Record ID: HAMP-12CCF2
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An complete and possibly defaced early medieval silver penny of Offa of Mercia (757-96), Substantive Light Coinage, 'Profile/Cross of lobes' type (North 296; Chick 24) dating to c.AD784/5-92/3, moneyer: Dud(da), mint: London. Refs: North 1994: p.87; Chick 2010: pl. 4; Naismith 2017: p.134, table 9.  The coin is slightly bent and the obverse field shows numerous straight scratches across the portrait focusing on the area of the face. These appear to be deliberate suggesting that the coin has been defaced. Obverse OFFA REX. Bust Cc  draped with diadem, one &…
Created on: Friday 12th January 2024
Last updated: Tuesday 19th March 2024
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-149F33
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An incomplete early medieval silver penny of Coenwulf of Mercia (796-821), portrait type (North 345; Naismith L20.4) dating to c.AD805-23, moneyer: Ceolhard ([ ]LhEA[ ]), mint: London. Ref: North 1994: 94; Naismith: pl. 3, 12-13.   The coin is incomplete, broken along irregular fractures to leave the centre of othe obverse and reverse with one part of the outer edge remaining, encompassing the rest of the bust with a little of the inscription either side. One fracture line follows the beaded border above the portrait head - a known weak point on coinage of this date - a…
Created on: Wednesday 27th July 2022
Last updated: Tuesday 2nd August 2022
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-760798
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A silver early medieval early penny (Sceat), of primary Series R1-2 (primary), dating to the period AD 710-765. Obverse: Radiate bust with pyramid neck right with runic inscription EPA. Reverse: Degenerate beaded standard enclosing TOT II with curved tufa containing a trefoil of pellets and cross pattee below.
Created on: Monday 13th June 2022
Last updated: Monday 25th March 2024
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-1983FB
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A complete early medieval silver penny of Eadgar (959-75), 'reform portrait' coinage (North752; BMC vi) dating to c AD 972/3-975, moneyer: Byrhtric, mint: Lympne. Ref: North 1994: 149-50.
Created on: Monday 27th September 2021
Last updated: Tuesday 5th October 2021
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Winnall', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-A4A672
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early medieval Merovingian gold tremissis of Dronrijp type (probably Pol Series IV Class 2; Boeles D; MEC 519-20; Prou 1240), probably minted in Austrasia or Frisia (modern Low Countries) and dating to the early/mid 7th century, c.620-40. Refs: Pol 2008; Grierson and Blackburn 1986: 135-8, pl. 25 nos 519-20. Obverse: bust, left; Reverse: Cross on horizontal base with pellet below, L U either side. Pseudo-legends.
Created on: Thursday 9th September 2021
Last updated: Tuesday 5th October 2021
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-B8741C
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A complete Early-Medieval silver penny of Æthelred II (978-1016), Helmet type, dating to AD 1003-1009, moneyer: Cniht / Cnit, mint: Cambridge (North 775). Ref: North 1994: 159.
Created on: Sunday 29th August 2021
Last updated: Thursday 6th January 2022
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-940EE0
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) silver halfpenny of Edward the Elder (899-924), Horizontal/Two-Line type (HT1; North 650), moneyer: Wulfheard, mint: Wessex (Winchester?). Ref: North 1994: 127. The coin is slightly bent but otherwise complete. Obverse: small cross pattee, EADVVEARD Rxx Reverse: moneyer's name in two lines divided by a row of three crosses, VVIII/+++/HARD As BMC ii, North 650, moneyer as North 649.
Created on: Friday 16th April 2021
Last updated: Tuesday 26th April 2022
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-D93DA7
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early medieval (Anglo-Saxon) silver penny of Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury (AD 805-832), Group IV anonymous coinage dating to c AD 822-3 (North 238; Naismith C57), moneyer: Luning, mint: Canterbury. Refs: North 1994: 78; Naismith 2011: plate 32. Obverse: tonsured bust facing, + LVNING MONETA. Reverse: + DOROBERNIA CIVITAS in five lines. . As North 238.
Created on: Thursday 2nd July 2020
Last updated: Wednesday 2nd February 2022
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-674883
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of Primary Phase Series E, variety G3 dating c. AD 700-20. Ref: Gannon 2013: 110, plate 15 nos 352-3, plate 16 nos 354-7. Obverse: 'Quilled crescent' or zoomorphic insect-like motif coiled right, two pellet eyes enclosed within triangular head. Vertical rib joins head and end of coil to give a crescent-shaped internal body. Extending from this are a pair of right-angled rib legs with pellet joints. Reverse: Beaded standard with central ring-and-dot motif flanked by a vertical rib on two opposing sides (these terminating in a pellet at either end). A…
Created on: Thursday 23rd May 2019
Last updated: Tuesday 18th June 2019
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-F3580C
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A early-medieval silver-washed or silver-plated copper-alloy sceat of Series E, struck on a roughly hexagonal flan. The coin is an imitation of the Primary Phase Variety G, probably dating to the Secondary Phase, c. AD720-40, belonging to a group of imitations with long 'beaks' at an acute angle compared to the curved central line. Ref: Metcalf and Op den Velde 2009-2010, 32, cf nos 564-5. Obverse: [Quilled] crescent coiled right, pellet eye enclosed within triangular head. Reverse: Nested beaded standards (two) with central ring-and-dot motif; a cross extends from one corner of t…
Created on: Tuesday 23rd April 2019
Last updated: Tuesday 11th June 2019
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-687408
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: East Sussex
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver penny of Edward the Confessor (1042-66), 'small flan' type (North 818; BMC ii; Hild. B) dating to 1048-50, moneyer: Wulfsige (PVLSI), mint: London. Reference: North 1994: 179; cf. Naismith 2017 (MEC 8) no. 2146.
Created on: Monday 11th March 2019
Last updated: Friday 15th March 2019
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Westmeston', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-C43AAC
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Wiltshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) silver early penny (sceat) of Primary Series BIIIa dating to c. AD 700-10. Ref: Gannon 2013: 101-2, pl. 5 nos 110-3, pl. 6 no. 114. The coin is off-struck to both obverse and reverse.
Created on: Thursday 7th February 2019
Last updated: Friday 8th March 2019
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-B5C395
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver penny of Cuthred, King of Kent (798-807), cross-and-wedges phase (c.AD805-7; Naismith C33.1var; North 211), moneyer: Sigeberht, mint: Canterbury. Reference: Naismith 2011: 77-8.
Created on: Monday 9th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 13th February 2019
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-38D124
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Wiltshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval gold tremissis of the Merovingian 'National Coinage' (c.580-670), mint: Canac, Rodez (France; Belfort 1382; Prou 1903). Refs: Belfort 1892: 387; Prou 1982: 393. Die axis = 2
Created on: Tuesday 3rd April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 20th November 2019
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-BDE8F9
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Buckinghamshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of an eclectic Secondary Phase group related to Series K and Series L (Gannon group e; Type 12/34, now type 106). Ref: Gannon 2013: plate 24, no 553. Obverse: Cowled figure standing facing with square shoulders, cross-hatched tabard and holding long cross either side, all within crescent boat. Reverse: Pellet cross on void Celtic cross encompassing four rosettes.
Created on: Friday 16th March 2018
Last updated: Sunday 5th July 2020
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Oving', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-E14DF7
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of Secondary Phase 'rampant animal type' (BMC Type 40), dating c.720-40. Ref: Gannon 2013: 127. obverse: figure facing wearing long tunic, a long cross pommée to either side, pellets in field.; reverse: backward-looking animal, left, with 'quilled' body, and forelimb raised above head.
Created on: Thursday 4th January 2018
Last updated: Friday 19th January 2018
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Penton Grafton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-7622E9
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver Hiberno-Norse cut farthing of Sihtric III Silkbeard, King of Dublin (989-1036), Woods' group B, mint: probably Dublin, moneyer: probably Faeremin, dating to c.995-c.1005. Ref: Spink 2003: 111; Naismith 2017, 328-34. Estimated diameter of original penny c.18mm. Note: the coins belongs to Spink's Phase I Long Cross (Spink S613) but this is now superceded by Woods work as cited in Naismith 2017.
Created on: Wednesday 18th October 2017
Last updated: Wednesday 20th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-787019
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of Series X (type 31), dating to AD 710-760 (or later). Probably minted at Ribe (Denmark) as opposed to an English imitation although the reverse beast lacks the usually seen drooping crest behind the head. Ref: Metcalf 1993: 279-80. Reference: Abramson X120 (obverse), to the reverse the tail is not forked, has a single pellet below the head and a single pellet before it.
Created on: Thursday 13th July 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 18th July 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-A6D7BF
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Oxfordshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceatta of Secondary Phase Series E (Variety C-related, sub-variety g), dating c.720-40, probably minted in the Netherlands. Ref: Metcalf and Op den Velde 2009: 49. Obverse: Quilled crescent coiled right, pellet head enclosing three bars, cross pommée and chevron. Reverse: Beaded standard with V X .V. .I. in the angles, around central annulet. Possibly a blundered form of TOTII or VIC.
Created on: Wednesday 21st June 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 27th June 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-805138
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: West Sussex
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of Primary Phase Series C2 (c.AD700-10; rounded chin variety), mint: probably Kent. Ref: Gannon 2013, pl. 6, nos 123-7).
Created on: Thursday 2nd March 2017
Last updated: Monday 6th March 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Parham', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-A55756
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval Merovingian silver denier dating c.720-750 the obverse copying a Secondary Phase sceat of Series O (bmc type 38), the reverse showing a Parisian cross ancrée; mint unknown but probably from Northern Francia or Frisia (cf. MEC631 which shows same design although obverse bird is walking left rather than right). Obverse: Bird with long beak (?curlew) and forked tail, walking right, pellet above and below neck; in tapering torc ending with large pellet, surrounded by elaborate borders, within pellet border. Reverse: Parisian cross ancrée, with pellets; within pelle…
Created on: Friday 21st October 2016
Last updated: Thursday 3rd November 2016
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Houghton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-822403
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval penny of Aethelstan I of East Anglia (825-45), portrait issue (dating to c.827; Naismith E31.2; North 436), minted in East Anglia, probably at Ipswich, moneyer: Monna. Ref: Naismith 2011; North 1994. MONN MONETA reverse around star of eight rays with pellets between. Obverse legend begins at 7 o'clock.
Created on: Thursday 3rd March 2016
Last updated: Monday 28th November 2016
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Chilbolton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-8B9F0D
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver penny of Aethelred II (978-1016), 'crux' type (991-97; North 770), mint: Totnes, moneyer: Aelfstan. Bust type North p.161 fig. 2 'normal type'. Reference: North 1994: 159-61
Created on: Tuesday 3rd November 2015
Last updated: Wednesday 4th November 2015
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-EA3A20
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver penny of Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury (805-32), Group III 'regular monogram' type (815-23; North 240/1; Naismith C47.2). Minted by the moneyer Swefherd at Canterbury. Reference: North 1994: 78; Naismith 2011. The flan is incomplete and a section of the edge is missing between 12 and 2 o'clock on the obverse.
Created on: Friday 2nd October 2015
Last updated: Thursday 8th October 2015
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Overton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-3F556A
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Greater London Authority
Workflow stage: Published
An incomplete Early-Medieval penny of Offa of Merica (757-96), of the 'Light Issue' (c.765-92; Chick 123), minted at Canterbury by Heaberht. Ref: Chick 2010. The coin belongs to Chick's type 123 with the reverse inscription matching that seen on Chick 123d.
Created on: Wednesday 1st July 2015
Last updated: Thursday 30th July 2015
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-162F22
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A corroded Early-Medieval silvered copper-alloy sceat of Secondary Phase Series E. The coin is worn and appears to be plated on a base metal core and can be considered a contemporary imitation/forgery. Stylistically it does not copy any particular variety closely but does imitate the general design of the series (Secondary Phase types are notoriously diverse). Series E are mostly from the Rhine area or Frisia, but a forgery such as this may equally derive from England or elsewhere on the North Sea coast. Date: c.720-c.760.
Created on: Monday 29th June 2015
Last updated: Tuesday 30th June 2015
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Odiham', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-1716F0
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Oxfordshire
Workflow stage: Published
A late Early-Medieval (Anglo Saxon) penny of Edward the Martyr (AD 975-8); 'small cross' type (North 763); moneyer: Seaxbeorht (Sehxbyryht); mint: Lewes. Ref: North 1994: 157-8. The coin shows slightly odd wear patterns with the bust on the obverse and a small patch of the inscription very worn in comparison to the rest of the coin, with the wear in the inscription mirrored with similar wear on the reverse.
Created on: Thursday 12th March 2015
Last updated: Thursday 19th May 2016
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Cassington', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-8126E6
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Buckinghamshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval (Anglo-Saxon) silver sceat of Primary Series BIa/c (Metcalf 1993: 97). It measures 11.26mm in diameter, weighs 1.13g, has a die axis of 6 and is virtually unworn. Obverse: Pearl diademed head with crescent ear and angular nose right, within beaded border Reverse: Bird on cross, annulets at either end of the cross bar, all within a beaded border.
Created on: Monday 22nd December 2014
Last updated: Thursday 8th January 2015
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Ivinghoe', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-6895C5
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early-medieval silver sceat of Secondary Phase Series E, probably related to Metcalf Variety C (Metcalf and Op den Velde 2009, 47-51). It was probably minted in the Netherlands although it may be an English imitation. Date: c.720-40. Obverse: Quilled crescent with triangular head enclosing pellet; Cross, bar and annulet before. Reverse: Degenerate bead-and-line standard containing opposing right angles, saltire, three pellets and central annulet. This coin was found in close proximity to HAMP-E26233, and is therefore to be considered as a dispersed hoard of at least two coins.
Created on: Thursday 9th October 2014
Last updated: Tuesday 4th October 2016
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Alton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-73ADA0
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Wiltshire
Workflow stage: Published
A silver Early-Medieval penny of Cynethrith (wife of Offa), dating to the period 757-796. Moneyer: Eoba. These coins were struck during the period of Offa's light coinage. Reference: North 340.
Created on: Thursday 28th November 2013
Last updated: Friday 29th November 2013
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Coombe Bissett', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-BCE732
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An Early Medieval silver penny of Edward the Confessor (1042-66); 'radiate/ small cross' type (1044-46; North 816); moneyer: Leofing (LIFINCC); mint: Winchester (PINCE). The coin is now in two pieces.
Created on: Friday 2nd August 2013
Last updated: Tuesday 17th September 2013
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Kimpton', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-8D55A3
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An Early-Medieval silver penny of Offa of Mercia (757-96); Light Coinage (c.765-92); moneyer: Withnoth; mint: London; new variety related to Chick 76. Measures 16.38mm in diameter and weighs 0.99g. The flan is rather jagged. Obverse: OFFA REX in two lines divided by a beaded bar with fleurs at each end. Various pellets around and within letters. Reverse: UI/N/O/d (O lozenge-shaped; d=theta) in the angles of a lozenge-cross fleury (single fleurs). In the centre is a lozenge containing four pellets arranged in a cross shape.
Created on: Tuesday 7th May 2013
Last updated: Monday 10th June 2013
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Whitchurch', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-354576
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An 8th-century silver early-medieval sceat of the secondary phase, Series N, type 41b, struck in southeast England (c. 715 - c. 720 AD; cf. Abramson 2006, 40, 83)
Created on: Thursday 21st June 2012
Last updated: Tuesday 3rd July 2012
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Hurstbourne Priors CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-C4B478
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A 10th-century silver early-medieval penny of Eadgar (959-975 AD), circumscription cross type, struck at Winchester by Leofric (pre-reform phase, 959 - c. 973 AD; North 749 var.; EMC 2012.0123). This coin has been bent upwards at around 2 o'clock on the obverse. Leofric is a new Winchester moneyer for the circumscription cross type.
Created on: Friday 23rd March 2012
Last updated: Friday 15th March 2013
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-732481
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Buckinghamshire
Workflow stage: Published
A slightly worn 8th-century probably base silver early-medieval secondary sceat of Series M, uncertain sub type, uncertain English mint (c. 720 - c. 725 AD; cf. EMC 1020.0364 = Mack 1973, ref. 364 for unusual obverse). This coin has some patches of green copper-alloy corrosion product on both surfaces suggesting that the silver is debased.
Created on: Monday 19th March 2012
Last updated: Tuesday 3rd July 2012
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Buckingham CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-E26233
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early medieval silver sceat of Secondary Phase Series G (type 3a), possibly minted at Quentovic (France), and dating c.710-c.725. Metcalf 1993, p.270-4.
Created on: Tuesday 7th December 2010
Last updated: Tuesday 21st October 2014
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-4647A3
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
An early medieval silver sceat of Series BIIIa (Type 27a; Abramson 2006, 113; Metcalf 156), dating to early in the Secondary Phase, c.710-25. This coin has suffered a small loss at its circumference.
Created on: Wednesday 7th July 2010
Last updated: Wednesday 30th March 2011
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-D25164
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A early 8th-century silver early-medieval sceatta of (Continental) Series D (type 8; North 50; Abramson 2006, 118)
Created on: Monday 8th June 2009
Last updated: Thursday 24th February 2011
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: HAMP-0AFEA1
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A worn early 8th-century silver early-medieval sceatta of Series W, type 54 (North 148; Abramson 2006, 110)
Created on: Friday 16th January 2009
Last updated: Thursday 24th February 2011
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Penton Mewsey CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: HAMP-4DE477
Object type: COIN
Broad period: EARLY MEDIEVAL
County: Hampshire
Workflow stage: Published
A slightly worn and corroded 8th-century silver early-medieval sceatta of Series H, type 49 var., struck in Hamwic (modern-day Southampton) (North 103 var.; Abramson 2006, 54-55; EMC 2008.0388) This coin is closest to variety 1a of Type 49, described as an 'early variant' (Andrews ed. 1988, 41; refs. 35-37) but features a pecking bird in the centre of the reverse within nine roundels instead of a 'Woden' head within ten.
Created on: Wednesday 7th January 2009
Last updated: Thursday 24th February 2011
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Wonston CP', grid reference and parish protected.