{ "meta": { "currentPage": 1, "totalResults": 51, "resultsPerPage": 20 }, "results": [ { "subperiodTo": "Late", "reason": 6, "county": "Lancashire", "countyType": "County", "manufactureTerm": "Cast", "periodToName": "EARLY MEDIEVAL", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Late", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "6505465489_dccdd9e78c_o.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2011, "gridSource": "From a paper map", "secondaryMaterial": 9, "subsequentAction": "23", "parishID": 4968, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "secondaryMaterialBM": 11094, "TID": "2011T569", "broadperiodEH": "EM", "notes": "\n87. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of flattened ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 20.3mm; width, 12.1mm; thickness, 6.4mm (max); weight, 9.7g. Testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n\n88. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, length, 20.9mm; width, 11.9mm; thickness, 6.9mm; weight, 10.6g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n89. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of sub-square section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, 23.3mm (max); width, 8.8mm; weight, 9.3g. Testing nicks on two angles.\n\n\n\n90. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of round section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 20.8mm; width, 7.2mm; weight, 6.9g. Testing nick on one side.\n\n\n\n91. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, 17.1mm; width, 12.4mm; thickness, 9.4mm; weight, 12.6g.\n\n\n\n92. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 16.8mm; width, 10.5mm; weight, 6.9g. Two testing nicks on opposite angles.\n\n\n\n93. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 19.2mm; width, 10.1mm; weight, 8.8g. Two testing nicks on one angle and one on the cut end.\n\n\n\n94. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded triangular section, pointed at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 20.3mm (max); width, 9.8mm; weight, 6.3g. Four testing nicks on one angle and three or four on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n95. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 17.1mm; width, 10.1mm; weight, 5.4g.\n\n\n\n96. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 13.5mm; width, 12.7mm; thickness, 8.5mm; weight, 9.1g.\n\n\n\n97. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, 17.9mm (max); width, 8.9mm; weight, 6.2g. Two testing nicks on one angle.\n\n\n\n98. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 18.2mm (max); width, 8.4mm; weight, 5.3g. Two testing nicks on one angle and a small lump on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n99. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 14.6mm; width, 7.8mm; weight, 4.3g. Two testing nicks on one side and one or two on the other.\n\n\n\n100. Terminal of ingot of trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 13.0mm; width, 9.5mm; weight, 5.7g.\n\n\n\n101. Terminal of ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 11.8mm; width, 10.4mm; weight, 5.3g.\n\n\n\n102. Terminal of ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 12.9mm; width, 10.5mm; weight, 5.1g.\n\n\n\n103. Terminal of ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 11.8mm; width, 9.7mm; weight, 4.3g.\n\n\n\n104. Terminal of ingot of sub-rectangular section, flattened at one end and roughly cut across the other, with a crease in one side; hacksilver; length, 12.5mm (max); width, 11.4mm (max); weight, 5.6g.\n\n\n\n105. Terminal of ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut in half lengthwise, but originally rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 17.9mm; width, 8.6mm; weight, 7.0g. Testing nick on one angle and another on the inside edge.\n\n\n\n106. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, flat at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, 22.9mm (max); width, 9.0mm (max); weight, 14.2g.\n\n\n\n107. Terminal of ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 13.7mm (max); width, 11.3mm; weight, 5.5g. Testing nick on one side and possibly another on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n108. Terminal of ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 13.9mm; width, 8.8mm; weight, 4.1g. Putative testing nick on one side.\n\n\n\n109. Terminal of ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 10.0mm; width, 10.5mm; weight, 3.0g.\n\n\n\n110. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 13.5mm (max); width, 11.9mm; thickness, 8.3mm; weight, 8.3g. Putative testing nick on one end and one or two on one angle.\n\n\n\n111. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 11.8mm (max); width, 12.1mm; weight, 5.9g. One or two testing nicks on one edge.\n\n\n\n112. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 9.9mm; width, 9.2mm; weight, 4.2g.\n\n\n\n113. Terminal of ingot of sub-rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 10.0mm (approx); width, 8.2mm; weight, 2.6g.\n\n\n\n114. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 28.2mm; width, 14.3mm; thickness, 9.9mm; weight, 28.4g. Three or four testing nicks on one angle and one or two on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n115. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of sub-square section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 32.3mm (max); width, 9.3mm; thickness, 10.6mm; weight, 22.8g. Three or four deep cuts across one end; four testing nicks on one angle, two on the one opposite, three on the third angle and three or four on the fourth.\n\n\n\n116. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 27.8mm (max); width, 9.5mm; thickness, 9.4mm; weight, 15.9g. Putative testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n117. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 25.2mm; width, 11.0mm (max); thickness, 7.0mm; weight 12.8g. Two testing nicks on one angle and one deep one on the opposite side.\n\n\n\n118. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of flattened ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 28.8mm; width, 13.0mm; thickness, 5.6mm; weight, 14.8g. Crack and group of five testing nicks on one side; three nicks on the opposite side.\n\n\n\n119. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of flattened ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 29.4mm; width, 12.8mm; thickness, 5.7mm (approx); weight, 15.0g. Three or more testing nicks on one side and one or two on the other.\n\n\n\n120. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 22.1mm (max); width, 13.4mm; thickness, 7.4mm; weight, 16.1g. Group of four testing nicks on one angle, one on the one opposite, possibly more on the other two angles and one on one end.\n\n\n\n121. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded triangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 20.0mm; width, 12.2mm (max); thickness, 7.1mm (max); weight, 10.9g. Two testing nicks on apex.\n\n\n\n122. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 20.0mm (max); width, 11.4mm; thickness, 6.3mm; weight, 10.1g. Testing nick on one angle, two on the one opposite, two on one side and one on the adjacent angle; also two light cuts across one end.\n\n\n\n123. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut roughly across both ends; hacksilver; length, 22.5mm (max); width, 10.7mm; thickness, 6.2mm; weight, 10.3g. Crack and testing nick on one angle, two on the one opposite, one on the side and one on the adjacent angle.\n\n\n\n124. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 20.0mm; width, 11.4mm (max); thickness, 6.0mm; weight, 11.0g. Two or three shallow transverse cuts near one end; one or two testing nicks on one angle and two on the one diagonally opposite.\n\n\n\n125. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.4mm (max); width, 12.3mm; thickness, 7.8mm; weight, 10.9g. Two testing nicks on one angle and possibly one on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n126. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 20.6mm (max); width, 11.8mm; thickness, 8.9mm (max); weight, 14.7g. Testing nick and hammered on one end and a group of four or five nicks on one angle, with five or six on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n127. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of high arched section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 18.1mm; width, 14.0mm; thickness, 12.4mm; weight, 22.5g. A cut across the top at one end, four testing nicks on one angle, at least two on the one opposite and two on one end.\n\n\n\n128. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, cut obliquely at one end and cut and broken at the other; hacksilver; length, 23.1mm (max); width, 15.9mm (max); thickness, 10.8mm; weight, 25.0g. Seven or eight testing nicks on one angle and four or five on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n129. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of almost square section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 14.8mm (max); width, 11.4mm; thickness, 11.8mm; weight, 13.8g. Crease along top and a crack across it; two testing nicks on one angle and one on the one diagonally opposite.\n\n\n\n130. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, cut and broken across both ends (?); hacksilver; length, 13.0 (max); width, 16.1mm; thickness, 9.7mm (approx); weight, 12.8g. Deep cut across one end; testing nick on one angle, one on one end and possibly also on the other.\n\n\n\n131. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of sub-trapezoidal section, cut obliquely across both ends; hacksilver; length, 22.3mm (max); width, 11.6mm; thickness, 10.2mm; weight, 14.3g. Two slight furrows along one face and testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n132. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of roughly triangular section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 18.1mm (max); width, 14.0mm; thickness, 9.3mm (max); weight, 13.2g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n133. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 16.8mm (max); width, 13.3mm; thickness, 8.0mm (max); weight, 11.1g. A deep cut and two fine ones across top; testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n134. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-rectangular section, cut obliquely at one end and roughly at two intersecting angles at the other; hacksilver; length, 16.6mm (max); width, 17.6mm; thickness, 8.2mm; weight, 12.4g. Two testing nicks on one angle and cracked on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n135. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of plano-convex section, cut across one end and diagonally across the other leaving a projection; hacksilver; length, 16.1mm (max); width, 15.6mm; thickness, 8.6mm (max); weight, 12.3g. Three testing nicks on one angle and possibly one on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n136. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut obliquely across one end and at two angles at the other; hacksilver; length, 13.8mm (max); width, 13.6mm; thickness, 7.3mm; weight, 8.2g. Testing nick on one angle and cracks on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n137. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends and leaving a projection on one; hacksilver; length, 17.5mm (max); width, 12.1mm; thickness, 7.5mm; weight, 9.8g. One or two testing nicks on one angle and on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n138. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut obliquely across both ends; hacksilver; length, 16.1mm (max); width, 13.2mm; thickness, 9.9mm (max); weight, 11.4g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n139. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of plano-convex section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 13.8mm; width, 13.0mm; thickness, 9.0mm; weight, 10.0g. Testing nicks on opposing angles, one (possibly two) on one end and possibly one on the underside.\n\n\n\n140. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of plano-convex section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 14.2mm (max); width, 12.4mm; thickness, 9.6mm; weight, 10.0g. Crack next to projection on one end; testing nick on one angle and possibly on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n141. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.7mm (max); width, 10.2mm; thickness, 8.9mm; weight, 10.1g. Testing nick on one angle and at least one on the one diagonally opposite.\n\n\n\n142. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.6mm (max); width, 9.2mm; thickness, 9.8mm (max); weight, 8.6g. Testing nick on one angle and crack on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n143. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, roughly cut obliquely at both ends; hacksilver; length, 16.6mm (max); width, 13.7mm; thickness, 7.3mm; weight, 8.3g. Deep testing nick on one angle leaving a hooked projection and one or two nicks on the opposite angle.\n\n\n\n144. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-rectangular section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.9mm (max); width, 11.0mm; thickness, 7.9mm; weight, 9.2g. Light cuts towards one end on top; also cracks running over one angle with a putative testing nick, and a nick on the opposite angle.\n\n\n\n145. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.0mm (max); width, 10.5mm; thickness, 7.2mm; weight, 6.8g. Two testing nicks on one angle, one on each of the others and possibly one on one end.\n\n\n\n146. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of flattish ovoid section, roughly cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 12.9mm (max); width, 13.6mm; thickness, 6.3mm; weight, 7.2g. Crack in the side at one end next to two testing nicks on one angle; also one nick on one side and one on the opposite angle.\n\n\n\n147. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 14.5mm (max); width, 10.7mm (max); weight, 6.3g. Cut close to one end, three testing nicks on one angle, at least two on the one opposite and possibly one diagonally opposite.\n\n\n\n148. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 10.7mm (max); width, 12.7mm; thickness, 7.2mm; weight, 5.8g. Light cut across on end; testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n\n149. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 11.2mm; width, 10.7mm; thickness, 6.2mm; weight, 5.2g.\n\n\n\n150. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 11.8mm (max); width, 13.0mm; thickness, 6.7mm; weight, 6.1g. Deep testing nick or crack across one angle and a nick on one end.\n\n\n\n151. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends (much soil adhering); hacksilver; length, 11.0mm (max); width, 16.2mm; weight, 9.2g.\n\n\n\n152. Fragment of narrow bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends (much soil adhering); hacksilver; length, 16.9mm (max); width, 8.3mm; weight, 6.9g. Putative testing nick on one angle and one on the adjacent side.\n\n\n\n153. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded triangular section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 15.7mm (max); width, 8.6mm; weight, 6.4g. Two testing nicks on one angle and one or two on the base.\n\n\n\n154. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of probably ovoid section section, cut straight across at one end and diagonally at the other then cut in half lengthwise; hacksilver; length, 12.0mm (max); width, 7.8mm (surviving); thickness, 9.9mm; weight, 5.0g. Two or three testing nicks on one angle and one on one end.\n\n\n\n155. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of faceted ovoid section, cut across both ends (much soil adhering); hacksilver; length, 15.2mm; width, 9.4mm; thickness, 6.0mm; weight, 5.9g. Crack and putative testing nick on one angle and probably a nick on the opposite angle.\n\n\n\n156. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 9.1mm; width, 11.3mm; thickness, 6.8mm; weight 4.7g. Furrow across one end, three testing nicks on the other and possibly two or three more on one end of base.\n\n\n\n157. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-triangular section with a prominent lump on the side at one end, cut across both ends and through the lump; hacksilver; length, 9.0mm (approx); width, 10.9mm; thickness, 7.7mm; weight, 4.8g. Testing nick on one angle and possibly one on another.\n\n\n\n158. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, cut across both ends and diagonally lengthwise; hacksilver; length, 10.1mm; width, 10.8mm (max surviving); thickness, 7.1mm; weight, 4.2g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n159. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of plano-convex section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 7.3mm; width, 12.4mm; thickness, 9.0mm; weight, 3.8g.\n\n\n\n160. Fragment of narrow bar-shaped ingot of roughly rounded section, cut straight across one end and diagonally at the other; hacksilver; length, 12.6mm; width, 7.7mm; thickness, 7.5mm; weight, 4.1g. Two deep hollows on one side.\n\n\n\n161. Fragment of narrow bar-shaped ingot of roughly rounded section, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 12.0mm (max); width, 8.4mm; thickness, 7.6mm (approx); weight, 4.0g (approx). Testing nick on angle at one end.\n\n\n\n162. Fragment of flat strip possibly from either an ingot, or perhaps an arm-ring, of rounded rectangular section, cut straight across one end and at two intersecting angles at the other; hacksilver; length, 14.8mm; width, 15.4mm; thickness, 5.4mm; weight, 6.9g. Three small lumps give a beaded appearance to one angle.\n\n\n\n163. Ingot: bar-shaped, of flattened ovoid section; length, 33.3mm; width, 12.8mm (max); thickness, 5.8mm; weight, 16.3g. Two testing nicks on one side.\n\n\n\n164. Casting spill, or small ingot, of ovoid section and with a long, narrow projection giving it a bottle shape; length, 29.8mm; width, 8.0mm; thickness, 5.6mm (max); weight, 6.0g. Two testing nicks on one side and one on the other.\n\n\n\n165. Fragment of rod of round section, narrowing to bent, ovoid end and cut across the other; perhaps the terminal of an arm-ring; hacksilver; lenth 31.9mm; diameter, 5.7mm; weight, 4.7g. Two testing nicks on one side and one on the other.\n\n\n\n166. Fragment of rod of rounded heptagonal section, cut across both ends and possibly from an arm-ring; hacksilver; length, 25.0mm; diameter, 7.5mm; weight, 9.7g. Deep, V-shaped cut on one side, two testing nicks on one adjacent angle and three on the next.\n\n\n\n167. Fragment of rod of round section, curved and cut across both ends; possibly from an arm-ring; hacksilver; length, 18.8mm (chord); diameter, 5.7mm; weight, 4.0g. Two testing nicks on one side, two on the adjacent side and one or two on the inner curve.\n\n\n\n168. Fragment of thick rod of round section, slightly curved, tapering to one end and cut across both ends, probably from an arm-ring; hacksilver; length, 32.1mm; diameter, 7.8mm - 10.0mm; weight, 16.0g. Testing nick on one side.\n\n\n\n169. Fragment of curved bar of thick rectangular section, cut across both ends; possibly from a \"currency ring\"; hacksilver; length, 23.9mm (max); width, 10.4mm (max); thickness, 7.2mm (max); weight, 12.4g. Deep testing nick or crack on one angle, two nicks on the opposite angle and one on each inner angle.\n\n\n\n170. Fragment of curved rod of rectangular section, cut across both ends and possibly from an arm-ring; hacksilver; length, 24.9mm; width, 7.4mm (max); thickness, 5.9mm (max); weight, 5.9g. Slight flange to the angle at one end; one testing nick on the opposite angle.\n\n\n\nB. COINS\n\n\n\n171 (Coin 15). Silver penny of Alfred (871-99), Cross-and-Lozenge type (N629), moneyer Liafwald, mint London. Obv. \u00c6LFRED\/REX SA Rev. LIA\/FV\u039b\/LDM\/ONE Weight: 1.33g\n\n\n\n172 (Coin 1). Silver penny of Alfred of Wessex (871-99), Two-Line type (N. 635-7), moneyer Boga Obv. +EL FR [ED] RE Rev. BOGA\/MON: Weight: 1.45g\n\n\n\n173 (Coin 4). Silver penny of Alfred of Wessex (871-99), Two-Line type (N. 635-7), moneyer Cuthberht, buckled, pecked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. CVDB\/ERHT Weight: 1.53g\n\n\n\n174 (Coin 7). Silver penny of Alfred of Wessex (871-99), Two-Line type (N. 635-7), moneyer Ethelred, pecked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. E\u0110ERE\/DMON Weight: 1.54g\n\n\n\n175 (Coin 8). Silver penny of Alfred of Wessex (871-99), Two-Line type (N.639), moneyer Wulfred Obv. AL FRE DRE Rev. VVLF\/RED Weight: 1.56\n\n\n\n176 (Coin 3). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), moneyer Cyneferth, cracked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. CVH\/EVER Weight: 1.36g\n\n\n\n177 (Coin 5). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), moneyer uncertain. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. OLFFI\/HOME Weight: 0.96g\n\n\n\n178 (Coin 6). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), moneyer uncertain, pecked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. YYDIA\/NYIY\u0393 Weight: 1.25g\n\n\n\n179 (Coin 9). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), in name of moneyer Tilewine, bent, pecked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. TILEVVNE (NE ligated, N reversed) Weight: 1.10g\n\n\n\n180 (Coin 10). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), in name of moneyer Wine, bent, pecked. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. VIHIC\/MONE (NE ligated, N reversed) Weight: 1.37g\n\n\n\n181 (Coin 11). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), in name of moneyer moneyer Ludig, pecked. Obv. EL +FR ED RE Rev. LVDI\/GMO Weight: 1.21g\n\n\n\n182 (Coin 12). Silver penny, Viking imitation of Alfred (c. 880-899), Two-Line type (N475\/1), moneyer uncertain. Obv. +EL FR ED RE Rev. VVLO\/MFL (both Ls and F retrograde) Weight: 1.26g\n\n\n\n183 (Coin 2). Silver penny of Athelstan II\/Guthrum of East Anglia (c. 880-c.890), Two-Line type (N. 479), moneyer Berter Obv. +ED EL IA RE Rev. BER\/TER Weight: 1.3g\n\n\n\n184 (Coin13). Silver penny of \u00c6thelwold (c. 900-902), Two-Line type (N505). Obv. +\u039bLVV\u039bLDVS Rev. D\u203eNS D\u203eS\/ REX Weight: 1.12g\n\n\n\n185 (Coin14). Silver penny, possibly in the name of Harthacnut, unrecorded type in Viking Northumbrian series (c. 895-905). Obv. \u2219\u039bIRDECONVT, as circumscription around small cross patt\u00e9e Rev. DNS\/R\/EX. Two words crossing at right angles, to form shape of cross, trefoil of pellets in each angle. Weight: 1.36g\n\n\n\n186 (Coin 16). Silver denier of Odo, king of the West Franks (888-97), mint of Angers, bent, pecked. Obv. XODO +ESTREX, around Karolus monogram Rev. ANDECAVIS CIVITAS, around cross fourch\u00e9e Weight: 1.74g\n\n\n\n187 (Coin17). Silver penny of Viking Northumbria, (c. 895-905), Mirabilia fecit\/DDR type (N509). Obv. MIRABILIA FECIT Rev. D\u203eNS D\u203eS\/ REX Weight: 1.40g\n\n\n\n188 (Coin 20). Silver denier of Charles the Fat, as emperor (881-89) Obv. +CARLVSIMPAVG Rev. D__RICECIVIT Weight: 1.57g\n\n\n\n189 (Coin 18). Silver denier in the name of Charles, mint of Melle, late ninth century Obv. CARLVS REX FR, around cross fourch\u00e9e Rev. +METxVLLO, around Karolus monogram Weight: 1.55g\n\n\n\n190 (Coin19). Silver denier in the name of Charles, mint of Melle, late ninth century Obv. CARLVS REX FR, around cross fourch\u00e9e Rev. +METxVLLO, around Karolus monogram Weight: 1.74g\n\n\n\n191 (Coin21). Silver denier in the name of Charles, mint of Melle, late ninth century Obv. CARL__ REX F, around cross fourch\u00e9e Rev. +METxVLLO, around Karolus monogram Weight: 1.56g\n\n\n\n192 (Coin 22). Silver denier in the name of Charles, mint of Melle, late ninth century Obv. CARLVS REX FR, around cross fourch\u00e9e Rev. _____VLLO, around Karolus monogram Weight: 1.52g.\n\n\n\n193 (Coin 23). Silver-plated base-metal imitation denier of Odo, king of the West Franks (888-97), GRATI D\u02c9I REX type, mint of Limoges Obv. +GRAT_AD__RE, O++O in field Rev. +LIMOV___CIVIS, around cross fourch\u00e9e\n\n\n\n194 (Coin 24). Abbasid dirhem, AH 220s\/AD 830s (Should be more legible after conservation )\n\n\n\n195 (Coin 25). Abbasid dirhem, AH 205\/723-4, uncertain ruler, mint illegible\n\n\n\n196 (Coin 26). Abbasid silver dirhem of Caliph al-Mansur, AH 149\/ 766-7, mint Madinat al-Salam.\n\n\n\n197 (Coin 27). Dirham, probably Abbasid, illegible\n\n\n\nC. LEAD\n\n\n\n198. Container of corroded lead sheet, the edges folded up and round to form a rough pouch shape, now open at the top, where the sides have been slightly bent back and then back again by the finder to ascertain the contents; much soil adhering both in and outside; length, 195.0mm (approx); width, 130.0mm; height, 105.0mm (approx); thickness, 2.0mm; weight, 1,472g (approx). A separate, squarish fragment retrieved from the topsoil appears to belong; 13.0 x 14.0 x 1.8mm; weight, 1.3g.\n\n\n\nThree, or possibly four, other early 10th-century Viking hoards from northern England, such as Cuerdale and Bossall\/Flaxton, were associated with lead containers (Graham-Campbell 2001, op. cit., 217).\n\n\n\nAlthough not of precious metal, the container qualifies as potential Treasure by close association with the silver items. [Soil sample in a plastic bag inside the lead container]\n\n\n\nD. IRON\n\n\n\nAn unidentified, corroded iron lump was retrieved from the pit fill or topsoil. X-radiography carried out at the British Museum shows that it is purely ferrous corrosion product and no metallic iron remains; 30 x 25 x 25mm (approx); weight, 13.3g. It is undiagnostic and has no demonstrable association with the hoard.\n\n\n\nDiscussion\n\n\n\nThe artefacts and coins together bear witness to diverse cultural contacts and a wide Viking mercantile network, extending from Ireland in the West to central or northern Russia and the Islamic world in the East. The hacksilver and weight-adjusted arm-rings served as a form of currency in a bullion economy. This perspective further reinforces the picture gained most recently by study of the finds from the Vale of York Hoard (SWYOR-AECB53), discovered only in 2007. Probably the most significant connection to emerge from a preliminary examination of the Silverdale finds is the similarity shown by a number of the objects to pieces from the rather larger Viking-age hoard discovered at Cuerdale, near Preston in Lancashire in 1840. The Cuerdale hoard can be dated to c. 905-10 on the basis of the combination of the coins. The Silverdale hoard contains many of the same types, and was apparently buried at much the same time, or possibly slightly earlier. While further work may produce a more secure date, an approximate date of c. 900-910 seems safe at present.\n\n\n\nBarry M. Ager, Curator, Department of Prehistory & Europe, British Museum, 15\/12\/2011\n\n\n\nG. Williams, Curator, Department of Coins & Medals, British Museum, 15\/12\n\n\n\nDiscussion of the non-numismatic objects has benefited from the comments of Leslie Webster, Susan Youngs, Fleur Shearman, Prof. James Graham-Campbell and Jamie Hood. The Viking hoard from Silverdale would therefore qualify as Treasure under two of the stipulated criteria of the Treasure Act: it is more than 300 years old and the precious metal content of the silver items exceeds 10%. The object is not disclaimed at either a local or a national level, since Lancashire Museums have expressed an interest in acquiring it and the British Museum would attempt to do so should local efforts fail.\n", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4925, "todate": 910, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x41022", "district": "Lancaster", "primaryMaterialBM": 11728, "updated": "2019-11-21T12:00:06Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Submitted for consideration as Treasure", "tosubperiod": 3, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nNote on discovery: all the small finds, except one coin, were found within a lead container (no. 198 below), at a depth of about 18 inches, while five of the larger, complete arm-rings were found underneath it. The objects are described in their uncleaned condition, in accordance with the terms of the Treasure Act 1996, and some of the details are currently obscured by adhering soil. After conservation, some of the weights may be slightly lighter, although there is unlikely to be any significant difference.\n\n\nSurface metal analysis of a sample of six objects from the hoard conducted at the British Museum indicated approximate metal contents, as follows:- Arm-ring (no. 1) - silver 97% with 2% copper Arm-ring (no. 2) - silver 93% with 3% copper Arm-ring (no. 4) - silver 97% with 2% copper; the central collet - 95% silver with 3% copper; and tongue-shaped collet - 95% silver with 2% copper Arm-ring fragment (no. 30) - 91% silver with 7% copper Penannular brooch fragment (no. 38) - 95% silver with 3% copper Ingot fragment (no. 58) - 93% silver with 5% copper The silver content of the core metal is likely to be a slight overestimate, since corrosion alters the composition of the surface by preferentially leaching out copper. Traces of gold and lead were found in all of the objects analysed.\n\nContents of the hoard \n\n\nA. SILVER ARTEFACTS (excluding coins)\n\n\n\n1. Broad-band arm-ring of thick, rectangular section strip tapering to ends hammered into rods, which have been knotted together. It has been compressed to an oval shape; diameter, 101.5mm x 64.6mm; width of band, 26.9mm (max); thickness, 3.8mm - 4.3mm; weight, 155.36g. The ring is punch decorated with triple-pelleted, triangular stamps arranged in roughly three rows, grading to two, then one towards the ends. The edges are closely punched transversely with short, lop-sided, arrow-shaped stamps in mainly a single row along one edge and a double row grading to a single one along the opposite edge. An example of the type was found in the Cuerdale Hoard found near Preston and deposited c. 905-10 (E. Hawkins, 1847, \"An account of coins and treasure found in Cuerdale\", Archaeological Journal, 4, pp. 110-130, fig. 21). Broad-band arm-rings were developed in Ireland from Danish prototypes in the later 9th century and continued in general circulation until around AD 930\/40 (J. Sheehan, 2004, 'Social and economic integration in Viking-Age Ireland: the evidence of the hoards', pp. 177-188 in J. Hines, A. Lane and M. Redknap (eds.), Land, Sea and Home. Proceedings of a conference on Viking-period settlement at Cardiff, July 2001, Leeds). They appear to have been produced to a postulated weight unit of 26.15 grammes and the new find squares closely with this figure at almost exactly six times the base unit (x 5.94). Such arm-rings could thus have been used for the storage and circulation of silver in a bullion economy, although they could also have been worn as symbols of status.\n\n\n2. Penannular arm-ring of thick, rectangular section strip tapering from an expanded lozenge-shape at the front to overlapping ends with curled-back terminals. It has been bent across the front and compressed to a rounded, sub-triangular shape; diameter, 64.9mm x 50.1mm; width of band, 19.9mm (max); thickness, 2.5mm; weight, 52.28g. The ring is punch decorated with transverse bar stamps of double saltires separated by a thin rib and with a single pellet between each pair of arms. The stamps are separated by plain, flat-topped ribs, but in the centre of the front three stamps have been set diagonally, leaving four plain, sub-triangular zones, each of which contains a lozenge-on-triangle stamp. The sides have been hammered in places. A plain example of the type was found in the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins, op. cit., fig. 11). The ring weighs exactly twice the postulated weight unit of 26.15 grammes to which similar rings appear to have been produced (see no. 1 above).\n\n\n3. Arm-ring of thin strip of concavo-convex section tapering towards the ends, which have been hammered into thin rods looped round each other, then coiled back on themselves by 13\u00bd and 10\u00bd turns; diameter, 97.5mm (max); width of band, thickness, 1.0mm; weight, 51.6g. A rounded, sub-rectangular silver repair patch is secured by two flat-ended rivets next to one edge on the inner surface, towards the end with more coils, to fix a crack in the edge. The ring is elaborately punch decorated. Crossing over a median rib, small, apex-to-apex triangle stamps have been used to create 'beading' of raised lozenges along it, and, on either side of that, a row of interlocked, diagonally opposed, lozenge-on-triangle stamps is carefully placed, while the expanded areas between the waists of the stamps are punched with single apex-to-apex stamps set horizontally. The median rib continues almost to the plain terminals, while the lozenge-on-triangle stamps are replaced by five or six annulets on either side. The main pattern is broadly comparable with that of the lost gold arm-ring from the Hare Island Hoard of around the early 10th century, Ireland, and on a fragment of an arm-ring from the Cuerdale Hoard (J. Graham-Campbell, 1980, Viking Artefacts. A select catalogue, British Museum Press, London, pl. 231; Hawkins op. cit., fig. 47). The form is broadly comparable with the only surviving arm-ring from the Bossall\/Flaxton Hoard, North Yorkshire, representing an Insular copy of a Scandinavian original (J. Graham-Campbell, 2001, 'The northern hoards from Cuerdale to Bossall\/Flaxton', pp. 212-229 in N.J. Higham and D.H. Hill (eds.), Edward the Elder 899-924, London\/New York, fig. 16.2). Note: nos. 4-6 below consist of a group of three arm-rings slightly compressed one inside the other and not separated at the time of examination; total weight, 245.55g:-\n\n\n4. Arm-ring (outer) of thin, plano-convex section strip, with punched decoration and coiled ends similar to no. 3 above, but with animal-head terminals and three applied collets, apparently for lost settings and re-used from another object(s) of probable Continental origin (see below); diameter, 102.7mm x 85.5mm; width of band, 20.4mm (max); thickness, 2.0mm. At the front is applied a large, raised, circular collet (23.7mm x 22.3mm), which is decorated with eight hollow segments alternating with tear-shaped lobes closely recalling the classical 'egg-and-dart' borders copied in 9th-century Carolingian sculpture and ivory panels of gospel book-covers, e.g. architrave fragments from Rome and Bodleian Library, Ms. Douce 176 (C. Stiegemann and M. Wemhoff (eds.), 1999, Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit. Karl der Gro\u00dfe und Papst Leo III. in Paderborn, vol. 2, Mainz, 629-30, 696-8, cat.nos. IX.15-16 and X.7). The collet encloses a plain, slightly convex field and gives the impression of having originally been mounted with a thin setting, possibly of metal or glass, but nothing of it survives; the field has a small, central perforation. The edges of the ring are punched with small, punched triangles creating a beaded effect. The terminals are moulded in the form of a pair of opposed animal heads with projecting, semi-circular ears and punched, circular eyes on either side of a rib which forks at each end to mark the brows and snout. The rib is decorated with punched, apex-to-apex triangle giving a beaded effect, and there is a single arc of the same pattern under each eye. Grooves on either side of the snout mark the jaws. At the back of each head is a plain, tongue-shaped field enclosed by a collet decorated to match the one on the front and possibly also once containing a thin setting of uncertain material (length, 25mm). Beyond the heads the ends have been hammered into thin rods, which are coiled together into a knot and then coiled back on themselves by 7\u00bd turns. Like the decoration, the animal heads may also be compared with those on the Hare Island arm-ring (see no. 3 above; and J. Graham-Campbell, 1995, The Viking-Age Gold and Silver of Scotland (AD 850-1100), National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, 37), or rather more broadly with the terminal heads with prominent ears and open jaws on the harness fittings from Mammen and S\u00f8llested, Denmark, decorated in the Viking Jellinge Style, which emerged around the mid-9th century and continued into the late 10th, although they may also show Anglo-Saxon influence (D.M. Wilson and O. Klindt-Jensen (1980; 2nd edn.), Viking Art, London, pls. 35a-b). The three collets are broadly comparable in outline with the tongue-shaped and oval panels on the arms of the cross displayed on the Carolingian, 'earlier' book-cover from Lindau, Germany, of around 800\/early 9th century (P. Lasko, 1994 [2nd edn.], Ars Sacra 800-1200, Yale University Press, ill. 2), so they were perhaps originally mounted on a cross of some form, or on an object decorated with one, e.g. a book-cover or reliquary.\n\n\n5. Arm-ring (middle), mostly obscured by the inner and outer rings (nos. 4 and 6) and by adhering soil, but apparently of similar form to no. 3 above, although the knotted ends are of simpler, double returned coils; diameter, 93mm x 70mm (very approximate).\n\n\n6. Arm-ring (inner) of flat, broad-banded type, expanding to a slightly lozenge-shaped front and with tapering ends hammered into rods, which are knotted together and then coiled back on themselves by 2-2\u00bd turns; diameter, 78.5mm x 56mm (approx); thickness, 2mm. The punched decoration is mostly hidden by the middle ring (no. 5), although part of a border of closely punched triangles is visible inside a plain edge.\n\n\n7. Arm-ring of rod of sub-circular section, coiled almost double with the ends hammered out and coiled round the hoop by 2\u00bd turns each, leaving a short gap of single rod between them. The ring is considerably compressed out of shape, but is complete; length, 103.3mm; width of rod, 3.3mm (max); weight 41.4g. The outer surface is closely punch decorated all round with apex-to-apex triangles, with a single pellet in each triangle, creating a beaded effect of raised lozenges. The decoration is comparable with a ring of lozenge section from the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 50). Coiled arm-rings of this general type were produced in Ireland in a Hiberno-Viking milieu around AD 880-930 and are ultimately of Scandinavian origin; the ring from Silverdale belongs to Sheehan's subgroup A (J. Sheehan, 1991-2, 'Coiled armrings - an Hiberno-Viking silver armring type', Journal of Irish Archaeology, 6, 41-53).\n\n\n\nNote: item no. 8 below consists of two complete arm-rings (c-d) looped through an incomplete, folded arm-ring (b), which is in turn looped though a thick, plain, penannular ring with the ends closed up (a); and of a finger-ring (e) strung on arm-ring (d); total weight, 167.0g.\n\n\n8a. Penannular ring ('bullion-ring' or 'currency ring') of thick, plain strip very slightly tapering to closed-up, rounded ends; diameter, 34.1mm (max); width of band, 16.2mm (max); thickness, 5.7mm (max). There is a group of about six small testing nicks on one of the outer edges and one large nick on the inner edge almost opposite. A similar ring is known from the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 67).\n\n8b. Part of an arm-ring made of two plain rods twisted together, but with the ends cut off and the whole triple folded and passing through ring (a); hacksilver; length, 77.8mm; thickness, 3.0mm - 4.2mm. The ring may originally have had knotted ends, like a complete arm-ring of similar construction from the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 57).\n\n8c. Arm-ring of rod of oval section, coiled about one-and-a-quarter turns, with the tapered ends overlapping by about 60mm and double coiled round the hoop; diameter, 81.3mm x 77.2mm; thickness, 3.4mm (max). The outer surface is punch decorated with apex-to-apex triangles, creating a beaded effect of lozenges in false relief. The coiled ring is a variant of Sheehan's subgroup B (see no. 7 above).\n\n8d. Arm-ring made by twisting together two pairs of rods that have themselves been twisted together and with the ends coiled round each other by 2 - 3 turns; slightly compressed into an oval shape; diameter, 78.5mm x 58.3mm.\n\n8e. Finger-ring of strip expanding to a slightly lozenge-shaped front and tapering to narrow ends hooked round each other; diameter, 21.7mm; width, 7.8mm (max); thickness, 1.0mm. The ring is strung on arm-ring 8d above. The punched decoration is obscured by adhering soil. Viking-period finger-rings are frequently found fastened on arm-rings, as at Cuerdale (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 54).\n\n\n9. Arm-ring of lozenge-sectioned rod tapering to long, hammered-out rods, which originally coiled round each other, but have been partly forced apart by tight folding and compression of the ring; length, 70.5mm (as survives); thickness, 6.0mm - 6.3mm; weight, 42.5g. The two outer faces are closely punched with apex-to-apex triangles with triple pellets in each triangle, except where the stamps have gone over the edge and lost the two pellets in the base angles, so appearing to have only one. The stamps leave small, plain, hexagonal patterns between them. Plain arm-rings of the same type occur in the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins op. cit., figs. 48-9).\n\n\n10. Length of plain silver rod of lozenge section probably from a piece of 'ring-money' of arm-ring form, bent to a J-shape and broken at the ends; hacksilver; length, 53mm (surviving); thickness, 4.3mm; weight, 10.2g. There are several testing nicks along the edges. The lozenge section is typical of ring-money from the Irish Sea region and Scotland of the first half of the 10th century and later (Graham-Campbell 1995, op. cit, 38-40, 57-59).\n\n\n11. Length of two rods twisted together, cut at both ends from an arm-ring; hack-silver; length, 50.9mm; thickness, 2.6mm; weight, 7.5g.\n\n\n12. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, slightly tapering and cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 36.6mm; width, 14.1mm (max); thickness, 2.0mm; weight, 8.4g. The fragment is punch decorated with irregularly placed, transverse, bar stamps of small triangles with their bases on either side of a plain rib. Testing nicks on both edges.\n\n\n13. Rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, with one corner bent up and cut and broken across both ends; hacksilver; length, 21.4mm; width, 15.7mm; thickness, 1.6mm; weight, 4.9g. The fragment is punch decorated with transverse bar stamps of small, interlocked triangles and occasional trapezoids on either side of plain ribs. Testing nicks on the edges.\n\n\n14. Sub-rectangular fragment of broad-band arm-ring of thick, flat strip, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 19.5mm; width, 12.7mm (max); thickness, 3.3mm - 3.6mm; weight, 7.1g. The fragment is punch decorated with a saltire arrangement of bar stamps of small triangles with their bases on either side of a rib with a median groove and fainter on one side of the rib. There are four close, transverse cuts across the broader end on the back and possibly one across the other end on the front. On the back and on one side there are also irregular, faint, thin ridges and there are testing nicks on one edge.\n\n\n15. Rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of thin, flat strip, plain, cut across both ends and bent across the middle; hacksilver; length, 16.6mm; width, 12.9mm; thickness, 1.0mm; weight, 1.9g.\n\n\n16. Sub-square fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, plain, cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 13.2mm; width, 12.7mm (max); thickness, 2.7mm; weight, 3.8g. Four cut marks across one end and a testing nick on each side.\n\n\n17. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, tapering, folded over and cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 30.3mm; width, 11.3mm (max); thickness, 2.2mm; weight, 9.0g. Indistinct cut marks or fissures across the broader end, three testing nicks on two edges and one or two on the reverse edge.\n\n\n18. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, tapering, folded over and cut across both ends, plain; hacksilver; length, 21.0mm; width, 14.1mm (max); thickness, 1.5mm; weight, 6.3g. There is one testing nick (possibly two) on one edge at the broader end.\n\n\n19. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, cut across both ends, plain; hacksilver; length, 16.5mm (max); width, 17.7mm (max); thickness, 2.9mm; weight, 6.8g.\n\n\n20. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, slightly tapering, cut straight across one end and at two angles at the other forming a triangular projection, plain; hacksilver; length, 14.3mm; width, 10.5mm (max); thickness, 2.0mm; weight, 2.5g. Two testing nicks on one edge and perhaps one on the opposite edge.\n\n\n\n21. Fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip tapering to a rounded, bent-back terminal and cut across the broad end; hacksilver; length, 35.2mm; width, 21.0mm (max); thickness, 1.6mm (but thinner at edges); weight, 11.5g. The broader part has a median rib punched with a line of anuulets, on either side of which are opposed, quadruple-pelleted, T-shaped stamps with their bases pointing alternately inwards and outwards. There are also punched annulets along the eges, while the terminal end is punched with three, narrowing to two rows of triple-pelleted, triangular stamps. There are at least seven testing marks along one edge and five on the opposite edge.\n\n\n22. Sub-rectangular fragment, possibly from an arm-ring, of thick strip cut triangular at one end and straight across at the other, plain; hacksilver; length, 19.6mm; width, 15.2mm; thickness, 5.3mm (max); weight, 11.5g Indistinct fissures on one side at the triangular end; testing nicks on one side, on one side edge and on one edge at the straight end.\n\n\n23. Sub-rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip cur across both ends, plain; hacksilver; length, 15.2mm; width, 21.4mm (max); thickness, 3.1mm; weight, 8.5g. Two cut marks across the broader end.\n\n\n24. Rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, cut across both ends, plain; hacksilver; length, 11.6mm; width, 17.2mm; thickness, 2.0mm; weigh, 3.7g.\n\n\n25. Rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, cut on all four sides, plain; hacksilver; length, 13.6mm; width, 9.7mm (max); thickness, 3.2mm; weight, 3.5g. Testing nicks on the side and edge at one end.\n\n\n26. Irregular, pentagonal fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, plain; hacksilver; length, 15.5mm; width, 11.7mm; thickness, 2.1mm; weight, 2.9g. Testing nicks on two edges.\n\n\n27. Curved, slightly tapering fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip, cut across both ends, plain; hacksilver; length, 19.5mm (chord); width, 14.4mm (max); thickness, 3.3mm; weight, 9.9g. Cut marks across broad end on the inside.\n\n\n28. Narrow, rectangular fragment of a broad-band arm-ring of flat strip cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 9.3mm; width, 19.1mm; thickness, 2.9mm; weight, 4.0g. Transverse, punched decoration of a bar stamp of a row of interlocked, flat-topped arcs, and remains of similar across both ends. Testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n29. Fragment of an arm-ring of rod of heptagonal section cut across both ends; hacksilver; length, 30.0mm; thickness, 6.4mm; weight, 7.9g. The three outer facets are punch-decorated all along with apex-to-apex triangle stamps. There are at least five testing nicks on the inner angles.\n\n\n30. Fragment of 'ring-money' or arm-ring of lozenge-section rod, with two opposed angles faceted and cut across both ends (see no. 10 above); hacksilver; length, 24.9mm; thickness, 7.6mm; weight, 11.32g. Two adjoining faces are punch decorated with rows of squares with serrated sides, each enclosing a ring of seven pellets around a central pellet. Testing nicks on three edges.\n\n\n31. Fragment of an arm-ring of lozenge-section rod, bent nearly double and tapering to a round-section end bent inwards, plain (see no. 10 above); hacksilver; length, 53.1mm; thickness, 6.8mm (max); weight, 29.4g. There are cracks from bending around the outer angle and testing nicks on the inner and outer angles.\n\n\n32. Fragment of rod of circular section from a ring of 'Permian' type, cut at one end and broken at the other; hacksilver; length, 20.5mm; thickness, 5.1mm; weight, 3.5g. The rod has a finely twisted appearance and there are several testing nicks all round it. A fragment of the same type of ring was found in the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 52). Complete examples of Permian rings have polyhedral terminals and date from the 9th\/early 10th century. They appear to be of central or northern Russian origin, although they occur in both the British Isles (as fragments) and Scandinavia. They were originally made as neck-rings to a weight standard of about 100g and 200g, probably from using a set number of Islamic coins in their manufacture. But they were coiled into arm-rings by the Vikings, who presumably obtained them by trade, or as tribute (J. Graham-Campbell, 1980, Viking Artefacts, A select catalogue, London, no. 331; S. Fuglesang and D.M. Wilson (eds.), 2006, The Hoen Hoard: a Viking gold treasure of the ninth century, Det norske institutt i Roma, 22, 74-6).\n\n\n33. Fragment of twisted rod of faceted, circular section probably from 'ring-money' of arm-ring form (see no. 10 above), cut at both ends; hacksilver; length, 46.5mm; thickness, 2.5mm; weight, 3.5g. Four testing nicks.\n\n\n34. Length of two rods twisted together cut from an arm-ring, folded double and the ends knotted; hacksilver; length, 55.5mm; width, 14.5mm (max); thickness of rod, 2.5mm; weight, 18.7g (with adhering soil).\n\n\n35. Length of narrow chain or braid of very fine, knitted wires, with one of the ends bent double; length, 73mm (approx total); width, 4mm; weight, 2.7g. The chain is comparable in technique with a broader fragment fitted with a ring from the Cuerdale Hoard and the examples from 9th\/10th-century British hoards are noted by Graham-Campbell (Hawkins op. cit., fig. 83; Graham-Campbell, 1995, op. cit., 155-6).\n\n\n36a-b. Two fragments cut from the terminal plates of a pseudo-penannular brooch; hacksilver. 36a is roughly pentagonal, with three of five riveted, dome-headed bosses surviving and the central hole for another; length, 34.3mm; width, 31.8mm; thickness, 2.2mm (at edge); weight, 22.7g (with much adhering soil). The bosses are dentelated round the bases and enclosed by plain, incised circles, while the trapezoidal and triangular fields in between are decorated with pointill\u00e9 dots. Two edges of the plate are raised and rounded with the stub of a joining strut on one side and, on the reverse, there are borders of double rows of punched dots between incised lines. There is a testing nick on one edge. Pseudo-penannular brooches are an Irish form and are occasionally decorated with one or more bosses, as on the mid-to-late 9th-century brooch from Killamery (A. Mahr (ed., 1932), Christian Art in Ancient Ireland, vol. 1, Dublin, pl. 40, 3). But the five-boss arrangement appears to reflect the influence of bossed penannular brooches, on which five bosses commonly occur (see no. 37 below). 36b. Triangular fragment with two raised, rounded edges; length, 27.3mm; height, 14.0mm; weight, 3.6g. On the front an empty rivet hole is enclosed by a plain, incised circle on a pointill\u00e9 ground, while the back has the same border as 36a above. There are three testing nicks on each of the short sides.\n\n\n37. Narrow, sub-rectangular fragment cut from the terminal plate of a bossed penannular brooch, with one dome-headed boss surviving and an empty rivet hole; hacksilver; length, 37.7mm; width, 14.0mm; thickness, 2.3mm; weight, 10.1g. The base of the boss is dentelated and the main field round it is plain, with a beaded border of short, close incisions between incised lines and, outside that on one side, part of an openwork, zoomorphic border with a curvilinear outer edge. There are random, minute, triangular punch marks on the back, two testing nicks on the shorter cut edge and three on the opposite edge. The piece represents part of a bossed penannular brooch of Johansen's subgroup C, amalgamated with subgroup D as subgroup C\/D in Graham-Campbell's review of the typology. This was a mainly Irish type of brooch with a floruit in the later 9th century, although production continued into the 10th (O.S. Johansen, 1973, 'Bossed penannular brooches. A systematization and study of their cultural affinities', Acta Archaeologica, 44, 63-124, fig. 35; for production and dating, see J. Graham-Campbell, 1975, 'Bossed penannular brooches: a review of recent research', Medieval Archaeology, 19, 33-47).\n\n\n38. Fragment cut from the plano-convex section hoop of a penannular or pseudo-penannular brooch, with part of the terminal surviving at the broader, flattened end; hacksilver; length, 57.2mm (chord); width of hoop, 10.5mm; width of terminal, 27.6mm (surviving); thickness of hoop, 4.3mm; weight, 20.95g. On the inside of the hoop at the junction with the terminal is a small animal head with a dot-punched eye and nostril. A beaded border extends from the back of its head round the inner edge of the terminal, which is demarcated by a plain, flat rib and has a sunken, circular field broken in half across a rivet hole for a missing boss. Linking this field to the border is a curved, hollow-sided triangle with an inner contour line.\n\n\n39. Distorted fragment cut and broken from the plano-convex section hoop of a penannular brooch, with part of the terminal surviving at the broader, flattened end; hacksilver; length, 39.3mm; width of hoop, 9.4mm; width of terminal, 13.7mm (surviving); thickness of hoop, 4.2 mm; weight, 10.7g On the front of the flat end are traces of a putative, double-incised circle or scroll, while on the back is part of an incised double circle with a narrow, hatched triangle on one side. A double-incised contour line extends along both edges on the back of the hoop. There are three testing nicks along each edge of the hoop and cracks on the back edge near the broken end.\n\n\n40. Tubular head and part of the shaft cut from the pin of a penannular or pseudo-penannular brooch; hacksilver; length, 33.1mm (overall); width of head, 9.7mm; inner diameter of head, 7.0mm; width of shaft, 4.4mm; weight, 7.6g. The shaft is of slightly faceted, rounded section, flattened and curved round at the top. There are three testing nicks on one side of the shaft and two on the other.\n\n\n41. Finger- or toe-ring of round-sectioned rod, slightly thicker at the front and with the ends overlapped and hooked round each other at the back. It has been slightly compressed to an ovoid shape and one of the ends is split; diameter, 19.6mm x 17.0mm; thickness, 2.1mm; weight, 1.8g.\n\n\n42. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded trapezoidal section with rounded ends; length, 99.6mm; width, 11.1mm (max); thickness, 13.6mm(max); weight, 100.5g. There are at least four testing nicks on the edges. The ingots in the Silverdale Hoard (see below) are typical of Viking-period hoards found in both Scandinavia and Western Europe. They were probably used as bullion in trade and commercial transactions before the introduction of coinage and possibly also sometimes as stock pieces of precious metal for casting into jewellery.\n\n\n43. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded trapezoidal section with rounded, pitted ends; length, 98.1mm; width, 10.6mm (max); thickness, 12.8mm (max); weight, 49.1g. There are at least six testing nicks on the edges.\n\n\n44. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded triangular section with one end rounded, the other slightly turned up and cut; length, 97.2mm; width, 11.0mm (max); thickness, 8.9mm; weight, 52.7g. There is a testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n45. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded sub-triangular section with rounded ends; waisted and pitted towards one end; length, 73.9mm; width, 13.2mm (max); thickness, 9.4mm (max); weight, 51.9g.\n\n\n46. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded sub-triangular section with rounded ends and surfaces pitted in places; a deep, transverse, V-shaped cut and a light cut towards one end; length, 68.3mm; width, 9.7mm (max); thickness, 8.8mm (max); weight, 37.4g. There are at least five testing nicks.\n\n\n47. Ingot: bar-shaped and of ovoid section with rounded ends; length, 59.0mm; width, 9.3mm (max); weight, 26.5g. There is a testing nick on either side.\n\n\n48. Ingot: bar-shaped and of rounded section with rounded ends and a deep cut across the centre; length, 56.3mm; width, 7.2mm; weight, 18.2g. There is a testing nick on either side.\n\n\n49: Ingot: bar-shaped and of sub-triangular section with rounded ends and a pitted furrow along one side; length, 51.4mm; width, 16.0mm (max); thickness, 10.6mm; weight, 49.1g. There is a testing nick on either side.\n\n\n50. Ingot: irregular bar-shaped and of flattened ovoid section with rounded ends and grooved, waisted section towards on end; length, 50.0mm; width, 12.4mm (max); thickness, 7.2mm; weight, 26.3g.\n\n\n51. Ingot: narrow bar-shaped and of rounded triangular section with rounded ends; length, 46.3mm; width, 7.8mm (max); thickness, 7.9mm; weight, 17.9g. There are at least three testing nicks on the edges.\n\n\n52. Ingot: narrow bar-shaped, tapering and of round to rounded triangular section with rounded ends; length, 40.4mm; width, 8.0mm (max); weight, 14.2g. There is a group of five testing nicks on one edge and two or more on the other edges.\n\n\n53. Ingot: narrow bar-shaped and of round to rounded triangular section; length, 32.1mm; width, 7.9mm (max); weight, 11.0g.\n\n\n54. Ingot: bar-shaped and of flattened ovoid section with a group of small lumps in the centre of the smooth face; length, 33.8mm; width, 11.2mm (max); weight, 14.2g. Two testing nicks on one edge.\n\n\n55. Long fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 71.1mm (max); width, 11.6mm; thickness, 7.9mm; weight, 53.8g. Two testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n56. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other, with a lump on one side; hacksilver; length, 41.7mm; width, 11.8mm (max); thickness, 9.1mm; weight, 30.2g. Testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n57. Long fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 49.3mm; width, 10.0mm; thickness, 6.9mm; weight, 26.7g. Two testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n58. Long fragment of bar-shaped ingot of rounded triangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 49.4mm; width, 9.2mm; thickness, 8.0mm; weight, 23.87g. One or two testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n59. Fragment of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 30.3mm; width, 8.5mm; weight, 14.0g. Four testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n60. Terminal of tapering, bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 31.8mm; width, 12.8mm; thickness, 11.0mm (max); weight, 24.1g.\n\n\n61. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and roughly cut at the other and with a furrow along one side; hacksilver; length, 29.7mm; width, 14.5mm; thickness, 11.3mm; weight, 27.2g. Testing nick on one edge.\n\n\n62. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other and with a pit on the underside; hacksilver; length, 30.9mm; width, 9.5mm; weight, 14.1g. At least two testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n63. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 32.6mm; width, 9.1mm; weight, 13.5g. Testing nicks on three edges.\n\n\n64. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, narrow and rounded at one end and cut obliquely across the other; hacksilver; length, 42.6mm (max); width, 10.8mm; thickness, 10.3mm; weight, 27.5g. Testing nicks on base and two angles.\n\n\n65. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely across the other; hacksilver; length, 42.6mm (max); width, 9.9mm; thickness, 8.0mm (max); weight, 22.3g.\n\n\n66. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut and broken across the other; hacksilver; length, 31.9mm; width, 13.6mm; thickness, 9.9mm; weight, 25.3g. A crack on one side and a group of three testing nicks on one angle.\n\n\n67. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 29.6mm (max); width, 10.8mm; thickness, 6.4mm; weight, 15.0g. Testing nicks on two angles.\n\n\n68. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-triangular section, rounded at one end and roughly cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 25.2mm; width, 14.8mm (max); thickness, 8.2mm; weight, 16.5g. Two testing nicks on one angle.\n\n\n69. Terminal of narrow, bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-triangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 33.1mm; width, 7.3mm (max); weight, 10.4g. Prominent testing nicks on all angles: two on apex, three on side and at least five on the other side.\n\n\n70. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 23.6mm; width, 9.2mm (max); thickness, 6.5mm; weight, 8.7g. Testing nick on either side.\n\n\n71. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut diagonally across the other; hacksilver; length, 21.6mm; width, 13.6mm (max); thickness, 9.6mm; weight, 18.0g. Two testing nicks on one angle and one on the one opposite.\n\n\n72. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, indented at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 26.0mm; width, 11.0mm; thickness, 12.8mm; weight, 24.5g. Two testing nicks on one edge and one on another.\n\n\n73. Bent terminal of bar-shaped ingot of flattened rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 23.1mm; width, 12.6mm; thickness, 5.9mm; weight, 13.0g. Testing nick on one side, one on each adjacent angle and two on the opposite side.\n\n\n74. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 22.1mm; width, 9.6mm; thickness, 7.1mm; weight, 9.6g. Two or three testing nicks on one edge and a group of five on the opposite edge.\n\n\n\n75. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut at two intersecting angles at the other; hacksilver; length, 18.8mm; width, 13.6mm; thickness, 7.0mm; weight, 11.6g. Two testing nicks on one side and three on the opposite side.\n\n\n\n76. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 18.0mm; width, 16.2mm; thickness, 10.6mm (max); weight, 13.9g.\n\n\n\n77. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 17.8mm; width, 11.3mm; thickness, 9.9mm; weight, 12.3g. Two testing nicks on one angle, one opposite and two on another.\n\n\n\n78. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-triangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 18.5mm; width, 10.1mm; weight, 10.4g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n79. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded sub-trapezoidal section section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 17.8mm; width, 7.9mm; weight, 7.0g. Two testing nicks on one angle and one on another.\n\n\n\n80. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of rounded rectangular section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 19.3mm; width, 8.8mm; weight, 7.5g. Three testing nicks on one angle and one on the one opposite.\n\n\n\n81. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 19.7mm (max); width, 9.0mm; weight, 7.1g. Testing nick on one angle.\n\n\n\n82. Terminal of narrow bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other, with a deep dent on one side; hacksilver; length, 21.4mm (max); width, 6.6mm; weight, 5.0g. Testing nick on either angle.\n\n\n\n83. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of ovoid section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 16.5mm; width, 9.5mm; weight, 5.4g.\n\n\n\n84. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of rounded section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 13.9mm; width, 7.9mm; weight, 4.5g.\n\n\n\n85. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut across the other; hacksilver; length, 19.2mm (max); width, 9.4mm; thickness, 10.9mm; weight, 12.1g. Two testing nicks on one edge, with a small lump and a nick on the one opposite and another nick on the base.\n\n\n\n86. Terminal of bar-shaped ingot of sub-trapezoidal section, rounded at one end and cut obliquely at the other; hacksilver; length, 21.5mm (max); width, 13.3mm; weight, 11.1g.\n", "updater": "Stephen Moon", "treasure": 1, "material": 22, "knownas": "Silverdale", "fromsubperiod": 3, "cultureName": "Viking style", "findspotcode": "LANCUM-65D9D3", "id": 462949, "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "EARLY MEDIEVAL", "objecttype": "HOARD", "findIdentifier": "finds-462949", "bmCultureID": "x41145", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "culture": "6", "discovery": 1, "old_findID": "LANCUM-65C1B4", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "fromdate": 900, "periodToBM": "x41022", "imagedir": "images\/dboughton\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 1183269, "secuid": "PAS4E765C1B0018B8", "workflow": 3, "created": "2011-09-18T22:01:15Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x41022", "manufacture": 1, "datefound1": "2011-09-13T23:00:00Z", "note": 1, "periodTo": 47, "reasonTerm": "County \/ local importance", "broadperiod": "EARLY MEDIEVAL", "materialTerm": "Silver", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "EM", "quantity": 200, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 47, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "EARLY MEDIEVAL", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "secondaryMaterialTerm": "Lead", "parishType": "Civil Parish", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:10:13.278Z", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access" }, { "subperiodTo": "Late", "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "manufactureTerm": "Cast", "periodToName": "BRONZE AGE", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Middle", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LANCUM0788A0.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2013, "gridSource": "Generated from computer mapping software", "preservationTerm": "Good", "subsequentAction": "23", "parishID": 5025, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2013T224", "broadperiodEH": "BA", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4925, "todate": -800, "parish": "Carnforth", "broadperiodBM": "x13712", "district": "Lancaster", "primaryMaterialBM": 10627, "updated": "2015-07-07T13:27:13Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Submitted for consideration as Treasure", "tosubperiod": 3, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nCopper alloy mid to late Bronze Age tanged chisel dagger fragment and two slag residues found within 1.5m of each other and appear to be associated. They date from 1000 to 800BC. Associated with LANCUM-06AA41, LANCUM-0633E7, LANCUM-060825.jpg, LANCUM-064172 and LANCUM-069462\n\n\n\nDescription\n\n\n\n1. Chisel: The chisel is virtually complete and in good condition. The tang of the chisel is tapering and rectangular sectioned square-sectioned. There is a wide, oval collar separating the tang from the blade. The blade is oval in cross section below the collar and flares and thins in to a triangular shape with a fine convex cutting edge.\n\n\n\nDimensions: Length: 98mm; Width: 30mm; Thickness: 6mm\n\n\n\nWeight: 34.75g\n\n\n\n2. Tanged Dagger or Knife: Incomplete. The blade is double edged, tapering, with a central ridge producing a lozenge form profile, the top is broken and may have originally terminated in a tang. The blade is narrowed from the top of the blade with angled sides and has breaks at both ends.\n\n\n\nDimensions: Surviving length: 50mm; Width: 15mm; Thickness: 2mm\n\n\n\nWeight: 14.39g\n\n\n\n3. Fragment of copper alloy slag\n\n\n\nDimensions: Length: 43mm; Width: 23mm; Thickness: 18mm\n\n\n\nWeight: 34.47g\n\n\n\n4. Fragment of copper alloy slag\n\n\n\nDimensions: Length: 22mm; Width: 12mm; Thickness: 8mm.\n\n\n\nWeight: 11g\n\n\n\nDiscussion\n\n\n\nThe tanged chisel (1) has other parallels in the database such as a tanged chisel from South Oxfordshire (Byard 2012) (BERK-52E8C3) and one other from Winfrith Newburgh, Dorset (Hayward Trevarthen 2012) (DOR-F18347). Tanged chisels have been found in several Bronze Age hoards and have a wide distribution in Britain and Ireland.\n\n\n\nBurgess and Gerloff (1981, 36ff) include a blade of similar shape and size to the tanged dagger or knife from Bolton-Le-Sands (2) in their Group II ('Damaged Blades Modified for Rehafting'). It is similar to an example from Marston Trussel, Northamptonshire (Ibid, no.248), described as: \"[A t]anged blade, either a knife made in this form or possibly a dirk with butt cut down for rehafting, in which case the torn rivet hole would have been secondary.\" (Ibid., pl. 32, no 248). It is also similar to two others on the Portable Antiquity Scheme database. One a cast tanged knife found in Dorset (DOR-FAC625) and the other an incomplete knife found in Wiltshire (WILT-83A428).\n\n\n\nBoth finds (1-2) can be dated on typological ground to the Late Bronze Age Wilburton and Ewart Park phases, c.1000-850 BC. Metalworking waste (3-4) is a common feature of Late Bronze Age hoards and finds.\n\n\n\nThe four objects (1-4) appear to have been associated and represent a single find.\n\n\n\nConclusion\n\n\n\nIn terms of their age and grouping of more than two items, this find qualifies as a prehistoric base-metal assemblage and so as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure (Designation) Order 2002.\n\n\n\nReferences\n\n\n\nByard, A (2012) BERK-52E8C3 A BRONZE AGE CHISEL Webpage available at: http:\/\/finds.org.uk\/database\/artefacts\/record\/id\/488005 [Accessed: 8 May 2013 18:16:30]\n\n\n\nBurgess, C. B. and Gerloff, S., 1981. The Dirks and Rapiers of Great Britain and Ireland Munich : Pr\u00e4historische Bronzefunde\n\n\n\nHayward Trevarthen, C (2012) DOR-F18347 A BRONZE AGE CHISEL Webpage available at: http:\/\/finds.org.uk\/database\/artefacts\/record\/id\/493532 [Accessed: 8 May 2013 18:13:28]\n\n\n\nAuthors:\n\n\n\nStuart Noon\n\n\n\nFinds Liaison Officers for Lancashire and Cumbria\n\n\n\nAmended:\n\n\n\nMafalda Raposo\n\n\n\nVolunteer, The British Museum\n\n\n\nNeil Wilkin\n\n\n\nCurator, Bronze Age Collections, The British Museum\n\n\n\n8th of May, 2013\n", "updater": "Stuart Noon", "material": 7, "fromsubperiod": 2, "fourFigureLon": -2.79660665, "findspotcode": "LANCUM-079D07", "id": 552111, "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "BRONZE AGE", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "SD4867", "findIdentifier": "finds-552111", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-0788A0", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "fromdate": -1000, "periodToBM": "x13712", "imagedir": "images\/snoon\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 523843, "secuid": "PAS5150788A00101B", "workflow": 3, "created": "2013-03-25T16:17:14Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x13712", "manufacture": 1, "datefound1": "2013-04-07T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 13, "fourFigureLat": 54.09625643, "preservation": 2, "broadperiod": "BRONZE AGE", "materialTerm": "Copper alloy", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "BA", "quantity": 4, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 13, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "BRONZE AGE", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "Civil Parish", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:11:10.693Z" }, { "subperiodTo": "Late", "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "manufactureTerm": "Struck or hammered", "periodToName": "ROMAN", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Late", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LANCUM-33EBC3-16.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2013, "gridSource": "GPS (From FLO)", "preservationTerm": "Poor", "subsequentAction": "10", "parishID": 5056, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2014T845", "broadperiodEH": "RO", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4985, "todate": 353, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x41218", "woeid": 27278236, "district": "Fylde", "primaryMaterialBM": 10627, "updated": "2016-10-13T12:02:04Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Returned to finder after being disclaimed as Treasure", "tosubperiod": 3, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nReport for H M Coroner\n\n\n\nTreasure Number: 2014 T845\n\n\n\nFind Spot: Lytham St Annes\n\n\n\nPAS Database number: LANCUM-33EBC3\n\n\n\nPeriod: Roman\n\n\n\nDate of Discovery: 11.10.2014 - 18.11.2014\n\n\n\nCircumstances of discovery: Metal detecting over the period of 1 year until the number reached more than 10 and qualified for treasure\n\n\n\nAuthors: David Shotter and Stuart Noon\n\n\n\nDescription: This group of sixteen mid-fourth century nummi and one bracelet was recovered over the year 2014 from an inter-tidal location in Lytham St. Anne's. The coins were discovered underneath a cobbled surface on the estuary foreshore that is being eroded by the sea. Whilst the status of these coins is not absolutely certain, it seems likely that they are hoard-material, particularly since coins of similar type and date have been reported from Lytham on previous occasions, as long ago as 2000.\n\n\n\nThe condition of the present coins is on the whole poor to very poor, and in most cases it has not proved possible to recover the full details. The basic makeup of the group; however appears to be as follows:\n\n\n\nConstantinian 4\n\n\n\nMagenentius 8\n\n\n\nDecentius 3\n\n\n\nMagnentius or Decentius 1\n\n\n\nDiscussion:\n\n\n\nCopper alloy Constantinian (?) nummus dating from AD 335-4.\n\n\n\nReverse: [GLORIA EXERCITVS] One standard. The length is 22mm, and the width is 17mm and the weight is 1.78g.\n\n\n\n\n.\n\n\n\nCopper alloy nummus of Magnentius, probably of the Trier mint. Obverse: [D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse: [VICTORIAE D D N N AVG ET CAES]; on shield [VOT V MVLT X] (LRBC II. 58?). The diameter is 17mm and the weight 2.84g.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Constantinius II dating AD346 - 50.\n\n\n\nObverse: [D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse type [FEL TEMP REPARATIO] (Galley type) (LRBC II. 40(?). The diameter is 20mm and the weight 3.94g.\n\n\n\n2.\n\n\n\nCopper alloy nummus of Magnentius, probably of the Trier mint. Obverse: [D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse: [VICTORIAE D D N N AVG ET CAES]; on shield [VOT V MVLT X] (LRBC II. 58?). The diameter is 17mm and the weight 2.84g.\n\n\n\n3.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Constantinius II dating AD346 - 50.\n\n\n\nObverse: [D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse type [FEL TEMP REPARATIO] (Galley type) (LRBC II. 40(?). The diameter is 20mm and the weight 3.94g.\n\n\n\n4.\n\n\n\nCopper alloy Constantinian (?) nummus dating from AD 350. Reverse: [FEL TEMP REPARATIO] Galley type. The diameter is 24 mm and the weight is 3.67g.\n\n\n\n5.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius dating from 351 to 353 AD (Reece Period 18). Obverse: [D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse type [VICTORIAE] D D N N A[VG ET CAES] RPLG. On shield VOT V MVLT X ( LRBC II.217). The diameter is 20mm and the weight 2.18g.\n\n\n\n6.\n\n\n\nA Roman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius dating from 351 to 353 AD (Reece Period 18). Obverse: [D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG]. Reverse: [VICTOR]IAE D D N N [AVG ET CAES] TRP, On shield VOT V MVLT X. The diameter is 18.5mm and the weight 2.09g.\n\n\n\n7.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy coin nummus of Magnentius (fragmentary) dating from 351 to 353 AD. Obverse: Head of Magnentius, bare. Reverse: Two Victories with shield on column. The length is 17mm, the width is 12mm and the weight is 1.78g.\n\n\n\n8.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy coin nummus of Magnentius (fragmentary) dating from 351 to 353 AD. Obverse: Head of Magnentius, bare. Reverse: Two Victories with shield on column (LRBC 11. 56). The diameter is 20mm and the weight is 2.63g.\n\n\n\n9.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius dating AD351. Obverse: Head bare. Reverse: Appears to be Two Victories with shield on column. The diameter is 20mm and the weight 3.41g.\n\n\n\n10.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius dating AD 351-1. Reverse: Appears to be Two Victories with shield. The diameter is 25mm and the weight 5g.\n\n\n\n11.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius, dating to the period AD 351 to 353 (Reece Period 18). Reverse appears to be Two Victories with shield. The diameter is 18mm and the weight 4.48g.\n\n\n\n12.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy nummus of Decentius dating from 351 to 353 AD (Reece Period 18). Obverse: D N DECENTIVS [NOB CAES]. Reverse: VICTORIAE D D N N [AVG ET CAE] TRP(?). On shield VOT V MVLT X. (LRBC II.57). The diameter is 18mm and the weight 2.58g.\n\n\n\n13.\n\n\n\nA copper alloy nummus of Decentius dating to the period AD 351 to 353. Obverse: [DECENTIVS FORT] CAES. Reverse: [SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES] TRP(?) (Chi-Rho symbol) (LRBC II. 63ff). The diameter is 26mm, and the weight is 5.19g.\n\n\n\n14.\n\n\n\nRoman copper alloy coin nummus of Decentius dating from 351 to 353 AD. Obverse: Head of Decentius, bare. [SALVS D D N N AVG ET CAES] PAR(?) Chi-Rho (LRBC II.446). The diameter is 17.5mm and the weight 1.48g.\n\n\n\n15\n\n\n\nConstantius II; [D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG] \/ [FEL TEMP REPARATIO] 'Hut' reverse type; mint mark absent. c. AD 350. The diameter is 19mm and the weight 3.55g.\n\n\n\n16\n\n\n\nMagnentius or Decentius; Head bare \/ [SALVS D D N N AVG ET CAES] Chi-Rho; mint mark absent. AD 351-3. The diameter is 16mm and the weight 2.41g.\n\n\n\nBracelet.\n\n\n\nA complete cast copper alloy bracelet dating to the Roman period, (70-410 AD). The object is oval in plan and has an oval sectioned hoop attached to rounded terminals that appear to have been soldered. The terminals have two scooped indentations perhaps for originally mounted semiprecious stone or enamel. Found in association with fourteen 4th century AD coins. Shares similarities with LVPL-426C05, SUR-2348B9, GLO-07BDE8 other examples with similarities on the database are BERK-989C93 , NMS-E204C6, LIN-A42615, LIN-62A880\n\n\n\nThe length is 72mm, and the width is 60mm the thickness 3mm, terminals 8mm in diameter and the weight is 14.20g.\n", "updater": "Ian Richardson", "treasure": 1, "material": 7, "knownas": "CLIFTON", "fromsubperiod": 3, "findspotcode": "LANCUM-33F102", "id": 651126, "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "ROMAN", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "findIdentifier": "finds-651126", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-33EBC3", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "fromdate": 335, "periodToBM": "x41218", "imagedir": "images\/snoon\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 500569, "secuid": "PAS54733EBC001304", "workflow": 3, "created": "2014-11-24T14:20:44Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x41218", "manufacture": 2, "datefound1": "2013-10-10T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 21, "datefound2": "2014-11-18T00:00:00Z", "preservation": 3, "broadperiod": "ROMAN", "materialTerm": "Copper alloy", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "RO", "quantity": 16, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 21, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "ROMAN", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "District Ward", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:12:07.128Z" }, { "subperiodTo": "Early", "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "periodToName": "BRONZE AGE", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Early", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LANCUM97FA16final.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2019, "gridSource": "Centred on parish", "preservationTerm": "Good", "subsequentAction": "3", "parishID": 4580, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2018T323", "broadperiodEH": "BA", "notes": "\nDescription updated by Neil Wilkin following discussion with Dr S.P. Needham (22nd July 2019).\n", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4566, "todate": -1700, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x13712", "district": "Burnley", "primaryMaterialBM": 10627, "updated": "2022-02-15T13:10:39Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Donated to museum after being declared Treasure", "tosubperiod": 1, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nHoard of two early Bronze Age copper alloy flat axes with similarities to the Aylesford tradition of the early Bronze Age, dating from c. 2050-1750BC.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe 1 - A cast copper-alloy flat axehead of the Early Bronze Age, dating to the period of 2050-1700 BC. Early Bronze Age bronze Developed (relatively late) flat axe, similar to Irish flat axes, and dating to the Willerby stage (i.e. 20th - 18th century BC) or later. It is possible that this axe is an Irish import (see examples in Harbison1969). The axe is near-complete sub-rectangular in plan but is heavily corroded with some peripheral loss. The axe's blade is rounded and broken narrowing to the butt which is rounded and slightly broken. The cutting edge is rather shallow and blade tips barely expanded. The flanges are low and lozenge shaped in profile and moderately curved. The body is moderately concave, waisted and gently flaring with a medium-broad mid-blade. The butt has been slightly flattened about a third of the length, terminating in a stop end which is a simple bevel and there is also damage evidenced by ripples radiating down the blade (broken with a panel of decoration running perpendicular to the ripples\/furrows). The stop on the blade is best described a 'a stop bump' in Needham's terms. The patina is patchy brown\/green, with a rough surface. The length is 112mm, the width of blade is 51mm, width of butt 25mm, thickness 10mm and the weight 181.88g. The axe is possibly closest to Needham class 4b Aylesford type defined as having medium-broad mid-blades.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe 2 - A cast copper-alloy flat axehead of the Early Bronze Age, dating to the period of 20500-1700 BC. Early Bronze Age bronze Developed flat axe, probably of Type Scrabo Hill (Schmidt & Burgess, 1981, p 63-5) and of Metalwork Assemblage IV to V, corresponding to Needham's (1996) Period 3; dated to 2,050BC - 1,700BC. In Needham's revised scheme it belongs to Class 4 (2017). The axe is complete but is corroded with some peripheral loss. The axe's blade is gently flaring and rounded and narrowing to the butt which is rounded. The cutting edge is narrow and blade tips slightly expanded. The flanges are low and lenticular shaped in profile and moderately curved. The body is moderately concave, waisted and gently flaring with a medium-broad mid-blade. The butt has been slightly flattened about a third of the length, terminating in a stop end which is a simple bevel.. The length is 120mm, the width of blade is 55mm, width of butt is 25mm, thickness 15mm and the weight 267.11g. The patina is patchy green, with a rough surface. The axe is possibly closest to Needham class 4b Aylesford type defined as having medium-broad mid-blades.\n\r\nSimilar on the database to DENO-93FB17, SUR-E3F467, LANCUM-3324F7, LANCUM-6507C2 and LVPL-851560.\n\r\nClass 4 axes are readily distinguishable from Class\n\r\n3. Even if the stop bevel (which can be a subtle feature) has been erased through surface loss, there is usually a strong indication of its former presence in the lozengic long-profile of the body. Very occasionally even axes in fine condition have a lozengic profile on which the thickest point is not marked by a linear bevel and is instead a more rounded change in plane; these are still treated as belonging to Class 4. Where condition is sufficiently good, the great majority of Class 4 axes show evidence for low flanges, but it should not be assumed they were universally present, particularly on the earlier types (i.e. of the Brithdir and Mile Cross. Assemblages).\n\r\n\r\n\nHarbison, P. 1969. The Axes of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland. Munich.\n\r\n\r\n\nNeedham. S. 2017. The Classification of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Copper and Bronze Axe-heads from Southern Britain. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd (Oxford).\n", "updater": "Alex Whitlock", "treasure": 1, "material": 7, "knownas": "near Burnley", "fromsubperiod": 1, "findspotcode": "LANCUM-980665", "id": 901656, "classification": "flat axes with similarities to the Aylesford tradition", "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "BRONZE AGE", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "findIdentifier": "finds-901656", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-97FA16", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "fromdate": -2050, "periodToBM": "x13712", "imagedir": "images\/snoon\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 1014238, "secuid": "PAS5AF97FA100167D", "workflow": 3, "created": "2018-05-14T13:22:57Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x13712", "datefound1": "2019-05-13T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 13, "datefound2": "2018-05-13T23:00:00Z", "preservation": 2, "broadperiod": "BRONZE AGE", "materialTerm": "Copper alloy", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "BA", "quantity": 2, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 13, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "BRONZE AGE", "currentLocation": "Towneley Hall Museum, Burnley", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "District Ward", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:14:41.636Z" }, { "subperiodTo": "Early", "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "manufactureTerm": "Cast", "periodToName": "BRONZE AGE", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Early", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LANCUM2FD057Bronzeageflataxe.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2017, "gridSource": "From finder", "preservationTerm": "Good", "subsequentAction": "23", "parishID": 5154, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2017T812", "broadperiodEH": "BA", "thickness": 8, "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4985, "todate": -1900, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x13712", "weight": 397, "district": "Fylde", "primaryMaterialBM": 10627, "updated": "2020-01-31T16:28:09Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Submitted for consideration as Treasure", "tosubperiod": 1, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\n\r\n\nHoard of seven early Bronze Age copper alloy flat axes with similarities to the Migdale-Marnoch tradition of the early Bronze Age, dating from c. 2200-1900BC. All are of early types and surface analysis undertaken at the British Museum has shown all to be of unalloyed copper with (unquantified) traces of arsenic, silver and antimony. Although they have somewhat corroded surfaces and a range of other minor damage, all are essentially complete objects. Their original outlines can be extrapolated with some confidence, thus allowing classification according to the latest scheme for southern Britain (Needham 2017). They all have lenticular side profiles which place them in one of Classes 2 or 3 depending on their shape (ibid, 8-10).\n\r\n\r\n\nIn general, surface condition is a variable mix of: i) small upstanding patches of apparently original surface bearing a smooth patina, ii) even but matt dull olive-green surfaces, evidently left after flaking\/powdering of the patina, and iii) more actively corroded areas, both pocked and extruded. Where limited patches of patina survive, they indicate the loss of a relatively thin layer alongside, hence most sides and faces are unlikely to have been reduced by more than 0.5 - 1.0mm; thin areas at cutting edge and butt will typically have suffered greater outline loss. Detailed variations and distribution are not reported on here.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 1 (Original no 6)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 139.5mm, width of cutting edge 77.2mm, maximum thickness 10.3mm, weight 396.5g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe sides expand from the butt in a gentle concave sweep, being near-parallel for the haft end (EH 0.06). The butt corners are double-angled, likely to be an original feature despite corrosion loss, with an originally slightly arched line between - this had probably been flattened a little in the central stretch. The cutting edge is deep (RDE 0.36) and curves asymmetrically. The long profile is lenticular, thickest slightly above the middle and tapering to a butt now 3mm thick in the middle (where flattened). The faces are well bowed in cross-section making the sides unusually narrow. No defined bevel survives at the cutting edge.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, using the average of the two butt widths and allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.56 and RWB' = 0.32. This is a broad-butted axe. Its shape conforming well to Sub-class 2A Type Burley Camp.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 2 (Original no 3)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 119mm, width cutting edge 65.8mm, maximum thickness 9.0mm, weight 287g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe sides expand gently for the haft end (EH 0.11) and out-turn a little along the blade. The butt is roughly straight, but distinctly sloped from one corner to the other. The cutting edge is deep (RDE 0.37) and symmetric, only partly due to greater damage to one blade tip which has been flattened. This axe has a unusual lenticular profile in which a central stretch of about 75mm length is almost parallel-faced; it does however taper to both ends, the butt only being 1.5mm thick. Faces in cross-section are slightly convex. No defined bevel survives at the cutting edge.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.54 and RWB' = 0.31. This is a broad-butted axe attributable to Class 2. The deep cutting edge and straight-ish butt place it in Sub-class 2A Type Burley Camp.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 3 (Original no 4)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 106.5mm, width of cutting edge 66.5mm, maximum thickness 11.5mm, weight 320g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe body expands steadily from the butt end (EH 0.15), swinging outwards a little towards the blade tips. One tip, although corrosion reduced, shows a distinct out-turn for the last 8mm which may be due to edge sharpening; indeed, there are signs of an bevel although it is not currently well delineated. The butt is slightly concave in plan and this may be original despite some damage. The cutting edge is deeply curved (0.35). The long profile is lenticular, thickest on the blade side of centre and tapering to a 2.5mm-thick butt. Faces are convex in cross-section.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.54 and RWB' = 0.34. This is a broad-butted axe attributable to Class 2. The deep cutting edge and straight-ish butt place it in Sub-class 2A Type Burley Camp. There are also strong similarities with Sub-class 2A Type Lode, but these are characterised by much shallower cutting edges.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 4 (Original no 2)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 134mm, width of cutting edge 75.4mm, maximum thickness 8.9mm, weight 326g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe sides expand gently for much of the body (EH 0.12) turning outwards more towards the blade tips. The cutting edge is deeply curved (RDE 0.37), while the butt is near-straight. It has a lenticular profile thickest around the middle (8.9mm) and tapering to a thick-ish butt (3.5mm). The cutting edge is a little asymmetric and this may only partly be due to damage. Faces in cross-section are flat to minimally convex. No defined bevel survives at the cutting edge.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.42 and RWB' = 0.24. This is a medium-butted axe which would strictly speaking fall within Sub-class 3A of the southern classification. However, its overall shape, especially the straight butt and deep cutting edge, is not normal amongst that sub-class and compares much better with broad-butted axes of Sub-class 2A. There are occasional parallels for such medium-butted extremes of that sub-class and this axe is therefore best classified as Sub-class 3A (cf 2A Type Burley Camp).\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 5 (Original no 7)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 140.3mm, width of cutting edge 83.3mm, maximum thickness 9.8mm, weight 415g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThis axe has only slightly curved sides which expand well right from the butt (EH 0.14). The butt is approximately straight but, in fact, marginally concave with minor damage including some possible recent scraping. The cutting edge is of moderate depth (RDE 0.24) and there are hints of an edge bevel having been present above. It is lenticular in long profile, thickest just below the middle and tapering to a 1mm-thick butt.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.44 and RWB' = 0.27. This is, on strict definition, a medium-butted axe of Sub-class 3A, where the closest form is Type Scunthorpe. The latter type tends to have even shallower cutting edges than this axe and are of bronze rather than copper. Setting aside its relative butt width, a strong comparison can be made with the rather trapezoidal copper axes of Sub-class 2D Type Halberton; occasional parallels exist for such medium-butted axes in copper and these may well be elements within an evolutionary trend from 2D Halberton in copper to 3C Harlyn Bay in bronze (Needham 2017, fig 16). It is proposed to classify this axe as Sub-class 3A (cf 2D).\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 6 (Original no 5)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 117.2mm, width of cutting edge 64.9mm, maximum thickness 9.7mm, weight 282g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe body has a relatively strong flare throughout its length (EH 0.15) with only slight further out-turning towards the blade tips. The butt is slightly arched and the cutting edge only moderately deep (RDE 0.26). The long profile is lenticular thickest around the middle; however, the haft end tapers to a fairly thick butt (4.0mm). Faces are flat to slightly convex in cross-section. There are hints of a former edge bevel to touch, but not visible.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.45 and RWB' = 0.26. This is very similar to axe no 5 and, on strict definition, a medium-butted axe of Sub-class 3A, where the closest form is Type Scunthorpe. The latter type tends to have even shallower cutting edges than this axe and are of bronze rather than copper. Setting aside its relative butt width, a strong comparison can be made with the rather trapezoidal copper axes of Sub-class 2D Type Halberton; occasional parallels exist for such medium-butted axes in copper and these may well be elements within an evolutionary trend from 2D Halberton in copper to 3C Harlyn Bay in bronze (Needham 2017, fig 16). It is proposed to classify this axe as Sub-class 3A (cf 2D).\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 7 (Original no 1)\n\r\n\r\n\nLength 155mm, width of cutting edge 77.7mm, maximum thickness 10.7mm; weight 430g.\n\r\n\r\n\nThe sides of the haft end expand only slightly (EH 0.09); expansion increases at the blade end, but rather asymmetrically. This is not due to differential damage - both bade tips are only a little reduced by corrosion loss. The curvature of the cutting edge is correspondingly asymmetric and of moderate depth (RDE 0.28). The butt is only slightly arched and has somewhat rounded corners. Faces are slightly bowed in cross-section. The long profile is lenticular, thickest near the middle (10.7mm) and terminates in a slightly thick butt (2.2mm). No defined bevel survives at the cutting edge.\n\r\n\r\n\nCritical relative dimensions for butt width, allowing for loss due to corrosion and other damage, are RWB = 0.41 and RWB' = 0.22. These place the axe in Class 3 and specifically in Class 3A - with medium-broad butts. The minimal expansion of the haft end makes it closely comparable to Type Migdale (classic Migdale type, sensu Needham 2004) in northern Britain (Schmidt & Burgess 1981, nos 62 - 190) and its equivalent, Sub-class 3A Type Lansdown, in southern Britain (Needham 2017, 17-18).\n\r\n\r\n\nSummary of key dimensions and attributes\n\r\n\r\n\nNo Classification Length (mm) Weight (g) RWB RWB' RDE EH\n\r\n1 2A Type Burley Camp 139.5 396.5 0.56 0.32 0.36 0.06\n\r\n2 2A Type Burley Camp 119 287 0.54 0.31 0.37 0.11\n\r\n3 2A Type Burley Camp 106.5 320 0.54 0.34 0.35 0.15\n\r\n4 3A (cf 2A Type Burley Camp) 134 326 0.42 0.24 0.37 0.12\n\r\n5 3A (cf 2D) 140.3 415 0.44 0.27 0.24 0.14\n\r\n6 3A (cf 2D) 117.2 282 0.45 0.26 0.26 0.15\n\r\n7 3A Type Lansdown 155 430 0.41 0.22 0.28 0.09\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\r\nDamage features\n\r\n\r\n\nMost of the axes show features of damage that could derive from pre-depositional treatment, although many are not present in original surfaces but are instead 'ghosts' in the underlying surface. All cutting edges are wavy to some degree and fairly sharp; the sharpness, however, derives from bifacial surface reduction alongside rather than from the original condition of the blades.\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no 1 has several notches in the cutting edge associated with bending or burring, and both blade corners are squashed; the middle stretch of the butt is blunted and one of its corners is slightly bent over. Three thin diagonal grooves run across one face, all at different angles. Axe no 2 has similar cutting edge features, but also on one face alongside a sequence of three overlapping hammer indentations forming a linear furrow. The same face has a short narrow groove near the middle. The butt is damaged by denting from both faces. One butt corner and the more intact blade tip of axe no 3 are bent over a little. There are dents\/chips alongside the central stretch of the butt and the second blade tip.\n\r\n\r\n\nThere is a long diagonal score-mark down the middle of one face of axe no 4 and this appears to be corrosion filled. Axe no 5 may have a little modern damage, exposing browner metal with brighter glints, most notably a facet along part of one body angle. Its cutting edge, however, appears to have suffered ancient damage resulting in strong contortions when viewed end-on. In addition two chips have been detached from one blade tip. Axe no 6 is another featuring a thin grooves; a single diagonal occurs on one face, while two cross in an 'X' on the other and seem to retain patina within them. One blade tip has been bent back a little. Again, narrow grooves occur on axe no 7, at least three on different alignments on one face including one near the cutting edge. The other face instead bears very shallow and broad furrows, presumably hammer-struck or ground-out, parts of which retain patina; there is one long axial furrow and others transverse or diagonal. One blade tip is slightly bent and the other has a distinct dent. The intervening cutting edge has a few nicks, some associated with burring, and a burred notch is also present in the middle of the butt.\n\r\n\r\n\nAside from some of the scrapes on axe no 5, there is no clear evidence for modern damage and some of the features retain a patinated surface. It may therefore be a reasonable presumption that the majority are ancient. There are various modes of 'defilement': thin traced grooves on miscellaneous diagonal lines (axes 1, 2, 4, 6 & 7), broad-hammer denting of faces to form furrows (axes 2 & 7), similar individual dents, or alternatively flake-chipped scars alongside edges (axes 2, 3 & 5), the nicking of sharp edges - mainly the cutting edge, but also the butt (axes 1, 2, 3, 5 & 7), and the bending over or squashing of blade tips (axes 1, 3, 6 & 7). A longer stretch of the butt of axe no 1 has been hammer-blunted and the cutting edge of axe no 5 is rather contorted. Collectively these traces suggest a systematic programme of 'defilement', probably as part of the deposition process since the different modes span the different types present and these are likely to have had different backgrounds.\n\r\n\r\n\nSummary of damage features\n\r\n\r\n\nAxe no thin grooves broad shallow furrows dents\/ flaked chips thin-edge nicking\/burring blade tip bending\/ squashing blunting or contortion of a thin edge\n\r\n\r\n\nDiscussion\n\r\n\r\n\nThis is an association without parallel in Britain. Copper flat axes are normally found singly and the only well documented association is of three from Moel Arthur, Flintshire (Forde-Johnston 1962). A lost hoard of six axes, or more likely axe blanks, from Tonderghie, Dumfries & Galloway (Britton 1963, 260 fig 2, 311), may also belong to the copper phase of metallurgy. The association of different copper axe types together is therefore of great academic importance, the more so since they straddle the broad-butted\/medium-butted divide that corresponds closely to the transition from copper working to bronze working, yet here all are still of copper. Although the existing surface analyses are not good enough for certain attribution, the presence of arsenic, antimony and silver is consistent with the dominant copper in circulation at this date, that now demonstrated to come from the Ross Island copper mines, Co Kerry (Rohl & Needham 1998; O'Brien 2004).\n\r\n\r\n\nThree of the Lower Ballam axes are unequivocally broad-butted, as is almost invariably the case for copper axe. All of these conform to 2A Type Burley Camp, the shape of which broadly echoes that of thick-butted Type Cappeen in Ireland (Needham 2017, 12-14); Type Cappeen is probably the primary form of axe created from freshly won copper from Ross Island. The other four axes are instead medium-butted, and hence fall strictly within Sub-class 3A of the southern British classification, approximating to Type Migdale and its variants in northern British one. This sub-class would normally be dated to the next metalworking stage involving the Brithdir\/Migdale Assemblages; analysed examples are numerous and almost universally of standard bronze containing several percent of tin. The presence of these 'precocious' 3A axes in the Lower Ballam association, but here still made of copper, suggests a position somewhere close to the metallurgical transition for this hoard. When bronze first came de rigueur in Britain there may have been problems with the consistent supply of tin and it should not be assumed that all regions had the same access to it. The all-copper composition of this association should therefore not necessarily be taken to be indicative of an early date within a transitional period. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that three of Lower Ballam's medium-butted axes, nos 4 - 6, have morphologies that are not entirely typical of bronze 3A axes and are instead similar to certain copper types, Sub-classes 2A and 2D. Only axe no 7 represents a significant break with morphological tradition and this is of the form that underpinned the Migdale 'sunburst' of bronze metallurgy in north-east Scotland (Needham 2004).\n\r\n\r\n\nBecause of its particular mixture of types, the Lower Ballam hoard can be dated fairly closely to within or close to the early half of the 22nd century BC, during which systematic bronze alloying got underway (Needham et al. 2017, ). There may, nevertheless, be another dimension to the morphological combination. Sub-class 2A axes are closely related to thick-butted axes (Type Cappeen) which may be the primary products from the south-west Irish copper source at Ross Island. The examples in the Lower Ballam hoard (nos 1-3) might therefore represent metal at an early stage of the recycling\/distribution chain, whereas the medium-butted axes, especially nos 5-7, could represent more recent re-castings, now in avant-garde forms. This broad distinction should not necessarily be read as between Irish conservative tradition and British innovating tradition; around the metallurgical transition similar processes were happening on both sides of the Irish Sea and we do not yet have any fine relative regional chronologies to judge whether they were in step. Whether some or all of the Lower Ballam axes in their present form had come directly from across the Irish Sea is therefore difficult to determine on present evidence, but regardless, the location of the hoard would seem to relate to the cross-sea connection that brought copper into Britain during this early stage of metallurgy. Early flat axes, whether of copper or bronze, are not frequent in north-west England (Schmidt & Burgess 1981, pls. 114 & 115), so this is a significant addition to the regional metalwork assemblage between circa 2450 and 1950 BC. At a stroke this one find changes perception of the ports of entry of Irish copper to Britain (cf Needham 2004, 242 fig 19.19).\n\r\n\r\n\nAs important as the chronological-cum-processual aspects of the hoard is the evidence for various forms of damage. This is a crucial indication of the kind of practices that may accompany the ritual deposition of metalwork at this very early horizon.\n\r\n\r\n\nConclusion\n\r\n\r\n\nAs a find of more than two base metal objects of prehistoric date, this find qualifies as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act (Designation Ordern 2002).\n\r\n\r\n\nAuthor\n\r\n\r\n\nDr Stuart Needham\n\r\nBritish Museum (retired); Independent Scholar\n\r\n\r\n\nJuly 2018\n\r\n\r\n\nARCHIVE ONLY\n\r\n\r\n\nEstimated original dimensions (mm) & ratios\n\r\nAxe no L WE WB W2 LB DE RWB RWB' EH RDE\n\r\n1 141 81 45.5 51.5 102.5 29.5 0.56 0.32 0.06 0.36\n\r\n2 121.5 70.5 38 48 88 26 0.54 0.31 0.11 0.37\n\r\n3 108 69 37 48.5 79 24 0.54 0.34 0.15 0.35\n\r\n4 135 78 33 45 101 29 0.42 0.24 0.12 0.37\n\r\n5 142 86.5 38 55 118.5 21 0.44 0.27 0.14 0.24\n\r\n6 119 69 31 45 95.5 18 0.45 0.26 0.15 0.26\n\r\n7 156.5 82 34 45 128.5 23 0.41 0.22 0.09 0.28\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\r\nReferences\n\r\n\r\n\nBritton, D. 1963. Traditions of metal-working in the later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Britain: part 1. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 29, 258-325.\n\r\n\r\n\nForde-Johnston, J. 1962. A hoard of flat axes from Moel Arthur, Flintshire. Journal of the Flintshire Historical Society 21, 99-100.\n\r\n\r\n\nNeedham, S.P. 2004. Migdale-Marnoch: sunburst of Scottish metallurgy. In I.A. Shepherd & G.J. Barclay (eds.) Scotland in Ancient Europe: The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Scotland in their European Context, 217-45. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.\n\r\n\r\n\nNeedham, S. 2017. The Classification of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Copper and Bronze Axe-heads from Southern Britain. Oxford: Archaeopress, Access Archaeology.\n\r\n\r\n\nNeedham, S., Kenny, J., Cole, G., Montgomery, J., Jay, M., Davis, M. & Marshall, P. 2017. Death by combat at the dawn of the Bronze Age? Profiling the dagger-accompanied burial from Racton, West Sussex. Antiquaries Journal 97, 1-53.\n\r\n\r\n\nO'Brien, W. 2004. Ross Island: Mining, Metal and Society in Early Ireland. Galway: National University of Ireland; Bronze Age Studies 6\n\r\n\r\n\nRohl. B. & Needham, S. 1998. The Circulation of Metal in the British Bronze Age: the Application of Lead Isotope Analysis. London, British Museum Occasional Paper 102.\n\r\n\r\n\nSchmidt, P.K. & Burgess, C.B. 1981. The Axes of Scotland and Northern England. Munich: Pr\u00e4historische Bronzefunde IX, 7.\n\r\n\n", "updater": "Sally Worrell", "treasure": 1, "length": 141, "material": 7, "knownas": "Westby-with-Plumptons", "fromsubperiod": 1, "findspotcode": "LANCUM-2FD5CC", "id": 846581, "classification": "flat axes", "objectCertaintyID": 1, "subClassification": "Migdale-Marnock tradition", "periodToEH": "BRONZE AGE", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "findIdentifier": "finds-846581", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "width": 77, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-2FD057", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "fromdate": -2200, "periodToBM": "x13712", "imagedir": "images\/dboughton\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 639233, "secuid": "PAS5912FD05001718", "workflow": 3, "created": "2017-05-10T12:44:05Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x13712", "manufacture": 1, "datefound1": "2017-08-01T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 13, "datefound2": "2017-08-01T23:00:00Z", "preservation": 2, "broadperiod": "BRONZE AGE", "materialTerm": "Copper alloy", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "BA", "quantity": 7, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 13, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "BRONZE AGE", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "Civil Parish", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:14:08.31Z" }, { "subperiodTo": "Late", "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "periodToName": "ROMAN", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "subperiodFrom": "Early", "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LCMJS2014T438_weight.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2014, "gridSource": "GPS (from the finder)", "preservationTerm": "Fair", "subsequentAction": "16", "parishID": 4996, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2014T438", "broadperiodEH": "RO", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4925, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x41218", "woeid": 26348525, "district": "Lancaster", "primaryMaterialBM": 11728, "updated": "2016-10-03T15:38:39Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Returned to finder after being declared not Treasure", "tosubperiod": 3, "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nSilver Roman finger ring, four silver denarii, sherd, steelyard weight:\n\n\n\nSteelyward Weight: 46mm (height); 31.5mm (bottom diameter); over 300g\n\n\n\nSamian Ware sherd: Naked male figure right, right arm raised; only torso visible. Extremely worn body sherd, probably Dragendorff 37; 56.1mm x 41.5mm x 4mm; 11.87g\n\n\n\nSilver finger ring fragment: 16mm height (bezel); 4mm height (hoop); 2.64g;\n\n\n\nFour coins:\n\n\n\nFour Roman Denarii from Burrow Heights, Lancaster (?): June 2014-06-26 (by Prof David Shotter)\n\n\n\n1. Republican, Marcus Porcius Laeca (RRC 270, 1; 125 BC; 3.23g; 17mm x 1.5mm)\n\n\n\nHelmeted head of Roma, right; behind (vertically) LAECA\n\n\n\nLibertas in quadriga MPORC(ius) ROMA\n\n\n\n2. Vespasian (RIC 22 (Vespasian), 964; AD 77-8; 2g; 18mm x 1mm)\n\n\n\nCAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG\n\n\n\n[ANNONA AVG]\n\n\n\n3. Antoninus Pius (RIC 3 (Antoninus), 64; AD 140-3; 2.6g; 18.5mm x 1.5mm)\n\n\n\nANTONINVS AVG PIVS [P P TR P] COS III\n\n\n\nCLEMENTIA AVG\n\n\n\n4. Commodus (RIC 3 (Commodus), 251; AD 191-2; 2.5g; 16.9mm x 1.7mm)\n\n\n\n[L AEL AVREL COM]M AVG P FEL\n\n\n\nClub within wreath HERCVL ROMAN AVGV\n\n\n\nThe evident physical scatter of these coins, whilst it does not rule out a hoard-source, makes it unlikely, although the coins could have been spread by ploughing which is evident from visible features in the area. Coins 2-4 could cohere in a hoard terminating in late second\/early third century; coin 1 is a less likely, although not impossible, feature is such a hoard. Alternatively, the coins might derive from a scattered ritual deposit.\n\n\n\nThe fact that the area displays a visible earthwork which, it has been suggested (Edwards 2009, 103-7), might derive from a Roman-period mausoleum, together with the discovery over the years of both prehistoric and Roman material (including aes-coins, dating from the first to third centuries; Shotter 2000, 28), points to the likely existence of site-activity over a considerable period.\n\n\n\nReferences\n\n\n\nEdwards B.J.N., 2009: 'The Burrow Roman Sculptures, with a Hypothetical\n\n\n\nReconstruction of a Mausoleum', pp. 103-7 in Iles P.D. and Shotter D.C.A.\n\n\n\n(eds), Lancaster's Roman Cemeteries, Lancaster\n\n\n\nShotter D.C.A., 2000: Roman Coins from North-West England: Second Supplement,\n\n\n\nLancaster\n", "updater": "Ian Richardson", "treasure": 1, "material": 22, "knownas": "Lancaster", "fromsubperiod": 1, "findspotcode": "LANCUM-B36974", "id": 624462, "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "ROMAN", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "findIdentifier": "finds-624462", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-AC7468", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "periodToBM": "x41218", "imagedir": "images\/dboughton\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 475400, "secuid": "PAS53AAC7460018BE", "workflow": 3, "created": "2014-06-25T13:57:42Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x41218", "datefound1": "2014-07-18T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 21, "datefound2": "2014-06-20T23:00:00Z", "preservation": 1, "broadperiod": "ROMAN", "materialTerm": "Silver", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "RO", "quantity": 7, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 21, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "ROMAN", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "Civil Parish", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:10:27.108Z" }, { "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 1, "countyType": "County", "manufactureTerm": "Struck or hammered", "periodToName": "ROMAN", "periodToCertaintyID": 1, "discoveryMethod": "Metal detector", "filename": "LVMDJN2014T320_RRC_unidd.jpg", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 2014, "subsequentAction": "3", "parishID": 4929, "dateToQualifierID": 1, "TID": "2014T320", "broadperiodEH": "RO", "notes": "\nOn the balance of probabilities, I conclude that this find constitutes a prima facie case of treasure under the terms of the Treasure Act (1996), by being a group of two or more precious metal coins of the same find.\n", "districtType": "District", "periodToCertainty": "Certain", "completeness": 4, "institution": "LANCUM", "districtID": 4922, "parish": "Restricted Access", "broadperiodBM": "x41218", "woeid": 26348529, "district": "Wyre", "primaryMaterialBM": 11728, "updated": "2015-08-12T11:14:11Z", "subsequentActionTerm": "Donated to museum after being declared Treasure", "regionName": "North West", "dateToQualifier": "Circa", "description": "\nThe group consists of three silver Roman Republican coins of a denomination known as denarii (sing. denarius).\n\n\n\nThe latest fully legible coin dates to many years before the establishment of Roman Britain. However, we know from larger coin hoard groups that Republican denarii, which had been produced over the previous two centuries, formed a substantial portion of the coin circulation throughout the first century AD. Thus these three coins cannot provide evidence on their own of Roman coins in Britain prior to the Roman annexation of AD 43.\n\n\n\nMetal Content and Age\n\n\n\nThe coins satisfy the terms of the Treasure Act with regard to age and metal content. They are certainly more than 300 years old and have a precious metal contents in well in excess of the 10% threshold.\n\n\n\nSame find?\n\n\n\nRoman Republican coins circulated for a long period after the invasion of Britain due to their high silver content. It is certainly not unusual for them to occur in a hoard with Iron Age or later Roman silver coins produced during the empire. These three coins could certainly have been deposited together at some point in the first century AD.\n", "updater": "Ian Richardson", "treasure": 1, "material": 22, "knownas": "Dolphinholme", "findspotcode": "LANCUM-4DD20B", "id": 616844, "objectCertaintyID": 1, "periodToEH": "ROMAN", "objecttype": "HOARD", "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "findIdentifier": "finds-616844", "dateFromQualifierID": 1, "discovery": 1, "precision": 10, "old_findID": "LANCUM-4DC831", "completenessTerm": "Complete", "periodToBM": "x41218", "imagedir": "images\/dboughton\/", "periodFromCertaintyID": 1, "thumbnail": 475396, "secuid": "PAS5374DC83001263", "workflow": 3, "created": "2014-05-15T16:25:55Z", "periodFromCertainty": "Certain", "periodFromBM": "x41218", "manufacture": 2, "datefound1": "2014-04-26T23:00:00Z", "periodTo": 21, "broadperiod": "ROMAN", "materialTerm": "Silver", "regionID": 41431, "periodFromEH": "RO", "quantity": 3, "dateFromQualifier": "Circa", "periodFrom": 21, "imageCopyright": "http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/", "periodFromName": "ROMAN", "currentLocation": "Lancaster City Museum", "objectCertainty": "Certain", "parishType": "Civil Parish", "timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:11:47.905Z" }, { "county": "Lancashire", "accuracy": 10, "countyType": "County", "reeceID": 5, "findspotcode": "IARCH-E56B8B", "id": 1082, "discoveryMethod": "Unknown", "countyID": 5156, "discovered": 1695, "lastRuler": "Nerva", "feature": "Cairn", "objecttype": "HOARD", "parishID": 4749, "knownSite": 1, "fourFigure": "Restricted Access", "toTerminalYear": 98, "findIdentifier": "hoards-1082", "smrRef": "Pastscape 45358; Pastscape 45331", "discovery": 13, "quantityCoins": 22, "featureID": 4, "lastRulerID": 255, "precision": 8, "districtType": "District", "old_findID": "IARCH-AECED5", "institution": "IARCH", "districtID": 4566, "parish": "Restricted Access", "archaeologyDescription": "
\"where a considerable Heap of Stones evidence the Ruins of a Roman Fort or Station\". Thought to be a cairn, where human remains have been found. The description of legionary coins being found at High Law may relate to this hoard.
\nPastscape 45358; Pastscape 45331<\/p>\n\n
See also Pastscape 887165 which sites this hoard to a tumulus.<\/span><\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS53755DFD001367",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26344707,
"fromTerminalYear": 98,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Incomplete information",
"district": "Burnley",
"legacyID": 1138,
"datefound1": "1695-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1698-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 21 no. 109:\n\n\n\n\"Sept. 1698\n\n\"The Last Week I received a valuable Present of Two and Twenty old Roman Coins, from Mr. Towneley of Towneley, which were lately found in the parish of Burnley in Lancashire, which are the more acceptable, because many of them are Consular, or Family Coins.\"\n\nThen came a description of Republican den. of Q. Cassius, L. Valerius Flaccus and Scipio Asiaticus (serrate) and others with ROMA on them.\n\nR. Thoresby, in Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., XX (1698), no. 244, 312\n\nThoresby, in his Ducatus Leodensis (1715) and (1815), 282f. (cp. Cat. Mus. Thoresbyanum ed. T.D. Whitaker (1816), 7 and 8), noted re. the den. of Q Cassius, \"This was found Anno 1695, in the Parish of Burnley, Com. Lanc. near Mere Clough, on the Skirts of the Wild Mores that border upon Yorkshire, where a considerable Heap of Stones evidence the Ruins of a Roman Fort or Station, as I am informed by Mr. Charles Towneley of Towneley, who generously sent me this and twenty more Consular and Imperial Coins that he had procured from the workmen.\"\n\nNot more than 12 den. can be assigned to the hoard, from the list in the Cat. Mus. Thoresbyanum:\n\nDen.\n\nRepublic 7\n\nAugustus 1\n\nGalba 1\n\nDomitian 1\n\nNerva 2\n\n\n12\n\n(or fewer)\n\n(under Titus)\n\nCp. D.C.A. Shotter, in CH IV (1978), 44, no. 109, types, where the no. of den. presented by Charles Towneley to R. Thoresby was said to be 12\"\n",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 9,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Mereclough",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.933Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 3,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 14,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-96345B",
"id": 1096,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Controlled archaeological investigation",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1973,
"lastRuler": "Carausius",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 2,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5013,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 293,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1096",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 41302",
"discovery": 7,
"quantityCoins": 15,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nSummary only, no mints or types.\n\n\n\nThis is apparently a different hoard from the one found in the Bath House in Vicarage Fields in the same year, IARCH-C78412. However it is possible that there is some confusion in the record. This seems to relate to the rescue excavation \/ recording at Mitre Yard \/ Castle Hill, which revealed remains of a Bath House. This may be an earlier bath house than the one uncovered during 1973 research excavations led by Jones and Leather in Vicarage fields.\n",
"lastRulerID": 88,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-636384",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " Probably from the bath house?<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS67F62F29001668",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26356863,
"fromTerminalYear": 286,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1152,
"datefound1": "1973-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1973-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 207 no. 853:\n\n\n\n\"\"286 or later Bill. 15 Antoniniani:\"\n\nGallienus 3\n\nPostumus 1\n\nClaudius II 2\n\nTetricus I 6\n\nTetricus II 1\n\nCarausius 2\n\n\n15\n\n-D.C.A. Shotter, in CH IV (1978), 40, no. 154\"\n",
"siteContext": "Bath house",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster (Mitre Yard)",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.933Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 3,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 10,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 14,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-CB79B9",
"id": 1097,
"quantityContainers": 1,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Controlled archaeological investigation",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1973,
"lastRuler": "Carausius",
"feature": "Floor or surface (below)",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 3,
"excavatedYear2": 1973,
"excavatedYear1": 1973,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5013,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 293,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1097",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 41398",
"discovery": 7,
"quantityCoins": 19,
"featureID": 10,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nThere is possibly some confusion in the record here between two hoards. This seems to relate a hoard found in the Bath House in Vicarage Fields in the same year as a rescue excavation \/ recording at Mitre Yard \/ Castle Hill, which revealed remains of a Bath House and a very similar hoard. IARCH-636384\n\n\n\nFour further scattered coins are thought to relate to this hoard (Shotter 1977, 173-5) and have been included here. The coins were identified without being cleaned (it appears from the pictures published) and few reverse types are given.\n",
"lastRulerID": 88,
"precision": 8,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-C78412",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " In architectural debris filling sub-floor space of caldarium, disturbed during mid fourth century construction of defences.<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS1D184D70001C65",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26348501,
"fromTerminalYear": 286,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 3,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1153,
"datefound1": "1973-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1973-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 207 no. 852:\n\n\n\n\"Northern Vicarage Fields \"In 1973, Professor Barri Jones identified a room of a second bath-house underneath the Wery Wall.\n\nFinds included painted wall-plaster, a plastered stone-column fragment, timber and a hoard of 15 coins dated 270-93 from near the main flue.\"\n\n-Britannia, V (1974), 418\n\n-D.C.A. Shotter and A.J. White, in TCWAAS, n.s., 77 (1977), 173-5, types, figs., noted that the 15 coins, all ant., were found in debris under the floor. The same list, with types, was given by D.C.A. Shotter in Roman Lancaster, Brigantia Monograph I (1988), 202. He added that \"nearby were fragments of a black cooking-pot which may have been the hoard's container\".\n\nAnt.\n\nGallienus 3\n\nPostumus 1\n\nVictorinus 5\n\nTetricus I 1\n\nTacitus 2\n\nCarausius 1\n\nuncertain 2\n\n\n15\"\n",
"siteContext": "Bath house",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster (Vicarage Field)",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.934Z"
},
{
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 4,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-13EDFE",
"id": 1098,
"discoveryMethod": "Building work",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1775,
"lastRuler": "Domitian",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 3,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 42016,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 96,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1098",
"discovery": 8,
"siteClassID": 5,
"lastRulerID": 254,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-9E292C",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"secuid": "PASABBF598A001DC6",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 27457544,
"fromTerminalYear": 81,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 1,
"terminalReason": "Incomplete information",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1154,
"datefound1": "1775-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1776-02-01T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 19 no. 99:\n\n\n\n\"9 May 1776\n\n\"About 100 yds. to the Eastward of Mr. Wilson's new House, on the opposite side of Church Street, there were found, on digging a Cellar a few years ago (for Mr. Hen: Baynes's new House) sevl. large hewn stones; & one abt. 6 ft. under the surface, deemed to be 1 Tun Weight, still remains in its place. Under these stones were found a great many Roman coins of Domitian, Vespasian & others. It is thought to have been the Corner Stone of a Temple, or of some other Publick Building.\"\n\nRev. M. Lort, in Ms. Min. Soc. Ant., XIV (1775-6), 410\n\n\"About one hundred yards to the Eastward of Mr. Wilson's new house, on the opposite side of Church-Street, on digging a cellar a few years ago, for a new house, Mr. Henry Baynes's, were found several large hewn stones; and one about six feet under the surface, supposed to be about 3 ton weight, on which several cellar steps were made; and about a ton weight still remains in its place, under which were found a great many Roman coins, of Domitian, Vespasian, etc. It is thought to be the corner stone of a temple, or other public building.\"\n\nMr. West, in Arch., V (1779), 100\"\n",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Extramural",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 9,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.934Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 9,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 10,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 6,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-829934",
"id": 1099,
"quantityContainers": 1,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Building work",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1856,
"lastRuler": "Hadrian",
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5013,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 118,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1099",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 41330",
"discovery": 8,
"quantityCoins": 100,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nShotter lists 19 coins with types. The latest is dated to AD 118.\n",
"lastRulerID": 260,
"precision": 8,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-BF0460",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " Uncertain if this location is inside or outside the fort. The 'Wery Wall' is thought to be an external bastion of the fort (see Pastscape 41212)<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS3EC569880014A4",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26348501,
"fromTerminalYear": 118,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Incomplete information",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1155,
"datefound1": "1856-08-15T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1856-08-15T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 29 no. 147:\n\n\n\n\"\"In August, 1856, a vase, containing a hundred denarii, was discovered at the foot of the 'Wery Wall', Lancaster. They were of the higher empire, the latest being of the time of Trajan.\"\n\nC. Hardwick, Hist. of Preston (1857), 49\n\n\"On August 15th, 1856, a workman engaged in cutting away the embankment at the bottom of Bridge Lane, at the foot of the 'Wery Wall', to make way for some new cottages then about being erected by Mr. Thomas Harrison, came upon a hoard of about 100 denarii, all of the time of the higher empire, which were quickly dispersed, but fourteen of them were subsequently secured by Mr. Dalzell.\"\n\nW.J. Watkin, Roman Lancashire (1886), 188\n\nAlmost a century later, there became available for study, through Dr. S. Penney, Lancaster City Museum, a Ms. Catalogue of Ancient Roman and Grecian Coins. In the Cabinet of Thomas Hy. Dalzell, and a Ms. Catalogue of Coins in the Mechanics Institute, by C. Barrow. Dalzell's cabinet A, Tray 7, contained coins found in Lancaster, including 14 denarii. \"These fourteen denarii were all found in a pot in Bridge Lane, Lancaster, on the 15th of August 1856 along with 86 more by a workman Benjamin Dockray. T.H. Dalzell purchased a quantity of them and the pot they were found in.\" There were descriptions of the 14 den.: Republic 3; Mark Antony 1; Galba 1; Vespasian 5 (1 deified); Titus 2; Trajan 1; Hadrian 1, COS II, AD 118.\n\nBarrow's Ms. catalogue included descriptions of 1 Republican den. (\"found at foot Weary [sic] Wall, Lancaster, 7 m. 56\"), and 4 den. of Vespasian (\"These four found in a box with many more in digging at foot of Weary Wall by the Old Bridge at Lancaster, 7 month, 1856\")\n\nSince the earliest account, by Hardwick, referred to a \"vase\" as the container of the hoard, and Dalzell bought 14 den. and a \"pot\" in which they were found, it must be concluded that Barrow was mistaken in stating that the coins were found in a \"box\".\n\nIn Lancaster City Museum, 9 out of Dalzell's 14 den., and 2 out of Barrow's 5 den.\n\nDalzell Barrow TOTAL\n\nDen. Den. Den.\n\nRepublic 3 (1) 1 4\n\nMark Antony 1 (1) 1 Galba 1 (1) 1\n\nVespasian 5 (1 deified) (2) 4 (2) 9\n\nTitus 2 (2) 2\n\nTrajan 1 (1) 1\n\nHadrian 1 (1) 1\n\n\n14 (9) 5 (2) 19 (11)\n\n(1 deified)\n\nCp. D.C.A. Shotter, in Contrebis, 5 (1977), 25, types; and in CH IV (1978), 33, no. 111, and 44f., no. 111, types\n\nExamined, 1978 (ASR)\"\n",
"siteContext": "Fort",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"currentLocation": "Lancaster City Museum (part)",
"terminalReasonID": 9,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.935Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 9,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 10,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 8,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-586AE9",
"id": 1101,
"discoveryMethod": "Building work",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1830,
"lastRuler": "Marcus Aurelius (as Augustus)",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 3,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5013,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 180,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1101",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 41315",
"discovery": 8,
"siteClassID": 2,
"lastRulerID": 359,
"precision": 8,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-8E6407",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"secuid": "PASF7B8482B001EAE",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 27457643,
"fromTerminalYear": 161,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 1,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1157,
"datefound1": "1830-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1830-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 52 no. 252:\n\n\n\n\"\"On building the vicarage in 1830, a large number, chiefly of Claudius, Vespasian, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius were found.\"\n\n-W.T. Watkin, Roman Lancashire (1886), 188\n\nCp. D.C.A. Shotter in Roman Lancaster, Brigantia Monograph, I (1988), 203\"\n",
"siteContext": "Fort",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.936Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 9,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 10,
"countyType": "County",
"findspotcode": "IARCH-1045C2",
"id": 1102,
"discoveryMethod": "Other chance find",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1830,
"lastRuler": "Constantine I",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 3,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5013,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 337,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1102",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 41318",
"discovery": 4,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nPossibly not a hoard as such. On the site of the Roman fort.\n",
"lastRulerID": 100,
"precision": 8,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-10517B",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4925,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"secuid": "PASC3080776001B01",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26348501,
"fromTerminalYear": 306,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 1,
"terminalReason": "No information (unavailable or hoard not studied)",
"district": "Lancaster",
"legacyID": 1158,
"datefound1": "1830-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1838-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 247-248 no. 1019:\n\n\n\n\"\"In this same yard [i.e. the churchyard], have been picked up in this century about a hundred coins of Constantine and Probus, with others of Licinius, Diocletian, Maximian, Antoninus Pius, Domitian, Vespasian, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.\"\n\n-E. Baines, Hist. of Co. Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster (1868-70), ed. J. Harland)\n\n-Some of these coins must have been ant., others must have been AE.\"\n",
"siteContext": "Fort",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 11,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Lancaster",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.936Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 15,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 6,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-8B1C69",
"id": 1105,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Metal detector during controlled archaeological investigation",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1999,
"lastRuler": "Hadrian",
"excavatedYear2": 1999,
"excavatedYear1": 1999,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5151,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 138,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1105",
"discovery": 6,
"quantityCoins": 14,
"archaeologyPeriodTo": 21,
"siteClassID": 3,
"notes": "\nNo images of coins on file.\n",
"lastRulerID": 260,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-49F564",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4912,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " Found in the infilling of a late prehistoric or Romano-British trackway in excavations undertaken by Liverpool Museum. The trackway had been levelled off, the fill incorporating a large number of medium sandstone blocks and large pebbles and a number of RB artefacts, suggesting there may have been a building in the vicinity. The coins came from the bottom of this layer, from an area of about 1m by 1m (unpublished file correspondence from R W Cowell, 21.9.99, BM file) The hoard appears to have been covered by \"a flat unwrought stone 7in. square\".<\/p>",
"secuid": "PASA580C3220015DF",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 26347044,
"fromTerminalYear": 272,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Wyre",
"legacyID": 1167,
"datefound1": "1926-09-02T23:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1926-09-02T23:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 144 no. 640:\n\n\n\n\"\"On 3 September 1926 a farm hand in the employ of Mr. H. Baines, of Hackensall Hall Farm, Knott End, Lancashire, was engaged in removing some sand from a pit when his spade struck a flat unwrought stone 7 in. square, which he threw on one side. He next drove his spade through a loosely compacted mass of coins round which there had been some dark-coloured material, fragments of which on examination appeared to be the remains of a leather pouch or wallet.\n\nIn all, allowing for a few which were removed and irrecoverable, the find consisted of about 325 coins, all AE.\n\nThe spot where the coins were turned up is close to the estuary of the river Wyre, opposite Fleetwood, some 165 yds. from the H.W. M.O.T. datum line, and 180 yds. from the north-west corner of Hackensall Hall (sheet 38 N.W. of the 6 in. O.S.)\".\n\n-F.H. Cheetham, in Ant. J., VII (1927), 325f., with list of 318 coins, all ant.\nBM Notebook III, 17, from R.G. Collingwood, 7 Dec. 1926, had a list of 261 ant. from this hoard, with mints. The two lists are:\n\nAnt.J. BM Notebook\n\nAnt. Ant.\n\nRome Milan Siscia \"Cologne\" \"Lyons\" \"Vienne\"te Valerian I 1 1\n\nGallienus 36 23 5 2\n\nSalonina 2 1\n\nValerian II 2 1\n\nPostumus 2 1\n\nMarius 1 1\n\nVictorinus 87 25 43\n\nClaudius II 25 16 5 2\n\nTetricus I 116 97\n\nTetricus II 46 38\n\n\n318 41 11 4 1 26 178\n\n\n(261)\n\n17 coins in Dept. of Coins and Medals, BM (BM Register of Coin Accessions, March 1927)\n\nExamined, 1948, 1978 (ASR)\n\n44 coins in Lancaster City Museum; 46 in Harris Museum, Preston\n\nExamined, 1948, 1978 (ASR)\n\nOther coins said to have been in Liverpool Museums; Revoe Museum, Blackpool; St. Michael-on-Wyre Museum; and also in Blackburn, Fleetwood and Salford Museum; and with Preesall U.D.C.\n\nFour ant. of Gallienus (sole reign), Victorinus, and Tetricus I (2), now in private possession, may have come from the Preesall U.D.C.\n\nCp. D.C.A. Shotter, in CH VII (1985), 185, no. 288, types\"\n",
"musaccno": "BM 1927,0308.1-",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"quantity": 1,
"currentLocation": "Harris Museum, Preston (part); British Museum (part); Unknown (part)",
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Preesall With Hackensall",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.937Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 9,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 8,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-1A51FE",
"id": 1115,
"quantityContainers": 1,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Controlled archaeological investigation",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1978,
"lastRuler": "Lucius Verus",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 2,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 4943,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 169,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1115",
"discovery": 7,
"quantityCoins": 9,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nThe latest coin is dated to RIC 443 (AD 161-9). Types given in Shotter 1985, 182 (by reign not authority).\n",
"lastRulerID": 267,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-7D7ED1",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4713,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " In 'rubble make-up' for the fourth century layers of the fort.<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS347A7A61001EF5",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 27799565,
"fromTerminalYear": 161,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 3,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest coin",
"district": "Ribble Valley",
"legacyID": 1171,
"datefound1": "1978-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1978-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 48 no. 231:\n\n\n\n\"During excavation in 1978 of a barrack-block in the Retentura of the fort at Ribchester, nine denarii were found apparently in a 'column', as if originally wrapped in cloth. There was no sign of a container or of a place of concealment, the coins apparently lying in rubble make-up for the fourth-century levels. A Coroner's inquest adjudged from the circumstances that the coins had not been hoarded; however, like the Birdoswald collection of denarii of 1949, the possibility of deliberate deposition remains; it is possible that the coins had in fact been disturbed in the Roman period from an original place of concealment. They consist of:\"\n\nDen.\n\nMark Antony 1\n\nVespasian 2\n\nTrajan 2\n\nAntoninus Pius 3\n\nMarcus 1\n\n\n9\n\n(1 deified) (of c. AD 165)\n\n-D.C.A. Shotter, in CH VII (1985), 182, types\"\n",
"siteContext": "Fort",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 1,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Ribchester",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.939Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 3,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 1000,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 8,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-11512E",
"id": 1116,
"excavated": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Other chance find",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1837,
"lastRuler": "Marcus Aurelius (as Augustus)",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 1,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 4943,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 161,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1116",
"discovery": 4,
"quantityCoins": 5,
"siteClassID": 2,
"notes": "\nUncertain if whole hoard, some discrepancies in catalogue, may go up to Faustina II.\n",
"lastRulerID": 359,
"precision": 4,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-98BDED",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4713,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": " In area of bathhouse later excavated.<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS3F5BC36E001D37",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 27799565,
"fromTerminalYear": 141,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Incomplete information",
"district": "Ribble Valley",
"legacyID": 1172,
"datefound1": "1837-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"qualityRatingArchaeological": 1,
"datefound2": "1840-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nFrom Bland and Loriot pp.190-1:\n\n\n\n5 aurei (Nero, 1; Titus under Vespasian, 1; Domitian under Vespasian, 1; Trajan, 1; Diva Faustina I, 1). W T Watkin, Roman Lancashire, p. 162 = T C Smith and the Rev. J Shortt, The History of the Parish of Ribchester, London, 1890, p. 38 = Garstang 1899a , p. 3 (lists nos. 1, 4 and 5) = Shotter 1990, p. 32 = Shotter, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 143, 1993, p. 222 = Shotter 1995, p. 50 (`Ribchester: The Hart Collection at Blackburn Museum contains two aurei from Ribchester - an issue each for Titus and Domitian as Caesars (RIC (Vespasian) 177 and 323, of AD 73 and 74). In addition, there is in the Harris Museum at Preston an impression of an aureus of Nero (RIC I, 2 (Nero) 52, of AD 64-5). All three coins appear to have been discovered in January 1837, close to the site where, a month later, the bath-house was located. A contemporary report in the Preston Pilot (for 11th February, 1837) shows that the coins were found together, leaving open the possibility that they formed the whole or part of a hoard. Two other aurei of the early imperial period are on record as having been found at Ribchester - an issue of Trajan (RIC 93) and of Faustina I (RIC 351, found in 1834). Although these finds are not connected in the stated evidence, a hoard of aurei from Nero to Faustina I is by no means unlikely (Watkin, 1883, 162-3; Birley, 1961, 261 [add ref.]). Bolton Museum has in its collection three unprovenanced aurei, which have been in the collection since at least 1908. It is not impossible that these also derive from the bath-house hoard; they consist of an issue each of Vitellius (RIC I, 2 (Vitellius) 89), Faustina I (RIC (Antoninus) 356), and Faustina II (RIC (Marcus) 709). These coins are published in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 143 (1994), 221-5.').\n\nCoin of Trajan: NC 3 1840\/1, p. 60 (`Gold coin of Trajan. - Mr Skaife, of Blackburn, informs us that, \"On the 28th of May last, a boy was amusing himself on the banks of the Ribble, just below the school at Ribchester, with throwing stones at the swallows as they flitted past him. He had caught up a handful of gravel, and was about to throw it off, when some glittering object in the midst arreested his attention: on closer inspection, it was discovered to be a gold coin of Trajan. Obv. - Laureated head. R - COS. V. P. P. P. P. Q. R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. In the exergue, ALIM. ITAL. The emperor distributing gifts to two children.\"')\n",
"siteContext": "Bath house",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Military",
"quantity": 1,
"terminalReasonID": 9,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Ribchester",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.939Z"
},
{
"siteContextID": 15,
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 4,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-16926F",
"id": 1118,
"discoveryMethod": "Controlled archaeological investigation",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1920,
"lastRuler": "Titus",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 2,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 4943,
"knownSite": 1,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 81,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1118",
"discovery": 7,
"quantityCoins": 5,
"siteClassID": 5,
"lastRulerID": 253,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-5CFA5D",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4713,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"secuid": "PASCE8F389200187E",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 27799590,
"fromTerminalYear": 79,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 2,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Ribble Valley",
"legacyID": 1174,
"datefound1": "1920-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1920-12-31T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 17 no. 89:\n\n\n\n\"\"A group of five silver denarii [was] found by the roadside north of the [Roman] fort in 1920.\"\n\nJ.H. Hopkinson ed. The Roman Fort at Ribchester, 3 ed. by D. Atkinson (1928), 10\n\nA \"Brief Description of the Contents of the Museum at Ribchester\" noted that Case V contained the series of coins from the site (Ibid., 34):\n\n\"Among others the group of five silver denarii, belonging to the reigns of Vespasian and Titus (AD 69-81), may be noticed. These were found on the edge of the Roman road about forty yards north of the North Gate of the fort. The silver coins, as is usually the case, are well preserved.\"\"\n",
"siteContext": "Road",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Extramural",
"quantity": 1,
"currentLocation": "Ribchester Museum",
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Ribchester",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.94Z"
},
{
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 100,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 14,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-81BA6E",
"id": 743,
"quantityContainers": 1,
"discoveryMethod": "Unknown",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1864,
"gridSource": "Generated from computer mapping software",
"lastRuler": "Carausius",
"qualityRatingFindspot": 2,
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 4568,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 293,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-743",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 45144",
"discovery": 13,
"quantityCoins": 600,
"notes": "\nFrom 300 to 700 coins, radiates including denarii of Carausius. More than 11 artefacts. The connection of the Bury coins to the hoard cannot be proven.\n\n\n\nBury Times Saturday 2nd July 1864 describes the discovery of 600 coins in a ceramic container \"a few days ago\" by the farmer, and his sale of the contents of the hoard.\n\n\n\nLink to one of the bracelets: http:\/\/www.gmmg.org.uk\/our-connected-history\/item\/bracelet\/\n",
"lastRulerID": 88,
"precision": 6,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-F02F43",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4572,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"secuid": "PASDFC9DE3D001BB4",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 29651,
"fromTerminalYear": 286,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 1,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "Rossendale",
"legacyID": 782,
"datefound1": "1864-06-27T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1864-06-30T00:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\nRobertson 2000, 217 no. 883:\n\n\n\n\"\"A short time ago, a number of bronze coins, &c., were found about four miles north-east of Bury, on some moorland, near an old Roman road which formerly crossed that way. The relics consisted of about three hundred coins, mostly, if not all, third brass of the late empire, all very much worn and corroded, with the exception of some denarii of Carausius, in most excellent condition; most of the rest being those of Tetricus &c.\n\nAlong with the coins were found various articles of silver, viz:- Two broad bracelets, ornamented with a wave pattern, one perfect, the other broken; one silver bracelet, perfect, and as thick as the little finger, the fellow to it broken into several pieces; two other silver armlets of twisted wire; perfect, but squeezed together to fit into the coarse earthenware pot in which they were found; together with a quantity of broken pieces of other bracelets, and armlets; as also a bronze spoon and two silver rings, each with a carnelian stone for setting, one of them engraved with some device. (The rings were sold before there was time to examine them minutely.) But the gem of the whole collection was a large bead or bulla of amber, about the size of a large cherry, most perfect in shape and condition, with a hole through the upper part of it. It was extremely beautiful, and without even a scratch, though it must have lain in the place where it was found, covered with earth, for fourteen hundred years. It is much to be regretted that the interesting relics so found were dispersed and sold - many of them for a mere trifle.\" -Rev. T. Brooke, in Proc. Yorks. Num. Soc., I (1864), 30\n\n-\"The urn, or small earthenware vessel, in which the coins &c were deposited, was found buried in the earth, near a modern occupation road leading to a farm house inhabited by Mr. Nuttall, on 'Throstle Hill', in the township of Walmersley..\n\nThe earthenware vessel which contained the hoard was covered by a small flag. It was buried on the edge of the moorland overlooking a well cultivated but secluded and picturesque valley. It contained from five to seven hundred bronze coins, chiefly of the small or 'third brass', all of which belong to what is termed the 'lower empire.' None that I have seen are earlier than the time of Gallienus and his wife Salonica [sic]. The latest, in point of date, are coins of Maximianus, and Carausius. I noticed others of Posthumus, Victorinus, Claudius Gothicus, Tetricus, Quintillius, M. Claudius Tacitus, and M. Aurelius Probus.\n\nThe following articles were deposited with the coins:-\n\nA pair of silver bracelets, slightly, not elaborately, ornamented, one with the vineleaf the other with bunches of grapes. The latter was broken, the former perfect. The workmanship is not of a superior character, but rather suggestive of provincial inferiority, or a low period of artistic skill.\n\nA plain bracelet of massive silver, about one-third of an inch in breadth, broken.\n\nTwo armlets, one about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, formed of twisted silver cord, the other about one-tenth of an inch thick, formed of a single wire fashioned so as to resemble the one made of two twisted cords.\n\nTwo fragments of another armlet, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, formed of thick silver wire twisted round a bar of bronze. Three silver finger rings, one with a red stone attached.\n\nSeveral pieces of broken silver rings, like wedding or ear rings in form; and some pieces of a thin bronze armlet, and a small bronze hinge.\n\nThe blade or bowl of a bronze spoon, elegantly shaped, rather more than one inch and a half in length, by a little over half an inch in breadth.\n\nAn amulet of amber, richly streaked with orange-coloured veins, and pierced so as to be suspended alone, and not so as to form a portion of a continuous string of beads. This, perhaps the most interesting relic in the 'find', is heart-shaped, and measures less than an inch in its longest diameter.\"\n\n-C. Hardwick in Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. and Chesh., n.s., VI (1865-6), 279-82\n\n-W.T. Watkin, Roman Lancashire (1883), 241, illustrated two of the silver armlets.\n\nThere were in Bury Art Gallery and Museum \"some 16 coins which came, by gift, from an old local family - I imagine they would form part of the above-mentioned 'find', though I cannot be certain\".\n\n-Letter, 1938, from J. Shaw, Bury Art Gallery and Museum\n\n-The 16 coins in Bury Art Gallery and Museum included 2 Alexandrian coins of Philip I which probably did not come from the hoard, and 14 ant. all similar in appearance, with ragged edges, which do look as if they came from a hoard. There is also another ant. of Postumus, of similar appearance, which may have come from the same find. The 15 ant. were:-\n\nAnt.\n\nPostumus 1\n\nVictorinus 7\n\nClaudius II 3\n\nTetricus I 1\n\nTetricus II 2\n\nDiocletian 1\n\n\n15\n\n(RIC 161, Rome)\n\nOne of the silver armlets, formed of two twisted cords, diam. 4\u00bd in., in Rochdale Museum.\n\nExamined, and armlet photographed, 1958 (ASR)\"\n",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"quantityArtefacts": 11,
"quantity": 1,
"currentLocation": "Rochdale Museum (part)",
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "District Ward",
"knownas": "Walmersley",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:43.506Z"
}
],
"facets": {
"objectType": {
"HOARD": 51
},
"county": {
"Lancashire": 51
},
"broadperiod": {
"ROMAN": 46,
"BRONZE AGE": 3,
"EARLY MEDIEVAL": 1,
"POST MEDIEVAL": 1
},
"institution": {
"IARCH": 43,
"LANCUM": 8
},
"rulerName": {
"Elizabeth I of England": 1
},
"denominationName": {
"Sixpence": 1
},
"mintName": {
"London": 1
},
"materialTerm": {
"Copper alloy": 4,
"Silver": 4
},
"workflow": {
"3": 51
},
"reeceID": {
"6": 5,
"8": 5,
"14": 5,
"4": 4,
"12": 3,
"13": 3,
"18": 3,
"7": 2,
"21": 2,
"1": 1,
"5": 1,
"11": 1,
"15": 1
}
}
}
Cowell 2002<\/p>",
"secuid": "PAS6575FB36001953",
"workflow": 3,
"created": "2015-01-13T11:57:26Z",
"woeid": 40445,
"fromTerminalYear": 117,
"qualityRatingNumismatic": 4,
"terminalReason": "Date of latest ruler\/issuer",
"district": "West Lancashire",
"legacyID": 1161,
"datefound1": "1999-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"datefound2": "1999-08-30T23:00:00Z",
"regionName": "North West",
"description": "\n13 denarii and 1 sestertius to Hadrian. TAR 1998-99, 285; NC 2001, 14.\n",
"siteContext": "Road",
"broadperiod": "ROMAN",
"regionID": 41431,
"siteClass": "Rural",
"quantityArtefacts": 1,
"quantity": 1,
"currentLocation": "NMGM Liverpool Museum",
"terminalReasonID": 2,
"parishType": "Civil Parish",
"knownas": "Lathom",
"timestamp": "2022-07-14T07:16:42.937Z"
},
{
"county": "Lancashire",
"accuracy": 10,
"countyType": "County",
"reeceID": 13,
"findspotcode": "IARCH-163619",
"id": 1111,
"quantityContainers": 1,
"excavated": 0,
"discoveryMethod": "Agricultural or drainage work",
"countyID": 5156,
"discovered": 1926,
"lastRuler": "Tetricus II",
"objecttype": "HOARD",
"parishID": 5038,
"knownSite": 0,
"fourFigure": "Restricted Access",
"toTerminalYear": 274,
"findIdentifier": "hoards-1111",
"smrRef": "Pastscape 39399",
"discovery": 9,
"quantityCoins": 325,
"notes": "\nMints recorded for 261 coins in \"BM Notebook III\" (not seen) according to Robertson. The summary by emperors of 318 coins listed in the Antiquaries Journal is given here, with addenda from Shotter 1985, 185.\n\n\n\nSome of the BM coins from this hoard appear to be copies.\n",
"lastRulerID": 80,
"precision": 8,
"districtType": "District",
"old_findID": "IARCH-947E4D",
"institution": "IARCH",
"districtID": 4922,
"parish": "Restricted Access",
"archaeologyDescription": "