transversely ribbed bands of varying length (combining Avent's rim form types 2 and 14). Part of the rim on the larger half is broken away near the break, while the two garnets on this half are cracked and have fragments missing. The gilding has worn off much of the border rib and rim and a fragment of metal is missing from the centre of the brooch. On the back, only the stub of a copper-alloy pin remains, which is split at the end to pass either side of the hinge-lug. It is hinged to the lug with a single rivet. Opposite is the vertical stub of the catch-plate, which has two copper alloy rivets of an antique repair passing through it.

YORYM-8311E1: HOOKED TAG
TREASURE CASE : 2002 T106 The dress-hook comprises a lozenge-shaped plate cast in relief with outer pierced and shaped border. Within this is a lozenge-shaped cell with raised rope edge containing three rows of four cast bosses. In the ground within the cell, cast filigree ornament. The entire front surface appears to have been gilded. On the reverse is a single transverse attachment bar which has been broken and soldered back into a slightly different position: evidence of an old repair. Damage to the backplate at one of the points of the lozenge on the reverse may indicate that there was also a hook which has since broken off. Note: For the type see Treasure Annual Report 1998-1999, no. 221, p. 88. In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. D THORNTON See Treasure Annual Report 2002 (2003), p.106, no.137. This Treasure Case was reported prior to 2007 at which time PAS database records for items of potential Treasure became mandatory. As such some information may be missing from the record and no image of the object could be located. The details of this find are now being added as part of a retrospective documentation project by the FLO in order to ensure maximum retention and accessibility of knowledge.

YORYM-81BE52: VESSEL
Roman Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware sherd (AD155-425). Oxidised hard fine fabric with a smooth fracture, pale yellow orange with abundant fine sand inclusions and occasional black flecks. Slip is a dark brown-black, worn but present on both interior and exterior. This is possibly a body sherd with a raised ridge moulding, similar to examples on Potsherd. The sherd is 23.61mm in length, 17.15mm wide, 3.16mm thick and weighs 1.43g Initial sherd identification by Adam Parker: Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-05DCE8: NAIL CLEANER
A complete copper alloy nail cleaner of Roman date. This nail cleaner is of Crummy's Type 2a. The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to a narrow forked terminal. An integral ovate collar with looped suspension terminal is present projecting centrally from the upper end of the leaf-shapes body. The loop is parallel to the plane of the blade. The collar is decorated with circumferential moulded rings and a median groove runs from the base of the collar to the fork in the opposite terminal. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 52.7mm long, 10.9mm wide, 3.2mm thick and weighs 3.9g. A similar example is illustrated in Crummy (1983), p.58, fig.62, no.1872 and is classed as a Type 2a which date to the mid-1st-2nd century AD. In the description of this type Crummy states that the suspension loop is "often, though not invariably, at right angles to the plane of the blade".

YORYM-EF3A72: VESSEL
A fragment of a glass vessel of Roman date. The sherd is sub-triangular in shape with a D-shaped section. It is aclear, light green glass with no visible air bubbles. The longest edge has a projecting curved rim with is broken to the upper aspect from which the side of the vessel would have extended. The fragment is 61.1mm in length, 38.8mm wide, 11.3mm thick and weighs 24.2g. Jennifer Price, Emeritus Professor at Durham University, states that the sherd is likely to be from a square bottle of the later first or second century. A variety of prismatic-bodied bottles were utilised throughout the Roman period, but the commonest form by far is the square one. Prof. Price cites Roman-British Glass Vessels: A Handbook (CBAPractical Handbook) 1998, p.194-202 as containing numerous parallels. Dr Birgitta Hoffmann, University of Liverpool, suggests this fragment is the shoulder and handle attachment of a prismatic bottle.

YORYM-ED19E7: BROOCH
A complete Roman cooper alloy penannular brooch dating from AD43 to AD350. The brooch has coiled terminals at right angles to the plane of the brooch, identifying this as Type C in Fowlers typology (1960, 151-152) and also in Hattatts Type C classification (1982, 133). The ring is round in section, and the pin undecorated as is typical of this type. Uncharacteristically, this example has a highly arched pin, whereas typically brooches of this type have flat pins. Hattatt describes a trend of straighter pins in later types, suggesting this may be an earlier example, or this design was chosen for a purpose. The pin appears intact and contemporary with the ring, and does not appear to have been bent through post-depositional processes. The brooch is in a good condition with little wear and only a slight dark green patina. The broach has a width of 26.79mm, the diameter of the ring itself is 2.46mm. The Pin is 37.17mm in length and its arch height is 11.13mm. Its weight is 4.06g. Similar examples have been recorded as SF-733A42 and SUSS-2F18F8 Parallels can be found within Mackreth (2011) volumes I and II with images in volume II (146), and Bayley and Butcher (2004) pages 136-139.

YORYM-C27D1D: BRACELET
TREASURE CASE : 2004 T169. Two fragments of a gold bracelet, rectangular in section, without further diagnostic features. Disposition: Not Treasure; returned to finder. In light of the comments on dating the object falls outside of the criteria for Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. See Treasure Annual Report 2004 (2005), p.166, no.412. This Treasure Case was reported prior to 2007 at which time PAS database records for items of potential Treasure became mandatory. As such some information may be missing from the record and no image of the object could be located. The details of this find are now being added as part of a retrospective documentation project by the FLO in order to ensure maximum retention and accessibility of knowledge.

YORYM-B36A69: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2003 T17. A medieval, silver-gilt signet ring. The bezel of the ring is octagonal with a beaded border. In its centre it is engraved with a heart surrounded by either a scourge or the Crown of Thorns. Within the heart is a cross with rounded, bulbous terminals. Around the hoop of the ring is an inscription in old French which reads: SAUNS DE PART ('without leaving'). The phrase is commonly used in love jewellery to express unending devotion. In this context, its meaning may have religious significance given the images drawn from the Passion of Christ which form the ring's device. The inscription is set against a crosshatched ground and punctuated with foliate scrolls. Dimensions: Diameter: 23 mm. In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. J P ROBINSON See Treasure Annual Report 2003 (2004), p.107, no.109. This Treasure Case was reported prior to 2007 at which time PAS database records for items of potential Treasure became mandatory. As such some information may be missing from the record and no image of the object could be located. The details of this find are now being added as part of a retrospective documentation project by the FLO in order to ensure maximum retention and accessibility of knowledge.

YORYM-B329DE: BUTTON
Silver-gilt button, with cast head and separate shank. The pointed boss at the centre imitates a pointed gemstone. The strap-work ornament on the border indicates a mid-16th century date. D THORNTON

YORYM-B153AE: BADGE
TREASURE CASE : 2003 T402. A silver medieval livery badge fragment in the form of a crowned lion's head with protruding tongue. The part below the jaw line has been broken off. There are traces of gilding on the upper surface of the badge. On the reverse is a loop which would have been used to attach the badge to a garment or hat. Dimensions: Height; 15mm; Width: 17mm. In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Dr Silke Ackermann This Treasure Case was reported prior to 2007 at which time PAS database records for items of potential Treasure became mandatory. As such some information may be missing from the record and no image of the object could be located. The details of this find are now being added as part of a retrospective documentation project by the FLO in order to ensure maximum retention and accessibility of knowledge.

An incomplete Roman copper alloy Aucissa brooch, dating from AD43 to AD75.The head, spring mechanism, and pin are missing with a worn break at the bow apex. The bow itself is characteristically D shaped in profile, and flattened in section with a moulded ridge along its exterior, suggesting a possible class B sub-classification. The bow narrows to the foot and joins an ornamental sub-spherical foot knob (a further typical Aucissa feature). The catchplate is intact, although worn, with the curl present. The surface is worn, with patches of green patina. Missing the head, the brooch is 44.86mm in length and the bow is 5.15mm wide, it weighs 3.50g. Similar examples have been recorded as NMS-41327A, and WILT-6528E7. Similar brooches are described by Bayley and Butcher 2004, 66-69, figs. 50-51), Hattatt (1982, 83-87). Further parallels can be found within Mackreth (2011) volumes I and II with images in volume II (93).

YORYM-7347DC: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper-alloy one piece brooch, possibly of Nauheim derivative type, dating from the late Iron Age to early Roman period. The spring mechanism and pin are missing, as is most of the catchplate with an old break near the join between the catchplate and bow. There is no discernible decoration on the bow (possibly worn off), although it has a slightly concaved exterior with a rectangular section, tapering to a spherical foot. There is a slight outward curve of the bow at the foot of the brooch, and it appears to have been bent to one side after manufacture. The surface is worn with a dark green patina. The brooch is 51.58mm in length and the bow is 5.31mm wide, its weight is 5.29g The head of the brooch is similar to the example SUSS-908DB1, and the bow profile similar to SF-A3173D. The catchplate of this brooch extends halfway up the bow in contrast to the parallel example provided here. Similar brooches have are described by Hattatt (1982, 59). Further parallels can be found within Mackreth (2011) volumes I and II with images in volume II (9).

YORYM-5E836C: STEELYARD WEIGHT
An incomplete Lead steelyard weight of Roman date. The weight is bi-conical and circular in cross section, with the corroded remains of an iron fitting at both ends. The length of this weight is greater than its diameter. The weight is 48.73mm in Length with a diameter of 31.54mm, and weights 17.8g. A similar example has been recorded as WAW-55DC3A

YORYM-5E01B5: STEELYARD WEIGHT
An incomplete Lead steelyard weight of Roman date. The weight is bi-conical and circular in cross section, with the corroded remains of an iron fitting at the top. Possible plough damage. The Weight is 43.71mm in Length with a diameter of 45.75mm, and weighs 38.8g. A similar example has been recorded as DUR-1C41BD

YORYM-4786D1: BROOCH
A complete copper alloy sheath-footed sprung brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is conposed of a hollow cylinder, open at the back, within which a spring mechanism with approximately six turns of the spring is housed. The spring is looped around a central axis bar which is riveted through either end of the cylinder. The pin remains intact, tapering to a point. The front of the wings are decorated with double horizontal raised ribs with transverse grooves within which gilding is present. From the lower front aspect of the head a sub-rectangular sectioned bow extends with a curved profile which then bends straight down again into the semi-circular lower bow and foot creating an overall P-shape. The upper bow is multi-faceted with a central groove flanked by shallow rounded vertical ribs framed by steep raised triangular borders to either edge. The central groove also bears a series of circular indentations and mush of the surface of the bow is gilded. Close to the bend to the lower bow a projecting flat semi-circular panel extends outward, with a transverse flange at the waist below. The lower bow, above the foot, has a flat front face which again retains gilding. The reverse of the lower bow forms an integral catchplate which curves round from one edge almost creating a complete loop save for a narrow gap through which the pin would slot to close the mechanism. The metal has a dark green patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 56.7mm long, 23.9mm wide, 3.3mm thick and weighs 22g. Similar examples of sheath-footed sprung brooches are illustrated in Bayley & Butcher (2004) p.102, fig.81. Bayley & Butcher state that such brooches are continental in origins though not always in manufacture. They are regarded as soldiers brooches though are represented within the assemblage from both military sites such as Richborough, Kent and civilian sites such as the temples at Woodeaton, Oxfordshire.

YORYM-354FAC: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of rectangular wings the reverse of which acts as an integral double lug hinge mechanism though the mechanism and pin no longer remain. An integral attachment loop projects centrally from the upper edge of the head with a hatched rectangular collar. The front of the wings are stepped with two vertical grooves resulting in three raised rectangular panels, the middle of which is decorated with transverse grooves. An integral rectangular sectioned bow extends centrally from between the wings tapering to terminate in width to terminate in a circular foot knop with an elaborate triple banded collar with projecting base. An integral ring and dot style headstud is present at the apex of the bow retaining a ring of red enamel. Below the headstud the upper surface of the bow is decorated with a series of eleven deeply recessed rectangular cells retaining alternating red and blue enamel. The enamel has been lost from three of the upper most cells which would have been red. The metal has a dark brown patina and is only slightly worn. The brooch is 63.6mm long, 19.5mm wide, 3.6mm thick and weighs 18g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.332, fig.191 no.944 and is dated to the 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-2FEFDE: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period AD 103-111 (Reece Period 5). COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC reverse type depicting Victory standing right inscribing DACICA on to shield fixed to trophy. Mint of Rome. As RIC II, p.253, no.130. Part of the edge of the coin has been lost to a fairly recent break.

YORYM-DF8A04: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The vessel is a rim and body sherd from a local (unsourced) miscellaneous greyware vessel. The fragment is sub-trapezoidal with a rolled projecting rim. The fabric is fairly hard and gritty with a rough sandy feel. It is light grey colour throughout. The fragment is 58.6mm long, 33.4mm wide, 20mm thick and weighs 23.2g.

YORYM-DE8977: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The vessel is a rim and body sherd from a shallow East Gaulish Samian Ware (terra sigillata) bowl or dish. The sherd is sub-triangular with a slight projecting rim and an orange fabric with glossy red slip remaining in a large patch on the exterior surface and along the rim on the interior. Dragendorff type 36. The fragment is 57.4mm long, 30.2mm wide, 7.1mm thick and weighs 10.1g.

YORYM-DE4EFC: VESSEL
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date. The vessel is a rim and body sherd from a hemispherical South Gaulish Samian Ware (terra sigillata) bowl. The sherd is sub-trapezoidal with a projecting rim and an orange fabric with glossy red slip remaining over both the interior and exterior surfaces. Moulded relief decoration on exterior surface consists of a transverse strip with two remaining curved arches, each with three arches. The remains of a third arch can be seen. Dragendorff type 42. The fragment is 64.6mm long, 46.7mm wide, 9.7mm thick and weighs 25.8g.

YORYM-244D1A: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date. It is of J.P. Wild's Class VIb which dates to the 2nd century AD. The object comprises a rectangular head with an integral circular sectioned shank which extends at 90 degrees from the base of the head. The shank bends again at 90 degrees and splits into two arms to form a sub-triangular attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The upper surface of the head is decorated with a series of parallel moulded transverse grooves resulting in a ribbed appearance. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 22.8mm long, 18.1mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weight 4.1g.

YORYM-0CCC06: STRAP FITTING
A complete copper alloy strap loop or suspension mount of probable medieval date. The mount is formed from a single, rectangular-sectioned piece of metal which is looped round to form the complete object. Both terminals are simple rectangular bars with bevelled edges and two rivet holes, complete with rivets, oriented along the longitudinal axis. A transverse ridge is present on one of the bars at the point at which it curves outwards to form the loop for suspension. The attachment ends are slightly concave. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The mount is 54.6mm long, 11.8mm wide, 3mm thick and weighs 17.1g. Small strap loops with D-section loops are known from early-medieval contexts but this is distinctly different, and its concave attachment ends suggest a medieval date.

YORYM-E5066A: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy Trumpet brooch of Roman date. The reverse of the head is concave with a single centrally positioned integral lug through which an axis bar, broken at both ends, is fitted. The remains of a pin are looped around the axis bar with six turns of the spring the last of which extends into a long tapering pin with blunted point. The head of the brooch itself is trumpet shaped with a slight circumferential grooved border. From a central point the head tapers to form the circular sectioned upper bow which swells slightly towards an elaborate circular acanthus moulding which is flanked by double banded collars. Extending down from the lower collar is a triangular sectioned lower bow which terminates in a worn break. The remains of a catchplate project from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 40.4mm long, 19.1mm wide, 6.5mm thick and weighs 14.5g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa AD 75 - 175.

YORYM-90368C: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy knee brooch of Roman date. The brooch has hollow semi-circular wings which house and axis bar around which seven turns of the spring are present though the pin no longer survives. From the centre of the wings the bulbous bow projects out at a near 90 degree angle, swelling slightly and bending back downward again. The bow tapers in width from the swelling toward a circular foot knop from the reverse of which the remains of a worn catchplate projects. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.9mm long, 16.9mm wide, 6mm thick and weighs 7.9g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.334, fig.193 and are dated to the 2nd century AD.

An incomplete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of rectangular wings the reverse of which act as a double lug hinge mechanism which retains the axis bar though the pin no longer remains. The front of the wings retains patches of blue enamel though in no discernible design. An integral bow extends centrally from between the wings beginning with a square section and tapering to circular where it terminates in a worn break. A circular perforation is present at the apex of the bow which would have housed a separated headstud feature. A raised spine is present above this on the head of the brooch and is mirrored below the perforation on the lower bow. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 29.7mm long, 18.1mm wide, 4.6mm thick and weighs 7.8g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.333, fig.192 and are dated to the 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-681DC6: HOOKED TAG
A complete early post medieval dress hook made of copper alloy. This is Read Class E, Type 3. The attachment loop is formed by a rectangular loop at the top of the head. The circular shaped plate features relief and open work decoration showing an equal-armed cross with a central pellet, and open work decoration in the quarters, all within a linear circle. The hook is backward pointing and tapers to a sharp point. The plate and the hook are D shaped in cross section. The reverse of the plate is flat and undecorated. Read states that these objects are cast (2008). There is no visual evidence of cast manufacturing on this object. The plate is distorted, with the upper part of the plate and the head loop having been bent forward. The patina is a consistent dark green on both faces with patches of soil adhering to the surface and remaining in the grooves in the decoration. A bright mark/scratch on the front of the hook is evidence of recent damage. This object measures 33.90mm long x 17.26mm wide x 1.73mm thick. It weighs 2.41g. A similar example is published in Read (2008) page 99, number 371. For similar examples on the PAS database see BUC-E18D46, SUR-3A4811, LIN-23CC75 and KENT-1560D3.

YORYM-3C15FA: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). SPES PVBLICA reverse type depicting Spes standing left, holding flower and robes. C Mint, S C//[ ]. The obverse legend and type are unclear. RIC V pt.2, p. 507, cf no. 522. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-3B956C: VESSEL
Ceramic rim sherd of prehistoric date. The fabric is a lightweight, porous material, mid grey-black at the core and pale brown at the surface. The exterior has been burnished throughout. The rim is squared in profile and everted. Probably Iron Age. Prehistoric (Iron Age) Length: 51.2mm; Width: 57.2mm; Thickness: 15.9mm; Weight: 28.5g. Report by Adam Parker Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum

YORYM-3B801A: VESSEL
Six ceramic sherds, presumed from the same vessel.Prehistoric in date. The fabric is coarse material, dark brown at the core, reduced to pale to mid brown at the interior surface and variable at the surface between pale orange, pale grey, and grey-brown. The fabric contains an occasional sand temper, with rounded quartzite pebbles rare, and occasional angular black, iron-rich grits. Two of the sherds are rim fragment, showing an everted rim above an exterior ridge - this collared rim is consistent with food vessel forms of the Bronze Age period. Prehistoric (bronze Age) Dimensions Sherd 1: Length: 42.9mm; Width: 26.3mm; Thickness: 12.6mm; Weight: 15.8g. Sherd 2: Length: 37.1mm; Width: 34.2mm; Thickness: 12.4mm; Weight: 16.1g. Sherd 3: Length: 32mm; Width: 29.2mm; Thickness: 15.7mm; Weight: 15.1g. Sherd 4: Length: 33.8mm; Width: 28.9mm; Thickness: 10.3mm; Weight: 11.7g. Sherd 5: Length: 36.6mm; Width: 24.4mm; Thickness: 10.5mm; Weight: 7.3g. Sherd 6: Length: 23.3mm; Width: 17mm; Thickness: 8.1mm; Weight: 2.4g. Report by Adam Parker Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum

A copper alloy Styca of Aethelred II from his first reign dating to the period AD 840 - 844. Moneyer name around cross reverse type. Moneyer Monne. Mint of Northumbria. North, Vol 1, p.72, no.188.

YORYM-13A179: SEAL MATRIX
TREASURE CASE: 2015 T472. A complete silver seal matrix of medieval date with an inlaid Roman intaglio possibly dating from the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD. The seal matrix is a pointed-oval or vesica shape with a large circular lug for attachment, and to aid in holding the matrix while impressing it, set on the reverse. The reverse has a deep bevelled edge, presumably to accommodate the depth of the bezel, and a flat central panel. The bevelled edge appears to be made from silver sheet; there is a clear line between it and the central panel, and it has fractured at the end opposite the lug. The lug has an elaborate integral fleur-de-lis terminal extending over the flattened central panel of the reverse. It is not clear (from an image) exactly how the lug and lis are fixed to the rest of the matrix; the lis may be cast integrally with the central panel, and perhaps the lug was cast with the lis and soldered to the sheet bevel. The obverse of the seal matrix has an engraved legend within beaded borders which reads: + SECRETI NVNCIVS (Secret Messenger). The second N has the uprights very close together and the bar of the N can only just be seen. The oval intaglio is set in the centre of the matrix within a pointed-oval beaded border which also frames the base of the surrounding legend. Pointed crescentic panels are present in the silver surface of the matrix to either end of the intaglio as a result in the shape variation between the oval intaglio and its pointed-oval border. In the space to the left of the intaglio (towards the bottom of the matrix) a crescent moon is engraved (horns upwards) and a six-pointed star is present to the opposite side (towards the top, under the cross initial mark of the inscription). The intaglio is therefore the right way up when the matrix is held with the cross initial mark to the right (on an impression, to the left). It is made of a red stone, possibly agate, jasper or carnelian, and is engraved with a standing winged Victory facing right (on the matrix) holding a wreath aloft. Victory faces a seated male figure holding a spear in his left hand with his right hand raised over the head of a large bird, possibly an eagle or cockerel, standing at his feet. This is likely to represent a winged messenger saluting the god Jove (or Jupiter). Greek letters are inscribed within the field of the matrix. The symbol for Rho is behind Victory, below the wings. Pi is above the wreath, Omicron and Nu are below with Epsilon beneath and Lambda is behind the seated figure. The inscribed medieval legend on the matrix is in retrograde but the Greek lettering on the intaglio is not, because it was not originally intended to be used in such a fashion. Martin Henig (2008) discusses the reuse of ancient intaglios in medieval seals and states that such objects were often employed as privy or counter-seals by officials and were more intimate and personal in nature than their official counterparts. Numerous medieval seal matrices with re-used Roman intaglios have been reported through the Treasure Act 1996, including 2010T191 (WILT-090CD8), 2010T327 (LVPL-B96A97), 2012T416 (SUSS-628524) and 2013T884 (WAW-5AA212). All of these employ different devices and legends. 2006T375 (IOW-944917) depicts a winged Victory with moon and stars. In a Roman context this is believed to symbolise the eternity of Imperial Victory, though Henig (2002, p.31) theorises that the medieval mind-set may have viewed this image as an allusion to Christ, based on images from the Book of Revelations. It is therefore possible that the use of the Victory flanked by moon and star on the current example may have taken on a similar meaning, though the potential relation to the remaining imagery and Greek lettering remains unclear. It is unclear exactly how Roman intaglios came to be reused in such quantities throughout the medieval period. It is possible that they were found locally by peasants working the land and passed to their lords, though it is equally possible that that they were imported for specific uses. The way in which such intaglios were viewed and interpreted by the medieval people is also an interesting topic regarding the impact of one civilisation on another. Date: Medieval: 12th-14th Century Dimensions: Length: 30.1mm; Width: 22.3mm; Thickness: 8.7mm; Weight: 6.9g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-D345AA: BUCKLE
A medieval buckle made of dark grey-green copper alloy. It could be seen as a double-loop buckle, with one oval and one keyhole-shaped loop, or as a single-loop oval frame with a small integral plate pierced with a keyhole-shaped hole. The copper-alloy pin survives between the two. The oval frame is roughly oval in cross-section. The outside edge has a central point, grooved to form a pin rest; either side of this point is a ridge which runs across the top and down the outer face. The inside edge of the loop is made from thicker metal, appearing like a square block with a spur projecting at either side externally. A central constriction of this block holds the pin, which is formed of a round-sectioned, brighter green wire looped around the constriction. The pin is bent down into the centre of the loop and back up again, and has lost the very tip. The plate or second loop consists of two arms projecting behind the pin and narrowing before they are joined by a curved element. The join between each arm and the curve is marked with a small outward-projecting spur. This buckle measures 24.06mm long x 18.94mm wide by 3.88mm thick. It weighs 3.92g. A good parallel can be seen at SF-AEA143. Another, NCL-5D3D67, was found attached to a swivel by an oval loop and it seems possible that this type of buckle was specifically for use on a dog's lead. Another example, WILT-970E39, has decoration similar to that found on strap-clasps, which can be dated to the late 13th to early 15th centuries.

YORYM-AD503C: COIN
A silver penny of Edward III (1327-77); Third 'florin' coinage, type 3 (1344-51; North 1115); mint: London. Ref: North 1991: 47. The coin is worn and slightly clipped with a visible crease from top to bottom on the obverse.

YORYM-967FD1: DRESS FASTENER (DRESS)
A complete copper alloy toggle of post-medieval date. The toggle consists of a pointed oval body with a circular sectioned shank extending from one side and terminating in a figure of eight loop. The toggle is undecorated. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The toggle is 25.5mm long, 19.3mm wide, 7.8mm thick and weighs 6.8g. This object is one of a group of artefacts which were originally identified by Ralph Jackson and Sally Worrell as cosmetic pestles, dating from the late Iron Age or early Roman period,AD 100 - 200 as seen in SWYOR-E137B1 and DENO-D53724. However, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that at least some of these items are in fact clothing fasteners; toggles similar to those on a duffle coat, as in SF-332DF0 and SWYOR-9FE646. One piece of evidence is the distribution ofPAS examples, which differ from the distribution of cosmetic sets. See the discussion on page 6 of Jackson (2010) Cosmetic Sets of Late Iron Age and Roman Britain, and compare number 513 and 593. The date of these toggles is still unknown as none have been found in dated contexts.

YORYM-025E55: BODKIN
TREASURE CASE : 2015 T421. An incomplete silver dress pin of bodkin type. The bodkin is an elongated triangle in plan with a worn point to one end and a broken forked terminal to the other. The break is across what may have been a longitudinal opening within the body of the bodkin. The section is rectangular and the edges of the object are slightly bevelled. The bodkin has become bent out of shape. The initials "MB" are engraved on one side of the bodkin close to the remains of the opening. The object is otherwise undecorated. Dimensions: Length: 87.4mm; Width: 4.3mm; Thickness: 2.1mm; Weight: 4g. Discussion: The form and decoration of this bodkin are similar to other recorded examples on the PAS database, dated to the seventeenth century: KENT-3F7D97 (2015 T228), SUR-997F8C (2015 T161), LEIC-0CF848 (2014 T50) and SUSS-9D1CE6 (2010 T398). In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-024FCE: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2015 T422. A complete silver finger ring. The hoop is sub-circular with a rectangular section and has been slightly bent out of shape as a result of is deposition. The bezel is in the form of a simple snakes head with small circular indentations for eyes. The hoop is made of a single strip of metal which has been twisted round and appears to have been hammer-welded giving the impression that the strip is joined. The interior of the hoop is undecorated though the gap between the strips are more prominent. Date: uncertain Dimensions: Diameter: 23.1mm; Width: 5.9mm; Thickness: 2.3mm; Weight: 2.9g. Discussion: although this ring has the appearance of snake rings of Roman date, close examination has revealed crude file marks and the use of solder to join the coils, not a characteristic of ancient rings. Although the ring contains a minimum of 10% precious metal, it does not qualify as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996 as it cannot be characterised as being more than 300 years old.

YORYM-71EBF0: CHISEL
A complete though worn copper alloy chisel or trunnion tool of middle Bronze Age date (1500 -1150 BC). The object is sub-rectangular in plan and section, tapering in width from cutting edge to butt. At the midpoint worn semi-circular lug like projections/trunnions extend to either side. The object is eroded by plough roll/abrasion. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The chisel is 88.5mm long, 12.9mm tapering to 3.8mm wide, 5.5mm tapering to 2.9mm thick and weighs 23.6g. A similar example has been recorded as HESH-51B7E2 in which it states that such tools are dated to the metalworking tradition phase VIII - IX, which corresponds to Needham's (1996) Period 5 circa 1500-1150 CAL. BC. This record also cites a number of published examples such as from Yattendon Berks (Evans 1881: p169 Fig. 196) and Harbledon, Kent (Rowlands 1976 cat no 1108 p 351/pl36). The latter reference also suggests the date range for these as being from the early Middle Bronze Age with a peak in the Middle Bronze Age with a few examples turning up within assemblages of late Bronze Age date (ibid p44). A distinct pattern of distribution is suggested in the West and in Ireland (ibid) with examples of these being discovered in Shropshire, Cheshire and Wrexham, specifically within the Meole Brace (Edgebold Brickyard) Hoard (Rowlands 1976 after Chitty 1925) and Broxton Cheshire (Evans 1881; 169) and now the Burton Hoard PAS-5B1745. All these examples are associated with either spearheads or palstaves reinforcing a Middle Bronze Age dating probably associated with Acton Park II or Taunton traditions / assemblages.

YORYM-4769D5: TOY
An almost complete copper alloy toy of medieval to post-medieval date. The toy is in the form of three miniature cups or cauldrons joined together in a single piece by the body at the centre. Each vessel has a flared rim, waisted neck, and curved, bulbous body with a flat base and the stump of a single rounded leg protruding from the base. Two of the vessels have pointed, loop handles attached to the rim and shoulder while only the remains of the handle at its points of attachment survive on the third vessel. The interior of the vessels are hollow and the rims are heavily worn. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toy is 37.2mm long, 35.5mm wide, 14.9mm thick and weighs 35.5g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database as SWYOR-E15D72, LVPL-5D8BF7, SWYOR-6C64B4 and LANCUM-855CB2. While life-sized ceramic triple cups are found in the Roman period they have no handles and are of a distinctly Roman form. The vessels in the current example are of a clear medieval form as seen in individual examples in Egan (2005) p.113 & 114. The reason for creating a triplicate example is unclear though they may have been intended to mimic 'fuddling' vessels. Fuddling cups are full size ceramic vessels which were produced as novelty or joke pieces which were formed from three or more small cups with interlinked handles and joined together through a small hole in the walls. The idea was to drink from one without spilling the contents of the others. Although cooking vessels (which these miniature cauldrons were copies of) have no 'fuddling' parallel, it seems that this miniature is some sort of novelty piece.

A copper alloy nummus of Crispus (AD 317-26), dating to AD 320-1 (Reece Period 16), BEATA TRA-NQVILLITAS, globe on altar inscribed VOTIS XX. Mint of London, P A // PLON. RIC VII, p. 110 no. 211. H. Cloke and L. Toone, The London Mint of Constantius and Constantine (Spink, 2015), p. 264, no. 9.04.017. Dated according to Cloke and Toone.

YORYM-A0B088: AXEHEAD
A complete though probably unfinished stone axehead of Neolithic date. The axehead is trapezoidal in plan with a pointed ovate section. The surfaces are rough with a chip to one side of the cutting edge and two smaller chips along one long side. The crude shaping and unpolished nature of the object suggests it was not properly finished. The axe fragment is 79.5mm long, 36.4mm wide, 18.1mm thick and weighs 200g. The axe is comprised of a grey-green fine-grained siliceous tuff - a sedimentary volcanic rock possibly from the Great Langdale quarries in Cumbria. This stone was most probably chosen for its colour and fineness which allowed it to be highly polished. It is likely that axes such as this were high status and probably not functional. If functional however the axe would have been hafted to an organic handle or haft. Axeheads made of Langdale geological material have been found throughout England (see distribution map: http://finds.org.uk/database/search/map/q/langdale) and represent important evidence for the exchange of materials in the Neolithic period.

YORYM-9CBFC3: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting galley left with mast, cabin and 7 crew; no waves. C mint, QC. RIC V, pt.2 -. Although this coin is not in RIC a significant number of specimens have been recorded. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-5FFBFB: FIGURINE
An incomplete and extremely worn copper alloy figurine of Roman date. The figurine is in the form of Mercury, naked, facing forwards in a casual pose with legs apart and relaxed arms to either side. The head of the figurine is tilted slightly forwards and turned to the right and is wearing a winged cap, though the wings proper have been lost to old worn breaks. No distinct facial features remain. The neck is short and broad, sloping steadily to the shoulders, the left of which is held square while the right is also slightly sloped forwards. The right arm is draped straight down the side of the body, resting upon it, and the left arm is pulled back from the body and bent at the elbow. Both arms terminate in worn knops which would once have formed the hands. The torso is slender with smooth mouldings depicting the chest though any further definition is lost to wear. The body slopes to the right with the hip projecting out slightly. At the base of the torso adjacent diagonal grooves are present which define the groin area though again, further definition no longer survives. To the reverse of the torso a deep vertical groove is present which defines the spine ridge of the back and continues into the buttocks which are rounded and well defined. From the hips the right leg extends straight down, tapering in diameter slightly from the upper thigh to a worn break just below the rounded knee. The left leg is bent forwards at the knee and again terminates in a worn break. The metal has a patchy mid-green patina and is very worn. The figurine is 76.7mm long, 30.2mm wide, 12.2mm thick and weighs 201g. Numerous figurines of Mercury are recorded from England such as Great Barton, Suffolk (SF-FBCE78), Nettleton, Lincolnshire (LIN-25CC02), Urchfont, Wiltshire (WILT-564501), Wickenby, Lincolnshire (LIN-3A2272), Lavenham, Suffolk (ESS-BC68F7) and the Isle of Wight (IOW-80A331). Sally Worrell, National Finds Advisor, adds: The figure has a marked asymmetry.The deity is recognisable from the winged cap, but lacks the other identifying attributes often associated with the god (Durham 2012, 3.15. More unusually he appears to wear a torc; separate torcs are documented from other examples in Britain and beyond (BERK-F1499B; Worrell and Pearce forthcoming, no. 11) but are not so far as we know recorded as integrally cast with figurines of the god from the province.

YORYM-5F21E0: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date of Wild Class II. The head of the fastener is an open work circle with a D-shaped section. A raised rectangular block with ribbed upper surface projects from the upper edge of the head, below which the integral shank extends. The shank, which has a circular section, extends straight down a short length from the reverse of the head and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two to form a triangular attachment loop with rounded corners. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a dark-brown patina and is worn. The fastener is 38.1mm long, 21.1mm wide, 9.1mm thick, and weighs 5.5g. Button and loop fasteners such as this date to the mid-1st - 2nd century AD.

YORYM-35CDA8: COIN
A silver radiate of Herennia Etruscilla dating to the period AD 249 - 251 (Reece Period 12). PVDICITIA AVG reverse type depicting Pudicitia standing left, holding a sceptre and drawing a veil from her face. Minted in Rome. RIC IV, pt.III, p.127, no.58b; Cunetio p. 93, no. 327.

YORYM-10EB06: BUCKLE
A fragment of copper-alloy buckle of medieval date. The object is the attachment end of a T-shaped buckle. The terminal is pentagonal with a large central perforation and a circumferential recess around the uppermost point. Beneath the terminal is a transverse moulded collar from which an integral shaft extends and splits into two narrower arms both of which terminate in worn breaks. These breaks occur at the point at which a bar for the pin would have been fitted. The pin and bar no longer remain. The metal has a dark blackish-brown patina and is worn. The buckle is 25.8mm long, 14.6mm wide, 5.9mm thick and weighs 5.4g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database. For examples see: DENO-4B97A8, SWYOR-BEAEF3, NMS-397194 and LEIC-C1F374.

YORYM-10901D: SEAL MATRIX
An almost-complete pedestal seal matrix of post medieval date. This object has been cast in copper alloy. The face of the die is oval with an incised decoration of an anchor inside an oval border. At the centre of the oval, superimposed over the main shaft of the anchor, is a heart which has been deeply incised or perhaps cast. The handle which extends upwards from the back of the die narrows sharply to a thin stem, rectangular in cross section, at the centre of the oval. The stem then flares to form a flattened oval shape with three circular perforations across its width. Above the perforations the handle terminates in a suspension loop. This loop may have been circular. It is broken with most of the original circumference missing. The broken ends are worn. The seal matrix is mostly brown in colour with patches of dark green patina on the stem and the die. The surface is not smooth all over, with small raised lumps (of metal?) on the face and reverse of the die. The face of the die has suffered some damage with a semi-circular chip out of the edge at the top of the design. At the bottom right of the design, the anchor is much closer to the edge of the die and the oval border is missing. It is not clear whether this edge has been worn down or whether the design was altered to take account of this irregularity in the shape of the face. This object is 22.14mm long. The face of the die is 15.27mm x 13.18mm. The hand is 1.53mm thick. It weighs 3.48g. A very similar example is recorded on the PAS database at WMID-493CO1. SUR-8CB946 also has a very similar handle design and almost the same die decoration, although without the central heart.

YORYM-FB8A9C: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Licinius I dating to the period AD 310 - 312 (Reece Period 16). GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius facing holding patera in right hand and cornucopiae in left. Mint of London. RIC VI, p.136, no.209c.

YORYM-E7047E: MORTARIUM
Rim sherd of a hooked-flange mortarium. Pale pinkish-cream fabric. The exact nature of the fabric cannot be ascertained as no clean edge break is visible; the sherd is abraded and smoothed from weathering. Probably Mancetter-Hartshill fabric. The fragment is 45.8mm long, 28.3mm wide, 9.8mm thick and weighs 15.9g. Roman AD100-280 Report by Adam Parker Assistant Curator of Archaeology, Yorkshire Museum.

YORYM-68896E: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT, Two captives seated back to back against a central standard inscribed VOT//XX. Mint of Siscia. RIC VII, p.439, no.120.

YORYM-684CF2: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 323 - 324 (Reece Period 16). SARMATIA DEVICTA reverse typed depicting Victory advancing right holding trophy and palm branch, treading on captive. Mint of London. RIC VII, p.115, no.289. This coin has the rarer obverse legend break CONSTANT - INVS AVG which is noted in RIC.

YORYM-65D7F2: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete copper alloy button and loop fastener or toggle of late Iron Age to Roman date. The head a sinuous figure of eight design, the upper portion of which is wider than the lower. A circular sectioned shank extends straight down from the centre of the reverse of the head, which is flat, and bends before splitting in to two to form a triangular attachment loop. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The toggle is 22.9mm long, 14.5mm wide, 8.5mm thick and weighs 7.1g.

YORYM-654ECD: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Wild Class III of Roman date. The head is a pointed ovate with a raised circular boss within a circumferential recess. A circular sectioned shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, which is concaved, and bends at 90 degrees before terminating in a worn break. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 22.9mm long, 14.5mm wide, 8.5mm thick and weighs 7.1g. Button and loop fasteners such as this date to the late 1st to 2nd century AD.

YORYM-4FBCEB: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of an uncertain ruler dating to the period AD 275 - 296 (Reece Perido 14). Uncertain reverse type depciting unclear standing figure. Mint uncertain.

YORYM-4FA453: COIN
A copper alloy radiate probably of Salonina dating to the period AD 253 - 260, joint reign (Reece Period 12), probably VENVS FELIX, Venus seated left. Mint of Gaul. Cunetio, p. 105, cf. no. 733.

A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Salonina (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece Period 13). FECVND[ITAS AVG] reverse type depicting Fecunditas standing left holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left hand; at feet to the left stands a small child with arms raised. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1316.

YORYM-D402D9: COIN
Silver plated denarius of an uncertain Antonine or Severan empress, dating to c. AD 138-235.

YORYM-8530AC: TOGGLE
A complete copper alloy toggle of Iron Age to Roman date. The toggle is of the dumbbell type comprising two globular hemispherical terminals joined by a waisted central circular shaft. Integral raised collars are present where the shaft and terminals meet. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The toggle is 22.9mm long, 11.3mm in diameter at the terminals, 6.6mm in diameter at the shaft and weighs 10.7g. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, for example: YORYM-1A6833, SWYOR-72CC15A, NARC-4C2B74 and NCL-DD6E92.

YORYM-6D3E2C: MICROLITH
A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in plan and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises and a minor amount of retained cortex along the proximal right hand edge. The proximal, left and right hand edges have fine semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. The lithic is a secondary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-6D067D: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint scraper/blade of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in plan and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The distal, left and right hand edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch and short parallel flaking. The ventral surface is concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. The lithic is a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream and dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-6CF048: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A scraper made on flint flake of probable Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in plan and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. All edges contain semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface has distinct ripples of percussions emanating from the proximal end and some short scaled flake removals along proximal right hand edge. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-6CA6E8: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint thumbnail scraper of Neolithic date (3500-2100 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in plan and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface retains a minor amount of cortex along the left hand edge and has four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The distal and right hand edges have fine semi-abrupt retouch and the distal end and short parallel flake removal. The ventral surface is concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end with a shallow negative scar situated on top. The lithic is a secondary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is cream in colour

YORYM-1C6474: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete knapped lithic implement of early Neolithic date, circa 4000 - 3500 BC. The implement is a scraper formed from a secondary flake which is ovate with a D-shaped section. The ventral surface is relatively smooth with a surviving bulb of percussion and striking platform while the dorsal surface is irregular with numerous flakes having been removed. Three distinct areas of cortex remain on the dorsal surface. Abrupt, short and parallel retouch is present along the distal edge forming the scraping surface. The flint is a grey colour with patches of a lighter chalky inclusion. The implement is 51.6mm long, 35.7mm wide, 10.88mm thick and weighs 22.4g. Scrapers are fairly ubiquitous throughout prehistory and are generally less chronologically distinctive than other artefact types. They had many different functions as they were very useful tools and were employed, for example, for skinning animals, removing the fatty deposit from hinds and much more.

YORYM-EFADB9: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding olive branch and vertical sceptre. C Mint, S P//C. RIC V pt.2, p.566, no.86. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-EC41D9: HOOKED TAG
A complete copper alloy dress hook of post-medieval date. The dress hook is of Reads Class E, Type 3 being circular in plan. The main plate is convex with moulded relief decoration consisting of a five-petalled double rose. A trapezoidal attachment loop projects from one edge and a D-sectioned hook extends from the opposite edge curving to terminate in a worn point. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The dress hook is 31.5mm long, 15.3mm wide, 2.5mm thick and weighs 3.5g. A similar example is illustrated in Read, p.95, no.345 and is dated to the early post-medieval period.

YORYM-5BC867: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Licinius I (AD 308-24) dating to the period AD 321 - 324 (Reece Period 16). IOVI CONSERVATORI reverse type depicting Jupiter standing left holdign Victory on globe and sceptre; to left, eagle; to right, captive. Mint of Heraclea. RIC VII, p.548, no.52.

YORYM-5BA60B: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. C Mint. RIC V, pt.2, p.319, cf. no.319. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). RESTIT(V?) BRITAN reverse type depicting Emperor raising Britannia. C Mint., -//C. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

An incomplete copper alloy Roman headstud brooch, dating to the period AD 75 - 200. The brooch has a rectangular head with stepped decoration, and two broken projections extending from the upper edge which would have formed an attachement loop. The bow curves outwards from the centre of the wings before curving back down with a D-shaped section and terminating in a circular foot knop. An integral circular headstud decoration consisting of two concentric circles is present at the apex of the bow. Along the lower bow there is linear decoration in the form of a cross hatched pattern resulting in lozenge cells which retain traces of red enamel. The reverse is plain, but there is a recess on the back of the head for the pin to attach. The flare of the lower bow has broken off and the break is worn. The pin is missing. The brooch itself is a little worn. It has a green patina on its surface, with some areas of brown. The length is 42.15mm, the thickness is 4.01mm, the width is 14.33mm and the weight is 7.33mm. Parallels on the database include YORYM-610853 and SWYOR-8BFC51, and similar examples can be seen in Hattatt, R. (2007) p.332 fig 191, nos 36, 421 and 939.

YORYM-449F66: BROOCH
A mostly complete copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch of Hull Type 153A, dating to the period AD 75 - 175. The head is a trumpet oval in shape with a double line running down its centre. The head then narrows before flaring out again into a spherical acanthus moulding. From the moulding the bow again tapers to form the D-sectioned lower bow. Linear decoration is present around the bow above and below the acanthus moulding. The catchplate remains projecting from the reverse of the lower bow though the very edge is broken. The spring of five turns is still in place to the reverse of the head, and the pin is still attached and moves. The pin has been bent a third of the way along. The breaks are quite worn, and the brooch itself is a little worn. The metal is brown in colour with areas of green. The length is 88.34mm, the width is 21.42mm, the thickness is 21.44mm at its thickest and 1.75mm at its thinnest, and the weight is 29.24g. Examples on the database include WILT-D27127 and Hattatt (2007) p.326 fig 185, nos 80, 959 and 1436, and Hattatt (1982) p.107 fig 44, no. 80

YORYM-DBDD8D: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date. It is of J.P. Wild's Class VIa which dates to the 2nd century AD. The object is comprised of a rectangular head with an integral circular sectioned shank which extends at 90 degrees from the base of the head. The shank bends again at 90 degrees and splits into two arms which would have formed a triangular attachment loop, both arms are however now broken and extremely worn. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The upper surface of the head is decorated with four sub-triangular swirling designs of coloured enamel, one along each edge. The two on the longer edges are of blue enamel while the shorter two are red. The metal has a mid grey patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 19.3mm long, 18mm wide, 10mm thick and weight 4.2g.

YORYM-C5BE5F: COIN
A silver radiate of Divus Valerian II (AD 256-258), dating to the period c. AD 258-260 (Reece Period 12). CONSACRATIO reverse type depicting Valerian II seated on eagle flying right. Mint of Gaul. As Cunetio p.105, no.740.

YORYM-C57E4A: COIN
An incomplete, base silver contemporary copy of a denarius of Geta (AD 198-212), dating to the period c.AD 198-200 (Reece period 10). SEVERI PII AVG FIL reverse type depicting a Lituus, knife, jug, simpulum, and sprinkler. Prototype of the mint of Rome. Cf. RIC IV.1, p. 314, no. 3.

YORYM-C531D9: COIN
A copper alloy as of Marcus Aurelius as Caesar (AD 139-161), dating to the period AD 140 - 144 (Reece Period 7), PIETAS AVG S C reverse type depicting Sacrificial Implements. Mint of Rome. The appearance and light weight of the coin might suggest it is a Limesfalsum cast copy. RIC III, p.174, no.1240a.

YORYM-B4DC69: BARBED AND TANGED ARROWHEAD
An almost complete knapped barbed and tanged arrowhead of early Bronze Age date. The arrowhead is triangular in plan with a pointed ovate cross section. Two smaller triangular notches have been chipped into the base of the object to form the central tang and flanking barbs. The tip of one bard has been broken off and no longer remains. The complete barb has a rounded end and the tang is square. The arrowhead has been formed on a tertiary flake which has been bi-facially worked with covering, scaled, low angle invasive retouch. The flint is a semi-translucent grey colour and is not patinated. The arrowhead is 26.6mm long, 20.3mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 1.3g.

YORYM-767BEE: AXEHEAD
A complete knapped lithic axehead of late Mesolithic to Early Neolithic date (c.7000 BC - 3500 BC). The axehead is sub-ovate in plan and pointed ovate in cross section. The implement has been bi-facially worked with transverse flaking over all surfaces. The edges have been more extensively worked with fine shallow retouch creating the cutting edge. The flint is an off-white patchy colour retaining the cortex on both faces with a high proportion of iron staining. The implement is 94.1mm long, 48.1mm wide, 19mm thick and weighs 93g.

YORYM-7505A8: MINIATURE OBJECT
A complete copper alloy votive miniature object in the form of a socketed axehead of Roman date. The mouth is ovate with a small circular indentation representing the socket. From the mouth the blade extends which is sub-rectangular flaring out slightly towards the rounded cutting edge. An integral side loop projects from one side close to the socket end of the axehead. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn and pitted. The axehead is 20.6mm long, 11.6mm wide, 5.6mm thick and weighs 3.2g. Numerous similar objects have been recorded on the PAS database. For examples see: IOW-E2E708, BH-15EFD4, SF-631D32 and LIN-B1B742. The latter record describes such miniature axes as being of Robinson's (1995) Type III, which is thought to imitate Iron Age and Romano British iron axes (Robinson 1995 WA&NHM 88), although this form is also very similar to Bronze Age socketed axes.

YORYM-70783D: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper alloy Roman snake finger ring dating to the period AD43-400. The ring is oval sectioned in the centre, and flattens out towards the terminals, which end in a curved snake's head. Only one snake head survives, the other has snapped off resulting in a worn break. The ring is dark brown in colour, and is fairly worn. There is linear decoration on the head to indicate eyes, and apart from that the ring is plain. Often snake rings were converted from snake bracelets (such as DOR-B94473), and so this is a possibility. The ring measures 28.45mm in length, 2.82mm in thickness, width 20.27mm and the weight is 5.75g. A parallel on the database is NMS-E7304A.

YORYM-33A9C3: SPUR
A post medieval copper alloy rowel spur. This is a fragment comprising the rowel box (the rowel is missing) the neck and part of the sides, both of which are broken. All these parts were cast as one object. A separate fragment from one sides, which itself is broken across the terminal, was also found. This can be refitted to the main object. It is not possible to determine the original shape of the terminal. The sides are formed in thick copper alloy, roughly oval in cross section. The outer surface is covered with decoration made up of incised groves, stippling and hatching. The neck comprises a large round knop. There are two thin collars between the neck knop and the rowel box. The two sides of the rowl box are trapezoidal in section. The outer faces are decorated with a series of short, crescent shaped incised lines running at right angles to the length of the box. The sides taper and terminate in a thin collar with a rounded end beyond. The rounded ends are D shaped in cross section and feature a central perforation. Each perforation still contains a separate fragment of the iron bar which once held the rowl. There are traces of gilding in the incised decoration on the sides (both fragments). Traces of gilding are also present in around where the neck joins onto the sides, between the round knop of the neck and both collars, and in the crescent incisions on the rowl box. Spurs had a fashionable importance and were a status symbol of the horseman, as well as being functional items (Ellis p124 in Clarke (ed.) 2004). Both part of the object have a dark green patina, with occasional patches of dark red. There is some damage to the surface of the under-side of the rowel box. The inner surface of the sides (main fragment) is scratched. The longest side (main fragment) has a worn break. The break to the other side is very fresh. This is where the small fragment refits. The break across the terminal (small fragment) is worn. The division into two parts is therefore possibly excavation damage. The main fragment measures 86.32mm x 62.81mm x 11.70mm and weighs 44.41g. The smaller fragment measures 47.60mm x 8.51mm x 3.71mm and weighs 6.37g. Similar shaped rowel spurs have been recorded on the database. See SOM-7BCF85 and NARC-DFF495. Although none of these are as highly decorated.

YORYM-DFDFD8: FINGER RING
A complete but broken finger ring of Roman date. The finger ring has a flat rectangular cross section with an expanded ovate bezel. The bezel has a deep groove running horizontally separating an inscription in two lines, one above the other below the line. The inscription is very shallow and worn though the upper text appears to read AVI and the lower VILA or VICA. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The finger ring is 20.7mm long, 8.5mm wide, 1mm thick and weighs 1.8g.

YORYM-37E195: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2015 T80. Addenda to 2013 T935. Two silver units of Iron Age date, one almost complete and one with approximately half remaining. Both types belong to the inscribed local "North Eastern" coin series, produced in about AD 20-50. 1. An almost complete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVM N OCO [VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 17.05mm; Thickness: 1.31mm; Weight: 1.08g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 2. A complete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed DVMNOC TIGIR SENO. Obverse: [D]VMN[OC] inscription between two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-lineReverse: TIGI[R] [SENO] inscription around right-facing horse, with pellets below neck Diameter: 16.22mm; Thickness: 1.03mm; Weight: 0.73g ABC, p.101, no. 1974; VA, p.256, no. 974; BMC, p.184, no. 3328-29 Discussion: These coins represent addenda to the two earlier batches of Iron Age coins from the same site (see 2012 T772 and 2013 T935). In terms of age and precious metal composition, these coins meet the criteria of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: Cottam, E. De Jersey, P. Rudd, C and Sillis, J. (2010). Ancient British Coins. Hobbs, R. (1996). British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum. Van Arsdell, R. D. (1989). Celtic Coinage of Britain. Author and title: Rebecca Griffiths FLO for North and East Yorkshire 13 February 2015 Amended: Ian Leins Curator, British Museum 22 June 2015

YORYM-0A0FD2: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2015 T74. A simple gold finger ring, rectangular in side view, undecorated except for an inscription in Lombardic capitals reading + AMIE EN W. ST. MA.VIE BEL EGIE. V. The interior of the hoop is plain. The Lombardic script is comparable to other rings of the 13th and early 14th centuries. The inscription is difficult to understand, but AMIE EN VV perhaps means 'Amie En Vous' (Friend (feminine) to you) and MA VIE BEL meaning 'Ma Vie Belle' (my beautiful life). Some of the letters cannot be explained (such as the T, and the stop between W and S, and the GIE) but it certainly appears to be a lover's motto. There is no exact comparison for a ring with this type of inscription. For comparable examples for the dating of the Lombardic script, see BM 1867,1006.1 and V&A.181-1975, and LIN-A1E7B8. The ring was analysed by the department of Scientific Research at the British Museum, who identified traces of resin within the lettering of the inscription. There is no convincing explanation for this, though it could be the result of recent contamination subsequent to the ring being removed from the soil. Dimensions: Diameter of hoop: 19mm Weight: 9g Conclusion: The object is made of gold and is probably over 300 years old. Consequently it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996 in terms of both age and precious metal content.

Republican silver denarius of an uncertain moneyer (Reece Period 1). Obverse shows a head right. Uncertain reverse.

Republican silver denarius of an uncertain moneyer, dating to c. 100-50 BC (Reece Period 1). Possibly laureate head of Apollo on the obverse. Uncertain reverse.

YORYM-2332B6: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date. It is of J.P. Wild's Class VIa which dates to the 2nd century AD. The object is comprised of a square head with an integral circular sectioned shank which extends at 90 degrees from the base of the head. The shank bends again at 90 degrees and splits into two arms which would have formed a triangular attachment loop, both arms are however now broken and worn. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The upper surface of the head is decorated with a four petalled flower within a recessed triangular cell. One of the resulting sub-triangular cells between each petal retains red enamel. The interior of the petals are also recessed though no enamel remains. The metal has a light greenish patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 27.9mm long, 14.7mm wide, 4.6mm thick and weight 1g.

YORYM-1238E3: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Umbonate disc brooch of Roman date. The brooch would originally have been circular in plan, though roughly one quarter has been lost to worn break, and there is a conical projection at its centre. The conical boss is decorated with splayed petal-shaped cells which retain yellow enamel. One inverted triangular panel is visible between the upper portions of two of the petals and bares red enamel. A recessed circumferential groove is present at the base of the boss. The remaining outer rim of the brooch is decorated with numerous tongue-shaped cells of roughly the same size most retaining blue enamel. The reverse of the brooch is undecorated and a broken hinge for the pin remains though the pin and catchplate no longer survive. The metal has a dark green patina and is worn. The brooch is 30.4mm in diameter, 4.8mm thick and weighs 6.4g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.350, fig.209 and are dated to the 2nd century AD.

A copper alloy As of Faustina II, struck under Marcus Aurelius, dating to the period AD 161 - 175 (Reece Period 8). LAETITIA S C reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left holding wreath and sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p.346, no.1655.

YORYM-FDD3D5: BROOCH
A complete but bent copper alloy penannular brooch of Roman date. The brooch is of Booth Type A8 (Fowlers Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands slightly towards the terminals. The terminals are rounded knops with a double banded moulded collar. A sub-circular sectioned pin remains looped around the frame. The metal is a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 45.7mm long, 4.5mm in diameter at the terminals and 2mm diameter at the frame, the pin is 35.5mm long, 3.7mm wide, 1.9mm thick and the brooch weighs 4.3g.

YORYM-E76D0A: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax left with vertical sceptre. C mint., -//C. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-CDCAD3: COIN
A silver Republican denarius of L. Valerius Acisculus, dating to 45 BC (Reece Period 1). Obverse: Head of Apollo right, star above; Reverse: Helmeted human-headed owl right with spear and shield. Mint of Rome. RRC, p. 484, no. 474/2.

YORYM-8EA2BC: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Gratian (AD 367-383), dating to the period AD 367-378 (Reece period 19). S[ECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE] reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Uncertain mint.

YORYM-7AA9C3: COIN
A copper alloy Radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286-293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left with branch in right hand and long vertical sceptre in left hand. Mint of London, L - //ML. RIC V, pt 2, p. 472, no. 101. This coin is in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-68B2AA: COIN
A medieval silver penny of Henry I (1100-35), Pax type (North 859; BMC iii; c. AD1103), Moneyer: Eadwine; Mint: York. Ref: North 1994, 197. EMC 2015.0004 Dr Martin Allen, Senior Assistant Keeper, Department of Coins and Medals, The Fitzwilliam Museum, states that this is the first known coin of the York moneyer Edwine in the type, reading +EDPINEONEF[E?][-].

YORYM-5379A7: FIREARM
A complete copper alloy ram-rod of modern date (AD 1800-1900). The object is complete with no indication of breaks and is composed of a single, solid piece of metal which has possibly been machine worked to achieve its shape. The upper end is bell shaped and tapers towards the integral shaft, this is circular in section and has a single raised, circumferentially running aspect located approximately half way along the shaft. The terminating end of the object and shaft is slightly broadened due to the percussive nature of the use of the object. Given the length of the object it is likely to have come from a pistol or a short barrelled gun. The metal is a dark brown in colour with some green pitted patina and light grey smooth patina along the shaft. Diameter of shaft: 10.16mm

YORYM-3D23D1: TWEEZERS
A complete copper alloy pair of tweezers of Roman date. The tweezers are comprised of a single piece of metal folded in half to create two parallel plates with a loop for attachment at the apex. The tweezers are rectangular in section though tapering in thickness from the apex to the tips. From the neck the tweezing ends expand in width to form triangular plates with steeply curved ends. The tweezers appear to be undecorated. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The tweezers are 53.2mm long, 2.9mm wide at the neck, 7.6mm wide at the tweezing ends, 1.1mm thick and weighs 5.4g. Similar examples are illustrated in Crummy, p.59.

YORYM-3A1DC3: HARNESS PENDANT
A complete copper alloy pendant or swinger from a fly terret, also known as a head terret. The pendant is circular in form with a large central fleur-de-lys, the foot and three arms of which each merge with the outer frame creating an openwork design. A figure of eight attachment loop, pierced from side to side, projects from the upper edge of the harness pendant. The metal has a mid to dark blackish-green patina and is worn. The harness pendant is 55.1mm long, 41.5mm in diameter, 3.9mm thick and weighs 23.9g. Although there are similar designs among the medieval pendants on the PAS database (such as YORYM-CC0B05), the figure-of-eight loop, large size and sharp edges suggests that this is a 19th- or 20th-century fly terret. Compare IOW-06C5C2, ESS-1ED125, and IOW-AC3BA4.

YORYM-198D4E: STRAP END
A complete copper alloy strap end of Early Medieval date. The strap end is half a pointed oval in shape, with a wide attachment end shaped around two rivet holes, with a small point n the centre. The attachment end is split to accommodate the strap, and the split area is decorated with a trilobate 'fan-shaped' motif consisting of grooves forming a central triangle flanked by a crescent to either side. Below this is a panel of Trewhiddle-style decoration featuring interlaced, stylised beasts or birds. The recessed portions of the design are inlaid with niello which has decomposed to a silvery colour. The pointed end of the strap end, at which a zoomorphic terminal would normally be present, has the unusual feature of a circular-sectioned elongated shaft with bulbous terminal. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a mid green patina and survives in good condition. The strap end is 46.3mm long, 14.8mm wide, 4.5mm thick and weighs 8.1g. Late Anglo Saxon and Viking strap ends have been classified into several types by Gabor Thomas. This example does not fit well into Thomas's classification, but is best seen as a variant of his Class A, lacking an animal-head terminal but otherwise fairly close to a strap-end from York (Thomas 2000, no. 258, fig. 3.1E). A similar example from the East Riding has been recorded on the PAS database at FAKL-B2FD86. Dr Kevin Leahy, National Adviser for Early Medieval Metalwork, suggests that, based on the current distribution trends for this object type, they may be a specifically Northern type.

YORYM-EABD4D: FINGER RING
A silver finger-ring of roughly D-shaped cross-section. The interior of the band is smooth and the exterior has heavily worn engravings. Each shoulder is decorated with four closely spaced hatched lines on either side, projecting downwards (away from the bezel). Further along the hoop are smaller, fainter hatched lines, projecting upwards. The bezel features a series of line that may be a crude monogram of several letters on top of one another, framed on either side by a transverse line from which emanate four short chips, and outside of this another line from which emanates a sunburst. Discussion: This ring was shown to Medieval and Post-Medieval curators are the British Museum, and the suggestion was that it may be of Post-Medieval date or later. A suitable parallel could not be found, so the curators were not confident that on balance of probability the ring was more than 300 years old.

YORYM-B133C8: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting a galley left with mast, cabin, probably 8 rowers; no waves. 'C' mint, QC. RIC V pt. II p.569, no.128. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-A01E49: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius Gallus (AD 351-4), dating to the period AD 353 - 354 (Reece Period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting soldier spearing fallen horseman. Mint of Lyon. RIC VIII, p. 191, no 191.

A worn copper-alloy Roman nummus of the House of Valentinian, dating to the period AD 364-378 (Reece period 19). SEC[VRITAS REI PVBLICAE] reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Probably mint of Arles.

YORYM-6C737B: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T905. A fused lump of denarii - possibly burnt as they are deformed into a fused mass (total wt. = 14.01g). Three of the coins can be identified as of Severus Alexander (AD 222-35) but further details are uncertain due to the condition of the coins. As this find consists of at least 7 silver coins which are over 300 years old it should be considered as potential Treasure as defined by the Treasure Act 1996. Severus Alexander (AD 222-235) 3 Uncertain Emperor 3 + 1 minor frag CATALOGUE SEVERUS ALEXANDER[1] (3) Possibly Rome (3) Series uncertain, 1-4 (1): [IMP C M] AVR SEV AL[EXAND AVG] No. Reverse Bust RIC IV BMC VI Qty Wt Illegible (fused to another coin) Z ? ? 1 - (fused) Series uncertain, 13-18 (1): [IMP ALEXANDER] PIVS AVG No. Reverse Bust RIC IV BMC VI Qty Wt Illegible (fused to another coin) A1* ? ? 1 - (fused) Series uncertain, 13-18 (1): IMP ALEX[ANDER PIVS AVG] No. Reverse Bust RIC IV BMC VI Qty Wt Illegible (fused to another coin) Z ? ? 1 - (fused) Emperor / mint uncertain (3) Obv. (3): illegible No. Reverse Bust RIC BMC Qty Wt []AVG (Mars adv. r. holding spear and shouldering trophy) Z ? ? 1 - (fused) Illegible (fused to another coin) Z ? ? 2 - (fused) Minor fragment (1) Obv. (1): NV No. Reverse Bust RIC BMC Qty Wt Illegible (fused to another coin) Z ? ? 1 - (fused) [1] BMC Series order.

YORYM-1BBFCC: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), probably sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting Virtus standing left holding shield and spear. Mint of Milan. Cf. Cunetio no. 1605 passim.

YORYM-1B3C39: BUCKLE
A complete copper-alloy annular brooch of medieval date. The brooch is circular and the frame is circular in cross-section, with a narrow constriction for the pin. The pin remains looped around the constriction with an open loop; it has a circular cross-section. Two further constrictions are present at opposing points on the frame. The object is undecorated. The metal has a mid greenish-brown patina and is worn. The object is 24.6mm in diameter, 3.4mm wide, 4.5mm thick and weighs 6.1g. Egan and Pritchard (p.64-65) state that "a constriction on a single frame to limit the movement of the pin is generally an indication of a brooch rather than a buckle" therefore suggesting this example is a brooch. The two further constrictions or notches tend to be found on objects known as disc-on-pin brooches or buckles, on which the notches held a separate central bar; compare SWYOR-332C78, SWYOR-A91943, IOW-439231 and the more complete SWYOR-32ED85, SWYOR-495DC6, HAMP2980 and CAM-222652.m

YORYM-083441: NAIL CLEANER
A complete, copper alloy nail cleaner with spool at neck of Roman date (AD 43-410). The object has an integral suspension loop, below which is a shaft connecting the loop to the main body of the object, the shaft tapers inward centrally. The main body of the object is sub-spatulate and undecorated. The functional lower end is bifurcated, creating two prongs. One side of the object shows a linear incision likely caused by the cutting process used to created the bifurcation. The metal is dark green in colour with a pitted and corroded patina. Crummy, N. (1983). P 62, no 1941.

YORYM-03DF22: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T899. A complete silver finger ring of medieval date. The finger ring is stirrup shaped with a rectangular sectioned sub-circular hoop which expands into a raised square bezel. The ring is worn and has been bent slightly out of shape. The bezel bears faint incised decoration in the form of small triangular cells, one placed roughly centrally on each edge, and extending a short way in. the shoulders are also decorated with crude, uneven horizontally incised lines stretching away from the bezel. Date: Medieval: 12th - 13th century. Dimensions: Diameter: 22.5mm; Width: 4.1mm; Thickness: 1.2mm; Height of bezel: 3.1mm; Weight: 3.42g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: A similar finger ring has been reported through the Treasure Act 1996 and recorded as ESS-B94DA8 (http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/615447).

YORYM-F27AF2: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Maximian Herculius dating to the period AD 300 - 303 (Reece Period 15). SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR reverse type depicting Moneta standing left, right hand holding scales, corucopiae in left. Mint of Ticinum (Italy). RIC VI, p. 286, no. 45b.

YORYM-DDEC0E: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Colchester brooch of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of short rectangular wings with two parallel vertical grooves on each. An integral hook projects from the reverse terminating in a worn point and represents the remains of the hinge mechanism. The pin and mechanism proper no longer survive. The remains of a forward facing hook also projects from the centre of the top of the head. A heavily corroded oval sectioned bow projects centrally from the wings tapering gradually towards a worn and bent point. A single ring and dot decoration is present close to the apex of the bow. The broken and worn remains of a catchplate project from the reverse of the lower bow. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 66.8mm long, 5.9mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 6.5g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt p.296, fig.155 and are dated to circa AD 43 - 100.

YORYM-CCBDD5: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Licinius dating to the period AD 310 - 312 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius standing left holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of London. RIC VI, p. 136, no. 209c.

YORYM-35FE2E: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 307-310 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius standing left, modius on head, loins draped, holding cornucopiae and patera. Mint of London. RIC VI, p. 131, no. 103.

YORYM-22D144: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
An incomplete copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date. The head is pointed ovate in plan with a raised circular boss within a circumferential recess. The shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head, which is concaved, and bends at 90 degrees before splitting in to two broken an worn terminals which represent the remains of the attachment loop. The orientation of the shank results in the head and loop being on different plains. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 33.4mm long, 15.3mm wide, 13.7mm thick and weighs 7.8g. Button and loop fasteners such as this are of Wild's Class III and date to the late 1st to 2nd century AD.

YORYM-B716A9: COIN
A copper alloy nummus, probably of Constantius Gallus (AD 351-4) dating to the period AD 353-4 (Reece Period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting soldier spearing fallen horseman. Mint of Lyon. RIC VIII, p. 191, cf. nos. 191-2. The legend appears to be for Constantius Gallus, rather than Julian Caesar.

YORYM-B4CE92: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint thumbnail scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The object is sub-ovate in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface has covering scaled flaking and all edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. There is a distinct striking platform situated at the proximal end. The ventral surface is slightly convex due to a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end, the prominence of the bulb has been reduced by means of a single flake removal. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions through out.

YORYM-7706AD: INGOT
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T783. Scientific analysis: Surface metal analysis of the ingot was undertaken at the British Museum, which indicated a metal content of approximately 42% gold, 47% silver and 11% copper. This surface analysis is likely to give a slight overestimate of the precious metal content of the core metal, as corrosion alters the composition of the surface of the ingot by preferentially leaching out copper. Description: A complete gold and silver-alloy ingot of Early-Medieval date. The ingot is sub-rectangular with rounded bevelled edges resulting in an ovate section. The surfaces and sides of the ingot are irregular as the result of hammering almost smooth in places and the corners of one side are irregular. The upper surface displays five parallel transverse grooves of varying lengths and there is a partially closed-up nick towards one end representing an attempt at testing the quality of the metal in typical Viking fashion. The heavy alloy gives the metal a pale gold colour. For further Viking-period finds of gold ingots from Britain and Ireland and the features of hammering and testing nicks, see J. Graham-Campbell, 2011, The Cuerdale Hoard and related Viking-Age silver and gold from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum, London, British Museum Press, pp. 78-80, 84, 99. Similar examples on the PAS database include SWYOR-D29FA7 and DENO-938F91. The Vikings operated a bullion economy where the purity and weight of the metal were more important than the form. Although this bullion economy primarily utilised silver it did also include gold though this is found less commonly in ingot form. While ingots were used mainly as bullion for payment and trading they could also be cut up for recasting as jewellery. Date: Early-Medieval: end 8th - 11th Century Dimensions: Length: 26.9 mm; Width: 9.1 mm; Thickness: 5.5 mm; Weight: 10.5 g Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Author and title: Rebecca Griffiths FLO for North and East Yorkshire Barry Ager Curator, Department of Britain, Europe & Prehistory, British Museum 9 June 2015

YORYM-FC82BD: PENDANT
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T770. An incomplete gold pendant of Post-Medieval date. The main body of the pendant is ovate with a large central ovate hole and a circumferential triangular toothed setting projecting from the upper surface. The setting is now empty though would have been inset with a precious stone or gem. An S-shaped scroll has been applied to either side of the pendant with simple loops to the top and bottom edges. A large attachment hoop is fitted within the uppermost loop suggesting the object was used as a pendant or similar item of suspended jewellery, such as an earring. Small and delicate rods with looped terminals are suspended from the two scroll elements and the lower loop which may have, in turn, held settings with precious stones or gems. The reverse is decorated with an incised strapwork design set on a crosshatched background. The finder comments that the strapwork style was developed in France from circa AD 1520 onwards and was popular in England from circa AD 1540 through to the early 17th century. Date: Post-medieval: Mid-16th - 17th Century Dimensions: Overall length: 31.8mm; Overall width: 13.1mm; Thickness: 2.4mm; Diameter of loop: 7.9mm; Weight 1.7g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-FB65A5: VESSEL
A coarseware handle of Bronze Age to Roman date (2350 BC- AD 410). The fabric is hand-formed, black at the core on one terminal only (where the handle has broken away with part of the vessel wall fabric) and otherwise pale orange throughout and at the surfaces. It is hand moulded and contains abundant, ill-sorted quartz (1.0 - 4.0mm) grits, many of which erupt at the surface. Given the variable oxidisation of the fabric, it is suggested that this vessel was fired on a bonfire, in which temperature and oxygen controls are limited.

YORYM-E71654: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper alloy mini terret ring of Iron Age date. The terret ring is sub-circular with an ovate section and a circular sectioned strap bar. The strap bar is flanked by two circumferential raised collars which appear crudely cast. The hoop is decorated with three deep grooves running around its circumference resulting in a ribbed surface. The metal has a dark blackish-green patina and is worn. The terret is 15.2mm long, 13.5mm wide, 5.9mm thick and weighs 3.8g. A similar mini terret has been recorded on the PAS database as SF-A70334.

YORYM-7F1FD0: COSMETIC SPOON
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T709. An incomplete silver cosmetic spoon or ear scoop of Post-Medieval date. The shaft of the implement is rectangular with a tapering section and terminates in worn breaks to either end. The wider end bears the remains of a semi-circular spoon bowl, roughly half of which has been lost to an irregular break. The opposite end has a straight break the edges of which are still sharp. The shaft is bent and undecorated. Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 64.7 mm; Width: 5.3 mm; Thickness: 2.2mm; Weight 3.2g. Discussion: As this item was found in 1995 prior to the implementation of the Treasure Act 1996 it will need to be judged under the common law of treasure trove. Under treasure trove evidence would have to point to the object having been deliberately hidden with the intention of recovery. This fragment is most likely to be a casual loss and therefore does not constitute treasure trove.

YORYM-66B2B0: VESSEL
A fragment of a vessel of Roman date (AD 43-410). The fabric is off-white to pale grey in colour and reduced to a dark grey at the surfaces. The fabric appears laminar, is hard fired and has a clean fracture. The vessel has been wheel-spun.

YORYM-537605: SEAL MATRIX
An incomplete copper alloy fob seal of late post-medieval to modern date. The fob seal comprises a flat circular glass or gem intaglio set within a deep circular band which is fitted to a hinged semi-circular handle. The intaglio is incised with an elaborate design which cannot now be determined as it is cracked and the central part has been lost. The break reveals a white metal by which the intaglio may have been secured into its setting. The deep copper alloy circular band is likely to have held a second intaglio at the other side which is now missing; the hinge would have allowed the two halves to rotate giving two different seal impressions. A small central spike can be seen projecting from within the setting which probably helped to secure the second intaglio. The semi-circular handle has elaborate foliate decoration, though the central terminal has been lost to old breaks. The metal has a mid green patina and is in good condition. The fob seal (with handle) is 24.4mm tall, 21.9mm wide, 7.2mm thick, the intaglio is 17.9mm in diameter and weighs 6.1g.

A silver penny of Edward I (1272-1307) - Edward II (1327-77), probably Class 10, c.1300-1310. Mint: London. The coin is extremely worn rendering much diagnostic detail illegible.

YORYM-EB8DE3: BROOCH
A Roman copper alloy trumpet brooch. Dating to the period AD75-AD175. The oval trumpet head is plain apart from an incised line around the circumference. There is a small oval projection from the centre of the top edge of this oval. The bow has two ribs with a crude semi-circular acanthus moulding below, and beneath that an incised line. The plain circular foot is decorated with a single incised line. The brooch almost complete, the main body of the brooch and catch plate are present but the pin is missing. At the back of the brooch head, one of the loops which held the pin hinge remains and contains a length of the wire from the hinge. When looking from the front the whole brooch appears to curve, with the foot bending towards the right and head slanted down towards the right. The brooch had a blue/green patina in general with areas of black on the back of the head and on the back of the upper part of the bow. The brooch weighs 12.29g. It measures 57.34mm long, 27.85 wide and 18.40mm thick. The diameter at the acanthus moulding is 8.89mm. Similar examples can been seen in Hattatt 2007, page 326, Fig.185.

YORYM-EA0443: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T684. A complete silver pin, probably from an annular brooch, dating to the medieval period circa 13th - 14th century. The pin is triangular with a narrow rectangular section and curves at the widest end to form the loop which would have held the pin on to the brooch frame. An integral narrow projecting collar is present at the junction between pin and the loop and there is a slight bend roughly half way down the pin. No decoration is present. Dimensions: Length: 29.9mm; Width: 5.9mm; Thickness: 1.3mm; Weight: 1.1g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-D63333: COIN
An incomplete silver denarius of Otho (AD 69), dating to AD 69 (Reece Period 3), probably CERES AVG, Ceres standing left, holding corn-ears and cornucopia. Mint of Rome. RIC I (2nd edition), p. 260, no. 2.

YORYM-93C6C2: COIN
An incomplete copper alloy nummus of Constantine I, AD 307-310 (Reece Period 15). Reverse type MARTI PATRI PROPVG depicting Mars advancing right with spear and shield. Mint of London. RIC VI, p. 132, nos. 108-9. Sections of the outer flan of the coin are missing between 1-3 O'clock and 4-5 O'clock.

YORYM-6DAFB2: PIN
An incomplete copper alloy polyhedral pin of middle Anglo-Saxon date (8th or 9th century). The object is composed of a cuboid head with fourteen facets and there is a single ring and dot motif on the four side faces. The shaft is circular in cross-section and tapers to terminate in an old abraded break. Yhere is no collar. The metal is dark green in colour with a smooth patina.

TREASURE CASE : 2014 T594 Description: A complete gilded silver zoomorphic knob, probably from a radiate-headed brooch, of Early-Medieval date. The knob is D-shaped in cross-section with a hollow concave reverse. It tapers slightly from the wider attachment end, which is solid and D-shaped with a circular perforation by which the object would have been attached to the headplate of the brooch. The knob is cast in Style I relief decoration to resemble an animal head. The decoration includes a raised border around the attachment end and a Y-shaped central rib forming nose and brows. A further ridge runs below the brow on either side to form deep pointed-oval eye sockets with smaller raised pointed-oval ridges within, representing eyes, each of which has a small groove along the top. The ridge forming the centre of the nose runs right down to the end, where it is flanked by a raised rounded knop on either side. These knops run down to the base of the object; they may have been intended either as nostrils, or as tusks, identifying the animal as a boar. The upper surface is gilded, with only some small patches missing. Dimensions: Length: 15.2 mm, width: 11.4 mm, thickness: 7.1 mm, weight: 2.2 g Discussion: There are several comparable examples of separately made zoomorphic silver knobs on the PAS database. They would originally have been fixed by a separate rod to the edge of a headplate on a radiate-headed brooch. YORYM-EC2251, LEIC-E51A11, NMS-013F85 and NMS-EFE4B4 have prominent pellet-like nostrils, but NLM-399C73 has ridged tusks similar to those on the Brantingham knob. Although these knobs are becoming more common in England, they seem to derive from what is apparently a Lombardic tradition. Examples in the British Museum include one from Tuscany (1851,0806.10) and another from Sutri (1887,0108.5). Also compare the similar animal-headed knobs riveted round the curved bars fixed to the headplates of brooches from Cividale (Werner 1950, Taf. 5: A30-31, and 6: A32-33). Date: Werner (1950) dates these brooches to the beginning of the 7th century, and more recent scholarship suggests a range on the Continent of broadly c. 590-630/650. This is perhaps a little surprising, as large bow brooches are generally thought of as more characteristic of English 6th-century fashions rather than the delicately made, classically-inspired 7th-century costume.

YORYM-6ECD57: BUCKLE
A complete copper alloy ring buckle of Roman date. The buckle has a circular frame with circular cross section and an integral sub-rectangular terminal projecting to one side. The frame is decorated with closely spaced incised grooves in the form of spiralling rings which are split into five sections by four plain evenly spaced circumferential bands. The grooves do not continue onto the reverse of the frame. The point at which the terminal extends from the frame is marked by two projecting sub-square knops. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. the buckle is 49.9mm long, 41.9mm wide, 4.2mm thick and weighs 12.6g. Similar examples are illustrated in Appels and Laycock (2007), p.107-8 in which it is stated that "the ring buckle was a 3rd century development due to the fashion of wearing a broad waist belt."

YORYM-F499D6: MORTARIUM
A fragment of a ceramic vessel of Roman date (AD 200-410). The fragment is a rim sherd; upturned rim of a probable Roman mortarium fragment. The rim is prominently upturned, and forms a shallow groove between that and the beaded interior rim. The fabric is severely abraded on all faces and is a heavily sand-tempered reduced grey ware. Any original slip or surface decoration is now lost. Greyware mortaria of a similar size, with upturned rims, are known from the Crambeck industry in the region; the condition of the object prevents a definitive association, however.

YORYM-F3DA5C: SPINDLE WHORL
A complete lead spindle whorl of Medieval date (AD 1066-1500). The object is sub-circular, 28mm in diameter, and bi-convex in cross-section with a single central sub-circular aperture with a diameter of 11.55mm. Both faces have an integrally cast decorative pattern of a repeating raised radiating lines and pellets. The surface is smooth but heavily worn, with some evidence of post-depositional damage in the form of irregular, incised lines. The metal is a mid-cream in colour. Spindle whorls of this type appear to start use in around 1380 and continue to be used for most of the 15th century. Similar examples have been found in medieval contexts including at Codnor Castle, Derbyshire; at the Austin Friary in Leicester (Mellor and Pearce, 1981) and the deserted medieval village of Thrislington (topsoil find; Austin 1989, 137, fig. 58.2).

YORYM-DE4D53: STATUE
Seven copper alloy fragments from a statue of Roman date. Two of the largest fragments depict moulded hair, though if this is from a beard or head cannot be determined. Another of the larger fragments is curved and likely to represent part of the neck of a figure. A small rectangular indentation is present to one end of this fragment though its purpose is unknown. The four smaller fragments are indeterminate parts of the larger statue. These fragments relate to those recorded as YORYM-F46085 and YORYM-5053ED which have been assessed by Kosmas Dafas of Kings College, London in which it is stated that "it is not certain whether we are dealing with an exclusively personalised/individualised portrait of an emperor (?) or an idealised work also bearing certain naturalistic/realistic features". The fragments were subjected to pXRF Analysis by Matt Phelps of University College London through which it was determined that the zinc content is very low and does not seem to have been deliberately added (although they could well be recycled metals where repeated re-meltings have evaporated the zinc). The tin content is at 10% and a large amount of lead is included in the alloy at around 18% lead. Phelps surmises that this statue is stylistically Roman which matches the use of zinc which was a technology brought to Britain by the Romans.

YORYM-32AEB1: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A group of eight lithic implements of Mesolithic date. 1. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface is slightly concave and has shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end.The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is convex and has a small bulb of of percussion with ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains a no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 24.01mm, Width: 17.69mm, Thickness: 2.00mm, Weight: 1.10g. 2. A complete flint of microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. THe proximal edge has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface has shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with cream and grey inclusions throughout. Length: 19.79mm, Width: 11.21mm, Thickness: 3.31mm, Weight: 0.70g. 3. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises.The proximal end has a hinged flake removal and both it and the distal end and both left and right hand edges contain fine low angle retouch. The ventral surface has distinct ripples of percussion emanating from distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 15.83mm, Width: 12.18mm, Thickness: 2.86mm, Weight: 1.2g. 4. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and bi-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted and the left and right hand edges contain infrequent semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface contains a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is orangy/brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 16.04mm, Width: 15.89mm, Thickness: 4.29mm, Weight: 1.20g. 5. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains invasive flaking and retains a minor amount of cortex at the proximal end. All edges contain irregular semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface has shalllow ripples of percussion emanating from the distal end. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. THe cortex is a light cream in colour. Length: 14.81mm, Width: 15.78mm, Thickness: 5.90mm, Weight: 1.0g. 6. A complete flint of microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface has covering flaking. The proximal end left hand edges have been abruptly blunted and the right hand edge contain irregular semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is cream in colour. Length: 12.79mm, Width: 11.21mm, Thickness: 2.59mm, Weight: 0.3g. 7. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises.The proximal end retains a minor amount of cortex and all edges contain irregular semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface smooth and flat. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is light brown in colour. Length: 12.86mm, Width: 9.88mm, Thickness: 3.15mm, Weight: 0.3g. 8. A complete flint of microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface covering flaking. All edges contain fine low angle retouch. The ventral surface is flat with shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the left hand edge. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a light creamy grey in colour. Length: 11.83mm, Width: 12.08mm, Thickness: 3.17mm, Weight: 0.3g.

YORYM-31EBCA: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A group of two lithic implements of Mesolithic date. 1. A complete flint microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises.The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted and the right hand edge contains a minor amount of semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface has a hinged flake removal at the proximal end. The lithic retains a no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 20.54mm, Width: 11.43mm, Thickness: 3.37mm, Weight: 0.80g. 2. A complete flint of microlith of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface has covering flaking. All edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface contains a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end with shallow ripples of percussion emanating from it with a shallow negative scar situated ontop. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is orangy/brown in colour with cream and grey inclusions throughout. Length: 17.38mm, Width: 15.39mm, Thickness: 3.95mm, Weight: 1.20g.

YORYM-CC163E: MOUNT
An incomplete copper alloy zoomorphic (bovine) mount of Iron Age to Roman date. The head is cast in three dimensions and is triangular with one downturned horn to each side. A slight protruding knop is present to the top of the head placed centrally between the horns and the reverse has a small triangular depression at its centre. The object is extremely worn rendering any further detail illegible. The length is 24.54mm, the width is 26.84mm, the thickness is 10.35mm and the weight is 10.86g. Similar examples have been recorded on the PAS database. For examples see: LVPL-7AABA0, SOM-4B9694 and SUSS-099B26.

YORYM-CC0B05: HARNESS PENDANT
A complete cast copper alloy post-medieval harness pendant. It is circular in form with a fleur de lys in the centre. The fleur de lys is attached to the outer circle at the top and sides, and at the bottom is attached via a pair of bifurcating stems. Gaps are left, creating an openwork design. The fleur de lys has some decoration, with grooves where the top leaf joins the side leaves and where the stems join the main fleur. The outer circular frame is lobed around its outer edge and has a loop for suspension at the top. It has a brown patina, with some areas of green, and some traces of shiny copper. It weighs 12.39g, the length is 52.06mm, the width is 47.54mm and the thickness is 1.28mm. Similar examples include IOW-796654 (where however the fleur de lys is inverted).

YORYM-B3C2D2: THIMBLE
A complete silver thimble. The thimble was probably originally circular in cross-section, tapering towards the domed top though has now been compressed into an ovate section. A thick double banded circumferential border is present around the base of the thimble from which it is decorated with regular square pits in concentric rings to the edge of the crown. The pits on the crown itself are grid-like is orientation. Three circular panels are present on the body of the thimble, each of which contain the image of a crowned rose flanked by the initials 'C' and 'R'. The border is crudely inscribed with the text '# I*S*' to one side and a single punched dot to the other. A possible join line is present along one edge of the thimble. Numerous silver thimbles have been reported as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme, for example, 2012 T344 (NMS-AAFFC2); 2012 T685 (DOR-066737) and 2009 T370 (BM-176374), though none could be found bearing similar imagery. The crowned rose was a popular image used by Charles I, particularly on his coinage. This coupled with the inclusion of the initials "CR" could represent an attribution to Charles I either during or following his reign.

YORYM-9DE209: HOOKED TAG
A complete silver-gilt dress hook. The object is formed from a trefoil plate, the edges of which are notched, with three hemispherical bosses to the upper aspect. Each boss is encircled by filigree rope work decoration and four raised knops are present, one at the centre of the plate and one at the junctures between each of the three bosses. On the reverse of the trefoil plate an integral rectangular attachment loop is present at the widest point while a separately attached curved hook extends from the opposite end. The hook is bent backwards in a U-shape and retains its sharp point. Numerous similar dress hooks with varying degrees of decoration have been reported as treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme. For examples see Treasure case Nos. 2006 T339 (YORYM-AF19A2), 2013 T339 (WAW-7B21E4) and 2012 T297 (IOW-6CD1A5).

YORYM-897394: VESSEL
A complete copper alloy object, possibly a mount from a vessel of Iron Age date. The mount is comprised of a flat rectangular plate with rounded corners and two parallel perforations. From the upper edge of the plate a solid pointed ovate element extends with a thick integral loop projecting from the top. The loop is at a right angle to the plate. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The object is 26.9mm long, 29.8mm wide, 10.9mm thick and weighs 9.5g.

YORYM-892AD7: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper alloy nail cleaner of Late Roman flat-bladed (Group). The blade is a pointed leaf shape, tapering gently from rounded shoulders to terminate in an old, worn break. A rounded collar is present at the upper end of the blade from which a circular suspension loop projects at right angles to the plane of the blade. the blade is decorated with a border of incised pellets on both surfaces. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 38.8mm long, 11.4mm wide, 3.9mm thick and weighs 4.2g.

YORYM-4BFD5B: NAIL CLEANER
An incomplete copper alloy nail cleaner of Roman date. All that remains is the rounded shoulder portion of the leaf-shaped blade and a broken attachment loop. Double incised circumferential grooves mark the point at which the blade extends in to the loop. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 26.3mm long, 11.2mm wide, 2.6mm thick and weighs 2g.

YORYM-245698: BUCKLE
A complete copper alloy buckle of early-medieval date. The buckle is D-shaped in plan and circular in section with a narrowed and recessed strap bar. The outer edge of the frame is wide and undecorated and the pin no longer remains. Where the frame meets the strap bar it terminates in zoomorphic knops which are most probably crude representations of animal heads confronting across the bar. Zoomorphic terminals are a common feature of buckles of this period and are intended to represent some sort of quadruped's head, such as a lion or leopard. The metal has a dark reddish-brown patina and is worn. The buckle is 18.6mm long, 20.3mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 6.6g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hawkes, fig.20, e-f.

YORYM-242FED: VESSEL
A complete copper alloy vessel foot of Roman date. The object is pelta-shaped - semi-circular with a central projection to the upper edge - and is hollow with bevelled edges. The interior of the object is filled with a white material adhesive which would have affixed the foot to the vessel proper. The vessel foot is undecorated on all sides. The metal has a light green patina and survives in good condition. The object is 40.9mm long, 22.7mm wide, 8.1mm thick and weighs 31.2g. Numerous similar examples of vessel feet have been recorded on the PAS database, though none in as fine condition as the current example. See: SUR-23EDC4, NLM-A2CB67, SWYOR-53D721, SWYOR-41B3E1 and SUSS-EA12D2. The base of a Roman strainer vessel with feet in situ can be seen here: http://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/content/view/full/8085.

YORYM-22407E: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type with Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Unattributed Mint. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-1EF2F3: STRAP FITTING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T519. A complete silver strap fitting of medieval date. The object is sub-circular with a central perforation. The ends are slightly chamfered and the upper half of the fitting bears deeply grooved decoration resembling a scallop shell. The bottom of the lower half is decorated with two parallel rows of raised pellets within a recessed sub-rectangular cell. On the reverse are two heavily worn integral studs that would have held the fitting in place. A similar example has been recorded as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme ref: 2011T905 (GLO-09DDC4) Date: Medieval: 15th Century Dimensions: Length: 12.3 mm; Width: 11.2 mm; Thickness: 2.1 mm; Weight: 1.5 g Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/478462

YORYM-F89521: DEBITAGE
A group of two flint worked flakes of Mesolithic date. 1. A complete flint worked flake of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-spatulate in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains five predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and there is irregular semi-abrupt retouch to the left and right hand edges. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussions emanating from the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout. Length: 26.12mm, Width: 13.89mm, Thickness: 4.31mm, Weight: 1.7g. 2. A complete flint worked flake of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises and retains a large portion of cortex along the right hand edge. The proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted. The left and right hand edges contain some minor semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with ripples of percussions emanating from a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. The lithic retains some cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is light brown. Length: 34.41mm, Width: 13.98mm, Thickness: 6.12mm, Weight: 2.6g.

YORYM-F8282F: DEBITAGE
A group of two flint abruptly blunted blades of Mesolithic date. 1. A complete flint notched scraper/blade of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and there is a recessed or notched aspect in the mesial left hand edge. The right hand edge contains fine, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with ripples of percussions emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 29.10mm, Width: 13.18mm, Thickness: 3.57mm, Weight: 1.4g. 2. A complete flint blade of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted. All other edges contain fine, low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with ripples of percussions emanating from a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 30.32mm, Width: 9.56mm, Thickness: 2.81mm, Weight: 1.0g.

YORYM-F75539: RETOUCHED FLAKE
A flint flake with some retouch, perhaps Mesolithic (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and there is only minor evidence of retouch to the distal left hand edge. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussions emanating from a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. A single large negative scar is situated on top of the bulb. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout.

YORYM-F71D2E: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint notched scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-spatulate in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains six predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and all other edges contain semi abrupt retouch and partial scaled flaking. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussions emanating from a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour with light grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-F5C334: DEBITAGE
A group of five worked flakes: 1. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arises. The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain irregular, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end with ripples of percussion emanating from it. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake The flint is a light grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout. Length: 29.69mm, Width: 25.69mm, Thickness: 8.02mm, Weight: 4.8g. 2. A complete flint worked flake/scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface has covering scaled flaking and a minor amount of cortex retained along the distal left hand edge. All edges contain irregular abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is slightly concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. There is a shallow negative scar situated on the bulb with ripples of percussion emanating from the bulb. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a light brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a creamish white in colour. Length: 17.63mm, Width: 4.46mm, Weight: 1.9g. 3. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and bi-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arises. The left hand edge has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain regular abrupt retouch. The ventral surface has a large bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end and three shallow negative scars situated at the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a dark brown in colour with light and dark grey inclusions throughout. Length: 27.13mm, Width: 22.9mm, Thickness 8.7mm, Weight: 6.6g. 4. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arises. The left and right hand proximal edges have been tapered in to create a centrally projecting spur. The right hand edge contains regular semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with ripples of percussions emanating from the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light and grey in colour with cream and dark grey inclusions throughout. Length: 15.24mm, Width: 17.02mm, Weight: 1.1g. 5. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface is smooth with ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and all other edges contain fine low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussions emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light and grey in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout. Length: 23.25mm, Width: 21.75mm, Thickness 2.62mm, Weight: 1.2g.

YORYM-B6999F: COIN
An incomplete base silver denarius of Caracalla (AD 198-217), dating to AD 213-7 (Reece Period 10), LIBERAL AVG VIIII, Liberalitas standing left. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 258, no. 302. The coin is missing a section between 12-5 o'clock.

YORYM-FCABF4: COIN
Copper alloy as of Severus Alexander (AD 222-35), dating to AD 222-35 (Reece Period 11), unclear reverse. Mint of Rome.

YORYM-90723A: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and plano in section. The dorsal surface retains a large amount of cortex along the mesial portion and has short, parallel flaking and semi-abrupt retouch along the distal edge. The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted. The ventral surface is smooth with shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains a large amount of cortex and is therefore a primary flake. The flint is dark grey, the cortex is a mid-cream in colour.

YORYM-90689E: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and bi-concave in section. The dorsal surface retains a minor amount of cortex along the proximal edge and has partial, parallel flaking. All edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface retains cortex along its distal end and has two predominant negative scars. The lithic retains some cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour, the cortex is a light blueish grey in colour.

YORYM-9051EC: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The distal left hand aspect of the dorsal surface has some retained cortex. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and all other edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface retains a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end with ripples of percussion emanating from it. There are minor negative scars situated along the right hand edge of the ventral surface as a result if the retouch. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a dark grey in colour cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a light brown in colour.

YORYM-904005: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The left hand side of the dorsal surface is covered with retained cortex. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted and all other edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is predominantly smooth with ripples of percussion emanating from the distal end. There are minor negative scars situated along the right hand edge. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a mid-grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a light brown in colour.

YORYM-9032B6: DENTICULATE
A complete flint denticulate of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and concavo-convex in section. An extremely minor amount of cortex is retained at the proximal end. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The left hand edge contains rough, abrupt retouch creating a denticulated edge. The right hand edge contains semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the distal end. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a light grey in colour with cream and orange inclusions throughout. The cortex is a light cream in colour.

YORYM-8FFFCE: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding negative scars. Both the proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and the left and right hand edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is predominantly smooth with minor negative scars resulting from the retouch and a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a mid-grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout.

YORYM-8FF4F2: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding negative scars. Both the proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and the left and right hand edges contain semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is predominantly smooth with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. The lithic retains no cortex is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a mid-grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout.

YORYM-8FE5B3: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint blade/knife of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concave-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal end had been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain rough, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface contains distinct ripples of percussion emanating from the distal end. The lithic retains no cortex and it therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is mid grey in colour with cream and dark grey in colour.

YORYM-8FD5AA: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The distal end of the lithic is composed of retained cortex. The proximal end has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain regular, fine, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth with minor negative scars resulting from the retouch to the left hand edge. The lithic retains some cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is dark grey, the cortex is a dark cream in colour.

YORYM-8FBF97: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint blade/knife of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. Both the proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted. The left and right hand edges contain rough semi-abrupt to low angle retouch. The ventral surface contains four predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises, the most proximal of which appears to be a hinged flake removal. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light cream in colour with orange/red inclusions throughout.

YORYM-8FB16D: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
A complete flint Lithic implement of possible Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in section and concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars and corresponding arrises and retains a minor amount of cortex along the left hand edge. The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted and all other edges have some semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is predominantly smooth with deep ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. This lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a mid-grey in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout. The cortex is cream in colour.

YORYM-FA20E4: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T501. Description: An incomplete gold finger ring of medieval date. The finger ring is comprised of a circular sectioned undecorated hoop and an integral conical octagonal bezel. The apex of the bezel has a small circular recess into which a decorative element such as a gem may have fitted though no traces of this now remain. Date: Medieval: 13th - 14th Century Dimensions: Weight: 1.8g. Hoop Diameter: 20.3mm; Thickness: 0.97mm Bezel Length: 6.7mm; Width: 6.4mm; Thickness: 2.7mm Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-BF1C67: DEBITAGE
1. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal dorsal surface retains some cortex. All edges contain semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The Cortex is a dark cream in colour Length: 43.00mm, Width: 22.00mm, Thickness: 12.00mm. Weight: 9.29g. 2. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-concave in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal dorsal surface retains some cortex. The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted, the left and right hand edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a dark cream in colour Length: 56.00mm, Width: 36.00mm, Thickness: 12.00mm. Weight: 22.54g. 3. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and is plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains five predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises and is steeply convex. All edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 38.00mm, Width: 29.00mm, Thickness: 29.00mm. Weight: 14.00g. 4. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-concave in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted and the distal, left and right hand edges contain rough, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. Some minor negative scars are evident on the left and right hand edges of the ventral surface as a result of retouch. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint isa light brown in colour with cream and grey inclusions throughout. Length: 36.23mm, Width: 32.27mm, Thickness: 5.8mm. Weight: 7.8g. 5. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal right habnd edge retains some cortex. The proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and the left and right hand edges contain semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion and along both the left and right hand edges as a result of retouch. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout. The Cortex is light brown in colour Length: 44.75mm, Width: 26.43mm, Thickness: 7.52mm. Weight: 7.3g. 6. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and is plano-concave in section. The dorsal surface contains two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal distal dorsal surface retains a minor amount of cortex. THe proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and the left and right hand sides contain semi-abrupt retouch and short scaled flaking. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. There is a single minor negative scar situated along the mesial portion of the left hand edge, likely due to retouch. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is light to dark grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The Cortex is a dark cream in colour Length: 46.00mm, Width: 31.00mm, Thickness: 10.00mm. Weight: 16.4g. 7. A complete flint worked flake of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal dorsal surface retains some cortex. The proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and both the left and right hand edges contain low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distsal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. A single negative scar is evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains a minor amount of cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The Cortex is light brown. Length: 45.00mm, Width: 21.00mm, Thickness: 9.00mm. Weight: 8.39g.

YORYM-BE7E32: LITHIC IMPLEMENT
1. A complete flint scraper/blade of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-convex in section. The dorsal surfacecontains four predominant negative scars and corresponding arrises. The proximal and right hand edge have been abruptly blunted, the distal and left hand edges contain fine semi-abrupt retouch. the distal edge has also a minor amount of short flake removals in a scaled form. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. Some minor negative scars are evident at the distal end. The lithic retains no of cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is dark grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 30.27mm, Width: 23.16mm, Thickness: 4.82mm. Weight: 5.5g. 2. A complete flint blade/knife of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-concave in section. The dorsal surface has been completely flaked in a parallel form. The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted, all other edges contain fine low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly concave with ripples of percussion emanating from a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains no of cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is dark grey to light grey in colour with orange inclusions throughout. Length: 36.00mm, Width: 26.00mm, Thickness: 6.00mm. Weight: 7.3g. 3. A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of late Mesolithic date (7000-4000 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted, the left and right hand edges contain fine low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains no of cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is dark grey to light grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 29.87mm, Width: 19.89mm, Thickness: 4.61mm. Weight: 3.04g. 4. A complete flint abruptly blunted blade of late Mesolithic to early Neolithic date (7000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-concave in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises. The proximal and distal edges have been abruptly blunted, the left and right hand edges contain rough semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth a with a small bulb of percussion situated at the distal end and ripples of percussion emanating from it. Some minor negative scars are evident over the bulb of percussion. The lithic retains no of cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is light grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. Length: 29mm, Width: 24mm, Thickness: 5mm. Weight: 4.5g.

YORYM-C2A041: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period circa AD 310 (Reece Period 15). SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse type depicting Sol standing holding globe in raised right hand. Mint of London. RIC VI, p.133, no.121a.

A contemporary copy of a denarius of Elagabalus dating to the period AD 220 - 222 (Reece Period 10). INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG reverse type depicting Elagabalus standing left sacrificing over tripod, holding patera and club; behind tripod, a bull lying down; in field, star. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, p. 34, cf. no. 88b.

YORYM-7F9C81: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius I dating to the period AD 298 - 299 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of Ticinum (Italy). RIC VI, p.284, no.35a.

YORYM-43FBD7: SEAL MATRIX
A complete lead seal matrix of medieval date. The seal is flat and a pointed oval or vesica shape. The front bears a central motif of a simple cross surrounded by a groove and the legend + S'IOH'S NEWT (Seal of John Newt) therefore representing a personal seal, probably of John Newton. The metal is a light whitish-brown colour and is worn. The seal is 31.6mm long, 23.8mm wide, 4.4mm thick and weighs 18.5g.

YORYM-16825D: BODKIN
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T421. A fragment of a silver dress pin of bodkin type. The main body of the bodkin fragment is rectangular in both plan and section though one end is broken. The opposite end tapers slightly to a rectangular collar from which a fluted bowl style terminal with folded over end projects. A circular perforation is present through the widest portion of the fluted terminal, close to the rectangular collar. A central rectangular slot is present bordered at the top and base by short and shallow, crudely incised lines and to either end by transverse double banded incised lines. From the outermost of these lines to the terminal end of the bodkin nine incised lines which decrease in size from the centre to form a triangle are present. A stylised four-petalled flower is present at the opposite end of the slot before a third set of transverse double banded incised lines. The bodkin then splits into two arms representing the remains of a second rectangular slot though both arms are broken with the remainder of the object lost. The decoration is mirrored on the reverse of the bodkin. Dimensions: Length: 58.9mm; Width: 5.7mm; Thickness: 2.8mm; Weight 4.9g. Thickness: 2.8 mm Weight: 4.9 g Discussion: The form and decoration are similar to other examples dated to 17th Century. Numerous examples have been reported as Treasure and recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme's database including: 2013 T878 (DENO-347042), 2012 T105 (NARC-3BF6A1) and 2011 T498 (DENO-7A5936). In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-02DF5E: MOUNT
A complete copper alloy mount of probable Roman date. The mount is circular in plan with an openwork triskele design, though with four tendrils rather than the usual three. Four straight arms project, each joining slightly off centre to create a central near-square perforation, and continuing to the outer frame. Four knob-ended tendrils curve around the interior of each resulting sub-triangular cell and are joined to the outer frame by integral sprus. The knobs appear to be separately cast and fitted into circular recesses at the end of each tendril. Examination of the reverse shows that the knobs were applied by driving a piece of the darker metal through a hole in the terminal and securing it by flattening on either side. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a mid-green patina and is worn. The mount is 36.3mm in diameter, 3.5mm thick and weighs 7.6g. It is possible that this is a Roman copy of an Iron Age mount, or dangler. While the overall design of this object is reminiscent of similar Iron Age examples such as DUR-A0CAD1 and HESH-D89587 the patina of the added darker knobs has parallels in Roman artefacts such as YORYM-4EC333. This object has some similarities to other examples of Iron Age mounts and danglers documented by the PAS (e.g. DUR-A0CAD1, HESH-D89587, NLM-02F883) although there are no direct parallels for its form and decoration (further references to this object type are given in the report on the Streatley fob-dangler below). It may be of Iron Age or Roman date. The patina of the darker knobs has occasional parallels in Roman artefacts, such as the headstud brooch from Rufforth with Knapton, York (YORYM-4EC333). Due to the apparently unusual combination of materials featured in this object, further metallurgical study was undertaken through XRF analysis by Matt Phelps, Institute of Archaeology, UCL, who describes the procedure and results as follows: 'Only analysis of the untouched surface was possible, therefore this analysis is semi-quantitative at best although it is possible to identify the alloying components used. The alloy was a tin bronze without addition of lead; the tin content is likely inflated by the corrosion and the titanium and iron content are contaminants from the soil. No additional of zinc is seen. This could possibly indicate it as earlier and not Roman. Analysis was also performed of the untouched surface of the decorative blobs of metal; results showed no significant difference, but again data should be taken as semi-quantitative. Currently there is no explanation for the difference in colour and weathering between the main body and decorative elements, which despite the findings, would imply small compositional differences. The black colour could be due to a form of patination that induced black copper oxide formation.'

YORYM-9AEA5D: HOOKED TAG
A complete copper alloy dress hook of post-medieval date. The dress hook is possibly of Read's Class H, Type 4. The main plate is openwork with a swag style decoration at the junction between the plate and the hook. An integral semi-circular attachment loop is present at the wider end of the dress hook. The reverse of the object is flat and undecorated. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The dress hook is 26.8mm long, 12.5mm wide, 2.5mm thick and weighs 1.5g. A similar example is illustrated in Read (2008, 122, no.501) and is dated to the early post-medieval period. Also compare an incomplete example on the PAS database, PUBLIC-280A76.

YORYM-98D61C: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint side scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface contains three predominant negative scars and corresponding arrises. The left hand side is composed of retained cortex. The proximal and distal ends have been abruptly blunted and the right hand edge contains fine, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth, slightly concave with a small bulb of percussion situated at the proximal end. The lithic retains some cortex and is therefore a secondary flake. The flint is a dark orange/brown in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a mid-cream in colour.

YORYM-98C77B: FABRICATOR
A complete flint fabricator of Mesolithic to Early Bronze Age date (9000-1500 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface has been invasively flaked in an irregular scaled pattern along the right hand side, and parallel along the left hand side. A minor amount of cortex is retained along the left hand proximal edge. All edges contain fine, semi-abrupt retouch with the exception of the proximal edge which has been blunted with abrupt and steep angled flaking. The ventral surface is invasively parallel flaked and is predominantly flat. The lithic is a secondary flake. The flint is a light grey in colour with cream and dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-98AB0E: FABRICATOR
A complete flint fabricator of Mesolithic to Early Bronze Age date (9000-1500 BC). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface has been invasively flaked in an irregular parallel pattern. All edges contain fine, semi-abrupt retouch and the proximal edge has been abruptly blunted. The ventral surface is invasively flaked (parallel) and slightly concave. A minor amount of cortex is retained towards the proximal end, therefore this is a secondary flake. The flint is a light grey in colour with cream inclusions throughout. The cortex is a light cream in colour.

YORYM-9896F0: FABRICATOR
A complete flint fabricator of Mesolithic to Early Bronze Age date (9000-1500 BC).). The lithic is sub-ovate in profile and is concavo-convex in section. The dorsal surface has been invasively flaked in an irregular scaled pattern. All edges contain fine, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is invasively flaked and slightly concave. The lithic retains no cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a light grey in colour with cream and dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-988555: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete flint scraper of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-rectangular in profile and is plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface has two predominant negative scars with corresponding arrises and minor flakes removed along all edges in a parallel pattern. The proximal edge has been abruptly blunted and all edges contain fine, semi-abrupt retouch. The ventral surface is smooth, slightly concave with ripples of percussion emanating from the proximal end. The lithic retains no of cortex and is therefore a tertiary flake. The flint is a light grey in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout.

YORYM-F20C81: COIN
A copper alloy contemporary copy radiate copying Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). Pax standing left with [branch] and vertical sceptre. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-C37CB2: BROOCH
A complete silver annular brooch of medieval date. The brooch is lozenge shaped in plan and D-shaped in section. The brooch is decorated with seven floral bosses, four of which are on the centre of each arm of the frame with the remaining three placed on corners. The remaining corner is recessed to house the pin which is constricted from a single strip of metal looped around the frame. The pointed tip of the pin sits in a recess on the boss in the opposite corner. The reverse of the brooch is flat and undecorated with traces of gilding remaining. Similar brooches have been reported as Treasure through the PAS. For example: 2011 T146 (NCL-868F42) and 2008 T420 (NLM-D6FC71). Treasure Annual Report 2008. (2010). London: DCMS. p.144, no.292.

YORYM-757D8B: COIN
A silver halfgroat of Henry VII dating to the period AD 1501 - 1507. Issued jointly under the king and Archbishop Savage. Long cross reverse. Uncertain initial mark. Mint of York. North Vol 2, p.102, no.1716.

YORYM-5BCB4F: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete knapped lithic implement of Bronze Age date, circa 2350 - 800 BC. The implement is a large crude scraper formed from a natural flake which is curved ovate in plan and sub-D-shaped in section. Both surfaces retain around 25% cortex and both have been invasively worked. The left edge has an inward curve which bears steep retouch. The flint is a dark bluish-grey colour with lighter inclusions. The implement is 68.9mm long, 27.2mm wide, 13.1mm thick and weighs 32g. Scrapers are fairly ubiquitous throughout prehistory and are generally less chronologically distinctive than other artefact types. They had many different functions as they were very useful tools and were employed, for example, for skinning animals, removing the fatty deposit from hinds and much more.

YORYM-5B7C08: SCRAPER (TOOL)
A complete knapped lithic implement of Bronze Age date, circa 2350 - 800 BC. The implement is a large crude scraper formed from a tertiary flake which is ovate in both plan and section. Both surfaces are irregular with numerous flakes having been removed from various directions. The flint is a mid orangey-brown colour with lighter inclusions. The implement is 47.4mm long, 61.2mm wide, 20.6mm thick and weighs 69g. Scrapers are fairly ubiquitous throughout prehistory and are generally less chronologically distinctive than other artefact types. They had many different functions as they were very useful tools and were employed, for example, for skinning animals, removing the fatty deposit from hinds and much more.

A copper alloy nummus of Licinius I (AD 308-24), dating to AD 321-4 (Reece Period 16), IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left with eagle and captive. Mint of Cyzicus. Note that Licinius is radiate on the obverse. RIC VII, p. 645, no. 15.

A copper alloy contemporary copy of a radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). [ ... ]., Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-464C8A: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). [MONET]A AVG, Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopiae. Unattributed Mint. RIC V, pt 2, p. 534, no. 855. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-45FD53: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Maximinian dating to the period AD 295 - 299 (Reece Period 15). CONCORDIA MILITVM reverse type depicting Prince standing right receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left. Mint of Cyzicus. RIC VI, p. 581, no. 16b.

YORYM-F21E77: FINGER RING
n incomplete copper alloy finger ring of Henig VIII type of Roman date. The finger ring consists of a raised hexagonal bezel with central recess into which an intaglio or similar would have fitted. The intaglio no longer remains. Wide shoulders projects to either side of the bezel and taper inward slightly before expanding again in a slight ridge. From the ridge the rectangular sectioned hoop continues to form a complete loop. The hoop is undecorated. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The ring is 21.3mm in diameter and weighs 4.3g; the bezel is 10.3mm long, 9.4mm wide, 4.2mm thick; the hoop is 9.7mm wide, 1.1mm thick.

YORYM-B2A193: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Diocletian dating to the period AD 305 - 307 (Reece Period 15). QVIES AVGG reverse type depicting Quies standing left holding branch in right hand and sceptre in left. Mint of London. RIC VI, p.129, no.81.

YORYM-A19049: BUTTON
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T337. Description: A complete silver button of post-medieval date. The button is a circular disc with an integral, semi-circular loop for attachment projecting centrally from the reverse. The front face bears the stamped design of a right facing bust though it is difficult to determine whether this figure is male or female. A surrounding legend reads "ROYAL .:. PRINCES". If this reading of the legend is correct it could be assumed that the bust represented is male however the area following the final "S" of the legend is obscured and may have held a second letter "S". The spacing of the lettering however makes this unlikely. Numerous examples of cufflinks and buttons depicting, and naming, Queen Anne have been reported as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme, for examples see: BUC-33A822 (2011 T941), ESS-FB43A7 (2010 T151) and ESS-9946C7 (2011 T215). These examples however bear the legend "ANNA D G" allowing a specific attribution to be made. While the current example does not allow any such attribution it is likely to have a similar date. Date: Post-medieval: 18th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 12.4mm; Thickness (without loop): 1.5mm; Thickness (with loop): 4.2mm. Weight: 1.2g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-8B1E26: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Crossbow (heavy) brooch of late Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of a short, tubular wing with a collared bulbous terminal that has a pointed projection. It has a similar bulbous terminal with a pointed projection from the top of the head. The other wing is missing due to an old break. A sub-triangular sectioned bow extends centrally from the wings which is D-shaped in plan which then straightens out at a 90 degree angle and projects further to accomodate the catchplate. The pin mechanism and the pin proper no longer remains. There appears to be decoration on the wing and the reverse of the catchplate but this is difficult to determine due to the advanced wear of the brooch. The metal is green-black in colour. The brooch is 72.29mm long, 27.71mm wide, 8.73mm thick and weighs 41.19g. Similar examples are found in Hattatt p.369, Fig.228, no.1268 and 504. These type of brooches are dated to 3rd-4th century AD.

YORYM-68CD26: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper alloy Roman finger ring of Henig Type VIII. The finger ring consists of a slightly domed circular bezel and D-shape sectioned shoulders which taper to worn breaks either side of the bezel. The shoulders are flared at the point at which the join the bezel. The finger ring is undecorated. The metal has a dark orangey-black patina and is worn. The ring is 17.5mm long, 8.8mm wide, 3.7mm thick and weighs 2.3g.

An incomplete copper-alloy penannular brooch of Roman date. The brooch is of Booth Type A8 (Fowlers Type A3) with a plain, circular sectioned frame which expands slightly towards the surviving terminal. The terminal is a rounded knop with a double banded moulded collar. Roughly half of the brooch has been lost to an old worn break and the pin no longer remains. The metal of the frame is a dark blackish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 37.5 mm long, 6.6mm in diameter and weighs 4.3g.

YORYM-EADA57: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14), PAX AVG, Pax standing left with branch and vertical sceptre. Mint of London, B E//MLXXI. RIC V, pt 2, p. 471, cf no. 98. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-E50F92: FLAT AXEHEAD
A complete copper alloy flat axehead of early Bronze Age date. The axehead is sub-trapezoidal with a curved blade tapering to a rounded cutting edge. The axehead is extremely worn and undecorated and is likely to relate to the Migdale metalworking tradition as defined by Needham et al (1985) circa 2250 BC - 1900 BC. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina. The axehead is 109.1mm long, 35.9mm tapering to 17.8mm wide, 9.9mm thick and weighs 123g.

YORYM-BB5EE6: BROOCH
An almost complete copper alloy trumpet brooch of Roman date. The reverse of the head is flat with double lugs through which an axis bar, broken at both ends, is fitted with a complete hinged pin looped around it. The head itself is trumpet shaped with a slight circumferential grooved border and a short broken and worn projection extending from its uppermost edge. From a central point the head tapers to form a D-sectioned upper bow which swells slightly towards a semi-circular acanthus moulding which is flat on the back and flanked by double banded collars. Extending down from this moulding is a triangular sectioned lower bow which terminates in a double banded circular foot knop with flat and undecorated base. From the reverse of the lower bow an incomplete worn catchplate projects. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The brooch is 48.8mm long, 16.8mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 12.3g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa 75 - 175 AD.

YORYM-6C6664: FINGER RING
An incomplete copper alloy bracelet of Roman date which has been reused as a finger ring. The incomplete section of bracelet has been rolled to create a loop with overlapping ends which can be worn as a finger ring. The object has a D-shaped section and is decorated with a worn design featuring ring and dot and transverse and diagonal lines. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The finger ring is 24.4mm in diameter, 6.7mm wide, 2.2mm thick and weighs 7.3g.

YORYM-6BC696: PIN
An incomplete copper alloy pin of middle Anglo-Saxon date. The head is cylindrical in the centre, with a conical top and base. The base of the head tapers into the shaft which has a circular cross-section and terminates in a worn break. There appears to be a worn double collar around the top of the shaft. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The pin is 16.2mm long, 8.3mm in diameter and weighs 2.3g. If Roman, it is of Crummy's Type 3 in which the head is bi-conical in form with a pointed top and flat circumferential ridge. A similar pin is illustrated in Crummy, p.29, fig.474, no.480 and dates to 1st - 4th century AD. If Anglo-Saxon, it is of 'biconical with median band' type, and dates from the 8th or 9th century.

YORYM-54D4C1: CUFF LINK
Description: Silver cuff link element of post-medieval date. The remaining element of the cuff link is a button fastener representing one half of a pair. The corresponding element and links have been lost to old breaks. The front face is decorated with the stamped design of two hearts beneath a single crown on a cross-hatched background (Lewis Type A) within a raised border. Cufflinks and buttons with this design of a crowned heart pierced by two arrows are considered to have originally been produced to commemorate the marriage of Charles II to Catherine of Braganza in 1662, but continued to be used as a general symbol of love and marriage until the end of the century. Similar devices are however also found on medieval pilgrim ampulla and seal matrices. Numerous similar examples have been reported as Treasure and recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme. For examples see: YORYM-67E9F5 (2013 T30), SUSS-E88264 (2011T812), SWYOR-66C262 (2011 T322) and SWYOR-52C053 (2011 T469).

YORYM-51FCD6: FINGER RING
An incomplete finger ring of Roman date. The hoop of the finger ring would have been circular in plan, though has been misshapen due to deposition, with a D-shaped section which extends into a tall circular bezel with a recessed interior. Patches of red enamel remain within the bezel of the finger ring. The metal has a mid brown green patina with dark grey areas near the bezel of the ring. The ring is 24.57mm in diameter, 3.3mm wide, 1.6mm thick and weighs 9.71g. The bezel of the ring is 18.01mm in length, 16.89mm wide and 3.66mm thick.

YORYM-ED9063: SEAL MATRIX
A complete lead seal matrix of medieval date. The seal is a pointed oval or vesica shape with a broken lug set on the reverse at the base of a crudely incised fleur-de-lis. The front bears a worn central motif of another lis, surrounded by a lightly grooved border and the legend + S'. ALIC'.E'. RAD'. (Seal of Alice daughter of Ralph). It seems likely that the E is an error and should be an F, for Filie, daughter of. The metal is a light whitish-brown colour and is worn. The seal is 33.4mm long, 22.1mm wide, 5.2mm thick and weighs 14.9g. Sealing was used for authenticating documents for around 300 years in medieval Britain. Pointed oval shaped seals such as this were popular during the 13th century when they were particularly preferred by women (Harvey and McGuinness, 1996: 79-88).

YORYM-C00867: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T218. A possible silver finger-ring with decorated bezel. There appears to be some form of lettering on the shoulders of the finger-ring. There are the remains of niello inlay on the decoration of the bezel. Conclusion: This finger-ring has been shown to the relevant curators at the British Museum who have been unable to recognise it and therefore have been unable to assign it to any culture or period. It therefore appears to be undiagnostic. As it is not possible to securely date this finger-ring to pre-1714 it does not therefore meet the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Dimensions: Hoop Dimensions: Diameter: 20.8mm; Width: 3.4mm; Thickness: 1.2mm. Bezel Dimensions: Length: 16.4mm; Width: 12.8mm; Thickness: 1.1mm.

YORYM-BE1884: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy trumpet brooch of Roman date. The head is sub-circular with a hinge pin mechanism on the reverse flanked by rectangular attachment lugs. The pin proper no longer remains. The centre of the head extends and curves sharply into a U-shaped circular sectioned bow which tapers to a break. Near the head of the brooch is a circular acanthus moulding flanked by a circular collar. About 50% of the cathchplate remains and it extends slightly over the break. The metal has a light brown-green patina. The brooch is 45.02mm long, 12.36mm wide, 5.19mm thick and weighs 10.77g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 no.1529 and are dated to the 1st - 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-C154E2: BARBED AND TANGED ARROWHEAD
An incomplete knapped lithic arrowhead of early Bronze Age date. The object is triangular in plan with two notches in the base between the central tang and a barb to either side. The surface has been invasively retouched on both sides and one barb and the tip of the arrowhead have been lost. The flint is a mid bluish-white colour. The arrowhead is 18.7mm long, 15.9mm wide, 4.4mm thick and weighs 1.2g.

YORYM-9B9252: BULLA
A lead papal bulla of Pope Clement V, pope from 1305 to 1314. The obverse of the bulla is stamped with CLE//MENS//PP V within a border of raised pellets. The 'PP' stands for 'pastor pastorum' which translates as 'shepherd of the shepherds'. The reverse of the bulla is stamped with the faces of the saints Peter and Paul within a border of raised pellets. Above the heads within the border, the saints' abbreviations are visible with 'SPA' for St. Paul to the left and 'SPE' for St. Peter to the right. The bulla has been pierced at 12 o'clock and has been bent so that the reverse is cracked open. Papal bullae such as this would have acted as seals on official papal documents to authenticate their provenance and authority. Although the V looks very like a II, the SPA SPE reverse was not introduced until the papacy of Gregory VII (1073-85) and so these bullae cannot have been issued by Clement II, who ruled from 1046-1047. The metal is a mid greyish-white colour and is worn. The bulla is 35.9mm in diameter, 4.9mm thick and weighs 41.5g.

An incomplete copper alloy trumpet brooch of Roman date. The bow, foot and catchplate are all that remains. The half-rounded acanthus moulding survives from which the D-shaped sectioned bow extends, which is slightly bent, and terminates in a flat collared foot. The catchplate extends from the reverse of the bow and is worn. The metal has a light brown-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 31.41mm long, 8.39mm wide, 3.51mm thick and weighs 3.07g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.328, fig.187, no.439 and are dated to the 1st - 2nd Century AD..

A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing holding vertical sceptre and olive branch. Mint of London, F O//[ ]. RIC V, pt 2, p. 472, cf. 101. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

A silver-wshed copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). LAETIT AVG reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor. C Mint, S P//C. RIC V, pt 2, p. 565, no. 75 var. The obverse legend is not recorded for this type. This coin has been included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-2F22D3: COIN
A silver denarius of Clodius Albinus as Caesar (AD 193-5), dating to the period AD 193 - 195 (Reece Period 10). ROMAE AETERNAE reverse type depicting Roma seated left on shield holding palladium and sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 45, no. 11a.

YORYM-0799F2: DEBITAGE
Flint working debitage, bladed, A complete knapped lithic implement of probable Mesolithic date, circa 7000 - 4000 BC. The implement is a microlith which is an elongated oval in plan and triangular in section. The bulb of percussion and striking platform no longer remain and the ventral surface is smooth. The dorsal surface is irregular with numerous flakes of varying sizes having been removed. A patch of cortext is retained along the left edge. The flint is a light greyish-white colour. The implement is 33.5mm long, 10.6mm wide, 3.1mm thick and weighs 1.2g.

YORYM-078073: DEBITAGE
Flint working debiate, blade, of probable Mesolithic date, circa 7000 - 4000 BC. The implement has an elongated oval plan and triangular in section. The bulb of percussion and striking platform no longer remain and the ventral surface is smooth and slightly curved. The dorsal surface contains three negative scars with corresponding arises and has semi-abrupt retouch at the distal end. The flint is a light greyish-white colour. The implement is 26.1mm long, 11.1mm wide, 3.1mm thick and weighs 1g.

YORYM-05D9B0: VESSEL
Body Sherds: Six body sherd from a large coarseware ceramic urn of Prehistoric date. The material is hard, coarse, and coloured dark grey-black in the core and pale orange-brown at the surfaces. The fabric is laminated and tempered with frequent, ill-sorted, angular pebbles of an iron-rich stone (c.1.5 - 5.0mm in length). A fine micaceous dust is rare within the fabric. The natural iron within the stone has oxidised and is causing delamination of the fabric. A single fragment of possible burnt undiagnostic mammalian bone is associated with the ceramic sherds. Bronze-Age in date. Report by; Adam Parker: Collections Facilitator (Archaeology), York Museums Trust. Sherd 1 - Weight: 25.2g; Length: 46.9mm; Width: 34.1mm; Thickness: 25.2mm. Sherd 2 - Weight: 26.4g; Length: 57.6mm; Width: 46.2mm; Thickness: 11.3mm. Sherd 3 - Weight: 13.2g; Length: 33.3mm; Width: 29.2mm; Thickness: 14mm. Sherd 4 - Weight: 7g; Length: 29.8mm; Width: 23mm; Thickness: 9.8mm. Sherd 5 - Weight: 2.7g; Length: 18.4mm; Width: 19.1mm; Thickness: 7.4mm. Sherd 6 - Weight: 2.4g; Length: 22.5mm; Width: 16mm; Thickness: 8.2mm. Bone Fragment - Weight: 4.8g; Length: 26.6mm; Width: 26.2mm; Thickness: 16.4mm.

TREASURE CASE : 2014 T118. An incomplete silver-gilt Trumpet brooch of Roman date. The bow, foot and catchplate are all that remains. The small portion of the upper bow which remains is circular in section with a double circumferential collar. Beneath this collar the bow swells to form an acanthus moulding with three curved projecting petals to both the upper and lower aspect. A second double circumferential collar is present below the acanthus decoration from where the lower bow, D-shaped in section, extends. The bow terminates in a double banded circular foot knop with an annulet incised on the base. The worn remains of a catchplate extend from the reverse of the lower bow. The lower bow itself is decorated with two elongated ovate panels formed by incised lines to either side of a raised central spine. The surface of the catchplate to the left of the bow is also decorated with an incised curved trumpet-style coil. Date: Roman: AD 75 - 175 Dimensions: Length: 30.9mm; Width: 6.8; Thickness: 6.8mm; Weight 3.2g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-71FC10: HARNESS FITTING
A complete copper alloy knopped terret ring of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The terret is comprised of a large circular sectioned hoop with three evenly spaced worn knops on the outer surface. The lower portion of the terret flares outwards to form an integral ovate skirt with pointed sides. The base of the skirt is filled with iron corrosion as is the lower edge of the interior of the hoop suggesting an iron pin was used to fix the fitting in place. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret is 50.8mm long, 49.4mm in diameter, 23.6mm wide, 32.2mm thick and weighs 50.9g.

YORYM-DFECD5: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy zoomorphic plate brooch of Roman date. The brooch is in the shape of a hare in profile. The ovate head has a central pellet of copper alloy surrounded by traces of green enamel representing the eye. The ear projects from the head and has a small, shallow groove that runs through the middle of the length of the ear. The main body is mostly inlaid with blue enamel with five circular pellets of copper alloy spaced evenly apart throughout the middle of the body of enamel. The body is narrow and curved with a rounded terminal. It has two curved feet, one at the rounded terminal and the other at the start of the curved body, near the ovate head. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The catchplate on the reverse is complete and the hinge for the pin survives though the pin itself is missing. The metal has a light brown-green patina. The object is 29.08mm long, 14.11mm wide, 2.01mm thick and weighs 3.63g A similar example can be found in Hattatt's Visual Catalogue p.362 no. 162 and is dated to the 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-DC4F94: CHAFING DISH
A broken, perhaps incomplete, copper-alloy handle lug from a late medieval or early post-medieval vessel. There is a short flaring circular-section shaft which would have passed through the wall of the vessel. The lug then steps out to a broad thick rectangular-section stem, which tapers to a thick, flat rounded loop, with circular perforation now internally worn through to the edge on one side. The metal has a mid blackish-green patina and survives in fair condition. The lug is 26.4mm long, 14.1mm wide, 6.9mm thick and weighs 11.5g. Lugs such as these are known from chafing dishes (Lewis 1973) and also from sheet vessels (Egan 1998, 175, with further suggestions as to function), both of late medieval or early post-medieval date.

YORYM-C9DC62: MORTARIUM
Mortarium basin. Powdery, off-white fabric with white surfaces. Abundant sand inclusions, frequent ill-sorted black grits. Trituration grits are black and red iron, ill sorted across the surface, with sparse rounded red sandstone pellets. Wheel thrown. Mancetter-Hartshill fabric. AD100 - 300 Note Mancetter-Hartshill mortarium fabric are the most consisted supplier of non-local mortaria into the york region in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. (Monaghan, J. 1997. Roman Pottery from York (Archaeology of York Series AY 16/8), York: York Archaeological Trust. PP: 932-933).

YORYM-C9C6D6: MORTARIUM
Mortarium rim sherd with a small section of the basin. Part of the flange survives but it is broken through, preventing discussion of the flange form. Fabric is a hard, crisp and smooth white with an abundant sand temper. Angular, black iron trituration grits are evident on the surface c.2.0-4.0mm wide. Crambeck Parchment Ware. AD360-410 Report by; Adam Parker: Collections Facilitator (Archaeology), York Museums Trust.

A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14), PAX AVG, Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. C Mint, S P//C(rev). RIC V, pt 2, p. 566, no. 91var. Reversed C in mintmark apparently not recorded. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's Corpus for RIC.

Roman Provincial coin: Silver Hemidrachm of Hadrian (AD 117-38), struck at Caesarea, Cappadocia, dating to AD 119-20 (Reece Period 5), ET Δ, Club. BMC Galatia, Cappadocia and Syria, p. 62, nos. 143-5; Metcalf, The Silver Coinage of Cappadocia (ANS NNM 166, 1996), p. 117, no. 85.

YORYM-72DC52: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete copper alloy harness fitting of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The fitting is a terret ring which is circular in plan and section. A bulbous collar is present projecting from one edge of the fitting with a worn base. The opposite side of the terret ring is broken with part of the frame having been lost to extremely worn breaks. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts and were attached to vehicle yokes probably by leather straps. The break in the frame most probably represents the point at which the reigns rubbed on the object, wearing it down. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The terret is 27.1mm long, 20.2mm wide, 10.2mm thick and weighs 8.1g.

YORYM-5DBA95: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T96. A complete gold finger ring of uncertain date. The finger ring is comprised of a plain circular band with pointed ovate section. The hoop has been distorted as a result of deposition and a slight compression is present to one side. The finger ring is undecorated and appears crudely made. Date: Uncertain Dimensions: Diameter: 22.2mm; Width: 5.4mm; Thickness: 1.1mm; Weight: 4.6g. Discussion: There is no evidence to securely date this ring, therefore as it is undiagnostic in nature it fall outside the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-CBFCF3: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T84. An incomplete silver finger ring of medieval date, found within a copper alloy thimble. Roughly one half of the ring now survives. What remains of the hoop has a thin rectangular section and tapers in width from the rectangular bezel to a break at the opposite side of the hoop. The bezel is decorated with incised lettering, possibly the letter J followed by III, however this is difficult to determine due to wear. To one side of the bezel is a foliate design featuring a branch with splayed leaves. After this feature are four groups of four incised horizontal lines in triangular panels extending alternately from the upper and lower edges of the hoop. The resulting pattern produces a zig-zag effect. The interior surface of the hoop is undecorated. The finger ring was found within a complete copper alloy thimble of medieval date. The thimble has a circular base from which the sides taper inwards and curve towards the top where they form the crown, creating a dome. The thimble is decorated with irregular pits in continuing spiralling rings from the crown towards the base where they terminate. The base of the thimble is broken and worn. Numerous similar thimbles have been recorded through the PAS such as: YORYM-061273, ESS-3ECD51 and HAMP-D78241. For a similar ring see BUC-5DBE84 . Date: Medieval: 14th - 15th Century (finger ring probably 15th century) Dimensions: Finger Ring - Weight: 1.1g; Diameter: 18.8mm, Width: 7.3mm; Thickness: 0.8mm. Thimble - Weight: 10.9g; Diameter: 21.7; Height: 22.3mm; Thickness: 1.8mm. Discussion: In terms of age and as the finger-ring contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. The thimble also qualifies as treasure due to its association with the finger-ring. Author and title: Rebecca Griffiths FLO for North and East Yorkshire Date: 15th April 2014

YORYM-B69335: GIRDLE HANGER
An incomplete copper-alloy girdle hanger of early Anglo-Saxon date. The object consists of a flat shaft flaring from the worn remains of an incomplete integral suspension loop. Two sub-triangular curved projections extend to either side of the lower portion of the shaft, curving away from the suspension loop. The upper surface is decorated with five vertically aligned ring and dot designs. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The object is 67.8mm long, 20.8mm wide, 7mm thick and weighs 10.3g. It is unusual to have projections to either side of the shaft of a girdle-hanger, but see NCL-A45A87 for another example.

Roman Republican silver denarius dating to c. 140-100 BC. Probably mint of Rome. Obverse: unclear head of Roma right; reverse: unclear figure riding (probable) quadriga right.

A medieval silver kwartnik (denier) of the Teutonic Order of Knights, Winrych von Kniprode (1351-82).

YORYM-FB2336: AXEHEAD
Cast copper alloy socketed axehead dating from the Early Iron Age, that is c. 800-600BC. The axehead is 62.3mm long and weighs 45.8g. The blade is 42.5mm wide and 1.5mm thick. The mouth is 19.6mm x 19.4mm wide and the walls are 4.7mm thick. The axehead is 24.6mm wide at the loop. The axehead is in good condition with only part of the blade missing and the surface slightly damaged. The surface is pitted in some places, but overall smooth and with a dark green, shiny patina. The blade is widely splayed and looks sharpened/re-sharpened although the small size of the axe suggests that it was not used as a tool and so it may have only been sharpened and polished once. The mouth is sub-rectangular, that is back-to-front-shaped (i.e. not aligned with the blade) and it bears elaborate decoration on both surfaces and around the collar. The axe has a large upper and smaller lower mouth moulding and two additional parallel mouldings below, but only on obverse and reverse - there are no additional mouldings on the sides. The back-to-front shape of the mouth as well as the double mouth moulding is very typical of Sompting Type axes which is the predominant type of British Early Iron Age socketed axes. They are also characterised by widely splayed blades and elaborate moulded decoration on obverse and reverse, which can also be found on this specimen. In addition to the collar mouldings, there are three pellets-in-cirles, connected by moulded lines on each face: one circle below the lower mouth mouldings, the others further down the body. There are two lines connecting the circles in a /\ shape. Rib-and-circle, rib-and-pellet and more elaborate decorations combining the two are characteristic of this Early Iron Age axe type and do not occur on any earlier socketed axes that date from the Bronze Age. The elaborate decoration and the small size suggest that this axe may have been used as a pendant or charm rather than a wood-working tool or weapon, even though it was sharpened and polished. Sompting type axes are also characterised by their comparatively large size which is the only characteristic that this axe does not share. While most Sompting axes are between 12-13cms long, this specimen measures only about the half their size, that is just over 6cms. This is very unusual, though smaller specimens measuring about 10cms are known from the Midlands and Northern England, such as from Shelford (Nottinghamshire) and Givendale (nr. Pocklington, Yorkshire). However, on the whole they are very rare. While the rib-and-circlet decoration is very typical of Sompting Type axes, the additional mouldings below the double mouth moulding seem to be a certain characeristic of the socketed axe from Northern England. The only other specimens with additional mouldings come from Broughton (nr. Malton, Yorkshire), Cayton Carr (Yorkshire) and a group of three socketed axes from two Cumbrian hoards (Skelmore Heads and Ulverston, Furness peninsula, Treasure No. 2012T491, LANCUM- 3F7550 etc) as well as a single find from Scotland which was made from the same mould as the Cumbrian axes, from Dunnichen (Tayside). Socketed axes of Sompting Type from the Midlands and the east coast area, such as from Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire are usually decorated with simple rib-and-pellet decoration and they are of much bigger size. This specimen from the Harworth-Bircotes area of the very northern part of Nottinghamshire is small and decorated with cirlets-and-ribs and it comes from an area where Early Iron Age socketed axes are very rare on the whole. No other Sompting axes have been found in the vicinity and the only socketed axe (from an Early Iron Age context) that is of a comparable size and could be described as a pendant or charm comes from a hoard from near Hindon, Wiltshire (2012T46). This axe, however, is undecorated and its loop was placed on one of the faces rather than its sides which makes it seem a more likely candidate for a pendant or charm. Compared to other types of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age socketed axes, Sompting axes are very rare. There are less then a hundred from Britain and this axe from Nottinghamshire is only the second which could be classed as a 'pendant' rather than a tool. Further analysis would be needed to ascertain its former use, i.e. whether or not there is any wood residue in the socket and what the wear marks around the loop and on the blade are. The blade was definitely sharpened and polished and the axe was finished, as no casting seams remain on the sides and around the loop. Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age people had a variety of wood working tools in their toolkit, amongst them various gouges and chisels, socketed and tanged - there was no real reason to produce a 'miniature' decorated Sompting axe for use because many small tools of similar size and probably better workmanship were in circulation for wood work. This is why it is suggested that this axe from North Nottinghamshire acted as a pendant or charm rather than a woodworking tool or weapon.

YORYM-F6AE88: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T45. CATALOGUE Notes The following abbreviations are used for the names of the rulers: A = Arcadius H = Honorius Busts as RIC VIII & X: D = Draped & cuirassed 3 pearl-diademed Z = Uncertain CF1-4 = degrees of clipping evident Summary: MINT Trier Milan Unc. Total 379-388 - - 2 2 388-395 - 1 - 1 395-402 - 6 - 6 388-402 - - 5 5 388-402 - 7 7 14 Conclusion: As there are more than two coins over 300 years old with a precious metal content of over 10% from the same find this coin hoard appears to constitute Treasure as defined by the Treasure Act 1996. SILVER: SILIQUAE (14) 379-388, Mint uncertain (2) No. Obv Reverse M.-m. Hx RIC IX Qty. Wt. CF ?/D3 VIRTVS ROMANORVM (facing) [...] 457 58/84 2 0.67, 0.90 4, 4 388-395, Milan (1) No. Obv Reverse M.-m. Hx RIC IX Qty. Wt. CF A/D3 VOT V MVLT X [MDPS] Cf.660 Cf.13 1 0.55 4 395-402, Milan (6) No. Obv Reverse M.-m. Hoxne RIC X Qty. Wt. CF H/D3 VIRTVS ROMANORVM (cuirass - b) MDPS 720 1228 1 0.68 4 ?/D3 VIRTVS ROMANORVM (cuirass - d) [MDPS] Cf.743 Cf.1227d/ 8d 2 0.75, 0.75 4, 4 ?/D3 VIRTVS ROMANORVM (cuirass - ?) [MDPS] Cf.746 Cf.1227/8 3 0.62, 0.62, 0.75 4, 4, 4 388-402, Mint uncertain (5) No. Obv Reverse M.-m. Hoxne RIC Qty. Wt. CF ?/Z VIRTVS ROMANORVM (cuirass - ?) [...] Cf.696/ 746 ? 5 0.53, 0.58, 0.68, 0.75, 0.81 4, 4, 4, 4, 4

YORYM-F67716: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T46. A complete gold finger-ring of late Early-Medieval date. It is composed of two plain circular-sectioned rods twisted together with two finer beaded wires twisted in between, resulting in alternating plain and beaded bands. The rods taper in diameter to the ends which are hammered together to form a narrow, square-sectioned join. This ring is of a late Viking type dating to the 11th century and possibly into the early 12th century in Scandinavia. Date: Early-Medieval: 9th - 11th Century Dimensions: Length: 26.1mm; Width: 21.9mm; Thickness: 5mm; Weight: 9.1g. Discussion: The ring is comparable in form and technique with Viking-period examples in gold from West Bergholt, Essex, and Weston Turville, Bucks. (J. Graham-Campbell, 2011, The Cuerdale Hoard and related Viking-Age silver and gold from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum, London, British Museum Press, 262, pl. 82: 32-33). Treasure Annual Report 2008. (2010). London: DCMS. p.126, no.215. another from the Mid-Sussex district was reported as Treasure in 2008 (2008 T427 (SUSS-81B6D4) http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/227826). In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-779620: SPOON
TREASURE CASE : 2014 T31. An incomplete silver spoon of post-medieval date. The spoon is broken into seven pieces and is incomplete. All that remains of the spoon is a portion of the bowl which is oval in plan with broken and worn edges and a concave section. A narrow handle with D-shaped section projects from the edge of the spoon bowl and tapers along its length to terminate in a worn break. The spoon is undecorated and no makers mark is present on the surviving portion. Date: Post-medieval: circa 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 97.6mm; Width: 33.5mm; Thickness: 4.2mm; Weight 12.5g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-6654E6: SWORD
An incomplete copper alloy sword chape of Roman date. The chape is comprised of a chunky and elongate bifid lipped terminal with widely flaring and curved upper edges. The opposite end terminates in a worn break and has been compressed out of shape. Short slots are present to either side of the slot. The metal has a mid greyish-green patina and is very worn. The object is 21.7mm long, 27.1mm wide, 16.7mm thick and weighs 21.6g. Jody Joy, Curator of European Iron Age Collections at the British Museum, comments that this example is "one of Stead's (2006. British Iron Age Swords and Scabbards. London, BM Press) Type J chapes described as 'short bifurcating bronze or brass chapes' (p.15). The best parallel is the chape from the Embleton, Cumbria sword have in the British Museum collections which is dated to AD 50 - 200, so strictly speaking Roman".

A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). ROMA MILET[VM?] reverse type depicting wolf right, suckling twins. Mint of London, RSR. This object was identified by Dr Sam Moorhead via photographs provided by the finder. The photograph attached to the record was also provided by the finder. The FLO has not seen this item. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-FBF995: COIN
A silver Roman siliqua of Constantius II (AD 323-361) dating to the period c.AD 340-350 (Reece Period 17). VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Siscia. RIC VIII, p.361, no.162.

A copper alloy radiate of Carausis dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PROVID AVG reverse type depicting Providentia left holding globe and cornucopiae. C Mint, S C//- RIC V, pt 2, p. 506, no. 502var. Obverse IMP CARAVSIVS P F AVG not recorded, but one other specimen is in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-E593C0: BROOCH
A complete copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of wide rectangular wings which swell towards the tips each of which is decorated with transverse grooves. The reverse of the head has two integral lugs which house an axis bar around which the now bent pin is hinged. A double banded rectangular plate is present projecting from the top edge of the wings which houses a circular loop for attachment to a second brooch via a chain. A rectangular sectioned bow extends centrally from the wings tapering steadily in width to a double banded circular foot knop with flat base. A complete catchplate projects from the reverse of the lower bow. A separate headstud feature is present at the apex of the bow, held in place by an integral rivet, and is decorated with incised lines. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 53.1mm long, 19.3mm wide, 6.8mm thick and weighs 14g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.333, fig.192 and are dated to the 2nd Century AD

YORYM-BFAC81: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy zoomorphic brooch of Roman date. The brooch is in the form of a bird with a narrow body which extends into a sub-triangular tail to one end and a curved head with pointed beak at the other. Sub-ovate wings with pointed terminals project to either side of the body curving outwards to the tips. The tail, lower body and wings are all slightly recessed and would have held coloured enamel though no traces of this now survive. From the reverse of the tail two small worn lugs project which would have housed the pin and the remains of the catchplate extends from the reverse of the head. The pin no longer remains. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 29.6mm long, 14.4mm wide, 4.4mm thick and weighs 1.8g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.361, fig.220 and are dated to the 2nd century AD.

YORYM-175556: NAIL CLEANER
A complete cast tubular nail-cleaner with mouldings on the upper shaft dated to the Flavian period. The blade is sub-rectangular in shape and rectangular in section. It has a small divison between the points at the tip of the blade which then continues as a groove on one side for about a third of the blade. The junction of the blade and the suspension loop is roughly the same length of the blade and has bead, reel and spool mouldings - the spool being in the middle flanked by a bead either side and in turn flanked by a reel either side. The metal is dark greyish green. The object is 53.02mm in total length, the blade is 25.08mm in length, 6.24mm wide and 1.72mm thick. The suspension loop is 8.48mm in diameter, the inner loop is 4.21mm in diameter and 1.82mm thick. The moulded shaft is 19.65mm in length. The object weighs 3.95g.

YORYM-042971: CLASP
Description: A complete silver shoe or clog clasp of late post-medieval to modern date. The clasp is sub-rectangular in plan with one rounded end and one straight end from which an integral curved hook with pelta shaped terminal projects. The upper surface of the clasp is decorated with a border of parallel incised lines and has three, sub-rectangular perforations. The profile of the object is slightly curved and the reverse is undecorated.

YORYM-89A592: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A fragment of a cast copper alloy socketed axehead of late Bronze Age date. The fragment is the blade end including the base of the socketed area. It is a tapering rectangle in section and trapezoidal in plan with a worn cutting edge and rounded corners. The breaks at the socketed end are old and worn and casting flashes are present along either side. The interior is filled with organic material as a result of its deposition. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The fragment is 52mm long, 49.1 to 35.4mm wide, 19 to 3.7mm thick and weighs 100g.

YORYM-857F10: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy dragonesque brooch of Roman date. The brooch is curvilinear in form resulting in a roughly S-shaped piece which is extremely worn rendering any decoration illegible. The only discernable feature is a raised central boss. The reverse is slightly concave and undecorated. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 34mm long, 16.7mm wide, 5.9mm thick and weighs 8.3g. Similar examples can be seen in Hattatt, p.351, fig.210 and are dated to the 2nd century AD.

YORYM-72ACA5: COIN
A complete copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece period 14). Uncertain reverse type. Uncertain mint. This coin has been noted for Sam Moorhead's Corpus for RIC.

YORYM-198926: BARBED AND TANGED ARROWHEAD
An incomplete knapped lithic arrowhead of Bronze Age date. The arrowhead is of the barbed and tanged form being triangular in plan and pointed oval in section. The central tang has been lost to a worn break but the two barbs are retained. Extensive flake removal is visible on both surfaces as well as fine edge retouch on all exterior edges. The flint is a mid bluish-grey colour. The arrowhead is 21.5mm long, 18.4mm wide, 3.9mm thick and weighs 1.3g.

An incomplete copper alloy trumpet brooch of Roman date. The reverse of the head is flat with two integral lugs which house an axis bar around which the loop of the pin is hinged. The pin proper no longer remains. The head itself is ovate in plan with a circular sectioned upper bow extending centrally to terminate in a worn break. The metal has a light greyish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 27.3mm long, 19.3mm wide, 5.5mm thick and weighs 6.4g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa 75 - 175 AD.

YORYM-DCB1D4: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy dragoneque brooch of Roman date (AD 75-200). The brooch consists of the mid-section of the S shaped body of the brooch. The head, foot and pin are all missing due to an old break. The surface has an integral raised decoration consisting of a two curvilinear, longitudinally running lines which intersect at a central circular decorative pattern within which is a plain cross. This raised decoration creates cells within which a minor amount of dark blue glass or enamel inlay in retained. The reverse of the object is smooth and undecorated. The metal is a dark brown in colour with some green patina at the points of the breaks. Hattatt, p 351, no 155.

YORYM-DC8285: COIN
An incomplete denarius of Augustus dating to 12 BC (Reece Period 1). IMP XI reverse type depicting a capricorn right, holding a globe. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC I (rev. ed.) p.53.no.174.

A copper alloy contemporary copy of a radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece Period 14), PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch and vertical sceptre. Prototype Mint of London, F O // ML. RIC V, pt 2, cf. no. 101.

A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG, Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint unclear. This coin is noted for Sam Moorhead's Corpus for RIC.

A copper alloy nummus of Licinius dating to the period AD 310 - 312 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius standing facing left with patera and cornucopiae. Mint of London. RIC VI, p. 136, no. 209c.

YORYM-B87391: BELL
A fragment of a cast spherical bell of post-medieval date (AD 1500-1700). The object consists of the lower quarter of the lower hemisphere, with a partial, circumferential ridge. There is decoration of a radial flower-pattern or 'sunburst' design; each segment or 'petal' has a central longitudinal incised line. There is some evidence of abrasion along all breaks in the object suggesting that the break occurred during antiquity. The metal looks like a leaded copper alloy.

YORYM-610656: STRAP END
Description: An incomplete strap-end of Thomas' Class E, Type 3 as distinguished by the presence of a central longitudinal rib. The strap-end is roughly tongue-shaped, but is now broken and worn on all edges. The attachment end is flattened, and is broken through one rivet hole; the other is entirely missing. The body of the strap-end is decorated on the front with a raised undecorated rib, flanked by incised ring and dot decoration spaced irregularly along its length; four ring-and-dot motifs survive to either side of the rib. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark blackish-grey patina and is very worn. Dimensions: Length: 25.9mm; Width: 14.9mm; Thickness: 3.4mm; Weight 3.25g. Analysis: Non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis of both surfaces and a broken edge identified the metal as a copper alloy (a leaded bronze with a relatively high tin content and no more than 4% silver). No surface plating was discernible. The colour of the metal may be due to the relatively high tin content. Discussion and Date: Ribbed strap-ends (Thomas's Class E3) are an Anglo-Scandinavian type, being found primarily in the Danelaw and in Scandinavia. They are also occasionally found in cosmopolitan contexts on the Continent (e.g. at Domburg, Holland). Their presence in graves has allowed them to be dated to the late 9th and 10th centuries. Ring-and-dot decoration is common on these strap-ends (Thomas 2000, 115, 213, 251) and all examples so far known are made from copper alloy.

An incomplete base silver mediveal penny of an undefined ruler, mostly likely a Norman ruler, possibly Stephen (1135-54). Possible fourchee cross reverse with uncertain quarters. Uncertain moneyer, uncertain mint.

YORYM-B971B2: HOOKED TAG
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T723. SAilver object, possibly a hooked clasp or book clasp/ mount. The object has been cut from sheet silver and one end of the object has two main lobes with a circular perforation in each lobe. Where the two lobes pinch together there is a central circular perforation just above this. The sides taper and the stem of the object has been bent back and is now flat against the main body of the object. The end is broken and jagged. The decoration on the front of the object consists of a single incised groove creating a border and a chevron style design with etching on the lower portion of the objects surface. The reverse is plain.

YORYM-B88CF2: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T722. A complete gold finger ring with blue glass intaglio of late Roman date, circa 4th century AD. The bezel of the ring is an ovate box setting with tall sides and slight folds at the rim to hold the gem in place with a flat and undecorated reverse. The hoop of the ring is circular in both plan and section though has been bent out of shape and appears to have been formed separately from the bezel. Where the hoop meets the bezel to either side it is flanked by applied ovate decorative knops. The bezel retains its ovate blue glass intaglio which is engraved with the figure of Victory left raising a wreath in her right hand and balancing on a globe with one foot, the other leg being raised behind her. The traditional source for blue glass in the Roman period was Trier. A comparable finger ring has been recorded as Treasure on the PAS database as 2013 T211 (KENT-577F75) though this example no longer retains its setting. NARC1709 also bears an intaglio with engraving of Victory left raising wreath. Thanks are extended to Stuart Ogilvy, Assistant Curator of Natural Sciences at the Yorkshire Museum for his assistance in the identification of the intaglio material. Date: Roman: 4th Century Dimensions: Hoop: Diameter: 25.6mm; Thickness: 2.1mm; Bezel: Length: 16.7mm,; Width: 13mm; Thickness: 4.2mm; Weight: 7.11g. Reference: http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/554771 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/8085

A copper alloy nummus of Licinius II (AD 317 - 324) dating to the period AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting two captives seated beneath standard inscribed VOT/XX. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p.188, cf, no.272.

A silver medeival penny of Edward IV (first reign; 1461-70); heavy coinage (Type IV; 1461-4); mint: Durham; North 1543.

YORYM-E80926: TAP
A copper alloy handle from a barrel tap of post-medieval date (AD 1600-1800). The object is T-shaped with a circular-sectioned stem, which tapers towards the lower end. The handles consist of two cylindrical bars forming the horizontal arms of the T; the vertical stem of the T has a narrowed concave-moulded neck. The stem has an integral double-oval perforation or hole. The base of the object has an integral circular recess. The metal is a dark green in colour with a shallow pitted patina. Similar examples can be see on the Portable Antiquities database at LVPL-FCF2A6.

YORYM-A85372: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 312 - 313. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI reverse type depicting legionary eagle facing left between two vexilla. Mint of Rome. RIC VI, p.390, no.345a.

YORYM-A80FE5: COIN
A silver denarius of Maximinus Thrax dating to the period AD 235-238 (Reece Period 11). Uncertain reverse type. Mint of Rome. The coin has been pierced twice.

YORYM-654152: LEAF ARROWHEAD
A complete leaf shaped arrow head of Neolithic date (4000-2350 BC). The lithic is sub-spatulate in plan and plano-convex in section. The dorsal surface retains a large amount of cortex making this a primary flake. Both the left and right hand edges contain partial stepped flaking and all edges have low angle retouch. The ventral surface smooth with shallow ripples of percussion emanating from the right hand edge and partial parallel flaking along the distal, left and right hand edges. The flint is a light brown in colour with grey inclusions throughout. The cortex is a dark brown in colour.

YORYM-EB4804: MOUNT
An incomplete copper alloy vessel mount or escutcheon of Roman date. The mount is shaped like a human face, most probably female, with worn features. The hair is denoted by a curved line across the top of the head with no further defining features. Large ovate eyes are present beneath a deep set brow which extends into a raised pointed nose. The mouth is formed from a pointed ovate depression beneath the nose. The integral mount proper extends from the sides of the face flaring out at the chin and forehead. A rectangular projection extends below the chin and a suspension loop is present at the top of the head. The reverse of the mount is concaved and undecorated. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The mount is 46.6mm long, 26.1mm wide, 12.9mm thick and weighs 22.3g. In form this object is similar to bovine vessel mounts of late Iron Age to Roman date such as SF-9E1B87 and ESS-3806F3. Similar examples with human features have also been recorded such as SF-238567.

YORYM-E77B55: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T635. All 163 coins are of good silver, of over 90% fine metal. The majority are English coins of the rulers Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I, the majority consisting of three denominations - sixpence, shilling and halfcrown; there are also some Irish coins of James I and Scottish coins of James and Charles I. There is also a group of coins from the Spanish Netherlands, from the reign of Philip IV of Spain. The most recent coins were the Tower coins issued during the time of the initial mark (P), which dates to 1643-4, and the half-crown from York, which operated during this same period. A detailed list accompanies this report. All the coins present are of types known to have circulated and been hoarded during the English Civil War, a period for which there are, of course, very many coin hoards which can be used for comparison. In particular, the group has some of the characteristics of hoards from the Yorkshire region, with one issue of the royalist York mint as the only coin present from one of the mints opened for the king away from London during the war, and a cache of the Spanish Netherlands coins familiar from hoards such as Middleham, Wyke and Breckenborough (for Yorkshire Civil War hoards, see Craig Barclay and Edward Besly, A Little Barrel of Ducatoons: the Civil War coinage of Yorkshire (Yorkshire Museum, 1994). Dr Barrie J. Cook Curator of Medieval and Early Modern Coinage Department of Coins and Medals British Museum 25 February 2014 2013 T635 Staveley, Yorkshire Catalogue Edward VI (1547-53) Third Period (1550-3) 1. Sixpence tun 2.87 Mary and Philip (1554-8) 2. Shilling details illegible 5.56 3. Sixpence details illegible 2.69 Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 4-8. Shilling cross crosslet (1560-1) 5.83, 5.66, 5.02, 4.98, 4.81 9. Shilling martlet (1560-1) 4.11* 10-12. Shilling bell (1582/3-83) 5.4, 5.07, 4.13* 13-14. Shilling A (1583-84/5) 5.68, 4.47 15. Shilling tun (1591/2-94) 5.98 16. Shilling woolpack (1594-95/6) 5.37 17-18. Sixpence pheon (1561-5) 1562 2.85, 2.32 19. Sixpence rose (1565-65/6) 1565 2.53 20-1. Sixpence portcullis (15665/6-66/7) 1566 2.65, 2.52 22-3. Sixpence coronet (1567-70) 1568 2.28, 2.06 24-5. 1569 2.73, 2.33 26. 15-- 2.77 27. Sixpence castle (1570-2) 1571 2.59 28-30. Sixpence ermine (1572-3) 1572 2.87, 2.81, 2.61 31-2 ermine or acorn 1573 2.83, 2.59 33. Sixpence acorn (1573-4) 1574 2.76 34. Sixpence eglantine (1574-8) 1574 2.74 35-8. 1575 2.74, 2.42, 2.31, 2.3 39. Sixpence short cross (1578-80) 1578 2.33 40. Sixpence long cross (1580-1) 1580 2.63 41-3. Sixpence sword (1582-82/3) 1582 2.69, 2.47, 2.2* 44. Sixpence bell (1582/3-83) 1582 2.74 45. 1583 2.73 46. Sixpence A (1583-84/5) 1583 2.89 47. 1584 2.79 48. Sixpence escallop (15854/5-87) 1585 2.83 49. Sixpence crescent (1587-89/90) 1588 2.72 50. 1589 2.93 51. Sixpence tun (1591/2-94) 1592 2.86 52. Sixpence woolpack or key 1595 2.55 53. Sixpence key (1595/6-97/8) 1596 1.97* 54. Sixpence 2 (1602-3) 1602 2.53 55. Three-halfpence eglantine (1574-8) 1574 0.9 56. Three-halfpence details illegible 1.03 James I (1603-25) First Coinage (1603-4) 57-60. Shilling thistle (1603-4) 2nd bust 5.93, 5.77, 4.68*, 4.42* 61. Shilling thistle (1603-4) bust unclear 3.82* 62. Shilling lis (1604-5) 2nd bust 6.16 63. Sixpence thistle 2nd bust 1603 2.2 64. Sixpence lis 2nd bust 1604 3.03 Second Coinage (1604-19) 65-6. Shilling lis (1605) 3rd bust 5.09, 4.61* 67-9. Shilling rose (1605-6) 4th bust 5.79, 5.69, 4.34* 70-1. Shilling escallop (1606-7) 4th bust 4.53*, 4.48* 72. Shilling coronet (1607-9) 4th bust 4.69* 73. Shilling im unclear 4th bust 4.33* 74. Shilling im unclear 5th bust 3.89* 75. Sixpence rose 3rd bust 1604 2.46 76. Sixpence rose 3rd bust 1605 2.09* 77. Sixpence escallop 4th bust 1606 2.74 Third Coinage (1619-25) 78. Shilling thistle (1621-3) 6th bust 5.07 79. Shilling lis (1623-4) 6th bust 4.82 80-1. Shilling trefoil (1624) 6th bust 5.89, 5.74 82. Sixpence trefoil 6th bust` 1624 2.59 Charles I (1625-1649) Tower mint 83-5. Half-crown portcullis (1633-4) N2207 13.8, 11.28*, 11.03* 86-7. Half-crown bell (1634-5) N2209 15.1, 12.26 88. Half-crown tun (1636-8) N2209 14.38 89-91. Half-crown Group III, early horseman 11.21*, 10.76*, 9.85* 92-3. Half-crown triangle (1639-40) N2212 13.28, 11.94* 94. Half-crown star (1640-41) N2212 15.0 95-7. Half-crown triangle-in-circle (1641-3) 15.46, 14.48, 14.18 98-100. Half-crown (P) (1643-4) N2214 14.89, 14.8, 12.02* 101. Shilling lis (1625) N2216 5.69 102. Shilling uncertain im N2216 5.22* 103. Shilling rose (1631-2) plumes N2222 5.9 104. Shilling harp (1632-3) N2223 5.03* 105-9. Shilling crown (1635-6) N2225 6.25, 5.99, 5.96, 5.89, 4.84* 110-11. Shilling tun (1636-8) N2225 6.17, 4.77* 112-16. Shilling anchor (1638-9) N2229 6.07, 5.95, 5.87, 5.79, 5.01* 117. Shilling triangle (1639-40) N2229 5.95 118-19. Shilling triangle (1639-40) N2231 6.03, 5.94 120-4 Shilling star N2231 6.18, 6.09, 5.76, 5.44, 5.4* 125-31. Shilling triangle-in-circle (1641-3) N2231 6.19, 6.11, 6.07, 6.03, 5.98, 5.91, 5.62 132-6. Shilling (P) (1643-4) N2231 6.42, 6.19, 6.08, 5.39, 5.3 137. Shilling uncertain im N2231 5.4* 138-9. Sixpence tun (1636-8) N2241 3.39, 2.99 140-1. Sixpence tun (1636-8) N2242 3.04, 3.03 142. Sixpence anchor (1638-9) N2244 2.48 143. Sixpence anchor (1638-9) N2245 2.45 Other mints 144. Half-crown Aberystwyth book N.2327 15.25 145. Half-crown York (1643-4) Type 6 (N.2314) 14.97 James I, Ireland First Coinage (1603-4) 146. Shilling bell bust unclear 3.92 147. Shilling im unclear bust unclear 3.74 Second Coinage (1604-7) 148. Shilling martlet 3rd bust 4.3 149. Shilling rose bust unclear 4.1 150. Shilling escallop 3rd bust 4.15 151. Sixpence martlet 1st bust 1.98 152-3. Sixpence rose 1st bust 1.99, 1.8 Uncertain coinage 154. Shilling 3.54 Scotland James VI Eighth coinage (1601-4) 155-6. Thistle-merk date illegible 5.86, 5.15 157. Half thistle-merk 1601 3.05 158. Half thistle-merk date illegible 3.02 Charles I 159. 30-shillings IV S.5555 14.85 Spanish Netherlands Philip IV of Spain (1621-65) 160. Ducaton 327-1b Brabant, Antwerp 1639 32.68 161. Half-ducaton 328-1a Brabant, Antwerp 1637 14.22 162. Half-ducaton 328-1a Brabant, Antwerp 1636 16.39 163. Half-ducaton 328-1a Brabant, Antwerp 1633 16.28 Dr Barrie J. Cook Curator of Medieval and Early Modern Coinage Department of Coins and Medals British Museum 25 February 2014

YORYM-D10457: BUCKLE
An incomplete copper alloy buckle plate of 9th-century date. It is made from a single thin sheet of copper alloy, which tapers from a wider to a narrower end. Both ends are incomplete. At the wider end there are two sub-rectangular projections with a rectilinear slot in between; this may be the remains of two hinge loops to attach the plate to a frame. At the other end are two incomplete circular rivet holes. Between the rivet holes is an engraved sub-triangular shape, two sides concave and the other convex, which may be related to the 'fan-shaped' motifs found on 9th-century strap-ends. Between this and the hinge loops is a panel of decoration which appears to consist of two symmetrical motifs, perhaps very debased Trewhiddle-style animals, with a longitudinal line of ladder pattern. Dr Kevin Leahy comments that the decorated panel appears to bear traces of niello. The reverse is smooth and undecorated. The metal is a mid-brown in colour with a corroded green patina. Buckles with 9th-century decoration are rare, but compare SF-A03892, FAKL-A4D441 and NMS-346A95.

YORYM-6C5325: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy Colchester brooch of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of short rectangular wings which are extremely worn from the centre of which an integral forward facing hook projects terminating in a worn point. The pin and pin mechanism no longer survive. An oval sectioned bow projects centrally from the wings tapering gradually towards a worn pointed and shows signs of decoration along the central spine though this is now to worn to be determined. The catchplate no longer remains. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 40.7mm long, 6.3mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 2.8g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt p.296, fig.155 and are dated to circa AD 43 - 100.

YORYM-662485: PENDANT
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T623. A complete silver pendant cross of medieval date. The pendant is cruciform with a flat roundel at its centre from which three rectangular sectioned arms terminating in globular knops. The fourth arm from the top of the pendant forms an integral suspension loop with wide circular perforation. The central roundel is engraved on the front with the letters "AG" and on the reverse with "LA" both within engraved circumferential borders. This inscription is an acronym for the Hebrew phrase "Atha Gebri Leilan Adonai" which translates as "Thou art mighty forever, O Lord" and was seen as having amuletic significance. Comparable pendants of similar shape and bearing the inscription AGLA have been recorded on the PAS database as 2009 T627 (NARC-F3FA72), dated to the 13th century, and 2009 T470 (YORYM-FF8193), dated to 13th-14th century. Other types of objects inscribed with AGLA from the medieval period include rings and other styles of pendant, see for example two pendants within the British Museum's collection (2009,0802.1 and 2002,0305.1) and a ring also at the British Museum (AF.1000). Date: Medieval: 13th - 14th Century Dimensions: Length: 28.6mm; Width: 20.8mm; Thickness: 3.1mm; Weight: 2.8g Reference: http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/433997 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/243583 http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/273026

YORYM-415BF2: COIN
A copper-alloy as of Philip I (AD 244-9) dating to the period AD 244 to 249 (Reece Period 12). ANNONA AVGG S C reverse type depicting Annona standing left holding corn-ears over modius and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, Pt 3, p. 90, no. 168b.

YORYM-3DA235: BELL
An incomplete copper alloy bell of early-medieval date (broadly 10th century). The bell is of hexagonal section, with straight sides tapering towards the top, where it is surmounted by a damaged projection which would have formed the lower part of a suspension loop. The six sides that surround the open bottom end are concave and have been turned inwards to create a lobe on each of the six corners. Both inner and outer surfaces of the object are a greenish brown with a heavily corroded patina.

YORYM-E885E4: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T935. The coins described in this report were discovered by Mr Roy Doughty and Mr Christopher Hannard, whilst searching with metal detectors in the parish of Hotham, East Riding of Yorkshire on 29th September 2013. The coins were discovered on the same spot as 2012T772. The find consisted of 4 Iron Age coins (all silver "units") and 1 copper-alloy brooch fragment. The coins carry the name(s) VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVE(ROS). All of the coins are of types usually ascribed to the Corieltavi. 1. A silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMN[O]CO [VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 16.1mm; Weight: 1.14g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 2. A silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/[S]IOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMN[O]CO [VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 16.3mm; Weight: 1.19g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 3. A silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVM[NO]CO VE inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 15.2mm; Weight: 1.15g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 4. An incomplete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: [VOL]I/[SI]OS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: [D]VMN[OCO VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 15.6mm; Weight: 0.50g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 The Brooch A small copper alloy brooch fragment: Length: 15.7mm. Width: 15.5mm.

YORYM-BDE2E4: PIN
An incomplete copper alloy disc-headed pin of Middle B ronze Age date. The head is comprised of a flat circular head with worn edges and is decorated with a raised central pellet surrounded by four concentric raised rings. The underside is smooth and undecorated with an integral projecting shaft set at a right angle to the head. The shaft is circular in section with a subtly tapering circumference and terminates is a worn break. The metal is a mid green in colour with a corroded patina.

A copper alloy nummmus of Constantius (AD 293-306), dating to c. AD 302-3 (Reece Period 15). Reverse type: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p. 197, no. 531.

YORYM-97A046: BROOCH
An incomplete copper alloy disc brooch of Roman date (AD 75-200). The brooch is sub-circular in profile and composed of a flat sheet of copper alloy. A single integral, projecting lug is situated at the upper edge of the brooch, it is likely however that such lugs would have continued in a regular repeating pattern around the circumference of the brooch but are now missing due to either an old break or post depositional processes. The reverse retains a minor projection from the catchplate and upper loop for the pin. All missing aspects are so due to old breaks or post depositional processes. The decoration is integral and consists of a partially intact, raised circular outer border with two raised longitudinally running lines with a central pellet between them. To either side of the linear patter, within the outer circular border is a single, semi-circular raised decoration, thus the pattern would have been symmetrical when the brooch was intact. Both surfaces of the object have a mid-cream coloured coating of possible enamel. The metal is a light green in colour Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxbow Books, Oxford. P 345, nos 1040, 1568, 122. Diameter: 21.64mm, Thickness, 1.75mm, Weight: 1.65g.

YORYM-9756B4: BRACELET
A copper alloy fragment of a strip bracelet of Roman date (AD 43-410). The object is elongated and sub-rectangular in plan, curvilinear in profile and sub-ovate in section. There is no clear evidence of decoration and both ends terminate in old, worn breaks. A comparable example is illustrated in Crummy, p 40, no 1644. The metal is a light green in colour, and has an even surface patina.

YORYM-958D05: HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T583. A Late Bronze Age hoard of c. 23 objects and additional fragments discovered during metal detecting on cultivated land on the 24th September 2013, and subsequently excavated by Yorkshire Archaeological Trust. Each find was assigned a small finds reference number (SF) during excavation, which can be found in brackets following the catalogue number for each find. N.B. the weights listed for these finds include soil deposits within and on the exterior of many of the axes, except for those which specify otherwise. Description Sword 1. (SF 23) An incomplete and highly fragmentary copper-alloy antennae sword pommel (cf. PAS find: SUSS-761CD0; see also Von Quillfeldt 1995: Taf. 75, no. 219 'Schwert mit gegossenem Spiralknauf' for a comparable example with integral, probably cast complete loops). The sword pommel survives in multiple fragments, with additional fragments of the grip also retained; the lower portions of the sword hilt that would adjoin the blade appear to be absent. The pommel form is sub-lentoid in plan, with slight losses at both narrowed ends; it is flat in profile. Extending upwards from the narrowed ends of this flat, sub-lentoid form are two antennae loops; these now survive in multiple fragments. Both of the loops complete a full circle, measuring c. 1.7mm in diameter across each loop, with both ends of each loop extending from the flattened sub-lentoid upper surface; this suggests that they were probably cast in the complete looped form, rather than hammered. The fragments which form the loops are broadly flat in section and very thin. From the narrowed ends of the flattened sub-lentoid surface the pommel body extends down to a narrowed sub-oval in plan grip. This grip is incomplete and fragmentary, with its highly fragmentary nature preventing an identification of its complete form or type. Visible within the aperture of this now damaged grip is a layer of a dark grey substance (c. 3mm thick), possibly of organic material, that might have been used as a fixative for the tang of the sword blade; also visible is a small circular perforation that extends through the flattened upper surface of the pommel (c. 6.4mm in diameter) that would have accommodated the tanged end of the sword blade. The antennae sword pommel and grip are in poor condition outside of their fragmentary state, with much of the body suffering from moderate corrosion resulting in a green-grey patina, with an area of blue corrosion on one side of the grip. N.B. Photographs of the pommel in-situ (taken by Yorkshire Archaeological Trust) show that it was attached to a larger (now fragmentary) portion of the sword grip. Dimensions: Pommel dimensions: 59.4mm by 23.5mm; Hilt length: 23.1mm; Hilt aperture dimensions: 23.9mm by 15.4mm; Weight: 30.44g (Main fragment: 21.01g; left spiral fragments: 2.78g; right spiral fragments: 2.01g; additional fragments 4.64g) N.B the many other probable fragments of the sword hilt (non-joining) have not been included in the weight. Spearheads 2. (SF 22) A copper-alloy spear of uncertain type in multiple fragments. The spear fragments form the upper portion of the spear, including the spear tip; the most substantial fragment is broadly sub-triangular in plan, though all original edges that would show the extent of the blades are now missing. The socket is missing. The spear fragment has a circular to oval mid-rib, and the blade surface appears to be flat, although only some of the original surface remains. The remainder of the large spear fragment is in poor condition, and is light green in colour with white, sand like deposits in the corrosion product. Dimensions: Length: 77.64mm; Width: (at middle) 19.7mm, (at tip) 7.9mm; Diameter of mid-rib; 8.75mm; Blade thickness (at widest point): 3.95mm; Weight (large fragment and moderate blade fragments): 23.21g. NB smaller undiagnostic fragments were not weighed. 3. (SF 4) A fragment of copper-alloy spear of uncertain type. The spear fragment is formed of the upper portion of the spear, though the tip has broken away and is now absent; the fragment is subsequently trapezoidal in plan. The mid-rib of the spear fragment is sub-circular, with a flat blade surface and a bevelled edge. The fragment is dark green in colour and in a good condition, with a slight hairline crack on one side at the bevelled edge. A series of small, worn depressions are also visible along the mid-rib; it is unclear whether these were a result of manufacture or use. Dimensions: Length: 31.6mm; Width: (at widest) 32.1 mm, (at smallest) 25.7mm; Weight 9.73g. Socketed axes: Yorkshire Type 4. (SF 13) A complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1502 (pl. 96), 1472 (pl. 94), 1419 (pl. 92) and 1398 (pl. 91), though SF 13 has longer vertical ribs). The socket mouth is rectangular in plan with an everted collar, and with a horizontal moulding below. A small circular indentation resulting from a casting error can be seen in the collar (diameter 3.3mm). From the moulding, three vertical diverging decorative ribs extend on both faces of the axe; the partial loss of one face has removed some of this detail. The side loop, also springing from the moulding, is complete with a 'D' shaped aperture. Below the moulding the body of the axe tapers slightly outwards to a fragmentary and chipped wedge-shaped cutting edge. The axe has a mid green colour overall, with areas of lighter green where the original surface has been lost. Dimensions: Length: 78.5mm; Socket width: 38.9mm by 37.5mm; Socket wall thickness: c. 4.75mm-6.9mm; Blade width: 42.3mm; Loop: 17mm by 9.7mm, internal dimensions: 10.2mm by 4.3mm; Weight: 153g. 5. (SF 16) A near complete cast copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1403 (pl. 91), 1471-3 (pl. 94), though SF 16 has longer ribs). The socket mouth is square in plan with an everted collar of uneven thickness, and a horizontal moulding below. From this moulding three slightly divergent decorative ribs extend, with the two exterior ribs sitting at the transition between the face and the face edge. The axe retains a side loop with a 'D' shaped aperture; however extensive active corrosion has partially blocked this aperture. A small portion of the blade tip is missing, with the original cutting edge still present. There is evidence of use wear to the cutting edge of the blade. This axe has a light to mid green patina beneath extensive soil coverage. Dimensions: Length: 79.8mm; Socket width: 38.4mm by 37.4mm; Wall thickness: 5.4mm-5.7mm (4.55mm at loop side); Side loop length: 20mm; loop width: 11.2mm. Blade width: 44.5mm; Weight 177g. 6. (SF 2) A near complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type in three fragments (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1419 (pl. 92) and 1512 (pl. 96). The body of the axe is largely complete with slight losses to the socket mouth; two additional small fragments complete this. The axe has an everted collar, now fragmentary and uneven, with a horizontal moulding below. Three decorative ribs extend from this moulding; these are parallel, with the two exterior ribs positioned inwards away from the side-face of the axe. On one side of the axe a complete loop springs from the moulding. The lower portion of the axe consists of an expanded, slightly flared blade; this is broadly complete with a slight hemispherical in plan loss in the centre of the cutting edge of the blade. Additional losses to the original surface on one face and one side of the axe are visible, with an emphasis at the blade portion of the axe; these exhibit a light green colour, whilst the remainder of the axe body has a mid-to dark green patina and fair condition. There is evidence of use wear to the cutting edge of the blade. Dimensions: Length: 81.9mm; Socket dimensions: 37.1mm by 36.8mm; Loop dimensions: 17.7mm by 6.2mm, internal loop dimensions: 10.3mm by 5.1mm; Weight: 143.59g (No soil) 7. (SF 3) A copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1503 (pl. 96), 1526 (pl. 97), 1536 (pl. 98). The axe is incomplete in that it is missing the uppermost everted collar at the square in plan socket mouth. The horizontal moulding remains, and from this three parallel decorative ribs extend on both faces of the axe. A complete side loop also springs from the moulding; this appears to have been miscast due to its uneven dimensions and finish. The body of the axe continues to a complete wedge-shaped cutting edge; there is one slight loss to the original surface on one face. There is evidence of use wear to the cutting edge of the blade. The axe is of a very fine condition and displays a mid-green shiny patina. Dimensions: Length: 84.2mm; Socket width: 33.2mm by 33mm; Side loop dimensions: length 20.2mm, width 9.7mm, internal diameter 11.4mm by 6.2mm; Blade width: 43.5mm; Weight: 154g (No soil). 8. (SF 10 and SF 8) A complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1361 and 1367 (pl. 89) in two fragments; one socket mouth and body fragment (SF 10), and a lower body and blade fragment (SF 8). The first fragment is formed of a square in plan socket with an everted collar, below which a horizontal moulding is visible; a complete but uneven side loop springs from this moulding. On both faces of the upper axe fragment are three decorative ribs; these slightly diverge, with the two exterior ribs on both faces positioned at the exterior edge of the axe body. Casting seams are retained on both sides of this axe fragment, and across the side loop. The secondary fragment is rectangular at the socket and flares slightly to a near complete blade cutting edge; it is slightly rounded with just one slight chip at the side to face transition. There is evidence of use wear to the cutting edge of the blade. In the centre of both fragments at the point at which they join is a pressure point resulting from external force; this pressure has resulted in the axe separating into the two fragments. The wall thickness at this point on both fragments is distinctly irregular, with the face that has suffered the compression significantly thinner than the opposite face of the axe; this may be indicative of the axe being heated prior to being forcefully split into two. Both fragments are a mid-green grey in colour, although the face which has suffered compression has areas of light green corrosion suggestive of its close proximity to another corroded item in the ground. Dimensions: Length: 90.3mm; Socket width: 38.7 by 39.3mm; Socket wall thickness: 6.1mm-7mm; Side loop dimensions: length 18mm, width 9.6mm, loop diameter 9.2mm by 5.4mm; Blade width 48.9mm ; Weight 190g (lower blade fragment has no soil). 9. (SF 18 and SF 8 associated) A small copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type in two fragments; one small fragment comprises part of the socket mouth and side face (SF 8 associated), whilst the larger fragment spans the whole length of the object, with a narrow portion of the socket mouth preserved through to the blade tip (SF 18). The socket mouth is rectangular in plan with both fragments preserving part of the everted collar and the horizontal moulding. A side loop (part of which is retained on each fragment) springs from this moulding, along with three divergent ribs on each face. Casting seams are retained on either side of the axe. The blade is slightly flared and the cutting egde of the blade is complete, with moderate soil covering the surface of the axe; it has a mid-green patina beneath this. Dimensions: Length: 64mm; Socket wall thickness: 5.15mm; Blade width: 38.2mm. Weight: 58.08g (large fragment 53.35g, small fragment: 4.74g). 10. (SF 17) A fragment of a copper-alloy socketed axe of Yorkshire type. The fragment is 'L' shaped in plan, comprising a portion of one face and one side; the completed socket is likely to have been rectangular to square in section. The fragment retains a pronounced everted collar at the socket mouth with a horizontal moulding below; one single vertical cast decorative rib is visible on the face. Traces of a casting seam are also visible on the side. This fragment has a light green colour overall and moderate corrosion product. Dimensions: Length: 39.5mm; Socket wall thickness: c. 5.8mm-8.5mm; Width 24.8mm; Weight 27.4g. 11. (SF 19) A fragment of a copper-alloy socketed axe of uncertain, but possible Yorkshire type. The fragment is formed of the upper portion of the axe at the socket mouth, with the lower blade portion now absent. It has a rectangular in plan socket with an everted collar, with a horizontal moulding beneath this. Casting seams are visible on either side of the axe and a complete side loop is also retained. One face of the axe has suffered considerable pressure to its exterior surface, resulting in a moderate depression where the axe wall has been forced inwards. The axe has a mid-green colour overall with moderate soil covering. Dimensions: Length: 33.6mm; Socket width: 44.5mm by 35.9mm; Loop dimensions: 20.2mm by 8.9mm, internal loop dimensions: 11.2mm by 6.7mm; Weight: 47g. Everthorpe type 12. (SF 7) A complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Everthorpe type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess, 1317 and 1320 (pl. 87). The socket mouth is square in plan, with an unevenly cast everted collar; below this a horizontal moulding is visible from which a complete side loop springs. From this moulding the body of the axe continues in a straight form, before flaring slightly to the blade; the cutting edge of the blade is complete aside from a few small removals resulting from corrosion. The body of the axe is plain with casting seams retained on both sides and across the side loop. It has a mid to dark green grey colour and is in good condition overall, with a slight soil covering. Dimensions: Length: 92.9mm; Socket dimensions: 36.7mm by 35.8mm; Wall thickness: c. 5.7mm-6mm; Loop dimensions: length 18.9mm; width 9.7mm; Blade width: 45.7mm; Weight: 182g. 13. (SF 5) A near complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Everthorpe type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess: 1320 (pl. 87). The axe is sub-circular (square with rounded corners) in plan at the mouth, with an everted collar and horizontal moulding below. From this a complete side loop springs. The body of the axe is narrowed before flaring slightly to the blade tip; the cutting edge of the blade is uneven and incomplete. One casting seam is retained, the other is visible where the original surface of the axe remains. The surface of the axe is uneven and much of the original surface has been lost through corrosion, resulting in a light green colour overall. Additional corrosion product is visible inside the socket within the retained soil; it is not certain whether this is the remains of a secondary object or if the corrosion material relates to SF 5. Dimensions: Length: 85.3mm; Socket dimensions: 36.2mm by 33.4mm; Wall thickness: 4.8mm; Loop dimensions: length 18.4mm, width 8.4, internal aperture 11.3mm by 6mm; Weight: 145g. 14. (SF 14) A near complete copper-alloy socketed axe of probable Everthorpe type. The socket mouth is square in plan (with rounded corners) with an everted collar; below this is a horizontal moulding. A moderate sub-triangular in plan removal can be seen at the socket (resulting from the extensive corrosion of the metal); this has also lead to further cracking down the face. The body of the socketed axe is plain and is fairly straight, though it flares out moderately to the cutting edge of the blade; this is nearly complete with a few slight losses. A single casting seam retained on either side; a pronounced seam is also visible at the loop. The side loop is complete with a 'D' shaped aperture, currently filled with soil. The axe retains further soil inside the socket, with additional soil on all external surfaces. It has a dark green patina beneath this soil covering. Dimensions: Length: 91.6mm; Socket width: 36.2mm; Socket wall thickness: 5.3mm; Loop dimensions: length 19mm, width 10.5mm; Weight: 169g. 15. (SF 9) A near complete copper-alloy socketed axe of probable Everthorpe type (cf Schmidt and Burgess 1307 (pl. 86). The socket is sub-rectangular in plan with an unevenly cast everted collar; a moderate section of this collar is missing on one face of the axe. A worn horizontal moulding is also visible beneath this collar, from which a complete side loop springs; this side loop is uneven from casting. The body of the axe is broadly straight beneath the moulding, expanding in width slightly towards the lower portion of the axe, before flaring substantially to the blade. The cutting edge of the blade is incomplete with losses at both the tip and on both side faces. There is evidence of use wear to the cutting edge of the blade. The body of the axe retains cast seams on both sides and across the side loop. It has a mid green colour and slightly mottled surface, with a number of small hairline cracks visible on both faces; these have resulted in small areas of loss of the original surface at the blade tip and on one side face. The axe has been poorly cast, with a number of small apertures appearing as a result. These are visible beneath the socket collar, on the side face near the side loop and two further indentations can be seen on one face of the body. The diameters range from c.2.2mm-2.9mm. Dimensions: Length: 91.5mm; Socket dimension: 37.4mm by 37.9mm (with fragment missing); Wall thickness: c. 3.8mm-6.3mm; Blade width: 48mm; Loop dimensions: length 19mm; width 10mm; internal diameter: 9.4 by 5.8mm; Weight: 133g (no soil). 16. (SF 1) An incomplete copper-alloy socketed axe of probable Everthorpe type (cf Schmidt and Burgess 1308 (pl.86). The socket is sub-rectangular in plan with a pronounced everted collar, below which a horizontal moulding is visible. From the moulding an incomplete side loop springs; the lower portion of the loop is now missing. The axe has broadly straight slides and a slight flare at the blade; the blade tip is incomplete, with a moderate loss to one side. The body of the axe retains cast seams on both sides, but is otherwise plain. The original surface of the axe has been partially lost through extensive corrosion, such that the axe now appears a light green colour with a mottled and unevenly textured surface. Within the socket of this axe is a fragment of a secondary item, probably a socketed axe socket, still retained within moderate soil. This fragment has an everted collar and might have once been rounded in plan at the socket. Dimensions: Length 82.9mm, length including internal fragment: 90.3mm; Socket dimensions: 38mm by 36.4mm; Loop dimensions: length 9.1mm, width 7.7mm; Weight: 195g. Meldreth variant Aylsham type 17. (SF 15) A near complete copper-alloy socketed axe of Meldreth, variant Aylsham type (cf. Schmidt and Burgess 1233 (pl. 83). The socket mouth is circular to square in plan, with an everted collar, and a horizontal moulding at the transition from the socket to the body of the axe. The body of the axe is narrowed and faceted (8 very slight facets), and expands to a flared blade. The blade is now damaged so that the original cutting edge of the blade is missing; further triangular in plan losses are also visible to either side of the blade. This axe retains two prominent casting seams, one down each side, with a complete, though slightly off-cast side loop. It has a mid-green patina beneath the soil covering. Dimensions: Length 89.6mm ; Socket dimensions: 32.5mm by 30.2mm; Socket wall thickness: c. 3.9mm-5.8mm; Loop dimensions: length 19.5mm; width 6.9mm, internal diameter 10.2mm by 4.7mm; Blade width: 43.7mm; Weight: 90g. Alford type 18. (SF 11) An incomplete copper-alloy socketed axe of probable type Alford (Schmidt & Burgess 1981, 188-89), although with some comparisons among type Dowris (Schmidt & Burgess 1981, 198-9; cf. Eogan's Group 11 (2000, 86-7), although the slightly moulded collar suggests it is more likely to belong to the former. The socket mouth is sub-circular in plan; a complete loop springs from the collar on one side. Within the socket mouth two internal haft seams are visible, with one projecting from each interior face. The body of the axe extends with straight sides for a short length, before flaring significantly to the blade; the blade is now incomplete with much of the original extent missing. Casting seams are visible down both exterior side faces. The axe has a slightly moulded rim. The axe has a mid-green colour overall with moderate corrosion product on the exterior surfaces. Dimensions: Length: 52.6mm; Socket dimensions: 29.9mm by 27.2mm; Loop dimensions: width 6.7mm, length: 15.3mm, internal aperture: 6.95mm by 3.4mm; Weight: 52.61g. Unknown type 19. (SF 20) A copper-alloy socketed axe fragment of uncertain type, which has been reheated and compressed prior to deposition. This fragment is sub-lozengical in plan, and has a 'figure of 8' section resulting from the application of pressure which has forced the centre of each face inward. The fragment is irregular at both vertical ends (where the socket mouth and blade would have been) with one end of the fragment displaying an 'L' shaped removal. Visible at this removal is a fragment of a secondary copper-alloy object now situated within the first fragment; this secondary fragment has an everted collar and slight curvature to its profile, and is probably a fragment of a socketed tool or axe. The original form of the exterior axe is unclear due to its reworking, though a small aperture resulting from the initial casting of the object is visible to one side. The fragment has a dark green-grey colour overall with areas of blue corrosion product now visible on its surface. Dimensions: Length (at longest point): 45.6mm; Width: 38.6mm-38.9mm; Thickness (of compressed mass): 12.9mm; Thickness (of walls): 3-3.4mm; Weight: 77.19g. 20. (SF 6) A fragment of a copper-alloy socketed axe of uncertain type, comprising the lower portion of the axe blade and blade tip. The fragment has a rectangular in plan socket and wedge-shaped cutting edge; this is incomplete and appears heavily rounded and worn at one side. It has a mid-green colour overall and fair patina, although some portions of the original surface at the upper edge have been lost as a result of corrosion. Dimensions: Length: 46.1mm; Socket: 29.2mm by 16.2mm; Wall thickness: 1.9mm; Weight: 57g (no soil). 21. (SF 12) Two fragments of a small copper-alloy socketed axe of uncertain type; one small socket mouth fragment and a larger blade portion. The axe has a rectangular in plan socket with an everted collar, (visible on the small fragment) with a horizontal moulding below, (visible on the uppermost portion of the lower fragment, at the join to the small mouth fragment). An incomplete side loop is also retained, with a casting seam visible down the opposing side. The cutting edge is wedge-shaped and incomplete, with a slight loss to the original surface. Both fragments have a light green patina overall with several notable hairline cracks on the surface, and the socket contains moderate soil. Dimensions: Length: 63.2mm; blade width: 32.2mm; Weight: 49.04g 22. (SF 21) A fragment of a copper-alloy socketed axe of unknown type. The fragment forms the partial remains of one side or face of the axe, with slight curvature towards one edge representing the original corner of the socketed form. The fragment retains a moderate uneven collar and has a dark green colour overall. Dimensions: Length: 32.8mm; Width: 37.9mm; Weight: 22.96g. Associated but non-joining fragments 23 - 28. (SF 1 associated) A further six fragments were reported with SF 1 which do not appear to fit with this particular item but which are undoubtedly from the assemblage as a whole. 4 of the fragments appear to have come from the collar of one (or more) socketed axes, whilst the two other 2 fragments of thin walled, curved copper-alloy, might possibly belong with the sword hilt. 1) Expanded collar with cast seam. Dimensions: 15.8mm by 16.6mm; Weight: 1.57g. 2) Everted collar. Dimensions: 15.9mm by 8.25; Weight: 1.05g. 3) Everted and slightly curved collar. Dimensions: 20.5mm by 12.2mm; Weight: 2.12g. 4) Everted collar. Dimensions: 22.7mm by 10.4mm; Weight: 2.4g. 5) Curved possible sword hilt fragment. Dimensions: 16.9mm by 9.1mm; Weight: 1.68g. 6) Curved possible sword hilt fragment. Dimensions: 20.4mm by 16mm; Thickness: 1.7mm; Weight: 1.02g. 29. (SF 5 associated) Grouped with SF 5 from excavation is another fragment of a socketed axe. The fragment is 'L' shaped in plan and comprises the upper portion the axe, with a portion of the everted collar, face and side face with a near complete side loop. The fragment is dark green-grey in colour with areas of extensive light blue corrosion product. The slight remains of the face appear to indicate compression similar to SF 10, 8 and 19. This fragment does not fit with SF 5 but belongs with another, as yet unidentified axe. Dimensions: 23.3mm by 17.6mm; collar thickness: 3.95; Weight: 15g. 30. (SF 7 associated) A secondary fragment of an everted collar from a square in plan socketed axe was associated with this find from excavation, but which is certainly from another, currently unidentified, axe. Dimensions: 21.7mm by 8.2mm; Weight: 1.83g. 31. (SF 9 associated) A further very small fragment, possibly from a handle was also found with this axe. It does not fit with SF 9 and thus belongs with another unidentified axe. 32. (SF 10 associated) Grouped with SF 10 from excavation is a small fragment, possibly an everted collar, of a socketed axe. Dimensions: 16.8mm by 16.5mm; Weight: 2.13g. 33. (SF 10 associated) Nine small copper-alloy fragments. All are thin and curved in plan, and are thus likely to belong to the fragmentary and incomplete sword hilt (SF 23). Dimensions: combined weight 3.52g. Several additional fragments were recovered from the spoil during excavation. These have not been described or weighed but are almost certainly associated with the hoard, and thus ought to be considered potential treasure. Not associated objects 34. (No SF) A fragment of a copper-alloy object of uncertain form, possibly a handle. The fragment is rectangular in plan with a slight curvature in section. One end shows signs of attachment with raised copper-alloy material on both surfaces and a slight recession to the top. The upper surface has two pronounced raised vertical ridges whilst the underside is plain (aside from two bulbous lumps at the attachment end). The fragment has a light green to red/brown colour. This fragment is similar in appearance to vessel handles of Medieval date, and was recovered from an area outside of the closed Bronze Age hoard deposit. As it does not appear be of Bronze Age date or from the hoard this artefact should not be considered as an associated find and is therefore not treasure. Dimensions: Length: 53.8mm; Width: 30.5mm; Thickness: 6.95mm (at ridge), 4.8mm (in recession); Weight: 59.27g. 35. A sub-lozengical fragment of black glazed Medieval to Modern sherd. The fabric is stoneware, and grey in colour, with glaze on both surfaces. Relief decoration is also visible on the exterior surface, with two raised circular forms and a series of cross-hatch detailing. Dimensions: 21.5mm by 21.3mm; Weight: 2.18g. 36 - 38. Three small flints. These are white-grey in colour and do not appear to be worked. They are therefore not likely to be associated. Discussion The Cherry Burton hoard comprises of objects that are relatively common in Late Bronze Age British hoards of the Ewart Park phase (c.950-800 cal BC), which typically consist of complete and fragmentary swords, spearheads and socketed axeheads. The socketed axe types are well known from Northern England, with the type Yorkshire axes that make up the majority, very well represented in East Yorkshire, as the terminology would suggest (Schmidt & Burgess 1981, 223-39), furthermore, the probable type Alford axe (No. 18) is possibly related to the type Yorkshire group (Ibid., 188) The spearhead fragments are too fragmentary to type but Late Bronze Age spearheads are well known in the region (Davis 2012), including in hoards with socketed axeheads (e.g. the Bilton hoard, Yorkshire: ibid., pl. 151). In these respects the hoard is typical of the period and region. However, a number of points warrant additional comment. The first point concerns the presence of an antennae sword pommel (No. 1) from a solid-hilted Late Bronze Age sword with Continental comparisons (Antennenschwerter: Colquhoun & Burgess 1981, 122-3). To date only eight other swords of this type have been recorded in Britain (Colquhoun & Burgess 1981, nos. 751-5; Needham 1987; PAS find: SUSS-761CD0; Cowie & O'Connor 2007, 327-8); of which only one example in a museum collection is complete (from the River Witham, Lincolnshire: Colquhoun & Burgess 1981, no. 751), the other complete example is the (lost) sword from the Isle of Skye, known only from antiquarian records and an illustration (Cowie & O'Connor 2007, 327-8, fig. 28.5). The remaining six swords are in a fragmentary condition. The Cherry Burton example is paralleled by four other cases in which the sword has been broken through the grip, but it does not otherwise appear to resemble closely any of the other antennae swords found in Britain. The fragmentary state of the Cherry Burton pommel also hinders detailed comparison with Continental forms. The Cherry Burton pommel may not be the first discovery of this sword type from Yorkshire. The example from the British Museum collection (1858, 1116.1) listed by Colquhoun & Burgess (1981, no. 754) as coming from 'Provenance unknown' (but actually from either Yorkshire or the River Thames) lacks its antennae pommel. The British Museum's acquisitions register for 1858 details that this find was made in Yorkshire. This statement predates the posthumous publication of Kemble's Horae Ferales in 1863, in which he notes that the sword was already in the collection of British Museum but suggests it was found in the Thames (Kemble 1863, 162). The confusion could be due to the next entry in the British Museum register being a find that was from the bed of the Thames (the two entries are given one above the other). If the register had been misread then this could be the cause of the confusion, but the posthumous editing of Horae Ferales by usually diligent R.G. Latham and A.W. Franks suggest that this cannot be taken for granted and some doubt must remain. Nevertheless, the distribution of the known British antennae sword pommels is generally eastern and the Cherry Burton pommel corresponds to the pattern in this respect. This also corresponds with Cowie & O'Connor's suggestion that the British antennae pommel swords have Nordic rather than Central European connections. In contrast to the elaborate spirals of the River Witham sword, the Cherry Burton 'spirals' are in fact solid loops. Its simplicity is paralleled by the examples from Near Lewes, Sussex (SUSS-761CD0), Chertsey (Needham 1987, fig. 5.15, 1) and the find from Snettisham ('hoard IV') (Coombs 1974; Pendleton 199, no. 1677). This muted feature does occur on swords from the Continent, including a sword from Munich, Germany (e.g. Quillfeldt 1995: Taf. 75, no. 219), but seems to be a more recurrent trend among the - albeit small - number of known British examples (cf. O'Connor & Cowie's point regarding the lack of exact Continental parallels for the British antennae pommel swords: 2007, 328). The parallel with the Snettisham 'hoard IV' find is worth pursuing further: it was one of the fragments broken through the grip and was found in direct association with objects of Ewart Park date (including socketed axes) that had, as at Cherry Burton, been intentionally damaged and fragmented. Both the Snettisham and Cherry Burton hoards included an example of a socketed axe with another object blocking its socket. The Cherry Burton hoard therefore helps to strengthen the case for placing antennae pommel swords in the context of the Ewart Park complex (cf. Cowie & O'Connor 2007, 328). A further notable feature of the Cherry Burton hoard is the purposeful damage to several axes (Nos. 8, 11, 16, 19 & 30 in the catalogue). The range of evidence compression, the possible application of heat and the presence of axe fragments blocking the socket of another axe. This prevalence of this type of treatment in Late Bronze Age hoards from across Europe has been discussed recently by Mörtz (forthcoming) and could be related to recycling or more ritualized decommissioning prior to deposition. The prevalence and character of this treatment deserves greater attention in future research and studies. Author Lucy Ellis Assistant Treasure Registrar, British Museum Contribution by Neil Wilkin Curator, British Museum Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Dr Brendan O'Connor for comments on an earlier draft of this report. However, all errors reside with the authors.

YORYM-1DD152: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A complete cast copper alloy button and loop fastener of Roman date. The object is of Wild Class III having a tear drop shaped head with a raised central circular boss. Bulbous knops project from the outer edge of the head at the pointed end and at symmetrical points on the sides. A circular sectioned shank extends straight down from the reverse of the head and bends at 90 degrees widening into a triangular attachment loop with circular perforation. The metal has a dark brown patina and is worn. The button and loop fastener is 42.9mm long, 21.3mm wide, 16.6mm thick and weight 15.8g.

YORYM-858AC1: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T543. Last coin of hoard Latest coins are Probus's issues of the ninth series of Lyon, according to Bastien in the final year of the reign - AD 282. Central Empire CENTRAL EMPIRE Lyon Rome Milan/Ticinum Siscia Uncert. Total Gallienus & Salonina (AD 260-8) - 62 2 4 9 77 Claudius II (AD 269-70) - 43 2 2 3 50 Divus Claudius - 9 1 - - 10 Quintillus (AD 270) - 4 - 1 - 5 Aurelian - - - 1 - 1 Tacitus (AD 275-6) 7 - 1 - - 8 Probus (AD 276-82) 9 - 2 1 - 12 Total 16 118 8 9 12 168 Gallic Empire GALLIC EMPIRE Mint I Mint II Milan Uncertain Total Postumus (AD 260-9) 3 - - - 3 Victorinus (AD 269-71) 76 26 - 7 109 Tetricus I & II (AD 271-4) 195 57 - 46 298 Uncertain Gallic Emperor - - - 48 48 Total 274 83 - 101 458 Irregular - - - 1 1 Uncertain - - - 20 20 GRAND TOTAL 642

A copper alloy radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding olive branch and vertical sceptre. Mint of London, S A//ML. RIC V, pt 2, p. 561, no. 28 (but obverse type unclear). This coin has been noted for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-732F91: PENCIL
A complete lead pencil of Post-Medieval date. The object is circular in section tapering to a blunted point at one end and flat at the other. The metal is a light brown colour and is worn. The stylus is 89.9mm long, 8.2mm in diameter and weighs 41.8g. A stylus is a writing implement used to scratch letters into the wax of a writing tablet while a pencil makes a coloured mark on wood, paper or parchment. Lead is rarely used for objects that appear to be conventional styli, with the majority of such objects most probably functioning as pencils from the 16th century onward. In record IOW-ED968C, Dr Helen Geake of the Portable Antiquities Scheme has commented: "The use of lead pencils is still not really understood. At Winchester they are found mainly in 13th- or 14th-century contexts, and it was thought some years ago that when graphite was discovered in Cumbria in the late 16th century lead pencils went out of use; but metal-detector finds of well-made mass-produced pencils suggest that in fact they carried on being used well into the post-medieval period". Medieval examples are described and illustrated in Egan (1998, pgs.270-271; fig 209) dating from around 1150 to 1300. They have one end which flares and becomes wedge shaped, probably for erasure of marks made on wax tablets. Roman styli are usually longer and made of iron or copper alloy. Styli and pencils are significant objects, both in showing literacy and in helping us understand more about the actual practice of writing and the production of text. Ref: Egan, G. (1998) The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: The Stationery Office. Geake, H. (2019) Finds Recording Guide: Styli, pencils and parchment-prickers; (accessed 11/03/2020)

YORYM-6F4EC4: BUCKLE
A complete copper alloy buckle of medieval date. The buckle is annular with a thick round-section undecorated frame and circular-sectioned pin looped around the frame with an open loop. The pin is also simple with no decoration. No constriction for the pin is present. Egan and Pritchard (1991, 64-65) state that a constriction "is generally an indication of a brooch rather than a buckle", suggesting this example is a buckle. The metal has a dark blackish-brown patina and is worn. The object is 40.1mm in diameter, 4.5mm thick and weighs 15.6g.

YORYM-DF9A56: DAGGER
A complete copper-alloy dagger guard of medieval or early post-medieval date, 15th or16th century. The object consists of two sub-rectangular arms (or quillons) projecting outwards from a central sub-rectangular panel which itself has a tapering sub-rectangular perforation running through it. A fantail or crescent-shaped projection extends from one outer edge. The entire guard is undecorated.The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The object is 67.6mm long, 35.5mm wide, 11.7mm thick and weighs 40.5g. Similar objects have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as LEIC-7E3373, BERK-920505 and WAW-170D07.

YORYM-BA8B84: BUCKLE
An incomplete and modified late Visigothic copper-alloy buckle plate of Earl-Medieval date (circa AD 600/40 - 710/20). The buckle plate is of the 'lyre-shaped' type, though the rounded terminal is all that remains, with three integral knops set radially around the surviving edge. The rim of the plate is slightly raised, with an internal circumferential groove serving as the border for the central decorative motif. This motif features Style II ornamentation, consisting of a lozenge-shaped arrangement of double mouldings with curved ends extending towards the rim. The resulting fields are filled with a typical foliage design with zoomorphic motifs in the form of curved beaked bird heads - possibly griffins. A raised central knop is present within the lozenge field and is decorated with radiating curved incised lines. The reverse bears an integral semi-circular attachment loop, and a rectangular sheet of copper alloy has been soldered into place with two rivet holes present at the exposed end. This may have served as a contemporary mend to the object following an accidental break, but the period at which this modification was made cannot be securely identified. The metal has a dark brownish-green patina and survives in fair condition. The object is 52.7mm long, 43.6mm wide, 5.7mm thick and weighs 26.5g. Lyre-shaped buckles developed in the 7th century, copying Byzantine types, and were more common in cast copper alloy than precious metals. Barry Ager, Curator of Continental Early Medieval Collections, Early Medieval European archaeology (Continent and Scandinavia) at The British Museum comments that "the tab of metal soldered or riveted across the break is possibly an antique repair to the broken plate, which often seem to have broken around this point. There is an interesting parallel for the repair or reuse of another terminal in a similar way from La Gleva, prov. Barcelona, Spain, but with only a narrow, pierced tab of the original plate projecting from the centre of the broken (or cut-down) side (H. Zeiss, 1934, Die Grabfunde aus dem spanischen Westgotenreich, Germanische Denkmäler der Völkerwanderungszeit, Bd. 2, Berlin/Leipzig, Taf. 17: 16)". A similar buckle plate can be seen on the British Museum on-line collections database:

YORYM-4E7C57: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268) from his sole reign dating to the period AD 260 - 268 (Reece Period 13). ABVNDANTIA AVG reverse type depicting Abundantia standing right emptying cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. As Cunetio no. 1159; RIC V pt.1, p.144, no.157.

YORYM-F92168: STRAP FITTING
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T497. A complete silver strap fitting of post-medieval date. The fitting comprises and upper and lower plate which appear to be integral, is sub-triangular in plan with a double loop hinge to one end. The upper plate is solid with an openwork terminal projecting from crescentic rim. The openwork element is foliate in design, possibly representing a fleur-de-lis. The lower plate is solid, undecorated and trapezoidal in plan with two rivets projecting from the corners of the narrower end. The lower plate is broken just below the rivets, where it would have narrowed to a point, and a small fragment of what would have been the rest of the plate survives. The interior of the fitting appears hollow with no remaining material within. Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 28.3mm; Width: 16.7mm; Thickness: 5.3mm; Weight 5.7g.

YORYM-F90A03: BROOCH
A complete cast copper alloy Umbonate disc brooch of Roman date. The brooch is circular with four projections extending from quarter points around the circumference one of which houses the pin mechanism, the opposite one, the catchplate. The main body of the brooch is distinctly domed and is decorated with an outer recessed border within which are two concentric rings of triangular cells pointing towards a central ring and dot motif. The inner ring of cells is filled with red and blue enamel in a sequence of two red and one blue. The outer ring cells are all filled with blue enamel. The reverse is concave and undecorated though the pin remains attached via a double-lugged hinge. The metal has a mid green patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 33.7mm long, 27.7mm wide, 12.2mm thick and weighs 6.7g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.350, fig.209, no.128.

YORYM-BC4F27: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Trumpet brooch of Roman date. The reverse of the head is concave with a single lug through which an axis bar would have been fitted to house the pin. The axis bar and pin no longer remain. The head itself is trumpet shaped with a slight circumferential grooved border. From a central point the head tapers to form the circular sectioned upper bow which swells slightly towards a circular acanthus moulding which is flanked by double banded collars. Extending down from this moulding is a triangular sectioned lower bow which terminates in a double banded circular foot knop with flat and undecorated base. From the reverse of the lower bow a complete catchplate projects. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The brooch is 50.9mm long, 14mm wide, 8.2mm thick and weighs 10.9g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.326, fig.185 and are dated to circa 75 - 175 AD.

YORYM-BA4641: STRAP END
A complete cast copper alloy strap end of Early Medieval date. The strap end is of Thomas' Class A, Type 1 with zoomorphic terminal and Trewhiddle style decoration. The strap end is a pointed oval in shape with a zoomorphic terminal at the closed end and a slightly concaved open split terminal with two rivet holes at the attachment end. The strap end is cast in one piece but the attachment end is split into an upper and lower plate to allow the strap material to be fitted. Between the rivet holes on the upper surface is an incised inverted fan shaped decoration. The zoomorphic terminal is in the form of a forward facing animal head with bulbous eyes, well formed snout and incised curved ears. The central panel bears a chip carved beast, possibly serpentine, with open mouth, pointed ears and bifid tail. The recessed area around this image is filled with an undetermined white material and traces of red enamel remain. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and survives in good condition. The strap end is 43mm long, 13.7mm wide, 3.5mm thick and weighs 6.3g. Late Anglo Saxon and Viking strap ends have been classified into several types by Thomas with this example fitting into Thomas' Class A, Type 1 dating broadly from the 8th to 9th centuries.

YORYM-B92C12: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Maximian dating to c. AD 300 - 303 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPVLI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left, chlamys over left shoulder holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of London. RIC VI, p. 125, no. 17.

YORYM-B79893: COIN
A silver Republican denarius of Mark Antony, struck at a travelling mint in the Aegean region, in 32-31 BC. RRC 544

YORYM-8ED426: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
A fragment of a cast copper alloy socketed axehead of later Bronze Age date (1150-750 BC). The fragment is composed of a minor amount of the lower blade and cutting edge and terminates in an old break situated at the tip of the socketed portion of the blade. The cutting edge is asymmetrical and rounded. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Database: Unique ID: WAW-DC5037 The metal is a light green with a dark green patina.

A copper alloy radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14), PROVID AVG reverse type depicting Providentia standing left holding globe and transverse sceptre. Mint of London, S P//ML. RIC V pt.2, p.562, cf. no.38var. The obverse legend is probably a variant, but the overall style of the coin suggests it might be irregular. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-E77CE5: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14), [VIRTVS?] AVG, Mars standing right with spear and shield. Mint unclear, but possibly a contemporary copy. This coin has been included for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-D3E601: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy aucissa brooch of Roman date (AD 43-100). The brooch has a partial rectangular head composed of a flat plate which would have curled forward to form a tube for the axis bar. Below the head an integrally cast linear decoration which appears to read "AVC", shorthand for Aucissa. The bow is strongly arched and is decorated with an integrally cast central, longitudinally running rope work pattern which is flaked either side by a raised border and three latitudinal lines at the base of the bow. The foot is and flat circular and a partial catch plate is retained on the reverse. The reverse is smooth and undecorated. The metal is a light green in colour with a light brown patina. Hattatt P 317, No 1491. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities database: Unique ID: IOW-8F4753.

YORYM-D38931: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy brooch of late Iron Age to early Roman date (AD 25-75). The brooch is a Colchester type and is composed of bowed a sub-cylindrical head and body, narrow rectangular wings and a partial suspension loop, a minor amount of the wire spring is also retained. The pin, foot and catchplate are all missing due to an old break. There is no evidence of decoration on any aspect of the brooch. The metal is a mid-brown in colour with a slight green patina. Similar examples can be seen on the Portable Antiquities database: Unique ID: LANCUM-5D3A17, Hattatt, P 297, no 1455.

A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 317-337), dating to the period AD 324 - 325 (Reece Period 16). PROVIDENTIAE CAESS reverse type depicting camp or town gateway. Mint of London. RIC VII, p.116, no.298.

YORYM-D6E0A2: TRIAL PIECE
A lead pad or trial piece from a die stamp of early Anglo-Saxon (7th century) date. The object is flat and sub-rectangular with rounded corners, and has a worn break to one end. A shallow impression has been made on one side, almost certainly by a die stamp for making impressed foil mounts. The decoration is in Salin's Style II, framed within a tapering sub-rectangular border and with rounded lobes at the surviving end. Each lobe is filled with the curl of the beak of a predatory bird with pointed-oval eyes and no headframe. Interlace is present between the beaks. Beneath the birds' heads, the field is filled with an interlace design, each strand consisting of two grooves with a raised band between them; this is likely to have continued along the rest of the die though this part of the impression has been lost. The interlace turns sharp angles at either corner, next to the birds' eyes. The reverse of the lead sheet is undecorated. The metal is a mid yellowish-white colour and is worn. The object is 28.2mm long, 22.1mm wide, 2.4mm thick and weighs 9.4g. The use of Style II dates this die broadly to the seventh century. Dr Kevin Leahy, National Finds Advisor for Early Medieval Metalwork, cites DUR-3C5813 as a parallel for this impression, suggesting that it many have actually been taken off this die due to numerous similarities in the form of the decoration. Experiment has shown that the use of lead sheet as a pad between the die and the foil results in the die's motif being neatly transferred to the lead, and it seems entirely possible that this was what happened here.

YORYM-D20E36: TWEEZERS
A complete cast copper alloy pair of tweezers of Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) date. The tweezers are comprised of a single piece of metal folded in half to create two parallel plates with loop for attachment at the apex. Below the loop the neck of the tweezers is D-shaped in section and decorated with seven groups of four diagonal incisions resulting in a twisted appearance. From the neck the tweezing ends expand to form triangular plate with curved ends. The upper surface of one plate is decorated with an expanding series of zig-zag dots within an incised border while the other plate has eight irregularly spaced rows of dots also within an incised border. The metal has a mid green patina and is worn. The tweezers are 69.1mm long, 3.9mm wide at the neck, 12.6mm wide at the tweezing ends, 1.1mm thick and weighs 7.8g. A similar example is illustrated in EAA 84, p.122, fig.6, no.51.

YORYM-C32292: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy T-shaped brooch of Roman date (AD 43-250). The brooch consists of a small narrow head flanked by two small rectangular wings with an integrally cast three stepped decoration. Approximately half of the body of the brooch is retained and terminates in an old break. The spring, pin, catchplate, foot and approximately half of the body of the brooch are all missing due to an old break. The metal is a light green to mid brown in colour. Hattatt, P 304, No 923.

YORYM-BCE3F5: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I, AD 307-310 (Reece period 15). MARTI PATRI PROPVG reverse depicting Mars helmetted advancing right with transverse spear and shield on arm reverse. London mint. RIC VI, p. 132, no. 108.

YORYM-1A4403: BROOCH
A complete copper alloy P-shaped brooch of Roman date (AD 100-250). The brooch is compose of a small undecorated head, small rectangular wings and a concavo convex bow with integrally cast linear borders and two centrally running longitudinally along the bow. The brooch terminates in a flat body and foot with an integrally cast incised linear chevron decoration. The reverse of the brooch is smooth and undecorated, the wire spring had been broken at the point at which it becomes a pin, however this was found in situ. The catchplate is intact. The metal is a dark green in colour Hattatt, P 366, No 1254.

YORYM-C2DCF2: COIN
A silver plated copper alloy contemporary copy Denarius of Orbiana dating to the period AD 225 - 227 (Reece Period 11). CONCORDIA AVG reverse type depicting Concordia seated left holding patera and double cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.2, p.96, no.319. Comment from P. Walton: The coin has been cut to display only the bust and it is possible that it was intended to form a decorative element of another object. Such treatment is paralleled in a medallion from the Lexden Tumulus from Colchester where a denarius of Augustus was cut down to form the central design and in CAM-EC24C6, a cut down denarius of Julia Mamaea.

YORYM-9B46A0: COIN
A complete early medieval silver sceat of Eadberht of Northumbria (737-c.758) with Archbishop Ecgberht (734-66), Series Y, mint: probably York. Abramson, p 79, No Y500

YORYM-9B1B52: COIN
A complete early medieval silver sceat, Eadberht, King of Northumbria, Series Y, class F. AD 737-c.758 Abramson, P 129, No Y130.

YORYM-9A8ED1: COIN
A complete early medieval silver sceat, related to the Saltire-standard group but more devolved (Spink 833a closest) with a series R3-related bust type on the obverse and a cross with central annulet and annulets at each cross terminal. Secondary phase, c.710-40. cf. Abramson, Sceattas: an illustrated guide, 'saltires sub-group 3, annulet cross variety with degenerate runic bust'. This example is right-facing.

YORYM-9A6D04: COIN
A complete early medieval silver sceat of Eadberht (737-c758), King of Northumbria, Series Y, class C. Mint: Northumbria, probably York. Abramson, P 129, no Y100

YORYM-8295D8: STRAP END
A complete cast copper alloy strap end of medieval date, circa AD 1150 - 1450. The strap end is a composite piece consisting of a forked spare and two plates which are sub-rectangular in plan, tapering from squared shoulders at one end towards a cruciform terminal. The attachment end is biconcave with a single central rivet which would have fixed the strap in place. A cruciform perforation is present where the plate narrows to form the shoulders and an incised border is present on both plates. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The strap end is 56.7mm long, 14.8mm wide, 3.1mm thick and weighs 9.3g.

YORYM-45BAD7: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Langton Down brooch of Late Iron Age to early Roman date, AD 25 - 60. The brooch has fluted decoration to the front and a tube for pin gear behind the cross arms. The cross arms are broken off at each end and only about half of the front remains. The pin, the pin-gear and the catch-plate are missing. Measuring: 30.6mm. Widest: 23.1mm. Reference: Ancient Brooches and Other Artefacts by Richard Hattatt, Fig.165, page 306 This object was recorded by Mr Jim Halliday and the information was passed to the PAS along with the photograph which was provided by the finder. The FLO has not seen this item.

YORYM-2DA6A3: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius dating to the period AD 301 - 303 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPVLI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left with modius on head, chlamys draped over left shoulder, alter to left. Mint of Lyon. RIC VI, p. 252, no.164a.

YORYM-878420: CUFF LINK
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T368. An incomplete silver cufflink of Post-Medieval date - circa AD 1662 - 1700. All that remains of the cufflink is one circular disc with slightly down turned edges which has become misshapen. Raised decoration consisting of clasped hands with a crown above and two small flaming hearts below is present on the front face of the disc. At the centre of the reverse is a worn recess into which a wire attachment loop would have been soldered though this no longer remains. Cufflinks and buttons featuring similar designs of this style are considered to have originally been produced to commemorate the marriage of Charles II to Catherine of Braganza in 1662. The design did however continue to be used as a general symbol of love and marriage. Similar examples have been recorded as Treasure through the Portable Antiquities Scheme such as: 2012 T523 (IOW-EC3126), 2012 T898 (SUSS-AF4A81) and 2012 T181 (ESS-F16693). Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 17.1mm; Thickness: 1.3mm; Weight 0.9g.

YORYM-724125: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T364. An undiagnostic curved rod of silver of uncertain date. The strip is broken in two and appears incomplete. The largest fragment is circular in section and slightly swollen at the centre tapering slightly towards worn breaks at either end. The smaller fragment has a fairly uniform circular section again terminating in worn breaks to either end. The object is undecorated. Date: Uncertain Dimensions: Diameter: 2.98 mm; Length: 39.4 mm; Weight: 3.7 g.

YORYM-5AB064: ARROWHEAD
A complete knapped lithic implement of later Neolithic date. The implement is an oblique arrowhead which is sub-triangular in shape and D-shaped in section. The ventral surface is smooth with ripples of percussion present though the striking platform and bulb of percussion have been removed. The dorsal surface has had three large flakes removed and displays negative scars and corresponding arises and retouch is present around all edges. A barb extends on the right side of the base giving the arrowhead its oblique appearance. The flint is a light grey colour with lighter inclusions. The implement is 29.2mm long, 21.7mm wide, 3.8mm thick and weighs 2.2g.

YORYM-5A61C7: SPINDLE WHORL
A complete cast lead whorl of Medieval date. The whorl is circular and biconical with a circular central perforation. The whorl is decorated with an integrally cast pattern, the same on each face, consisting of four raised lines radiating from the centre, with three regularly spaced pellets in between each line. The whorl is a dark cream in colour. Similar spindle whorls have been found in medieval contexts including at Codnor Castle, Derbyshire; at the Austin Friary in Leicester (Mellor and Pearce, 1981) and the deserted medieval village of Thrislington (topsoil find; Austin 1989, 137, fig. 58.2).

YORYM-F46085: STATUE
Material: Bronze Colour: Greenish Dimensions: Life-size or slightly over life-size: of fragment (overall): height: 5 cm (max); width: 7 cm (max); thickness: 1.5 mm - 1.5 cm of eye: height: 2.2 cm (upper eyelid included); width: 5 cm (upper eyelid included) of iris: diameter: 1 cm Identification: Fragment of the right eye of a life-size or slightly over life-size bronze statue of a human figure. State of Preservation: The shape of the fragment is irregular and its edges rough and broken. The bronze epidermis bears obvious marks of corrosion and oxidation. A few colour deteriorations and sediments are sporadically visible on both the outer and inner surfaces. The iris and pupil of the eye are not preserved, while some parts of the eyelids are chipped away. The separately made eyelashes are also missing. The middle part of the eyeball below the missing iris is flattened. The general condition of the find though is satisfactory. Description / Iconography: Judging by the rendering of the baggy flesh above the upper eyelid, in all probability, it is a depiction of a mature human figure, the gender of which is difficult to determine. Technical Features: The iris, pupil and eyelashes were separately made of different materials and attached/inserted into the corresponding cavities/slots. No patches or recessions for patches are visible on the epidermis of the fragment which implies that the cast was successful in terms of technique. Casting Technique: The interior of the fragment is convex and its surface relatively smooth bearing no negative impressions of the external contours. In all probability, a combination of both techniques, the direct and the indirect, was used for its creation. Style: If the fragment originates from a bronze statue and since only a small part of this work is preserved, it is not certain whether we are dealing with an exclusively personalised/individualised portrait of an emperor (?) or an idealised work also bearing certain naturalistic/realistic features. Other remarks: The work must have suffered severe damage at some point in the past for unknown reasons to us. Judging by the general state of preservation of the fragment, as described above, the separately made iris and pupil must have been intentionally and violently detached from the corresponding cavity of the eyeball. Kosmas Dafas Kings College, London August 13, 2013 These fragments relate to those recorded as YORYM-DE4D53and YORYM-5053ED which were subjected to pXRF Analysis by Matt Phelps of University College London through which it was determined that the zinc content is very low and does not seem to have been deliberately added (although they could well be recycled metals where repeated re-meltings have evaporated the zinc). The tin content is at 10% and a large amount of lead is included in the alloy at around 18% lead. Phelps surmises that this statue is stylistically Roman which matches the use of zinc which was a technology brought to Britain by the Romans.

YORYM-E2E1B4: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Crispus dating to the period AD 324 - 325 (Reece Period 16). PROVIDENTIAE CAESS reverse type depicting camp gate with two turrets and star above. Mint of London. RIC VII, p.116, no.295.

YORYM-E2B4C2: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 320 (Reece Period 16). VIRTVS EXERCIT reverse type depicting two captives back to back against central standard inscribed VOT//XX. Mint of Aquileia. RIC VII, p.399, no.48. There do not appear to be dots either side of the mintmark.

YORYM-DE2860: BOOK FITTING
A complete cast copper alloy book clasp of medieval date, circa AD 1350 -1450. It is a composite piece with an integral forked spacer, though the plates no longer survive which would have held the leather strap in place. The clasp has a semi-circular centre with a central circular hole. A transverse ridge separates this from the tapering forks. The forks meet at a short solid area before the ridge, with a curved edge. On the opposite side of the central semi-circular area is a zoomorphic pointed terminal in the form of a stylised dragon head with bared teeth, long snout and a wide side-to-side circular perforation at the cheeks. The metal has a mid blackish-green patina and is worn. the strap end is 41.1mm long, 15.3mm wide, 5.8mm thick and weighs 7.9g. The hole in the semi-circular area would have been to fit over a peg on the opposite cover of the book, while the hole in the animal-head projection would have probably held a cord loop to assist in pulling the clasp off the peg. Similar examples are illustrated in Egan 1998 (277-280) and come from contexts of c. AD 1350-1450. They are more normally hinged, but other examples with integral forked spacers (Howsam's type A.2) include CORN-24FEB2, BH-379BB7and NARC-DEFBE4.

YORYM-3D9F30: CLASP
A copper alloy strap clasp of medieval date. The rectangular frame has a narrowed and offset bar at one end, and at the other another bar with rounded ends, narrowed centrally to retain a sheet copper-alloy rotating closure with bar mount to the opposite end. The rotating sheet is decorated with a rectangular panel of incised crosshatching and is corroded in place. Each of the slightly curved sides of the frame has a decorative transverse ridge across the outside at either end. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The clasp is 19.2mm long, 13.2mm wide, 4.6mm thick and weighs 2.4g. Similar examples come from contexts of the late 13th to early 15th centuries in London (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 116).

YORYM-F86DD2: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T612. Description: Coin 1 A silver denarius of Septimus Severus dating to the period AD 194 - 195 (Reece Period 10). APOLLINI AVGVSTO reverse type depicting Apollo standing left holding patera and lyre. Mint of Rome. RIC IV pt.1, p.96, no.40. Obverse Description: Laureate head right Obverse Inscription: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG [IMP IIII] Reverse Description: Apollo standing left holding patera and lyre Reverse Inscription: APOLLINI AVGVSTO Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 18.5mm; Weight 1.6g. Coin 2 A silver siliqua of Arcadius dating to the period AD 383 - 388 (Reece Period 20). VOT//V//MVLT//X reverse type depicting wreath. Mint of Mediolanum (Milan). RIC IX, p.79, no.13. This coin has been broken roughly in half. Obverse Description: Diademed and draped bust right Obverse Inscription: [DN] ARCADIVS PF AVG Reverse Description: Wreath Reverse Inscription: VOT//V//MVLT//X Mint Mark: MDPS Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 13.9mm; Weight 0.8g.

YORYM-A717F7: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T252. A small hoard of two silver coins dating to the 17th century AD. 1. A silver shilling of James I from his third coinage, square shield reverse, third bust, trefoil initial mark, mint of London, AD 1624. Dimensions: Diameter: 33.3mm; Weight: 5.8g. Ref: North Vol 2, p.148, no.2124. Obverse Description: Crowned bust right with mark of value XII behind Obverse Inscription: IACOBVS DG MAG BRI FRA ET HIB REX Reverse Description: Square shield Reverse Inscription: QVAE DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET Initial Mark: Trefoil Die Axis: 6 2. A silver halfcrown of Charles I, garnished oval shield reverse, early third horseman, crown initial mark, mint of London, AD 1635 - 1636. Dimensions: Diameter: 36.5mm; Weight: 14.8g. Ref: North Vol 2, p.158, no.2209. Obverse Description: King on horseback left Obverse Inscription: CAROLVS DG MA BR FR ET H REX Reverse Description: Garnished oval shield Reverse Inscription: CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO Initial Mark: Crown Die Axis: 9 Date: Post-medieval: 17th century Discussion: The coins are both official English coins and will be of the sterling standard, over 90% fine metal. They would certainly have been in circulation together in the 1630s-40s. They are both relatively high-value coins, and it seems unlikely that they would have been lost separately, when no other lesser-value coins were in the vicinity. In terms of age, number of coins and silver content, the find would therefore qualify as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: North, J.J. (1991) English Hammered Coinage Volume 2: Edward I to Charles II 1272 - 1662. 3rd Ed. London: Spink & Son. Authors: Rebecca Griffiths FLO for North and East Yorkshire 11th June 2013 Dr Barrie J. Cook Curator of Medieval and Early Modern Coinage, British Museum 18 June 2013

YORYM-8F7C02: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy Trumpet brooch of Roman date. The head is ovate with worn edges and a small worn projection extends from the upper edge representing the remains of an integrally cast suspension loop. From the reverse of the head a semi-circular lug projects which would have accommodated the no longer present pin mechanism. A circular sectioned bow extends from the centre of the head curving downward terminating in a semi-circular acanthus moulding flanked by double banded collars. From here the D-sectioned lower bow extends and terminates in a worn break. The metal has a mid greenish-brown patina and is worn. The brooch is 34.9mm long, 12mm wide, 5.8mm thick and weighs 5.7g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.327, fig.186 and are dated to circa 75 - 175 AD.

YORYM-7DBF82: SEAL MATRIX
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T246. An incomplete silver-gilt seal matrix of post-medieval date. The object is a two-sided die from a swivelling fob-seal which is ovate in plan with a flat section and two short and worn projecting knops extending from the sides. These knops represent the remains of two projecting pins which articulated with apertures in the frame allowing the matrix to swivel so that both faces could be used. One die is incised with a crowned bust facing right (left when impressed) with a pointed beard. They style of the bust is similar to the depiction of Charles I on the coinage issued during his reign; therefore this likeness may represent the monarch and may have been made during his reign 1625 - 1649 or as a later commemoration to him. The reverse die shows a Talbot, a breed of large hunting dog facing right (left when impressed) with large crown above. Talbot's (the dog) are generally associated as the emblem of the Earls of Shrewsbury. John Talbot, 10th Earl of Shrewsbury, 10th Earl of Waterford (1601 - 1654) was an English nobleman who took part in the English Civil War on the side of King Charles I. Both dies are set within a wide recessed circumferential border. Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 14.1mm; Width: 14mm; Thickness: 2.6mm; Weight 3g.

YORYM-D6F662: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T223. A complete cast silver annular brooch of medieval date, circa AD 1200 - 1300. The frame of the brooch is circular in both plan and section with a narrowed recess for the pin. Two bulbous knops are present, one next to the pin recess and one roughly three quarters of the way around the frame and are decorated with indented stippling. Roughly half of the frame, from the pin recess opposite the first knop to just below the second knop, has a twisted appearance featuring alternating plain and laddered recesses. The circular sectioned pin remains widening from the tip to a raised circumferential collar after which it loops around the pin recess. The metal has a shiny dark blackish patina and is worn. The brooch is 36.5mm in diameter, 3.4mm thick and weighs 6.4g. While numerous examples of brooches with either twisted frames or knopped decoration could be found none featuring both, such as is seen in this example, could be located. Similar examples are illustrated in Egan & Pritchard (2002) p.253, see no.1333 for similar knops and 1334 for twisted frame. Also see 2012 T717 (SF-56F631), 2002 T173 and 2002 T151 (TAR 2002, p.77, no.69 & p.80, no.76). Date: Medieval: 13th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 36.5mm; Thickness: 3.4mm; Weight 6.4g. Reference: Annual Report 2002. (2004). London: DCMS. p.77, no.69 & p.80, no.76.

YORYM-D6E554: BROOCH
A complete cast copper alloy penannular brooch of Early Medieval date. The brooch has a circular cross section and lozenge shaped terminals each of which has a flat top and base. The body of the brooch appears to be decorated with transverse incised grooves though the terminals appear undecorated, this may however be a result of wear on these features. Penannular brooches have been categorised by Elizabeth Fowler (1960) and this example fits into her Type G having squared or faceted terminals. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 21.2mm in diameter, 3.9mm thick and weighs 4.9g. Similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as SWYOR-50B036, SOMDOR-AB3935 and NCL-030777.

YORYM-53F7F6: PIN
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T205. An incomplete cast silver pin of uncertain date. The pin is ovate in section and tapers along its length to a sharp but broken tip. The pin is undecorated with no diagnostic detail. Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 44mm; Width: 2.9mm; Thickness: 2.2mm; Weight 1.7g.

YORYM-EC9B84: FIGURINE
An incomplete cast terracotta figurine of Roman date. All that remains of the figurine is the head of a human female with the rest being lost to an old, worn break at the neck. The head is turned to the left looking slightly downwards and the facial features are quite worn with ovate recesses serving as eyes with faint traces of eyebrows above. The nose is small and pointed and the mouth narrow with full lips. The hair is drawn up onto the top of the head where it is tied into two knots though these are now broken and worn. A simple diadem is present around the top and crown of the head. Terracotta figurines are not common finds, but in this instance, it is probable that the top-knots in the hairstyle suggest that Venus is represented. A terracotta of Venus with the hair gathered into two bows on the crown was found at Colchester (Crummy 1983, 141, no. 4261, fig. 167). The figurine head is 45.9mm long, 25.8mm wide, 30.2mm thick and weighs 22.6g. Hellenistic period terracottas are typically more realistic and representative of people in general rather than necessarily gods and goddesses suggesting that this later version may follow the same trends.

YORYM-E98F81: COIN
A silver denarius of Marcus Aurelius dating to the period AD 170 -171 (Reece Period 8) COS III reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding Victory and spear. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p.231, no.233.

YORYM-C23B67: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete cast copper alloy harness fitting or terret of Simple type of Late Iron Age date. The hoop of the terret is circular in section with a wide knopped collar from which the worn remains of a narrower fitting bar projects. The hoop itself tapers away from the collar curving steadily and terminating in a worn break. Approximately one-quarter remains. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret ring is 27.4mm long, 14.9mm in diameter at the collar, 5.4mm in diameter at the strap bar, and weighs 8.8g.

YORYM-AD9E92: BROOCH
A complete copper alloy Roman zoomorphic (bird in flight) brooch. The brooch is in the form of a bird, possibly a duck, in flight with outstretched wings. The body of the brooch is rectangular and the upper surface is decorated with incised semi-circles to denote feathers. One end of the body extends upwards to form the birds head with a tapering upturned beak while the opposite end of the body flares out into a triangular terminal forming the tail of the bird. Two small recessed sub-triangular panels are present which would have been filled with coloured enamel though this no longer remains. An attachment loop extends from the edge of the tail which appears as though it should be perforated, the material with which the loop is filled however is solid. To either side of the body integrally cast trapezoidal wings expand to denote a bird in flight each of which is decorated with a recessed panel now devoid of enamel. From the base of the brooch a double lug projects from beneath the tail through which the pin is hinged and a single lug projects from below the neck and acts as a catchplate. The pin is complete with a circular section and tapers to a blunted point. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 37.8mm long, 18.4mm wide, 1.8mm thick, 16.7mm tall and weighs 6.8g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.361, fig.220, no.625 and is dated to the 2nd century AD.

YORYM-B1A2E4: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy trumpet brooch of Roman date (AD 75-175). The brooch consists of a convex bow with integrally cast acanthus moulding with integrally cast single stepped linear moulding above and below the central acanthus decoration. The reverse retains a partial catch plate and broken lug and spur. The spring, pin, foot and partial catch plate are missing due to an old break The metal is a light brown with a green patina. Hattatt, P 326, Fig, 185, No 1529.

YORYM-1F18C3: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14). PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of London, S P//MLXXI. RIC V, pt 2, p. 474, no. 118 This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-F1D606: MIRROR
An incomplete cast copper alloy mirror handle of Iron Age date. The handle of the handle is of the balustrade type featuring two swellings and a central constriction with double circumferential collars. One end terminates in a worn break while the opposite end forks into two circular sectioned prongs both of which terminate in worn breaks. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The handle is 36.5mm long, 17.9mm wide, 8mm thick and weighs 8.2g.

YORYM-F18741: PENCIL
A complete cast lead object, possibly a pencil of Post-Medieval date. The object is circular in section with a blunted point to one end. The metal is a mid greyish-brown colour and is worn. The object is 25.6mm long, 10.1mm in diameter and weighs 13.3g. A stylus is a writing implement used to scratch letters into the wax of a writing tablet while a pencil makes a coloured mark on wood, paper or parchment. Lead is rarely used for objects that appear to be conventional styli, with the majority of such objects most probably functioning as pencils from the 16th century onward. In record IOW-ED968C, Dr Helen Geake of the Portable Antiquities Scheme has commented: "The use of lead pencils is still not really understood. At Winchester they are found mainly in 13th- or 14th-century contexts, and it was thought some years ago that when graphite was discovered in Cumbria in the late 16th century lead pencils went out of use; but metal-detector finds of well-made mass-produced pencils suggest that in fact they carried on being used well into the post-medieval period". Medieval examples are described and illustrated in Egan (1998, pgs.270-271; fig 209) dating from around 1150 to 1300. They have one end which flares and becomes wedge shaped, probably for erasure of marks made on wax tablets. Roman styli are usually longer and made of iron or copper alloy. Styli and pencils are significant objects, both in showing literacy and in helping us understand more about the actual practice of writing and the production of text. Ref: Egan, G. (1998) The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: The Stationery Office. Geake, H. (2019) Finds Recording Guide: Styli, pencils and parchment-prickers; (accessed 11/03/2020)

YORYM-F0F112: PIN
An incomplete cast copper alloy pin of probable Roman date. The pin head is globular with a flattened section from which the integrally cast, circular sectioned shaft projects. The shaft tapers in diameter away from the head to terminate in a worn break. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The pin is 20.7mm long, 7.3mm in diameter at the head, 2.5mm in diameter at the shaft, and weighs 2g.

A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 to 293 (Reece period 14), (SALVS) [AVGGG?), Salus standing left feeding snake at altar and holding vertical sceptre. Mint of London, S P//MLXXI. The SALVS part of the legend appears to be all on the right-side of the type, suggesting AVGGG, rather than AVG. RIC V, pt 2, p. 478, cf. 164. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-5D5CE5: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy dragonesque brooch of Roman date. The brooch is curvilinear in form resulting in a roughly S-shaped piece which is decorated with a central double concentric circle design which would originally have been filled with enamel. Either side of the circular design parallel elongated triangular cells are present following the curve of the body of the brooch. To one end of the brooch the S-curve continues into a "head" feature which is itself curvilinear and broken while the other end of the brooch terminates in a worn break. The reverse is slightly concave and undecorated. The metal has a mid greyish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 38.1mm long, 12.8mm wide, 2.9mm thick and weighs 4.1g. Similar examples can be seen in Hattatt, p.351, fig.210 and are dated to the 2nd century AD.

YORYM-4746A3: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T128. Description/Condition: The object was found to be in fair condition. It was in two joining fragments, with fresh breaks to the edges. The surface was covered in a stable purple/lilac corrosion crust. The X-ray showed the metal core to be fairly solid though with some hairline cracks. Treatment: Corrosion was removed from the surface down to a black silver sulphide surface using a scalpel and small hand tools. The broken piece was re-attached to the larger piece, to ensure that it is not subsequently lost and to afford more stability to the ring itself, as well as presenting a more coherent object. The piece was adhered using HMG Paraloid B72. The ring was packed in a crystal box with Plastazote™ foam supports. The ring remains fragile and should be handled with care. Comments: Nicola Rogers, Finds Researcher at York Archaeological Trust, has examined the object and comments: The silver band finger-ring tapers from the centre which has a stamped cross motif, and has decorative mouldings to either side; it is similar to 14th and 15th century pewter rings from London (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 332-34). Egan, G. and Pritchard, F. (1991) Dress Accessories c.1150-c.1450 London This ring has been published in Elsworth and Mace (2018, 82-83, fig. 10) - https://doi.org/10.1080/00844276.2018.1458442

YORYM-CCD1E3: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Carausius dating to the period AD 286 - 293 (Reece Period 14), VIR[TVS AVG] reverse type depicting Mars standing left leaning on shield and holding spear. Unattributed mint or Rouen. It is not possible to confirm the inscription IMP C CARAVSIVS P F [AVG] from the image. This legend is unrecorded in RIC for unattributed coins (RIC V, pt 2, p. 545, cf 1047), but is known for Rouen (RIC V, pt 2, p. 523, cf 700, and examples in Sam Moorhead's corpus). Coin to be compared with other coins in corpus. This coin has been included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-B918D5: COIN
A silver denarius of Maximinus I (AD 235-8) dating to AD 235 (Reece Period 11). PAX AVGVSTI reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt.2, p.140, no.12; BMC VI, p. 222, nos. 5-6. This is a good example of an AD 235 issue with early bust.

YORYM-B491F7: COIN
A copper alloy coin, probably a Q-Radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14). Uncertain reverse type, but probably a galley. Mint unclear. This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-79EC41: BUTTON
A complete cast copper alloy button of Medieval to Post-medieval date (AD 1150-1700). The button is dicodial with a flattened convex front and concave back. There is a central moulded relief decoration in the form of a quatrefoil with an annulet in each quadrant with a raised circular boarder. The back has a rectangular shank. The lozenges are filled with red and yellow probable enamel. Read, P 47, No 157.

YORYM-79E0C1: SEAL MATRIX
A complete cast copper alloy seal matrix of Medieval date (probably 14th century). The matrix has a hexagonally facetted conical handle which rises to a collar consisting of a ridge between two grooves, above which is a rounded lug decorated with a transverse groove on either side and with a small central circular perforation. The die itself bears the central image of a hare. A circumferential legend is present and reads, in capitals, ALAS E OWLOS. The metal is dark greenish brown in colour.

YORYM-79D4F2: MOUNT
An incomplete cast copper alloy possible handle escutchen of Roman date (AD 43-410). The mount had a convex domed front with a moulded decoration, possibly that of a face. The plate is rhombic and terminates in an old break. The mount is most likely a provincial hand made type. The reverse is smooth, concave and undecorated. The metal is a light greenish brown in colour.

YORYM-79B2A5: STRAP FITTING
An incomplete copper-alloy sword-belt fitting of post-medieval date (AD 1500-1600). The flat plate of the mount has a tri-lobed end with a narrowed waist underneath. This waist then expands forming rounded shoulders before terminating in an old break. The upper lobe has one central perforation while the left hand aspect contains a large circular suspension loop. The front of the mount has raised, cast floriate decoration in a design known as 'vine-scroll'. The reverse is smooth and undecorated. The metal is a dark brownish green.

A copper alloy Q radiate of Allectus dating to the period AD 293 - 296 (Reece Period 14).VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting a galley left with mast, cabin and four rowers; waves. Mint of London, QL. RIC V, pt.II, p.563, no.55. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-503DF2: MOUNT
Description: A complete cast gilded silver mount, apparently complete. The mount is roughly lozengiform or kite-shaped, with a flat, undecorated reverse and two perforations, perhaps for attachment. The front is decorated with softly contoured relief ornament which is hard to decode; in fact, it is difficult to decide which way up the object should be held. It may be interpreted as a forward-facing seated figure. At the top (the narrower end of the object) is what appears to be an animal head seen from the top, with a wide snout and large oval eyes. Two worn projections to the top of the head may possibly represent the remains of ears, but are perhaps more likely to be the remains of a loop, either for suspension as a pendant, or for attachment to a corresponding hook. Long hair or a cowl appears to extend to the shoulders as a ridge down each edge of the object; these ridges then merge with further framing ridges which may form the arms. Beneath a short, wide neck is a softly contoured chest, with a ridge below perhaps representing a folded garment; the perforations have been made, one slightly higher than the other, at either end of this ridge. Below are further soft bumps which may represent the knees. The arms extend to the pointed sides of the kite shape and then turn inwards, perhaps to hands holding an indistinct feature composed of a symmetrical set of curving lines which may represent the drapery of a dress or robe. The perforations are small and circular, with a raised rim particularly on the reverse indicating that they have probably been drilled or punched from the front. There are no obvious breaks. There is gilding on both faces, which survives best towards the wider end on both faces. The function of this object is unclear. Although the two clearly deliberate attachment holes may suggest it was attached by rivets or stitching to a separate backing, the holes seem out of character with the rest of the object and it is possible that they are due to a secondary modification. Dimensions: Length: 19.1mm. Width: 11.6mm. Thickness: 2.9mm. Weight: 2g. Discussion: This has proved a difficult object to identify. Curators with expertise in the high-medieval and post-medieval periods were consulted and agree that it is unlikely to date to either of these periods. The soft contours of the relief recall lost-wax castings of the 10th or 11th centuries. The closest parallels in size, shape and material which could be found are two gilded silver objects with relief decoration, 2005T260 (KENT-3DE0A0, now in the British Museum, accession number 2007,8009.1) and SUSS-052A12. KENT-3DE0A0 has been identified as a 10th-century openwork mount depicting a central plant stem inhabited by two confronted birds and with an animal head to top and bottom. It is larger than YORYM-503DF2 but, when held upside down, there is a striking resemblance in shape. SUSS-052A12 is larger again, but otherwise very similar to KENT-3DE0A0, with a central stem, possible confronted animals and animal-heads at top and bottom; this, however, has been provisionally dated to the 8th or 9th centuries. No function has been identified for either of these objects. The possibility of the decoration depicting a seated human figure recalls the ornament on the Sandford reliquary (Ashmolean Museum 1891.10; Hinton 1974, 56-60). The Sandford reliquary depicts Christ in Majesty.; it has a framing ridge around the edge, a similar (but far smaller) animal head at the top, a seated figure with curving drapery across the knees, a ridge across the body, similar treatment of the hair and a drilled hole, but is far bigger at 73mm long. There are many other differences between the Sandford reliquary and 2013T129, including the larger scale of the animal head, the absence of a clear human head and the greater symmetry of T129, but the similarities are also noteworthy; the chest ridge is interpreted by Hinton as a belt. Hinton comments that the Sandford reliquary 'is unlike anything else recorded from England', and although Haith points to parallels from ivories and manuscripts (in Backhouse et al. 1984, no. 268) there is little within metalwork to compare with it. The octofoil shape is one of the reliquary's unusual features, which matches well with the unusual shape of 2013T129. The conclusion to be drawn is that 2013T129 is likely to have been made in a milieu familiar with the general form of objects such as the Sandford reliquary, with an animal head at the top, a softly curved complex outline, and largely symmetrical relief decoration within. The motif, however, appears to have been largely misunderstood, and the size is remarkably small. perhaps influenced by objects such as SUSS-052A12 and KENT-3DE0A0. Date: The few parallels that can be drawn with other objects suggest a late Anglo-Saxon date, perhaps 10th or 11th century.

YORYM-49AAE7: MOUNT
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T99. This Roman base silver denarius has been abraded flat on its reverse leaving just the obverse (front) displaying a beardless effigy of Caracalla as Augustus (thus dating to the joint reign of Severus and Caracalla, AD 198-209). It has been fitted within a silver mount decorated with eight evenly-spaced circumferential ribs. There does not seem to be any evidence as to whether it formed a brooch, pendant or ring bezel. Age and Metal Content The composition of Roman silver coinage produced about AD 200 was baser than had been produced in previous centuries, being around half silver by content - but this is comfortably above the Treasure Act threshold of 10%. For objects to be considered treasure by the Act they must be of an antiquity greater than 300 years. Richard Abdy Dept. of Coins and Medals British Museum 15 May 2013

A complete cast copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. The head of the brooch is comprised of wide rectangular wings from the reverse of which two integral lugs project housing an axis bar around which the pin is hinged. The pin is complete with a tapering circular section and the ends of the axis bar extend and curve around the head of the brooch to form an attachment loop. The loop narrows centrally above the head and is fixed in place by a rectangular collar which is decorated with three parallel lozenge cells filled with blue enamel. The front of each of the wings is decorated with a slightly recesses rectangular panel within which are three vertically aligned circular recesses. Presumably these features would have been filled with enamel but no traces of this survive. From the central point between the wings a square sectioned bow with raised central rib extends curving downward. At the apex of the curve a circular recess is present into which a separately cast headstud decoration has been fitted using an elongated shank passed through a hole in the back of the bow and bent over to fix it into place. The headstud itself is decorated with five pellets arranged around a central pellet resulting in a flower-like design. From here the square sectioned bow continues tapering in width to a triple banded circumferential collar above a circular recessed foot knop. The complete catchplate projects from the reverse of the lower bow and a small perforation is present through the base of the foot knop to the reverse of the bow. The metal has a light green patina and survives in extremely good condition. The brooch is 44.8mm long, 18.5mm wide, 5.1mm thick and weighs 11g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.332, fig.191 and are dated to the 2nd Century AD.

YORYM-363195: HARNESS FITTING
A complete cast copper alloy harness fitting of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The fitting is a mini terret ring which is oval in plan with a D-shaped section. A narrowed strap bar is present on one longer side and is flanked by double raised transverse collars which do not continue onto the reverse. The metal has a dark reddish-green patina and is worn. The terret is 23.6mm long, 21.5mm wide, 5mm thick and weighs 7.6g. Terret rings were used as rein guides on chariots or carts and were attached to vehicle yokes probably by leather straps. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database. For examples see: BERK-873153, SF-4ABC26 and SF-A74A71.

YORYM-346AC7: FIGURINE
A complete cast copper alloy votive figurine of Roman date. The figurine is in the form of a three-dimensional leg and foot. The foot is bare with each of the five toes denoted by shallow incisions. The metal has a mid greyish-green patina and survives in good condition. The figurine is 48mm tall, 22.7mm long and 8.8mm wide at the foot, 11.6mm in diameter at the calf and weighs 28.8g. Objects of a similar form have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as Roman knife or razor handles (for example NCL-920745 and SUR-E8CBD2) but the lack of a slot for the blade makes this an unlikely attribution. YORYM-20DC35, a votive figurine, is very similar in form to this example though in this case the foot is wearing a sandal. The similarities however are compelling evidence to suggest a contemporary date and that the object is votive in nature. Votive offerings were made in the hope of receiving a cure or as thanks for one.

YORYM-20ACE1: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T94. This complete ring is circular in plan with a circular section which tapers slightly from the bezel to the base. The ring is decorated with a band of applied beaded wire running around its circumference. The bezel is formed by eight semi-circular bands of beaded wire - four to either side of the circumferential band with the central two spaced slightly apart and the outer two being slightly smaller in size. Date: Unknown Dimensions: Diameter: 24.4mm; Thickness: 3.4mm; Weight 4.6g.

YORYM-2095D4: DRESS HOOK
A complete cast silver-gilt cap hook of post-medieval date. The head of the object is hemispherical with a domed front and flat reverse. The front face is decorated with elaborate applied filigree decoration consisting of a central trefoil loop within a twisted wire border surrounded by eight raised applied pellets each with its own small twisted wire border. The outer edge is scalloped with a series of closely spaced, regular indentations. From the reverse of the head an S-shaped hook projects, having been soldered onto the head, and tapers to a sharp point. Discussion: The 'S' shaped hook identifies this as a cap hook. Numerous similar examples have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database though the applied filigree decoration can vary widely between examples. Similar examples include SWYOR-538A62 (2011 T790), NCL-497730 (2012 T393) and SUSS-CC3D27 (2010 T189). Date: Post-medieval: 16th century Dimensions: Length: 16mm; Width: 11.8mm; Thickness: 4.7mm; Weight 2.9g.

YORYM-206752: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T92. Description: A Post-Medieval gold finger ring with a very worn inscription on the inside of the band in lower case, reading Ruth 1.16’17 J F (?) The rest of the inscription is too worn to read .There is also a maker's mark, either A F (?) in a rectangular shield or J V (?) if read the other way up. Discussion: The biblical reference suggests this is a betrothal or wedding ring: "16. And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people and thy God my God: 17. Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me." If read as J V the maker's mark could be James Vale, a London mark entered 1836 (Grimwade mark number 1857). Judy Rudoe, British Museum

YORYM-7AE274: BROOCH
An incomplete cast copper alloy headstud brooch of Roman date. All that remains of the brooch is the lower bow which is rectangular in section and decorated with a series of rectangular cells which would have been filled with enamel though no traces of this now remain. The bow terminates in an undecorated circular foot knob and the remains of the catchplate extend from the reverse. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The brooch is 36mm long, 4.5mm wide, 2.4mm thick and weighs 3.4g.

YORYM-FF26A6: MOUNT
A complete cast copper alloy mount of roman date. The mount is circular in plan with a slightly concave reverse which houses a centrally placed, integrally cast attachment shank with a worn circular perforation. The front face bares decoration consisting of three radiating arms with short cross bars midway along their length extending from a central pellet. The arms are incised into the copper alloy and open into a recessed circular border. The arms and border are filled with red enamel though only traces of this now remain. The resulting sub-triangular cells between the arms are filled with yellow enamel, the majority of which remains in-situ. The reverse is undecorated. The metal has a mid greenish-brown patina and is worn. The mount is 33.9mm in diameter, 3mm thick, 15mm long with shank and weighs 12.6g.

YORYM-D6FA45: HARNESS PENDANT
An almost complete cast copper alloy harness pendant of Roman date. The pendant is comprised of a heart shaped plate with an integrally cast suspension loop projecting from between the two curved edges. The loop is incomplete with a small portion having been lost to worn breaks. The terminal of the heart is elongated and trefoil in plan with a bulbous knop at the very end. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The metal has a dark greenish-brown patina and is worn. The pendant is 33.9mm long, 14.4mm wide, 2.2mm thick and weighs 3.8g. A similar example is illustrated in Appels and Laycock, p.121, fig.AA14.25.

An incomplete Late Iron Age to early Roman cast copper alloy strip bow brooch (AD 25-100). The brooch consists of a small sub-triangular head can convex bow with integrally cast linear decorations running longitudinally and terminates in a round three stepped foot. The reverse of the brooch retains its catch plate and is smooth and undecorated with a minor amount of iron corrosion present on the head (possibly from the axis bar). The pin is missing due to an old break. The metal is a mid green in colour, the corrosion is a dark brown.

YORYM-67E9F5: CUFF LINK
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T30. An incomplete silver cuff link of post-medieval date. The remaining element of the cuff link is a button fastener representing one half of a pair. The corresponding element and links have been lost to old breaks. The front face is decorated with the stamped design of two hearts beneath a single crown on a cross-hatched background within a raised border. This was a popular motif ascribed to the commemoration of the marriage of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza in AD 1662. The reverse is concave and is filled with an organic waste material presumably as a result of its deposition. Numerous similar examples have been reported as Treasure and recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme. For examples see: SUSS-E88264 (2011T812), SWYOR-66C262 (2011 T322) and SWYOR-52C053 (2011 T469). Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 14.1mm; Thickness: 2.8mm; Weight 1.5g.

YORYM-EB17F6: DRESS FASTENER (DRESS)
TREASURE CASE : 2013 T21. A complete gold dress fastener or stud of post-medieval date. The fastener is comprised of a hollow spherical head with a flattened base which has a very small central circular perforation and a D-shaped perforation to one curved edge. From the opposite edge to the perforation an integrally cast circular sectioned shank projects, terminating in a flat oval plate which appear to have been cast separately and soldered on to the fastener proper. The object is undecorated. Dimensions: Length: 15.9mm Head: Diameter: 11.6mm Shank: Diameter: 2.7mm Plate: Length: 12.2mm; Width: 6.8; Thickness: 0.5mm Weight 5.3g.

YORYM-6D12A7: BRACELET
A fragment of a glass bracelet of Roman date. Kilbride-Jones type 2. The bracelet fragment is D-shaped in section with worn breaks at both ends and is formed from a light greenish-blue glass. At the apex of the curved side a semi-circular groove is present into which a separate strip of glass has been fitted through marvering. This strip is comprised of alternating opaque blue and white glass which have been twisted together creating a twisted rope effect. The bracelet is 16.2mm long, 10.2mm wide, 7.9mm thick and weighs 1.7g. Bracelets and bangles of a variety of materials, including metal, jet and shale, are a particularly common find on Romano-British sites. Glass examples such as this were distinctive objects produced in Britain in the mid-first to late-second centuries AD. To create the seamless bangles molten glass was likely wound and stretched with iron rods or pontils (Ivleva, 2019, p.2). The heat of the bangle alone would allow the separate strips of decoration to be applied with the strip sinking further in the longer it is in contact with the hot surface (ibid, p3.). These bangles were produced in a variety of sizes and their use remains unclear. It is possible they were used for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, arm, leg or hair ornaments. They may also have had a more specialised use that is not currently understood. Ivleva (2019, p.5) states that these versatile and ubiquitous objects “are usually considered to be delicate and exquisite objects, but the quick manufacturing technique identified through experimental archaeology suggests that they may have been mass-produced, widely available and easily accessible products”. Two similar bracelet fragments from North Yorkshire are currently housed in the Yorkshire Museum. Accession numbers- YORYM: HG5 and YORYM: 2006.2856. Currently 11 such fragments are recorded on the PAS database. Four of these are from the East Riding of Yorkshire (YORYM-6EC79C, YORYM-7325B6 ,FAKL-C8D895, YORYM160), two from North Yorkshire (SWYOR-2A4D36 and YORYM-6D12A7) and one from each of the following counties: Durham (NCL-8B5644), Doncaster (SWYOR-65B384), Lincolnshire (LIN-E2A761) and North Lincolnshire (NLM-9E8743). Ref: Ivleva, T (2019) Romano-British glass bangles; Datasheet 9; Roman Finds Group.

YORYM-F353D4: COIN
A copper-alloy sestertius of Antoninus Pius dating to the period AD 150 to 151 (Reece Period 7). LIBERALITAS COS IIII SC reverse type depicting Liberalitas standing left holding account-board and vexillum. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 135, no. 867. BMC 1863 and 1864.

YORYM-B265D8: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius of Elagabalus (AD 218-222), dating to the period AD 218-222 (Reece period 10). SVMMVS SACE[RDOS AVG] reverse type depicting Elagabalus standing left sacrificing over a tripod out of a patera and holding branch, in field to the left a star. Probably mint of Rome. As RIC IV.2, p. 38, no. 146; BMC, p. 565, cf. no.232.

YORYM-B0A465: COIN
A copper alloy radiate of Probus (AD 276 - 282), dating to c. AD 281 (Reece Period 14). IOVI CONS PROB AVG reverse type depicting Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and sceptre. Mint of Rome, Sixth Series.RIC V, pt 2, p. 36, no. 175; Gloucester Hoard (CHRB XIII), p. 74, no. 1165 (31 specimens).

YORYM-5E97D0: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Crispus dating to the period AD 323 - 324 (Reece Period 16). CAESARVM NOSTRORVM reverse type depicting wreath inscribed VOT/X. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p. 202, no. 431.

YORYM-1DEB91: BROOCH
A complete cast copper alloy Umbonate disc brooch of Roman date. The brooch is circular with four projections extending from quarter points around the circumference one of which houses the pin mechanism, the opposite one, the catchplate. The main body of the brooch is distinctly domed and is decorated with an outer recessed border within which are two concentric rings of small interlocking triangular cells around a central circular perforation. The inner ring of cells are filled with alternating red and blue enamel and the outer ring cells are all filled with blue enamel. The reverse is concave and undecorated though the pin remains attached via a double-lugged hinge. The metal has a dark reddish-black patina and survives in good condition. The brooch is 33.9mm long, 27.1mm wide, 4.8mm thick and weighs 5.8g. A similar example is illustrated in Hattatt, p.350, fig.209, no.128.

YORYM-1DB441: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete cast copper alloy skirted terret ring of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The terret is comprised of a large circular sectioned hoop with three evenly spaced worn projections on the outer surface representing the remains of decorative knops. A bulbous collar is present where the hoop tapers into the skirt which is formed of four triangular projections which curve away from the body of the hoop and slightly upward. Only two of these projections now remain along with a worn knop on the underside of one representing the remains of the attachment loop. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret is 56.9mm long, 47.1mm in diameter, 37.2mm wide, 32.2mm thick and weighs 56.9g.

YORYM-1AE283: BROOCH
An almost complete cast copper alloy La Tene III brooch of late Iron Age to early Roman date. The brooch is formed from a single piece of metal and comprises a head of four coils the last of which is broken and worn though would originally have extended to form the pin. From the coil a D-sectioned bow extends curving downwards and tapering to a blunted point. The apex of the bow is decorated with a raised circumferential collar beneath which are two latitudinally orientated pointed oval pellets with a short U-shaped projection. From the reverse of the lower bow a complete catchplate extends. The metal has a smooth green patina and is survives in good condition. The brooch is 66mm long, 11.6mm wide, 3mm thick and weighs 13.9g. Similar examples are illustrated in Hattatt, p.290, fig.149 and are dated to the 1st century AD.

YORYM-047A34: ARROWHEAD
A complete flint oblique arrow head of Neolithic date (2500-1500 BC). The lithic is sub-triangular in profile, the dorsal surface contains one predominant central negative scar. The left and right hand edges have scaled flaking and low angle retouch. The ventral surface is smooth and slightly convex due to a bulb of percussion situated on the proximal edge. The flint is light grey in colour with dark grey and cream inclusions throughout. Bond, Pg 124, Fig 5.109, E.

YORYM-0448D5: BARBED AND TANGED ARROWHEAD
A complete flint barbed and tanged arrow head (Green Low type) of Neolithic date (4500-1500 BC). Both surfaces consist of parallel covering flaking. The dorsal surface is flat while the ventral surface is slightly convex. All edges have low angle retouch. The right hand tang has been snapped resulting in a minor discrepancy between its and the left hand tangs lengths. The flint is a light cream in colour with dark grey inclusions throughout. Bond, Pg 125, Fig 5.111, F.

A copper alloy nummus of Maximian dating to the period AD 295-297 (Reece Period 15). GENIO POPVLI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left, chlamys over left shoulder holding patera and cornucopiae. Mint of Ticinum. RIC VI, p. 284, no. 29b or 31b.

YORYM-865D96: HARNESS FITTING
A complete cast copper alloy terret ring of Simple type of late Iron Age to Roman date. The terret is comprised of a hoop which is circular in plan with a circular section which swells and expands into a concave upper section. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret ring is 22.6mm in diameter, 7.2mm long and weighs 7.8g.

YORYM-73B132: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A cast copper alloy unidentified object of Iron Age date. The object is a squashed lyre loop shape with tightly looped terminals which curve back inwards to join the body of the lyre loop. Iron corrosion is present over most of the curved outer edge with a high concentration to the apex suggesting the presence of an iron core and apex projection. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and a is worn. The object is 39.6mm long, 26.4mm wide, 12.9mm thick and weighs 26.7g. Numerous functions for this object have been considered including harness fittings and mirror handles however no direct parallels could be found. Julia Farley, Curator of Iron Age Collections at the British Museum states that this object is quite thick, small and unusual in form for a mirror handle. Therefore at present this object must remain unidentified.

YORYM-70C2F3: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE 2012 T888 A small hoard of four base silver denari and five base silver radiates dating to the 3rd century AD. 1. A base silver denarius of Elagabalus dating to the period AD 210 - 222 (Reece Period 10). VICTORIA AVG reverse type depicting Victory flying left holding wreath. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG Obverse Description: Laureate and draped bust right Reverse Inscription: VICTORIA AVG Reverse Description: Victory flying left holding wreath Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 18.5mm; Weight: 2.4g Reference: RIC IV, pt.2, p.38, no.161. 2. A base silver denarius of Severus Alexander dating to the period AD 222 (Reece Period 11). PM TR P COS PP reverse type depicting Mars standing left holding olive branch and reversed spear. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP C MAVR SEV ALEXAND AVG Obverse Description: Laureate and draped bust right Reverse Inscription: PM TR P COS PP Reverse Description: Mars standing left holding olive branch and reversed spear Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 6 Dimensions: Diameter: 19.1mm; Weight: 2.6g Reference: RIC IV, pt.2, p.71, no.7. 3. A base silver denarius of Severus Alexander dating to the period AD 231 - 235 (Reece Period 11). IOVI PROPVGNATORI reverse type depicting Jupiter left hurling thunderbolt. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG Obverse Description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right Reverse Inscription: IOVI PROPVGNATORI Reverse Description: Jupiter left hurling thunderbolt Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 19.3mm; Weight: 1.9g Reference: RIC IV, pt.2, p.88, no.235. 4. A base silver denarius of Maximinus dating to the period AD 235 - 236 (Reece Period 11). FIDES MILITVM reverse type depicting Fides standing left with two standards. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG Obverse Description: Laureate and draped bust right Reverse Inscription: FIDES MILITVM Reverse Description: Fides standing left with two standards Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 20.7mm; Weight: 2.1g Reference: RIC IV, pt.2, p.140, no.7a. 5. A base silver radiate of Gordian III dating to the period AD 241 - 243 (Reece Period 12). LAETITIA AVG N reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Obverse Description: Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right Reverse Inscription: LAETITIA AVG N Reverse Description: Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 6 Dimensions: Diameter: 23.3mm; Weight: 3.9g Reference: RIC IV, pt.3, p.25, no.86. 6. A base silver radiate of Trebonianus Gallus dating to the period AD 251 - 253 (Reece Period 12). Uncertain reverse type. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP CAE C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG Obverse Description: Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right as seen from behind Reverse Inscription: Illegible Reverse Description: Illegible Mint Mark: - Die Axis: - Dimensions: Diameter: 20.6mm; Weight: 2.6g Reference: 7. A base silver radiate of Gallienus dating to the period AD 253 - 260 (Reece Period 12). VICT GALLIENI AVG reverse type depicting Emperor advancing right with spear and shield trampling captive. Mint of Milan. Obverse Inscription: GALLIENVS PF AVG Obverse Description: Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right Reverse Inscription: VICT GALLIENI AVG Reverse Description: Emperor right with spear and shield trampling captive Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 6 Dimensions: Diameter: 21.2mm; Weight: 2.1g Reference: Cunetio, p.106, no.754. 8. A base silver radiate of Postumus dating to the period AD 260 - 269 (Reece Period 13). [F]IDES M[ILI]TVM reverse type depicting Fides standing left holding standards. Principal mint of Gaul. Obverse Inscription: IMP C P[OSTV]MVS PF AVG Obverse Description: Radiate and draped bust right Reverse Inscription: [F]IDES M[ILI]TVM Reverse Description: Fides standing left holding standards Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 20.3mm; Weight: 2.8g Reference: RIC V, pt.1, no.121; Cunetio, p.97, no.446. 9. A base silver radiate of Valerian I dating to the period AD 253 - 260 (Reece Period 12). SALVS AVGG reverse type depicting Salus standing left feeding snake at alter and holding vertical sceptre. Mint of Rome. Obverse Inscription: IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG Obverse Description: Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right Reverse Inscription: SALVS AVGG Reverse Description: Salus left feeding snake at alter and holding vertical sceptre Mint Mark: - Die Axis: 12 Dimensions: Diameter: 22.6mm; Weight: 2.5g Reference: Cunetio, p.143, no.2386 Date: Roman: 3rd Century AD Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: • Besly, E. & Bland, R. (1983). The Cunetio Treasure: Roman Coinage of the Third Century AD. London: British Museum Publications Ltd. • Mattingly, H., Sydenham, E. A. & Sutherland, C. H. V. (eds) (1938). The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol IV, Part 2: Macrinus to Pupienus. London: Spink & Son Ltd. • Mattingly, H., Sydenham, E. A. & Sutherland, C. H. V. (eds) (1949). The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol IV, Part 3: Gordian III - Uranius Antoninus. London: Spink & Son Ltd. • Webb, P. H. (1927). The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol V, Part 1. London: Spink & Son Ltd. Identification by: Sam Moorhead National Finds Adviser - Iron Age and Roman Coins Dr Philippa Walton National Finds Adviser - Iron Age and Roman Coins Author: Rebecca Griffiths FLO for North and East Yorkshire

YORYM-20DC35: KNIFE
A complete cast copper alloy votive figurine of Roman date. The figurine is in the form of a three-dimensional leg and foot. The foot is wearing a sandal represented by ribbed moulding running down the centre of the foot, around the calf and ankle and to either side of the ankle, extending to a flat sole. The recessed areas within the ribbing are decorated by herringbone patterned incisions. From the upper area of ribbing around the calf the leg expands terminating in a flat surface with rounded edges just below the knee. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and survives in good condition. The figurine is 43.7mm tall, 21.5mm long and 7.5mm wide at the foot, 11.7mm in diameter at the calf and weighs 23.2g. Objects of a similar form have been recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as Roman knife or razor handles (for example NCL-920745 and SUR-E8CBD2) however the lack of a slot for the blade makes this an unlikely attribution however the similarities are compelling evidence to suggest a contemporary date and that the object is votive in nature. Votive offerings were made in the hope of receiving a cure or as thanks for one.

YORYM-09F1C2: COIN
An early medieval silver sceat, Series E, variety G1, quilled "insect" with pellet eye, AD695-715/20, minted in the Netherlands. Abramson, p.88, no.E215.

YORYM-4F2206: FINGER RING
A medieval gold finger-ring, each shoulder decorated with two raised quatrefoils, one of which is slightly damaged. The centre is perforated with a circular hole [on the image this looks more like an unperforated recess], which probably once held the bezel, now missing, into which a gem may have been set. The hoop is of D-shaped cross-section. On the back half of the hoop is an inscription in black-letter script, in French, which reads bien celer cet alouer (to hide [love] well is to accept [it]). One of the principal tenets of amour courtois (courtly love) was to keep the love secret. The finger-ring dates from the late fourteenth or the fifteenth century. Dimensions: diameter 20.2 mm, width 3 mm, thickness 1.5mm, weight 2 g.

YORYM-4C6C21: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete cast copper alloy terret ring of simple type of Late Iron Age to early Roman date. Approximately one-third of the object remains. The hoop of the terret is circular in section with a wide knopped collar from which the worn remains of the strap-bar projects. The hoop itself tapers away from the collar curving steadily and terminating in a worn break. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret ring is 35.1mm long, 10.3mm in diameter at the collar, 5.8mm in diameter at the strap bar, and weighs 9.9g.

YORYM-F9A8F2: COIN
A silver plated copper alloy contemporary copy of a denarius of Clodius Albinus as Caesar (AD 193-5), dating to AD 193 (Reece Period 10), [PROVID AVG COS], Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and sceptre. Prototype Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 44, cf. no. 1.

YORYM-3A8D44: PENCIL
An incomplete cast lead pencil of uncertain date. The object is circular in section and is broken and worn at both ends. The metal is a mid greyish-brown colour and is worn. The object is 33.6mm long, 6.3mm in diameter and weighs 9.8g.

YORYM-D243D0: BUCKLE
A fragment of a cast copper alloy buckle of late Roman date. The zoomorphic buckle is of Hawkes and Dunning type IIA being symmetrical in design. Roughly one third of the buckle remains consisting of a curved frame with ovate section and both ends terminate in worn breaks though a slight projection remains at the strap bar end. On the outer edge of the frame is an integrally cast projection in the form of a perching bird though the finer detail has been lost due to wear. The remaining fragment of the brooch appears otherwise undecorated. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The buckle fragment is 31.4mm long, 21.8mm wide, 5.5mm thick and weighs 7.2g. Similar examples on the PAS database BH-C63EA1 and YORYM-BB13D0.

YORYM-CF53F6: COIN HOARD
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T772. The find consisted of 8 Iron Age coins (7 silver units and 1 smaller silver half-unit) and 1 copper-alloy pennanular brooch. Three of the eight coins carry the name(s) DVMNOCO TIGIR SENO, the other 5 the name(s) VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. All of the coins are of types usually ascribed to the Corieltavi. Summary of the coins 1. A complete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed DVMNOC TIGIR SENO. Obverse: [D]VMNOC inscription between two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: TIGIR [S]EN[O] inscription above right-facing horse, with three pellets below neck Diameter: 16.77mm; Thickness: 2.01mm; Weight: 1.16g ABC, p.101, no. 1974; VA, p.256, no. 974; BMC, p.184, no. 3328-29 2. An incomplete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVM[NOCO VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 13.25mm; Thickness: 1.86mm; Weight: 0.80g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 3. An incomplete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed DVMNOC TIGIR SENO. Obverse: [D]VMN[OC] inscription between two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: TIG[IR] [S]EN[O] inscription above right-facing horse, with three pellets below neck Diameter: 13.43mm; Thickness: 1.34mm; Weight: 0.79g ABC, p.101, no. 1974; VA, p.256, no. 974; BMC, p.184, no. 3328-29 4. An incomplete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMN[O]CO[VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 15.01mm; Thickness: 1.80mm; Weight: 1.07g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 5. A fragmented silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed DVMNOC TIGIR SENO. Obverse: DVM[NOC] inscription between two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: TIGI[R] [SENO] inscription above right-facing horse, with three pellets below neck Diameter: 9.28mm; Thickness: 1.38mm; Weight: 0.38g ABC, p.101, no. 1974; VA, p.256, no. 974; BMC, p.184, no. 3328-29 6. A complete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMN[O]COVE inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 16.75mm; Thickness: 1.76mm; Weight: 1.20g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 7. A complete silver unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMN[O]CO[VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 17.61mm; Thickness: 1.86mm; Weight: 1.16g ABC, p.102, no. 1983; VA, p.262, no. 980; BMC, p.185, no. 3339 8. A complete silver half unit of Iron Age date, c. AD 20-50, inscribed VOLISIOS DVMNOCOVEROS. Obverse: VOLI/SIOS in two lines, bisecting vertical wreath-line Reverse: DVMNOCO [VE] inscription around right-facing horse Diameter: 14.21mm; Thickness: 1.47mm; Weight: 0.60g ABC, p.102, no. 1986; VA, p.262, no. 984; BMC, p.185, no. 3340-41 The Brooch The brooch is a cast copper-alloy pennanular brooch. The brooch consists of two circular sections of copper-alloy rod, partially bifurcated due what appears to be a deliberate partial break. Each half of the brooch is semi-circular and terminates in a single stepped circular foot, the left termination retaining the lopped head of the pin. The brooch is of Booth Type A3 (Fowler Type A2) which are characterized by their flattened terminals. Type A3 brooches are dated to c. AD 50 - 200. Dr Anna Booth (2014, p.129) discusses the distribution of Type A brooches as being particularly common in North-East England and South-East Scotland with notable concentrations in Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire and along Hadrian's Wall. They tend to focus on Roman military sites followed by towns. Fewer than 50 have also been found at hillforts and Roman villas. Of those from hillforts the majority of dated examples come from Roman contexts. Dr Booth (2014, p.137) also states that humped pins are concentrated in the north of Britain. Length: 67.53mm; Thickness: 4.20mm; Weight: 10.51g Hattatt, P 339, No 647. Ref: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis. (Brooch details amended by Rebecca Griffiths; 11/07/2019) Discussion There are more than two coins of types which will contain more than 10% precious metal (silver). The types are entirely consistent with the idea that they were originally deposited together as a small hoard. The reported circumstances of discovery and the identification of the brooch support the hypothesis that it was part of the same deposit in antiquity. It is of some interest that the brooch appears to be deliberately broken, as hoarded objects often show signs of deliberate damage. Conclusion This group should be considered a prima facie case of treasure under the terms of the Treasure Act (1996). References: Cottam, E. De Jersey, P. Rudd, C and Sillis, J. (2010). Ancient British Coins. Fowler, E. (1960). 'The origins and development of the penannular brooch in Europe', Papers from the Prehistoric Society 26, 149-77. Hobbs, R. (1996). British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum. Van Arsdell, R. D. (1989). Celtic Coinage of Britain. Hattatt, R. (2007). A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.

YORYM-3AD924: MOUNT
An incomplete possible vessel mount or escutcheon of Roman date. The mount is leaf shaped with a rectangular "petiole" extending from the rounded end and curving backwards to a worn break. The front face of the mount is decorated with a now indistinct design with irregularly shaped recessed cells around a recessed circular cell all of which may have originally contained enamel, although no trace now survives. The reverse has a single central circular indentation flanked by faint patches of iron corrosion which may represent the remains of a means of attachment. The metal has a dark blackish-brown patina and is worn. The mount is 35.6mm long, 16.9mm wide, 3.2mm thick and weighs 5.9g. Only one parallel could be found for this object and is recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as DENO-149754. Sally Worrell, National Finds Advisor, suggests that this type of object "is a single hook escutcheon from a 2nd-3rd century deep-walled basin as it's straight and without the curve that you'd expect on a hanging bowl mount"

YORYM-149F81: LACE TAG
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T785. A complete cast silver lace tag of post-medieval date. The lace tag is formed from a single piece of silver which is a single-pointed ovate in shape with a large perforation, or eye, through the wider end. Each of the four edges are chamfered and the lace tag tapers to a rounded point. The object is undecorated. Similar lace tags have been reported as Treasure for example 2012 T475 (HAMP-84B221) and 2005 T324 (HAMP-57FE56). The British Museum acquired a similar item 2008 T276 (BM 2010.8021.1; PAS ID: WILT-F492B5). Date: Post-medieval: 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 37.2 mm; Width: 4.7 mm; Thickness: 2.2 mm; Weight: 1.9 g.

YORYM-148B04: TOILET ARTICLE
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T784. A complete cast and hammered silver sheet toilet implement of medieval date. The implement is a combined ear scoop and toothpick and nail cleaner. The toothpick and nail cleaner terminal is triangular in shape and tapers in thickness as well as width to a pointed tip. From the wider end of the triangular terminal a circular sectioned S-twisted shaft extends and is slightly bent in two places. The shaft opens into a sub-ovate scoop with concave front and convex reverse. The metal has a shiny silver patina and survives in good condition. Numerous similar cosmetic articles have been reported as Treasure for example 2002 T268, 2006 T623, 2006 T53 and 2008 T240 (SOM-B38BA2). Date: Medieval: 14th Century Dimensions: Length: 90.5 mm; Width: 5.4 mm; Thickness: 2.5 mm; Weight: 3.4 g Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. Reference: Treasure Annual Report 2002. (2004). London: DCMS. p.97, no.114. Treasure Annual Report 2005/6. (2008). London: DCMS. p.114, no.396 & 397. Treasure Annual Report 2008. (2010). London: DCMS. p.146, no.301.

YORYM-100437: PENCIL
A complete lead pencil of Post-Medieval date. The stylus is circular in section with a slight bend and tapers towards the blunted writing point. The metal is a light brownish-grey colour and is worn and pitted. The stylus is 52mm long, 7.7mm in diameter and weighs 15.4g. A stylus is a writing implement used to scratch letters into the wax of a writing tablet while a pencil makes a coloured mark on wood, paper or parchment. Lead is rarely used for objects that appear to be conventional styli, with the majority of such objects most probably functioning as pencils from the 16th century onward. In record IOW-ED968C, Dr Helen Geake of the Portable Antiquities Scheme has commented: "The use of lead pencils is still not really understood. At Winchester they are found mainly in 13th- or 14th-century contexts, and it was thought some years ago that when graphite was discovered in Cumbria in the late 16th century lead pencils went out of use; but metal-detector finds of well-made mass-produced pencils suggest that in fact they carried on being used well into the post-medieval period". Medieval examples are described and illustrated in Egan (1998, pgs.270-271; fig 209) dating from around 1150 to 1300. They have one end which flares and becomes wedge shaped, probably for erasure of marks made on wax tablets. Roman styli are usually longer and made of iron or copper alloy. Styli and pencils are significant objects, both in showing literacy and in helping us understand more about the actual practice of writing and the production of text. Ref: Egan, G. (1998) The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London). London: The Stationery Office. Geake, H. (2019) Finds Recording Guide: Styli, pencils and parchment-prickers; (accessed 11/03/2020)

YORYM-01CC17: HARNESS FITTING
An incomplete cast copper alloy probable terret ring of simple type of late Iron Age date. Approximately one-third of the object remains. The hoop of the terret is circular in section with a wide knopped collar from which the worn remains of a narrower fitting bar projects. The hoop itself tapers away from the collar curving steadily and terminating in a worn break. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The terret ring is 40.4mm long, 11.8mm in diameter at the collar, 2.9mm in diameter at the break, and weighs 9.2g.

A silver Roman denarius of Sabina (AD 127-138), dating to the period AD 128 - 137 (Reece period 6). CONCORDIA AVG reverse type depicting Concordia seated left holding patera and leaning left elbow on figure of Spes, cornucopiae under chair. Mint of Rome. As RIC II, p.387, no.398.

YORYM-80FBB2: AXE
An incomplete, possibly modified, greenstone axehead of Neolithic date. The cutting edge of the axehead is all that remains and is ovate in plan and triangular section. The edges are worn and broken though the remaining original surfaces are smooth. The fragment is comprised of a grey-green fine-grained siliceous tuff - a sedimentary volcanic rock possibly from the Great Langdale quarries in Cumbria. This stone was most probably chosen for its colour and fineness which allowed it to be highly polished. It is likely that axes such as this were high status and probably not functional. The axe fragment is 53.2mm long, 26.5mm wide, 11.7mm thick and weighs 17.1g.

YORYM-3ECB52: FINGER RING
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T698. A complete cast medieval silver finger ring. The hoop is circular with a rectangular section and has three raised bezels in the shape of four-petalled flowers. Circular recesses are present within each petal and also in the centre of the flowers to represent the stamen. The areas between the bezels on the hoop are decorated with incised chevrons. The remainder of the hoop is engraved to form the letters: IHESVS (Jesus) in Lombardic style. The background bears a cross-hatched design. An engraved quatrefoil in the form of a four petalled flower is also present next to one of the outer bezels at the start of the inscription. The internal surface of the hoop is plain. Discussion: Although appearing to be similar to rings dating from 12th-13th century, such as a ring from the Lark Hill hoard and Treasure cases 2001 T29 (PAS-699031) from Stanningfield, Suffolk and 2010 T520 (DENO-A0AFF8) from Ragnall, Nottinghamshire and 2006 T385 (WAW-796003), the lettering embedded in a cross-hatched background, the quatrefoil or flower shaped bezel and the quatrefoil design engraved in the inscription are all features which are evident in rings from the later medieval period. For example, IOW-0723C2 (2011 T590) shows similar lettering and quatrefoil designs; BH-82D4B2 and WAW-D5B7F1 both show a raised floral quatrefoil at the bezel. The lettering and style of inscription can be found on other medieval objects of comparable date, for example a 14th century silver ring brooch with the inscription IESUS in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, 57.1990. Date: Medieval: 14th - 15th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 25.5mm; Width: 5.2mm Thickness: 1.1mm; Weight 4.9g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-3E6C05: MOUNT
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T697. An incomplete cast silver mount of post-medieval date. The mount is in the form of two conjoined hearts with a narrow rectangular section. The outer edges of both hearts are decorated with etched zig-zag lines, a practise commonly referred to as wriggle-work and used frequently on pewter during the 17th Century. On the reverse of the mount four broken patches of raised silver are all that remains of the attachment method making it difficult to determine if this was originally a mount, brooch or similar. The reverse is otherwise undecorated. Date: Post-medieval: 16th - 17th Century Dimensions: Length: 13.3mm; Width: 10.2mm; Thickness: 1.1mm; Weight 0.4g.

YORYM-3E5C23: BROOCH
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T696. A complete cast silver brooch of medieval date. The brooch is annular with a restriction in the frame for the triangular pin which remains in situ. The upper surface of the frame is decorated with a six pointed star comprised of incised paired chevrons around the central hole. The rest of the surface is covered in stippling and the reverse is undecorated. Numerous annular brooches similar in form to this example have been reported as Treasure and 2006 T609 (LIN-0F8F88) bears similar, though slightly cruder, decoration. Date: Medieval: 13th Century Dimensions: Diameter: 18.9mm; Width: 3.8mm; Thickness: 1.2mm; Weight 1.5g. Discussion: In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-6EB956: FIGURINE
A complete cast copper alloy figurine of Roman date. The figurine is in the form of an eagle is in a classical style with its head turned slightly to the left and both wings slightly outstretched standing upright on a rectangular base. The eyes are represented by small incised lines to either side of the head and the hooked beak projects from the front. Small longitudinal incisions also represent feathers. On the reverse the right wing overlaps the left wing slightly and a chunky knoped projection extends from the tail. The metal has a light brownish-green patina and is worn. The figurine is 40.3mm long, 26.9mm wide, 22.3mm thick and weighs 35.7g. Sally Worrell, National Finds Adviser for Prehistoric, Iron Age and Roman Artefacts, comments that eagle figurines aren't at all common so this is a fairly unusual object and though she was unable to find a parallel for this eagle with the very odd casting at the back it is still likely to be Roman. A similar example can be seen on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database as HAMP-3E0708.

YORYM-33D0A3: STYLUS
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T638. Description: An incomplete silver object of medieval date, perhaps a stylus or a brooch. The object is rectangular in plan with a triangular section resulting in a three sided piece. Both ends are broken and worn rendering much of the decoration incomplete. The widest side of the object bears a raised design consisting of a six-petalled flower flanked by three beasts, one to the left of the flower, two to the right. One of the narrower sides has raised text reading "ARENVS REX I" which, when complete, would probably have read IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDEORVM (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) or a shortened version thereof. The third side also bears raised text which is significantly more worn than the other two sides. All that can be determined is "ENSEI : PMR". The meaning of this inscription is unclear. Each side is framed by a slightly raised border running along each edge though much of this has now been lost to old breaks. While no direct parallel could be found for this object similar legends of a religious nature appear frequently on medieval rings and brooches and were used for its amuletic power. For example, treasure case number 2007 T515 (PAS Database reference YORYM-763D18) is a silver cross pendant with the legend "+IESVS NAZAREN", 2005 T212 (YORYM-469553) is a finger ring also inscribed "+ IESVS NA[ZARENUS]" while 2006 T221 (SWYOR-C5D8C6) is a silver annular brooch simply reading "X IESV". However, the form of this object is similar to that of PAS Database reference NMS-C6E344 which has been identified as a stylus. Date: Medieval: 13th - 14th Century Dimensions: Length: 34.5mm; Width: 5.3mm; Thickness: 3.2mm; Weight 2.8g.

A silver denarius of Faustina I dating to the period AD 141 - 161 (Reece Period 7). AVGVSTA reverse type depicting Ceres veiled standing left holding corn-ears and torch. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p.71, no. 360.

YORYM-F58CA8: JEWELLERY FITTING
An incomplete cast copper alloy jewellery fitting of Roman date. The fitting has a circular sectioned shaft, broken at one end and terminating in a loop at the other. The shaft proper is decorated in an elaborate baluster style with a triple banded collar below the loop which narrows and flares to a bulbous central swelling. This swelling is decorated with eight recessed lozenge shaped cells two of which bear traces of blue enamel. From here the shaft narrows and flares again to a double banded collar with a worn break on the base. This would probably have continued into the reign ring and the loop would have articulated with another link. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. It is 21.6mm tall, 6.4mm in diameter and weighs 3.1g.

YORYM-A1BA76: COIN
A Republican silver denarius issued by the moneyer L. Plautius Plancus and dating to 47 BC (Reece period 1). The reverse type depicts Victory holding palm branch and leading four horses. Mint of Rome. RRC p. 468, no. 453/1a or 1b. Sear, P 71, no 280.

YORYM-8BAEF3: WEIGHT
A complete cast copper alloy trade weight of post-medieval date. The weight is circular in plan with a raised rim and a small central indentation with a circular border. A worn impression is present close to the rim and is likely to represent a crown thought it is too worn for a definite identification. The reverse is undecorated and is slightly concave at the central point. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The weight is 23.4mm in diameter, 5.3mm thick and weighs 13.4g (0.47 oz) so was probably a half-ounce weight.

YORYM-7576F7: VERVEL
TREASURE CASE : 2012 T579. A complete cast silver vervel of post-medieval date, of Lewis and Richardson's type C.i. The vervel consists of a circular ring inscribed with the name *F. VAGHAN and a shield shaped element soldered onto the external surface bearing a crest consisting of a male head with a snake wrapped around his throat. This crest is attributed to the Vaughn family of Sutton, East Yorkshire, Herefordshire and Wales. The vervel is 8mm in diameter, 1.1mm thick, and the shield is 9.5mm long, 7.6mm wide. The object weighs 1.2g. While this object was found in East Yorkshire the Herefordshire branch of the Vaughn family based at Hergest Court was allegedly the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's famous Sherlock Holmes adventure The Hound of the Baskervilles. In terms of age and as the object contains a minimum of 10% precious metal it qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996.

YORYM-246E77: BUCKLE
A complete rectangular copper alloy plate, perhaps a buckle plate, of medieval date. The plate is formed from a single long rectangular sheet of metal, folded transversely across the centre; front and back plates are joined by five chunky rivets projecting from one side, around which traces of gilding remain. The plate appears otherwise undecorated. There are no frame recesses or pin hole or slot. The metal has a mid blackish-brown patina and is worn. The plate is 41.4mm long, 17.6mm wide, 6mm thick and weighs 13.7g. The absence of frame recesses or pin hole or slot appears at first sight to rule this out as a buckle plate, but it is possible that it could have been hinged to one loop of a double-loop buckle frame. The gilding and five large rivets strongly suggest a medieval date.

YORYM-12C413: NAIL CLEANER
A complete cast copper alloy long and exuberantly decorated (Group) nail cleaner probably of Late Roman date. The nail cleaner is rectangular in plan and section and splits to form a double pronged tip at one end emphasised by a central groove. The opposite end opens out into a circular suspension loop set at right angels to the body. The upper surface of the nail cleaner is decorated with groups of six incised triangles extending from the centre to the edges. This object will have been one of a set of toilet articles which hung together on a loop. The metal has a mid brownish-green patina and is worn. The nail cleaner is 52.7mm long, 3.5mm wide, 1.9mm thick and weighs 2.1g.

YORYM-7E1EE4: COIN
A silver denarius of Faustina II, struck under Antoninus Pius dating to the period AD 147 to 161 (Reece period 7). AVGVSTI PII FIL reverse depicting Venus standing left holding Victory and resting on shield. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 93, no. 495a.

YORYM-276641: PIN
An incomplete cast copper alloy pin of Roman date. The zoomorphic pin head is all that remains and is in the form of a seated bird with ovate wings and fanned round tail. The feathered detail on the wings is depicted by horizontal incised lines and the tail has small vertical circumferential incisions. The remains of a worn projection can be seen from the base of the bird from which the shaft of the pin would have projected. The metal has a mid greenish-red patina and is worn. The pin head is 33.8mm long, 11.1mm wide, 9.6mm thick and weighs 9.4g.

YORYM-EFCDF3: SEAL MATRIX
A copper-alloy seal matrix for the Cloth Subsidy of the County of Essex. From the late 13th century to the 15th century. Inscription: S'SUBSIDII PANNORUM IN COMT ESSE Central motif: Kings Head.(or crowned leopard's head?) The seal will most likely have had a wooden handle, which in now missing. Comments by John Cherry: There are a number of these seals in the British Museum's collections (Tonnochy 1954 nos 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 52; these correspond to Egan 1995 nos. 1, 46. 56, 44, 104 and 45). They run from the late 13th century to the 15th. Presumably each county had one (possibly more); Egan discusses this on p. 9. This one has a crowned head in the middle and I would suggest a late 13th or early 14th century date. Compare SUR-AB43CB and NFAHG-C241B0.

YORYM-4CDA51: COIN
Copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece Period 14), uncertain reverse. Probably Mint of London, -//(ML?). This coin has been considered for Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-480207: HARNESS PENDANT
A cast copper alloy shield-shaped harness pendant. The pendant has sloping shoulders; the long suspension loop is broken at the end. The artefact is otherwise in poor condition with a worn surface. The base is broken but the broken end is present. The face has three integrally-cast chevrons. Some small scraps of gilding survive on both faces, and a small amount of black enamel remains on the chevron. Irene Szymanski has identified this as possibly being the arms of Richard de Breuse. This artefact dates to the 12th or 13th century.

YORYM-0E16D4: COIN
Silver Roman siliqua (unclipped) of Julian II as Augustus (360-3), VOTIS V MVLTIS X, Lyons, RIC VIII, p. 193, no. 218.

YORYM-E08303: NAIL CLEANER
Cast copper alloy nail cleaner of straight-sided with varying decoration (Group) dating from the late Roman period. The object is flat-sectioned with incised X motifs separated by horizontal lines. There is a broken loop for suspension at the terminal; the opposite end has a worn forked terminal for cleaning nails.

YORYM-CFB105: TOY
Cast lead toy gun. The barrel has a slightly flared rim; the flintlock and trigger are largely intact at the base of the barrel. The handle has been broken off, but was recovered; this is decorated with moulded ribs and pellets on both faces.

YORYM-BB18F6: PIN
Cast copper alloy pin with silver plating and dating to the Early Medieval period. There is a raised collar at the base of the bulbous head. The head was possibly once facetted, now worn and dented out of shape. The pin's shank has a circular section and is truncated.

YORYM-7EA6F8: BELL
Copper alloy bell of the type often known as a 'Norse' bell. dating to the Early Medieval period. The object is formed of a single piece of thin metal in an irregular hexagonally faceted cone. There is damage to one half of the object, although it is largely intact. The rim appears to have been shaped into six points, one at the end of each angle. The loop and clapper are missing. Compare DENO-D5D015, DENO-5F1DD7, etc. 10th century.

Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-37), dating to AD 323-4 (Reece Period 16), CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, VOT X in wreath. RIC VII, p. 202, no. 433.

YORYM-D1B736: HOOKED TAG
Cast copper alloy hooked tag of Read's Class E, Type 5. The object comprises an openwork trefoil body, decorated to resemble ropework. There is a single pellet above and to either side, with a rectangular bar above forming the attachment loop. The hook is broken with much of it missing.

YORYM-02AF81: HOOKED TAG
Cast copper alloy hooked tag of Read's Class E, Type 7. The object has a heart-shaped main panel with a moulded border including two open circular holes, one to either side of the heart, both now broken through to the edge. In the centre of the heart is a raised trefoil motif. The rectangular loop is now largely missing, as is the tip of the hook. Compare Read 2008, no. 452.

YORYM-011926: HOOKED TAG
Cast copper alloy hooked tag of Read's Class E, Type 3. The object has a circular relief-decorated body resembling a rose, with scalloped edges, a central pellet and an inner ring of raised petals. There is a rectangular loop at the top. Most of the hook survives, although this has been mostly straightened and the tip is missing. Compare Read 2008, no. 365.

YORYM-D84BF5: BELL
Copper alloy bell dating to the Early Medieval period, of the type known as a 'Norse' bell. It has a hexagonally faceted cone shape with straight sides. The loop at the top of the cone is broken and largely missing. The bottom edge of the bell is crushed and torn, but it is still possible to see that the rim was straight with a small knop or foot at each angle. The object has a light brown patina. Similar examples are known from Coppergate in York and from the PAS database (e.g.DENO-C653A7).

YORYM-D78EF4: HOOKED TAG
Incomplete cast copper alloy hooked tag of Read's Class E, Type 5. The object comprises an openwork trefoil body, broken at the lower loop, also resulting in the loss of the hook. There are two pellets at the top, joined by a bar to form the attachment loop of the tag. The moulded relief gives the appearance of ropework to the object, although the whole was cast as one - this is apparent when viewed from the reverse. There are similar examples from early 17th-century contexts in London (Egan 2005) and others illustrated in Read (2008, 110).

YORYM-D725A7: HOOKED TAG
Cast copper alloy hooked tag dating from the Post-Medieval period. Only the body of the tag survives, with the attachment loop; the hook is missing. The body is decorated with relief and openwork around a central raised cross. Within each quarter are holes - three on the outside, with one in the inside corner. There is a surrounding circular raised line. Outside this is the beaded edge of the tag body. There is a rectangular loop intact on one side of the tag. The reverse of the tag is not decorated. See parallels in Read (2008, 99, nos. 369-70).

YORYM-5FCC17: WEIGHT
Cast lead weight with decorated and gilt copper alloy fragment embedded in the lead. The object comprises a sub-rectangular lead base, sub-rectangular in section. The face has a piece of carved and gilded copper alloy embedded in it; this piece appears to have been both shaped and cut, though the egdes are largely enveloped by the lead. The decoration comprises asymmetric scrollwork; it does not appear to be zoomorphic in nature but rather non-figurative, intricate pointed knots. These have been carved, leaving raised lines, with the whole of the copper alloy face being gilt. A light tap on the central face of the object gives the impression of a hollow behind the embedded plate. The weight probably dates to the Early Medieval period, from which similarly embedded, though usually smaller, weights are known.

YORYM-5BC1B2: COIN
Silver denarius of Julia Soaemias (218-22) (Reece Period 10, mother of the emperor Elagabalus, she was killed alongside him by the Praetorian Guard in 222. VENVS CAELESTIS, Venus standing left, holding apple and sceptre; star in right field. Probably Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, p. 48, no. 241. The obverse style might suggest this coin is Mint of Antioch (BMC V, pl. 91, no. 13), but probably Rome (BMC V, pl. 85, no. 19).

YORYM-91FCE3: BROOCH
Original identification (with the object type 'Personal Ornament'): Copper-alloy pendant, possibly of a 'Thor's Hammer' type. The object comprises a flat-sectioned, axe-shaped pendant. There is a perforation with iron inclusions at the top of the narrow 'axe base', this being the area located behind the flared edge of the axehead. The face is decorated with semicircles with dots in the centre. The reverse is not decorated. Helen Geake writes: An alternative identification for this object is that it is the repaired foot of a small-long brooch. The foot may have broken off, been tidied up and re-attached with the iron rivet, or it may have been newly made to replace a missing part. If so, it should date to the fifth or sixth centuries AD.

YORYM-6883F6: FURNITURE FITTING
Roman cast copper alloy furniture fitting. The object comprises a hemispherical knob with a basal groove; below this, the object narrows before flaring out. At the flared base of the knob, the object is broken. There is corrosion with iron inclusions at this break. The object does not appear to have been turned.

YORYM-9A6378: HOOKED TAG
Cast copper alloy hooked fastener dating from the early Post-Medieval period. The fastener comprises a rectangular body with a sub-rectangular attachment loop at the end opposite the hook. The hook is almost equal in length to the body of the fastener, and curves up behind toward the reverse to end in a possible break. The face of the fastener has seven circular holes for decoration; three along the perforation and two pairs below. The lower pair has been deeply drilled, leaving two small perforations. There is some whitish corrosion in the other holes.

YORYM-FA25B7: BROOCH
Headstud brooch with a hinge pin. The wings are short and tubular to hold the axis bar. There are three lozenges in each wing with traces of blue enamel. The remaing triangular spaces between each lozenge have traces of red enamel. The bow has an unperforated lug at the top with a space for the stud (now missing). A row of blue enamel lozenges with red enamel behind runs down the length of the bow. The foot knob is broken but on what survive there are two narrow ridges on either side of a band of longitudinal knurling. The foot has been perforated. The catchplate is incomplete though much of it is intact along the back face of the bow.

YORYM-E72984: COIN
An incomplete silver Roman denarius of the Civil Wars, c.AD 68-69 (Reece period 3). SIGNA P R reverse type depicting an Aquila between legionary standards, an altar to right of aquila. Mint of Gaul. As RIC I (2nd ed.), p. 207, no. 51

YORYM-E37236: BUTTON AND LOOP FASTENER
A cast copper-alloy Roman Button and loop fastener of Wild's Class VIb. The head is a flat rectangular plate, possibly decorated with grooved borders but now very worn and corroded. Behind the head a lug goes down, bends in a right angle and splays out into a triangular attachment loop.

YORYM-E27F81: COIN
Clipped siliqua, probably of Julian as Augustus (360-3), VOTIS/V/MVLTIS/X. Mint of Trier (RIC VIII c.f. 363-5), Lyon (RIC VIII c.f. 218-9 & 227-8) or Arles (RIC VIII, c.f. 295-7)

YORYM-CF2D30: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate coin of Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece 14), VITORIA (A?..), Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Mint unclear. A group of coins of this general type is recorded in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

YORYM-CE8D95: COIN
A copper alloy Roman sestertius of Clodius Albinus as Caesar under Septimus Severus (AD 193-5). dating to c. AD 194-5 (Reece Period 10), FELICITAS COS II S C, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 52, no. 52c/d

YORYM-7FBCD8: COIN
Roman Republican silver denarius of the moneyer Philippus (perhaps L Marcius Philippus), Rome, 56 BC. Bust of Ancus Marcius and Aqua Marcia RRC 425/1

YORYM-EF5894: TAP
An incomplete post Medieval copper-alloy barrel tap dating from the 18th to mid 19th century. The flaring winged type handle has an arched grip with a small, upturned terminal on each side. The thick, circular-sectioned stem which is broken just below where the two arches meet. The object is 27.9mm long, 68.9mm wide and it weighs 84.1g.

YORYM-084AB6: SEAL MATRIX
A cast copper alloy medieval seal matrix. The conical handle has six facets and narrows away from the circular base to a collar surmounted by a trefoil terminal which is pierced with a circular hole, presumably for suspension. The die is at the base of the piece, and has an incised central motif of a male head lying sideways on a flat dish with a tall pedestal foot. The head has a bulbous chin, two short lines for a mouth, a wide U-shaped nose with a dot either side for an eye, and a bulbous forehead with six short lines sticking straight upwards representing hair. The face is the right way up when the matrix is held with the initial star to the top, but the dish is the right way up when the star is held to the left (on the impression). Above the head (when viewed with star to left on impression) is a knife with the handle towards the chin; the two are separated by a cross-guard. the chin; the two are separated by a cross-guard. The inscription around reads * CAPVT IO[h]IS (Head of John). There is a little damage to the edge and so most of the h is missing. The letters are widely spaced but there is still a space-filling three-branched design at the end of the inscription, looking a little like a downward-pointing arrow. This represents the head of John the Baptist lying on a platter, a fairly common medieval motif. Anonymous seal matrices such as these date broadly to the 14th century.

YORYM-F7A993: SEAL MATRIX
A Medieval copper alloy flat pointed oval shaped seal matrix. The design of the matrix is no longer legible, but it had a central motif with an inscription around. The reverse has a raised rib along its length, with a broken suspension loop at the top.

YORYM-9B1CB4: COIN
Penny of Edward I, class 3d, dated 1280, Canterbury mint

A Roman silver denarius of Plautilla (wife of Caracalla) (AD 202-205) (Reece Period 10), VENVS VICTRIX, Venus standing left, holding apple and palm, and leaning on shield; Cupid to left. Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 1, p. 270, no. 369. The silver is possibly debased and the coin appears to have been exposed to fire (presumably in stubble burning).

A Roman copper alloy commemorative coin of the House of Constantine, dating to AD 330 (Reece Period 17), POP ROMANVS / Bridge over River. Mint of Constantinople, CONS / Δ. RIC VIII, p. 448, no. 21. The coin commemorates the dedication of the city of Constantinople in AD 330.. The obverse shows the bust of the Genius of the Roman people.

An Iron Age inscribed gold stater of the Corieltauvi / North-Eastern, DVMNO TIGIR SENO issue. BMC Hobbs p. 184, no. 3325-7 Van Arsdell 972

YORYM-FB1F46: COIN
2 fragments (a recent break) of a late Anglo-Saxon cut half silver penny. It is an Edward the Confessor Radiate/Small Cross type, minted at Lincoln in 1044-46. EMC 2006.0105

A very worn copper alloy nummus of the House of Valentinian with Gloria Romanorum reverse, dated to 364-378.

YORYM-647BD2: COIN
A worn copper alloy contemporary copy of a Roman radiate of the emperor Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece Period 14), (VIRTVS?) AVG, Mars standing right with spear and shield. No mintmark. The flan is oval, and the reverse has been struck off-centre. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

A silver continental sceat series E 'porcupine', probably from Frisia.

YORYM-21FA46: COIN
A copper alloy Northumbrian styca, very worn and the surface has flaked off at the edges of the flan making the inscriptions illegible.

A copper alloy Northumbrian styca of Eanred, moneyer Wulfred, dated to late in Eanred's reign by Pirie.

3 copper alloy Northumbrian stycas corroded together.

YORYM-20AE27: COIN
A copper alloy Northumbrian styca of Ethelred II, moneyer Monne. Pirie identifies this coin as from Ethelred's first reign.

YORYM-DDA776: NAIL CLEANER
A cast copper alloy Roman nail cleaner. The blade is leaf-shaped, 27.5mm long, 10.3mm wide at the shoulders and 2.2mm thick. Above this is a sub-rectangular shaft 4.4mm wide and 3.6mm thick, decorated with 2 incised lines running around it. This leads to a suspension loop 5.0mm in diameter, in the same plane as the blade.

YORYM-CB4434: TOGGLE
A cast copper alloy Roman dumbell toggle. It consists of two roughly spherical terminals joined by a connecting bar. The terminals have indented collars where they join the bar; the bar is approximately 5mm in diameter, and flares out widely to join each terminal.

YORYM-C9B1F2: COIN
A denarius of Faustina II, struck under Antoninus Pius and dating to the period AD 147 to 161. CONCORDIA reverse. RIC III, p. 93, no. 502a

YORYM-4E11A3: COIN
A copper alloy Northumbrian styca of Eanred, moneyer Fordred. Pirie Class IIA. North 186.

YORYM-C1F807: COIN
A cut half voided long cross silver penny

YORYM-C01CA3: COIN
A hammered silver Edwardian long cross penny of Edward I. Based on the inscription, the mint (York royal as opposed to archiepiscopal due to lack of quatrefoil on the reverse cross) and the bust probably North Class 2 from 1280.

YORYM-BFDF67: COIN
A cut half hammered silver short cross and stars Scottish (Scotland) penny of William I (William the Lion). These were also issued by his successor, his son Alexander II, for perhaps 15 years after the death of William I in 1214. [s-cScottish] cut halfpenny

Edward I penny classes 1-9, dated 1279-1300, London mint

A hammered silver short cross penny of John or Henry III. The moneyer is identifiable as Thomas, but unfortunately the mint is not clear. If this a Thomas from a northern mint (York, Carlisle, Lincoln, Rhuddlan) then it is a Class 5 coin from 1204-1207 and issued by John. However if this is the thomas from Canterbury mint it is a late Class 6 or early Class 7 (a or b), and issued by Henry III ca.1217-ca.1236. For some reason the coin specific fields are not accessible. Obv - HEN[RICVS REX], rev - TOMAS ON [...]; descriptions standard shrt cross.

A coin of the house of Constantine depicting the emperor holding a Christian standard.

YORYM-AD54B5: COIN
A cut half short cross silver penny. The moneyer and mint can be identified (Simon at Canterbury) so the coin can be identified as Class 4b-5c, 6b-d, 7a,b, and dated to ca 1200-ca.1236, meaning it is probably Henry III, but may be John.

YORYM-ABD981: COIN
A silver voided long cross penny. The moneyer is identifiable as Huge (Hugh?) and the mint as Wilton, identifying the coin as a Henry III North Class 3 dating to 1248-50.

YORYM-9AFED6: COIN
A silver halfgroat of David II of Scotland, dating to the second part of his reign (for the first part he was a child and then a captive of the English king Edward III for 11 years). This style of coin modelled on English groats was issued after David II's release in 1357.

YORYM-DB2FB3: COIN
A copper 20 'cash' of the Indian princely state of Mysore. Issued in 1834 theoretically during the reign of Krishna Raja Wodeyar (1810-68), but after he had effectively been deposed (1831) and Mysore was under direct British administration.

Scottish copper twopence (also known as a Turner or a Bodle) of Charles I. Issue of the Civil War period

A cut half hammered silver long cross (voided) penny of Henry III. The position of the lettering and the style of the bust portrait mean it is probably a North Class V, but it is hard to be sure as the crown and sceptre are missing. None of the inscription on the reverse is legible so the mint and moneyer are unknown.

YORYM-48AB33: COIN
A cut half hammered silver long cross (voided) penny of Henry III. The sceptre and positioning of the lettering on the obverse identify it as a North Class V (1251-1272), but as it cut and the top half (ie the crown) is missing it is not possible to identify the subclass. Equally it is not possible to identify the mint as that half of the reverse is missing; although the moneyer can be identified as Willem this name is found at 10 mints.

YORYM-F8A9C5: BUCKLE
A cast copper-alloy composite buckle. The frame is oval with a sub-triangular cross-section. The pin and the integrally cast forked spacer are still intact but the decorative outer plates are missing. The frame is 19mm long (pin bar to outer edge) and 25.6mm wide, with a decorative pointed knop projecting out at the pin rest. The loop has a flat internal face (inside the loop) and a flat bottom face (where it would have rested on the strap) and a sloping outer face, to give the sub-triangular cross-section. The pin is present and made of copper alloy wire, rectangular in section (1.5mm x 1.8mm), bent in a swan's neck over the top of the pin bar and meeting itself again underneath. The spacer forks are approximately 17mm long and 16.5mm apart. This style of buckle frame dates to the late 14th or early 15th century.

YORYM-F83D72: BUCKLE
A cast copper-alloy single-looped buckle frame, 20.6mm long (bar to outer edge) and 25.1mm wide. The frame is D-shaped, with a narrowed and offset bar. The outer edge of the frame (with the pin rest) is straight, with rounded lobes at the ends. Between these lobes it is decorated with 7 incised grooves, three narrower grooves on either side of a larger one acting as the pin rest. The pin itself is largely missing, surviving only as a large mass of iron corrosion on the pin bar. The frame is D-shaped in section as well, except for the pin bar where the section can no longer be discerned due to the corrosion of the pin.

YORYM-F6B0B2: COIN
A cut half silver short cross penny. The identification of the moneyer as Nicole helps with the general identification. There were moneyers called Nicole at York and King's Lynn. However the Nicole at King's Lynn was only briefly active while the Nicole in York was minting for a longer period, so taken with the findspot in North Yorkshire it is likely that this coin was minted at York. The Nicole at York minted coins of Classes 4 & 5 (North 1994) covering the last half of Richard I's reign and the first half of John's (1194-1208). Although much of the bust on the obverse is missing, what is left suggests it is likely to have been Class 5b-c (it is finer in style, has curls with pellets) so it was probably John 1205-1207.

YORYM-2CF0D7: COIN
A gold Britain Crown of James I, second issue dating to 1605-6.

YORYM-2C41B1: COIN
A hammered silver penny of Edward I. The obverse inscription is in the form used by Edward I, and the reverse barred N indicates a Class 2 penny, dating to 1279-1280. [Ed.02]

YORYM-2BEA57: COIN
Probably a late 1st century AD Roman As, but in very poor condition and completely illegible on both sides.

YORYM-CA6563: BROOCH
A detached copper alloy side knob from an Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch, 16.5mm long, 8.9mm wide and 7.2mm thick. The knob can be described as 'half-round', although this example is actually about 3/4 of the full circle. It has a projection on the upper 'rounded' side and a hole underneath running throughout the length of the knob and opening in the terminal end to take the pin that fixed it to the headplate. It is decorated with a deep wide transverse goove at the attachment end, with a much smaller (narrower and shallower) parallel groove towards the terminal end. This smaller groove is only really visible in the flat underside. These half-round knobs usually date to the 6th century, but an example like this which is still more round than flat is probably earlier rather than later in the 6th century.

YORYM-F24367: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
15 fragments of corroded iron, including 2 probable nails. The other fragments unidentified. All the pieces are probably modern.

YORYM-F233B3: CONTAINER
A fragment of lead from an unidentified container of unknown date.

YORYM-F21764: VESSEL
2 fragments of modern green glass.

YORYM-F200A6: PIPE (ARCHITECTURAL)
3 fragments of modern drain pipe with a dark brown/purple glaze. The fabric is cream coloured and has coarse sandy inclusions.

YORYM-B9B112: VESSEL
A fragment of a large post-medieval yellow glaze ceramic vessel. Marks of wheel-turning visible on the piece. A thick even yellow glaze on the inside surface. The fabric is orange-pink with sandy inclusions, fairly coarse and very thick, and the curvature of the piece suggests that the original vessel was large. Probably 16th or 17th century.

YORYM-24A891: CONTAINER
34 fragments of assorted wheelmade (turn marks visible on all fragments)ceramic vessels. 1 fragment of wheel-turned Medieval green-glaze, very worn. The glaze is predominantly on the inside of the vessel, where it is dark green in colour, thick and evenly spread. On the outside the glaze is lighter, thinner and speckled. The fabric is a light yellow-pink with dark sandy inclusions. 14/15th century. 1 fragment of post-medieval yellow glaze. The glaze in on the inside of the vessel, although only a small area remains. Pink fine fabric with a few large ceramic inclusions. Probably 16/17th century. 4 fragments of post medieval brown glaze from more than one large vessel (there are 2 base sherds which don't match, and 2 rim sherds which don't match). The glaze is a thick, even dark brown on the inside of the vessels, and either not present or thinner and more uneven on the outside. The fabrics are either pink or dark red, and fine with small sandy inclusions. 16/17th century. 2 fragments of light brown glaze from a large vessel(s). Glaze is only present on the inside, where it is thick and even. Outside abraded. The fabric is yellow-pink with small sandy inclusions. Mid 17th to early 19th century. 10 fragments of modern ceramic from at least 5 vessels with very dark glassy glazes. 19th/20th century 6 fragments with a light brown speckled glaze, 3 with a yellow glaze forming a linear decoration as well. 2 rims and 1 handle. These vessels are finer, table ware rather than storage. The fabric is light pink and cream with fine sandy inclusions. 2 joining fragments of stoneware with a mid brown glaze on the outside. Also decorated outside with a band of 4 horizontal grooves, and 2 bands of impressed vertical linear marks. 19th/20th century 1 fragment of blue and white ware. 19th century 7 assorted modern fragments. 19th/20th century

YORYM-830DB2: COIN
A class 10 hammered silver long cross penny of Edward I (or possibly Edward II), 1301-1310 London mint. [Ed.10]

A worn and heavily clipped hammered silver long cross penny of Edward IV's second reign, minted by Archbishop of York Lawrence Booth 1476-1480.

YORYM-821CB5: COIN
A hammered silver three pence piece of Elizabeth I 2nd coinage 1573.

YORYM-1D4E67: COIN
A hammered silver 1/4 or 1/8 thistle merk of James VI of Scotland, 1601-4.

YORYM-1C4A51: COIN
A hammered silver half groat, minted by Parliament in 1645-6 but in the name of Charles I.

YORYM-1C1068: UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
A fragment of cast lead comprising the bottom of a decorative panel depicting a human figure standing in a Romanesque arched doorway.

YORYM-1BD6D6: BUCKLE
A cast copper alloy medieval ring buckle. Overall the buckle is 33.2mm in diameter, while the ring is 3.6mm wide and 2.9mm thick. The pin is 34.1mm long, 2.7mm thick, and 5.1mm wide at the attachment end tapering to a blunt point. The piece is roughly made and there is no evidence of decoration.

YORYM-19E1D1: COIN
A worn denarius of a deified Antoninus Pius issued by Marcus Aurelius. The silver content does not appear to be very high.

A very worn hammered silver groat of Elizabeth I, with a punched perforation near the centre for re-use.

A medieval hammered silver voided short cross cut halfpenny, class unknown, Canterbury mint. [s-c] cut halfpenny

YORYM-17F9E3: COIN
A worn hammered silver medieval half-groat of Edward IV, or maybe Edward III.

YORYM-F29FC6: COIN
A hammered silver penny of Charles 1.

YORYM-F231D7: COIN
A hammered silver sixpence of James 1, second coinage 1606.

YORYM-F1F017: COIN
A hammered silver penny, very worn so both obverse and reverse illegible.

A fragment of a hammered silver coin, probably a groat, approx 1/4 of the coin remaining. Rough edges to the breaks and uneven quartering so probably not cut for use as a smaller denomination. Remains of a perforation suggesting reuse as a pendant.

YORYM-F12F56: COIN
A heavily clipped hammered silver sixpence of Elizabeth 1.

YORYM-9EFC83: BUCKLE
A fragment of a cast copper alloy single loop buckle frame, 32.8mm long, 28.5mm wide, 4.8mm thick (where folded). The frame is a trapezoidal single loop, formed by folding a single strip under itself at the 2 corners. The frame narrow towards where the pin bar would be, but this has broken off. The front face of the frame is decorated with incised geometric pattern. Across where the pin would rest this is in the form of interlocking triangles, on the returns towards the pin bar the decoration is feathered.

YORYM-9DBDA7: COIN
A struck copper alloy Northumbrian styca. Obv: An inscription around a central cross within a circle of pellets. Outside the inscription a border of pellets. Obv Inscription (uncertain): (X or +) VRDV[]R Rev: A retograde inscription around a central cross. Outside the inscription a border of pellets. Rev Inscription (retrograde) [BRO]DER+

YORYM-9BDD27: STEELYARD
A cast copper alloy suspension hook for a Roman steelyard, 74.9mm long, 10.9mm wide and 2.2mm thick. The large circular hook (approximately 28mm diameter)has a pronounced lip at the end, a short shaft (approximately 34mm) and a large suspension loop (approximately 11mm diameter). Attached to the suspension loop is a wire ring (approximately 18-23mm in diameter), secured by twisting the 2 ends together. The is now broken near the twisted fastening. The hook has a very fine patina, the wire ring much less fine. The hook probably use to either suspend a steelyard itself, or to suspend a pan from from the steelyard.

YORYM-9B33F0: BALANCE
A cast copper alloy balance beam, 91.1mm long, 5.1mm wide, 4.7mm thick. One end is flattened out and has a perforation to suspend one of the scales. Next to this is a decorative collar. The beam is sub-rectangular in section at the end, but becomes thicker, more regular and more square along the length of the beam. There is a circular perforation through the beam with the remains of a copper alloy pin, which is probably the suspension mechanism. There is a further perforation through the beam, but the beam has broken at this point so its function is uncertain, but it may have been a folding mechanism.

YORYM-9B0EC2: BALANCE
A cast copper alloy balance arm of uncertain date, 85.0mm long, 8.5mm wide (at the suspension loop) and 4.1mm thick. The arm is circular in section and has a flattened sub-rectangular panel at one end with a perforation for suspending one of the scales. The other end is broken off before the pivot point.

A cast copper alloy Roman trumpet brooch variant, 28.0mm long, 12.9mm wide and 6.6mm thick (at the spring housing). The foot is elaborately moulded with a knob with 2 deep grooves flaring out and a collar above. Behind the foot are the remains of the catchplate which has broken off. Immediately above the collar the bow of the brooch flares out into the 2 flat 'wing' panels of a 'fly' variant brooch. These would have held enamelling in the 2 cells but this has not survived. Above the 'wings' the bow flares out in a trumpet shape to house the spring mechanism, which is still present, although the pin is missing. At the top of the head are 2 small projections, the remains of an integrally cast loop. There are patches of tinning, quite thick in places, surviving.

A cast copper alloy Roman brooch of a trumpet variant, 36.5m long, 10.1mm wide and 8.3mm thick (at the spring mechanism). The foot is a small plain moulded knob. Behind this the catchplate has broken off but was probably sub-triangular in shape originally. Above the foot the leg has 3 facets, and flares out to accommodate a stud midway along the bow instead of the usual acanthus leaf moulding. This stud has a circular mount (9.6mm diameter) with a central boss. It was probably originally enamelled but his has not survived. The circular mount sits on a square panel with rounded corners. Above the stud the bow flares out in a trumpet shape to hold the spring mechanism, which is still present although the pin is now missing. There is the remnant of a loop at the top of the head although it is also now missing.

YORYM-89AC56: BUCKLE
A copper-alloy medieval buckle plate, 28.1mm long, 20.8mm wide and 7.8mm thick. The plate is formed from a sheet sheet of copper folded over at the buckle frame end. The end away from the frame has 2 circular rivets to attach it in the corners of the front face, and the reverse has a single central attachment rivet. The frame end is narrowed to take the frame and recessed to take the pin, both of which are now missing. The reverse continues the narrowed width of 14.3mm. The front face of the plate is decorated with moulding depicting a central seated figure, with a standing figure on either side holding something towards the head of the seated figure. This may represent Christ with two angels, a formula found in Italian manuscripts (Cherry 1987). There is also the remains of gilding on the front face.

YORYM-21CF13: BROOCH
2 fragments of a copper alloy late Iron Age - Roman brooch of an Aucissa variant type. The head is 12.2mm wide and approximately 8.6mm long, and is folded over underneath itself to hold a copper alloy pin bar. There is a central notch to take the pin, which is missing, and the left part of the head has broken off at this notch but was found with the main fragment. Below the pin mechanism the head is decorated with 3 transverse parallel incised lines. There are very sharp shoulders where the head joins the bow, almost right angles. The bow is 7.9mm wide at the top narrowing to 2.4mm at the foot. It is decorated with 3 moulded grooves along its length. The foot 3.0mm wide and 2.8mm long and is a terminal knob with a collar above. The catchplate begins under the middle of the foot and extends 21.5mm along the bow. It is triangular in shape, but the actual catch part is missing, as is a small triangular notch.

YORYM-8E7C01: STRAP END
A cast copper alloy Anglo-Saxon strap end. The attachment end has the remnants of 2 rivet holes. The central panel is decorated with an engraved pattern that can be read as either geometric or as opposed animal figures. The terminal end is moulded as an animal head.

YORYM-F9BE15: BROOCH
A fragment of a cast copper-alloy early Anglo-Saxon small-long brooch, comprising the bow and part of the foot. Overall it is 39.4mm in surviving length, and it is 11.8mm wide at the top of the bow narrowing to 7.1mm at the terminal of the foot. The lowest surviving part of the foot is a flattened half-round panel 5.9mm in length, decorated with 2 parallel incised transverse lines across the middle. Above this the foot continues with a flat panel 11.1mm in length. This too is decorated with 2 incised parallel tranverse lines across the middle. Above this pair of lines the top half of the panel has a small notch on either edge. On the reverse of the flat panel of the foot is what remains of the catchplate, a semi-circular projecting flange 14.1mm in length and bent over at its furthest projection to take the pin. Above the foot is the bow, which is 23.1mm in length. This has a small flat border at either end and a long central panel with 2 angled facets. The overall curve of the bow is quite sharp. The underside of the bow is hollowed. Fifth or sixth century.

YORYM-E83B75: COIN
A struck copper alloy styca of Ethelred II of Northumbria (841-849), minted by Eardwulf.

YORYM-E694D6: BROOCH
Two joining fragments of a cast copper-alloy early Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch, broken across the lower part of the headplate. The top knob (7.2mm long by 8.3mm wide) is half-round and has a large transverse groove (2.2mm wide). There are no side knobs, nor any evidence of them having been present. The headplate is undecorated, with a flat central panel and 2 slightly lower, slightly flaring wings with rounded corners. The head is approx 19.6mm long and 47.6mm wide, and there is a projecting pin lug (7.9mm long) underneath although the pin is now missing. The bow is 20.4mm wide at the top, narrowing to 18.8mm, and 31.5mm long. It has small flat panels with transverse grooves at the top and bottom. The main part of the bow is rounded with 2 facets. The bottom of the foot has broken off, with 28.5mm in length remaining. There is a flat panel with 2 small transverse grooves about two-thirds of the way down it. To either side of this panel there is an elaborate lappet in the shape of a bird's head, 16.6mm long and projecting 6.5mm, with an eye shape at the top and a drilled perforation (2.3mm in diameter) below, around which the beak of the bird curves. Below the flat panel is a flattened half-round panel, with a large transverse groove (2.8mm wide) above a smaller groove (1.5mm wide). Immediately below this groove the rest of the foot has broken off. Underneath the flat panel of the foot is the remnant of the catchplate (15.5mm long).

YORYM-7D7406: STRAP END
A cast copper-alloy leaf-shaped strap end, 14.8mm wide at its widest (just below the attachment) and narrowing in a gentle curve to 4.2mm wide at the terminal. The two corners at the attachment end are rounded, and joined in the middle by a small, slightly projecting tongue. There is a perforation in each of these corners, approximately 2.5mm in diameter, for attachment. Below these the attachment end is decorated with a stamped semi-circle divided into three segments. The strap-end splays apart into two plates at the attachment end to take the strap; the lower plate has broken off. The terminal end is moulded into an animal head with a snout and prominent eyes. Above this there is a moulded design of a raised triangle, apex pointing towards the terminal end, with raised O-shapes on either side; this represents the animal's ears. The central panel of the upper face is engraved with an interlaced zoomorphic design, within a narrow raised border, curving inwards at the attachment end to accomodate the semi-circle, and flat across the terminal end. The underside of the fitting is undecorated.

YORYM-79DDE7: COIN
A hammered silver cut short cross halfpenny

YORYM-79A721: BUCKLE
A cast copper alloy single loop buckle frame. The loop has a straight and thick outer edge, circular in section and 5.7mm in diameter. This outer edge is ornately decorated with 5 transverse moulded grooves, the central one thicker to form a pin rest, and 2 large lobes at either end. The frame is D-shaped in section and 3.5mm thick and 2.5mm wide. The pin bar is narrowed and offset, but largely obscured by corrosion from an iron pin, which is now missing apart from the corrosion.

YORYM-790CD8: BUCKLE
A cast copper alloy buckle with a single oval loop frame and integral forked spacers. The pin is present but the plates are missing. The oval frame is 25.7mm by 18.0mm and 3.0mm thick, and has a single small projecting knop at the pin rest. The edges of the frame are bevelled, slightly on one face and deeply on the other. The spacers are approximately 19mm long, and 7mm wide at the frame end stepping down after 10mm to 2.5mm wide and narrowing to a point from there. They are 2.5mm thick and square in section. The pin is also cast copper alloy and a slightly rounded sub-rectangular shape in section, approximately 1.7mm wide and 18mm long. It is bent round the pin bar in a P-shape.

A West Brigantian S-form Brooch, prototype of the Dragonesque brooch. Copper-alloy, hollow backed design of two cornucopia joined in the centre by their mouths.

An S-shaped, cast copper-alloy, Dragonesque type brooch. The foot is missing. There is no surviving enamel in the cells. The head is joined at the chin to the body to restrain the now missing pin. The plain back is slightly recessed.

YORYM-580ED2: BROOCH
An S-shaped cast copper-alloy Dragonesque brooch with remains of a broken pin. The cells of the body contain enamel, with yellow in the centre and blue and red on either side. The head is joined to the body at the chin to restrain the pin.

YORYM-E8B076: BROOCH
A cast copper alloy brooch in the shape of a running horse. There are 3 shallow cells probably for enamel on the body of the horse although no enamel remains. On the reverse there is the remains of a broken catchplate and 2 lugs to hold a pin/spring mechanism.

YORYM-E67702: AXEHEAD
A fragment of a polished stone axe head of Group 6 with characteristic faceted edges.

YORYM-E61D90: BROOCH
A cast copper alloy trumpet brooch with a D-shaped section. The head is trumpet shaped and covers the spring, and has an oval suspension loop with curvilinear moulding above it. The bow has prominent acanthus leaf moulding in the middle and moulded collars with vertical ribs on either side. The leg is triangular shaped and has a cylindrical ribbed foot with a flat bottom and globular moulding. The catchplate is solid and sub-traingular in shape. There is a copper alloy pin present which is bent. The surface of the brooch has been tinned.

YORYM-C260C6: BROOCH
A cast copper alloy D-shaped brooch with a suspension loop. The foot is cylindrical with liner incisions around the circumference and collars above and below. The foot has a domed base with a central globular moulding. The bow is arched and rectangular in section. The head is formed of 2 semi-cylindrical highly decorated wings with double collars and incised horizantal lines. Above the head there is a stepped moulding with 2 horizaontal incised lines and then there is a suspension loop. The catch plate is solid and although it has broken off was probably sub triangular and ran alon 80% of the bow. The pin is missing but the remains of the iron axis bar are present.

YORYM-C16176: BEAD
A white oval stone with a central hole.

YORYM-C13D01: BUCKLE
A cast copper alloy buckle plate with the frame and pin missing. The attachment end has a single central attachment hole. The buckle end is bent over to hold the pin bar of the frame. The plate is recessed at the corners for the frame and notched for the pin. The front face of the plate is decorated with a shield with a chequered design and has the remains of gilding. The shield is oreiented along the plate with the shield point at the frame end.

YORYM-C0FFC3: BOOK FITTING
A cast copper alloy book clasp. The overall shape is rectangular but the attachment end flares out at the very end. The attachment end has a single central attachment hole. The clasp end is bent over to form the clasp (which is broken off). The main face is decorated with a geometric design of stamped triangles and diamonds.

YORYM-C0DF17: HASP
A cast copper alloy hasp. A flat piece with an uneven surface, one end with linear engraved decoration. There is a protuding tang with a rectangular section and a long linear hole through it. The tang ends in a loop with a circular perforation.

YORYM-C0C077: PILGRIM BADGE
Possible pilgrim badge. A cast lead alloy curved slightly trapezoidal plate. On the front there is a raised impression of a crowned head face on. The reverse has a substantial lug (11.6mm long by 0.6mm wide) with a small circular perforation.

YORYM-C09E61: HARNESS PENDANT
A flat copper alloy pendant with 3 leaf-shaped extensions. In the centre of the pendant are 6 engraved concentric circles. The attachment plate is rectangular and is bent forward at the top to form a loop with a triangular point.

YORYM-C3F467: STRAP END
A cast copper alloy strap end. Dimensions: 41.1mm long, 8.5mm wide, 1.7mm thick The terminal end is a zoomorphic head, with a face above it. The central panel is decorated with a geometric design around 2 opposed faces. The attachment end is flat and has broken off, with only the remnants of 2 rivet holes.

YORYM-1ABBC1: BROOCH
Two joining fragments of a cast copper alloy Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch. The fragments comprise most of the head, the bow and some of the foot. The break in the 2 fragments probably ocurred recently rether than in antiquity, and runs across the head just above the bow. The break in the foot probably ocurred in antiquity, and runs across a decorated half-round panel, meaning that the zoomorphic (horse head) terminal is missing. The surviving head has an integrally cast half-round top knob, 6.1mm thick, 14.6mm across at the base and 12.0mm long. This has a 2.6mm wide central groove with 2 incised lines beneath it. The 2 side knobs are missing. The head has a square central panel approx 22mm wide and 22mm long, with flaring wings each approximately 14mm wide and maybe 26mm long (the bottom of one wing is missing, and the other is damaged). The face of the head panels is corroded and damaged, but does not seem to have any decoration. Behind the head is a projection (approx 13mm long by 10mm high by 4mm wide) for the pin and spring, which are missing. The bow is 31.7 mm long, narrowing from 20.4mm wide at the top to 17.4mm at the bottom. It consistis of a gentle curve with facets and a concave rear, and a small flat panel at either end each decorated with tranverse incised lines. There is 28.0mm of the foot surviving, narrowing from 17.4mm wide at the top to 10.8mm wide at the bottom. There is a flat panel (16.7mm long) with 2 side lappets, and a half-round panel. The lappets are approx 11mm long and project 6.6mm. They are zoomorphic with an eye? at the top and a hole through the lappet below (2.7mm diameter). There are 2 incised lines running transversely across the flat panel approx 2/3 way down from the bow. The half-round panel has 2 grooves, one 2.5mm wide and below it another 1.3mm wide. The zoomorphic termional at the end of the foot is broken off. On the rear of the foot, behind the flat panel is the remains of the catchplate (15.7mm long, projecting 8mm and 2-3mm thick). This is broken off (old break) where it would have been bent over to take the pin.

A struck base silver styca of Eanred of Northumbria. Obv: EANRED REX + around a circle containing a pellet Rev: VILHEAH + around a circle containing a pellet

Struck copper alloy styca of Ethelred II of Northumbria. Obv: EDILRED REX + around circle containing cross Rev: EARDVVLF + around circle containing ?pellets?

YORYM-034FB6: BROOCH
Fragment of a cast copper alloy Anglo-Saxon small long brooch. The 39.4mm long fragment is the foot and bow, the head is missing. It has a maximun width of 11.6mm at the top of the bow and a minimum width of 7.2mm at the foot. The break is not fresh. The foot ends in an integrally cast 6mm long half round terminal knob. This knob is decorated with 2 central transverse parallel incised lines. The main flat panel of the foot is 10.6mm long and is also decorated with 2 central transverse parallel incised lines. The rear of the foot panel has the remains of the catchplate. This is 14.0mm long and extends 6.0mm out from the foot. It is roughly hemispherical, and bent over to form the catch, but very worn at the end. The bow is 22.8mm long and has a large central panel of 2 angled facets, with a concave reverse. There are small flat panels to the top and bottom of the bow. The head and the pin are missing.

YORYMB1987: COIN
Plated Denarius hybrid. Obverse is that of Caracalla, the reverse is undetermined.

YORYMB1988: COIN
Denarius of Severus Alexander.

YORYMB1989: COIN
Radiate of Gallienus (sole reign).

AE3 of Valens

AE4 contemporary copy of House of Constantine

AE4 of House of Constantine

AE4 Contemporary copy/forgeries, over-struck on official coins.

YORYMB1985: BROOCH
Trumpet brooch variant, in the form of a fly ('Fly brooch'). Fly consists of three enamelled cells, wings were blue and body was red. Pin is incomplete.

Radiate of Gallienus (sole reign).

Contemporary copy, Gallic Radiate of Tetricus I.

AE4 of Constantinopolis

Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantius Gallus.

Reduced Nummus of House of Constantine

AE4 of House of Constantine.

AE3 of House of Valentinian.

AE4 of House of Theodosius.

AE3

AE4

AE3 of Valentinian

AE4 of Constans

AE4 'constantinopolis' issue.

AE4 of Constantine II

AE4 'Urbs Roma' issue.

AE4 of Constantius II

AE4 contemporary copy of Constantius II

Reduced Nummus of Constantius II

AE2 of Magnentius

Radiate of Carausius.

Denarius of Antoninus Pius.

Siliqua of Honorius (393-423), VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Milan, 395-402. RIC X 1228. Without an image it is not possible to know whether this coin is clipped. The light weight suggests that it has been.

Siliqua of Theodosius I (AD 379-95), VRBS ROMA, Lyons, AD 388-94. RIC IX 43. Without an image it is not possible to know if the coin is clipped.

Denarius of Trajan.

Denarius of Hadrian.

Denarius of Lucilla dating to the period AD 164 to 169. DIANA LVCIFERA reverse. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 274, no. 762.

Radiate of Gordian III.

Roman radiate of Salonina

Reduced Nummus of Constantine I.

Siliqua of Valentinian II (375-92), VICTORIA AVGGG, Trier, AD 375-8/83. RIC IX 43/57a. Without an image it is not possible to determine whether the coin is clipped.

Radiate of Saloninus.

Radiate of Claudius II Gothicus.

Reduced Nummus of Crispus.

Reduced Nummus of Constantine II.

Siliqua of Constantius II (337-61), VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory left (apparently with two wings), Lyons, 360-1. RIC VIII 210. The diameter suggests the coin is unclipped, but without an image it is not possible to know for certain.

Denarius of Septimius Severus.

Denarius of Geta.

Denarius of Nero.

Denarius of Caracalla.

AE 4 of Theodora

Reduced 'Nummus' of Crispus.

Reduced 'Nummus' of Constantine II

Roman copper alloy reduced 'Q-Radiate' of Allectus.

AE4 of Theodora.

Gallic Radiate.

Radiate of Gallienus (sole reign)

Radiate of Claudius II Gothicus

Sestertius of Commodus.

Denarius of Balbinus (238), P M TR P COS II P P, Felicitas standing left, Rome. RIC IV, pt 2, no. 6. It is interesting to note that this is one of two denarii of Balbinus found in the parish of Hayton - YORYM-8C15D2.

AE4 of the Hse of Constantine.

AE4 of Hse of Constantine

AE4 of Constantinopolis.

AE4 contemporary copy of Constantinopolis.

AE4 of Urbs Roma.

AE3 of Hse of Valentinian.

AE4 Illegible.

AE4 of Constantine II.

AE4 of Constantius II.

AE2 of Constantius II.

AE4 contemporary copy of Constantius II.

Reduced 'Follis' of Hse of Constantine.

AE2 of Magnentius or Decentius.

Contemporary copy of Gallic Radiate of Tetricus II.

Contemporary copy of Gallic Radiate.

Gallic Radiate. Illegible.

Roman copper alloy radiate of Allectus.

Reduced 'Q-Radiate' of Allectus.

'Follis' of Constantine I.

Contemporary forgery of Denarius of Septimius Severus.

Dupondius of Domitian.

Reduced 'Follis' of Constantine II.

AE4 of Constantine I.

AE4 of Vrbs Roma.

Gallic Radiate of Tetricus II.

Roman Republican silver denarius of Mark Antony, 32-31 BC. Mint moving with Mark Antony.

Illegible Roman silver denarius.

Follis of Constantine I.

Reduced Follis of Constantine I.

AE4 of Helena.

Radiate of Claudius II.

Silver radiate of Otacilia Severa (AD 244-9), dating to AD 246-8 (Reece Period 12), CONCORDIA AVGG, Concordia seated left (details not given). Mint of Rome. RIC IV, pt 3, p. 83, cf. nos. 125c / 126.

Copper alloy nummus of Diocletian (AD 284-305), GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p. 181, no. 170a.

A base silver argenteus(?) of Maximinus II Daia (AD 305-313), dating to the period c.AD 310-313 (Reece period 15). SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse type depicting Sol standing facing, head left, in quadriga, holding globe and whip. Mint of Trier. cf. RIC VI, p. 224, no. 826.

Gallic Radiate of Victorinus.

Contemporary copy of a Gallic Radiate of Tetricus I.

Contemporary copy of Gallic Radiate of TETRICVS II.

Gallic Radiate of TETRICVS II.