LON-C1F7AD: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-340) dating to the period AD 332 Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 17.38mm; weight: 1.73g. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: []CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR IAEXERC ITVS]
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1158259

A Roman jet flat elliptical armlet bead dating from 3rd-4th century AD. The Dimensions: length:17.76mm; width: 11.15mm; thickness: 5.43mm; weight 0.79g Allason-Jones (1996:28) writes "The most common beaded armlet at York and elsewhere is made up of flat elliptical beads with one edge more markedly curved than the other and decorated with a deeply cut motif. The beads divide into two types: those with a series of raised ovals(cf. Colchester: Crummy 1983, fig. 37, no 1498; Wroxeter: unpubl.), and those with either S on Z motif beads are more common in both Britain (see Allason-Jones and Miket 1984, no 7.28 for references) and Germany (Hagen 1937, C.38, C.10.3), and the type is one of the rare uses of jet and shale in France (Deyber 1989)." Other flat elliptical bead on the database from the same armlet are LON-CB9A74 and Reference: Allason-Jones L. 1996: Roman Jet in the Yorkshire Museum, Yorkshire Museum. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1157661

LON-98C563: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman brooch 'Hod Hill' Type, dating to AD 43-100. The brooch has five transverse ribs, two above the bow, one central rib and two below, the foot expands slightly. The catch plate is solid and the pin is broken and missing. Similar brooches are illustrated in Hattatt (2000:322) Dimensions: length: 38.94mm; width: 13.35mm; thickness: 2.25mm; weight: 2.31g References: Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches Oxford : Oxbow Books.
Stable URI: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/1156218

LON-9790CC: COIN
A complete Roman copper alloy Radiate of Claudius II (AD 270 - 271), period AD 268-270 Reece period 13. CONSECRATIO reverse type depicting an alter with flame above. Obverse description: Right facing radiate bust Obverse inscription: [DIVO CLAVDIO] Reverse description: Altar and flames Reverse inscription: [CONSECRATIO] Dimensions: 15.08mm; weight: 1.79g

LON-195CCC: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 307-318. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type. Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTINVS PF AVG] Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. Reverse inscription: SOLI[INVIC TO COMITI] Dimensions: diameter: 16.91mm; weight: 1.47g.

LON-E06925: VESSEL
A incomplete base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 33 dating to AD 140 - 170. The sherd has a chamfered foot ring base. In the centre of the base is a maker's stamp reading VVI /. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 31mm; width: 34.18mm; thickness: 4.65mm; weight: 7.05g Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-E0601D: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay figurine, of Mercury dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of part of the body draped in fabric. Dimensions: length: 48.52mm; width: 31.30mm; thickness: 9.41mm; weight: 8.75g Other Roman figures from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-E0585D: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 150-200. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a band of ovolo, under which are panels divided by rope twist borders. Within the panels are standing figures and wild beasts. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. The slip is abraded and worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 61.11mm; width: 60.73mm; thickness: 7.86mm; weight: 33.43g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-DA6407: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo onyx stone bearing the motif of Mercury dating from AD 50-410. The intaglio is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has a right facing helmeted standing mercury holding a bag. The rest of the intaglio is dark blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Dimensions: length: 13.82mm; width: 10.38mm; thickness: 2.94mm; weight: 0.67g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-DA6144: INTAGLIO
An incomplete Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo onyx stone bearing the motif of a winged Victory, dating from AD 50-410. The intaglio is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has a forward facing winged Victory holding a wreath in her right hand. The rest of the intaglio is dark blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Dimensions: length: 13.95mm; width: 8.67mm; thickness: 2.65mm; weight: 0.47g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-DA5BC2: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo onyx stone bearing no motif dating from AD 50-410. The intaglio is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and is blank. The rest of the intaglio is dark blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Dimensions: length: 10.70mm; width: 8.89mm; thickness: 3.97mm; weight: 0.56g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

A Roman silvered copper-alloy radiate of Aurelian (AD 270-5), ORIENS AVG, Sol and two captives, Mint of Mediolanum dating from AD 270-275. RIC V 150 Obverse inscription: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG Obverse: Bust radiate and cuirassed right. Reverse inscription: ORIENS AVG Reverse: Sol radiate walking left between two captives, raising right hand and holding globe in left hand. Dimensions: diameter: 22.88mm; weight: 3.44g

LON-326C4A: COIN
A worn Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: []AVG Reverse: [] Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 13.72mm; weight: 0.81g

LON-E04B53: BEAD
A complete Roman faience melon bead dating to the period c. AD 50 - 200. The bead is light blue in colour and has eighteen vertical grooves on the outer surface. The bead has a perforation with a diameter of 9.13mm. The interior surface exhibits a series of concentric grooves. Dimensions: diameter: 21.09mm; height: 13.77mm; weight: 4.47g Crummy (1995:30) writes "These beads are found in 1st- and 2nd-century contexts (Guido 1978, 100) and seem, on the evidence from our catalogue, to have been introduced into this country at the conquest. There is some slight indication that the smaller the bead the earlier it is. Most are made of turquoise frit, which often decays to white." Worrell (2015) states that faience melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." Reference: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-B87A99: BEAD
A complete Roman orange glass globular bead dating from AD 50-410. The bead has a perforation 1mm in diameter. The bead is slightly sub-spherical. Dimensions: diameter: 5.07mm; height: 5.97mm; weight: 0.43g. A similar beads on the database are LON-0381A3 and LON-E416F5 found in the same area and may have belonged to the same object.

LON-024F7D: BROOCH
A Roman copper alloy zoomorphic brooch dating to AD 100-200. The brooch is in the form of a bird probably a dove with a fan tail. This is a Mackreth Type 4.a.2 (The Animal Kingdom). The brooch has a white metal coating. The pin is brocken and missing. Hattat (2000: 360-361) Illustrates several bird brooches which he dates to the AD 2nd century. Mackreth who depicts several forms of birds and comments the birds with a fantail are likely to be doves, a similar example is illustrated in Mackreth (2011), Plate 126, No. 14800 and is Mackreth type Chapter 7, Part 3, Type 4c. The examples in this type have been dated to the second half of the 1st century. Dimensions: length: 32.81mm; width: 10.85mm; thickness: 7.05mm; weight: 2.6g Reference: Mackreth, D. F. 2011 Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Volume 1 and 2 Oxford: Oxbow Books Hattatt, R. (2000) A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

LON-00D330: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Gratian (AD 367 - AD 383), reverse: GLORIA ROMANORVM around Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive. RIC IX Aquileia 11C Obverse: D N GRATIA-NVS P F AVG Obverse: Bust of Gratian, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed, right Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM Reverse: Emperor advancing right, dragging captive with right hand and holding labarum in left Dimensions: diameter: 17.24mm; weight: 2.10g

LON-00B058: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantius II dating from AD 348-351 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: DN CONSTA[]AVG; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL] TEMP [REPARATIO]; Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 16.56mm; weight: 1.46g.

LON-99B076: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman colour coated fine ware vessel, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The sherd consists of the foot ring base probably from a 'hunt cup' beaker. It may have possible been trimmed for use as a gaming counter. The sherd has a red brown slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has pink fabric. Dimensions: Diameter: 51.20mm; thickness: 10.42mm; weight: 30.78g. Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-99A540: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman colour coated fine ware vessel, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The sherd consists of the foot ring base probably from a 'hunt cup' beaker. It may have possible been trimmed for use as a gaming counter. The sherd has a red slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has pink fabric. Dimensions: Diameter: 53.54mm; thickness: 11.24mm; weight: 41.31g. Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-47E1BC: COIN
A complete Roman copper alloy Radiate of Claudius II (AD 270 - 271), period AD 268-270 Reece period 13. CONSECRATIO reverse type depicting an alter with flame above. Obverse description: Right facing radiate bust Obverse inscription: [DIVO CLAVDIO] Reverse description: Altar and flames Reverse inscription: CON[SECRATIO] Dimensions: 11.40mm; weight: 0.88g

LON-B8EA33: COIN
A copper-alloy radiate of Salonina dating to the period AD 253 to 260 (Reece period 12). Obverse: Bust of Salonina, diademed, draped, on crescent, right Obverse inscription: SALONINA AVG Reverse: Juno, draped, standing left, holding patera in right hand and sceptre in left hand; at her feet an eagle. Reverse inscription: IVNO REGINA Dimensions: diameter: 19.98mm; weight: 2.24g

LON-3CEF3E: BRACELET
An incomplete Roman copper alloy penannular ‘snake head’ bracelet or armlet dating from AD 200-400. The object is composed of a single strip of metal with a shallow D shaped cross section. The band tapers at the remaining end to a snake head terminal. The terminal is flared and flattened and taper in to form the nose of the snakes head. Below the terminal as the band expands to its maximum width is a zig-zag motif (16.50mm long) to represent the snake skin decoration. The object has been distorted and now forms an S shape. The metal is green in colour with a patches of smooth patina remaining. Dimensions: length 63.84mm; width: 5.44mm, thickness: 2.39mm, weight: 10.05g Similar example on the database is CAMHER-869537

LON-FECDB6: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantius II dating from AD 348-351 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: [] Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL TEMP REPARATIO]; Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 19.22mm; weight: 3.18g.

LON-D4A6A2: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy As of Phillip I (AD 244-249) RIC IV Philip I 203b Obverse inscription: MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG Obverse: Bust of Otacilia Severa diademed draped right Reverse inscription: CONCORDIA AVGG S C Reverse: Concordia draped seated left holding patera in right hand and double cornucopiae in left hand. Dimensions: diameter: 24.14mm; weight: 6.60g

LON-D47AF4: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantine II dating from AD 321. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS reverse type depicting a globe on an altar inscribed VOT / IS / XX. Mint of London. Obverse: Bust radiate, draped, cuirassed, left Obverse inscription: CONSTANT-INVS IVN N C Reverse: Globe on an altar inscribed VOT / IS / XX Reverse inscription: BEATA TRANQVILLITAS

LON-D44AB5: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy as of Claudius (AD 41-54) dating to the period AD 50-54 (Reece Period 2). S-C Minerva, helmeted, standing right, throwing javelin with a round shield on left arm, S-C across field. As RIC vol. I, Claudius 116. Obverse: bare head left Obverse inscription: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP P P Reverse : Minerva, helmeted, standing right, throwing javelin with a round shield on left arm; S-C in fields. Dimensions: diameter: 27.54mm; weight: 10.71g, die axis: 6

LON-2FC1FB: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point, which is broken and now missing. Dimensions: length: 51.74mm; diameter of shaft: 4.38mm; diameter of head: 6.17mm; weight: 1.43g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-2FB68D: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery 'hunt' cup, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a dark slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The exterior decoration is head and part of a body of an animal, probably a dolphin in barbotine slip. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 50.69mm; width: 20.20mm; weight: 8.66g Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-F1A732: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of torso, upper legs and garment with the upper body, head and base broken and missing. This is Fittock Type 1, Garment B figurine. Dimensions: length: 86.73mm; width: 54.96mm; thickness: 26.12mm; weight: 96.52g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-703582: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 160-220. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of three bands of repeated decorative elements. The first band is of ovolo, under which is a band of leaves. The decoration on the lower band is uncertain, possible a table. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. The slip is abraded with slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 111.72mm; width:86.47mm; thickness: 8.7mm; weight: 87.92g. Other Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-7030E4: BEAD
A complete Roman faience melon bead dating to the period c. AD 50 - 200. The bead is light blue in colour and has seventeen vertical grooves on the outer surface. The bead has a perforation with a diameter of 6.29mm. The interior surface exhibits a series of concentric grooves. Dimensions: diameter: 16.45mm; height: 14.82mm; weight: 3.82g Crummy (1995:30) writes "These beads are found in 1st- and 2nd-century contexts (Guido 1978, 100) and seem, on the evidence from our catalogue, to have been introduced into this country at the conquest. There is some slight indication that the smaller the bead the earlier it is. Most are made of turquoise frit, which often decays to white." Worrell (2015) states that faience melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." Reference: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-702CA6: NEEDLE
A complete Roman bone needle, AD 50-410. The needle has a pointed head and tapers to a point. The eye is formed by two drilled holes forming a figure of eight aperture. The bone itself has taken on a dark brown patina due to the deposition environment. This is a Crummy type 1 needle. Other Roman needles on the database are LON-62C774, BM-A20720 and BM-A1EE8B. Crummy (1995:65) writes "type 1 is only found in bone, and is the counterpart of bone hairpin Types 1 and 2, being a simple tapering shaft with a pointed head. The length of the head varies. Some are quite long, eg Fig 70, 1963. The eyes are either rectangular, circular or figure-of-eight shaped. Circular and figure-of-eight eyes were drilled through the head. In the latter case two perforations were made, either slightly overlapping, or sufficiently close together to enable them to be linked by a rectangular cut panel. Occasionally three overlapping perforations were drilled. The circular eye of Fig 70, 1959, is slightly wider on one side than the other, indicating that the maximum width of the drill bit did not pass completely through the shaft. Rectangular eyes could be made with either a knife or a fine chisel. They vary considerably in the degree of finish achieved. Most were worked obliquely inwards from both faces and the sides of the eye are consequently bevelled." Dimensions: length: 81mm; with: 4.1mm; weight: 1.18g Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-702816: HAIR PIN
A complete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 107.25mm; max diameter of shaft: 5.03mm; diameter of head: 7.52mm; weight: 3.19g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-6EAD03: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The head is flame shaped. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point, the tip of which is broken and missing. Crummy lists this form as miscellaneous type. Crummy (1995:26 fig.437) shows a similar hair pin. Dimensions: length: 91.28mm; max diameter of shaft: 2.87mm; diameter of head: 4.29mm; weight: 0.83g The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-7C0EA3: INTAGLIO
An incomplete Roman intaglio blue nicolo glass bearing the motif of Mercury’s cockerel, dating from AD 43-410. The intaglio is oval in plan with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The central section is light blue in colour and has a left facing standing cockerel incised into it. The reverse is flat. The cockerel was one of Mercury’s totemic animals often depicted with the god. The cockeral was concidered the herald of the new day. Dimensions: length: 8.29mm; width: 6.51mm; thickness: 1.85mm; weight: 0.51g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-79045D: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay figurine probably a Risus type. The remaining figurine fragment depicts the front half of a forward facing head of a man or child without arms covered in drapery. This type of figurine is known from the continent but is rare in Britain.. A similar figurine is illustrated in Rouvier-Jeanlin (1972:264 No.687). Fittock (2013:45) writes "...the bust of a young smiling child traditionally known as Risus. The figurine is mostly hollow and depicts the boy with a bare torso. The general form of the statuette tapers inwards towards the base with only the upper shoulders defined on the reverse. The majority of the figurine is comprised of the shaven head and round face of the child with large eyes, full lips pressed together, a wide nose, prominent ears and a pointed chin. The other distinctive feature is the circular disc situated between the torso of the child and the base plinth. This is a rare type of figurine in Britain (Evans 2000:299) and it has been suggested that the imagery may represent a boy at a particular stage of childhood. The depiction could be linked with healing and fertility ideologies associated with the Isis cult (Price & Kearns 2004:287-88; Van Boekel 1985:112)." Dimensions: length: 60.23mm; width: 48.45mm; thickness: 30.39mm; weight: 43.31g References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading. Rouvier-Jeanlin M.1972; Les Figurines Gallo-Romaines en Terre Cuite au Musee des Antiquites Nationales. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.

LON-BDD782: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with four shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse has scratched VV and other lines. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges straight. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 21.41mm; thickness: 2.51mm; weight: 1.57g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-81EE36: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo glass bearing the motif of a seated figure possibly Roma holding a septre in left hand and palladium in her right dating from AD 50-410. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has the figure incised into it. The rest of the intaglio is a blue/black in colour. The reverse is flat. A similar seated figure representing Roma is illustrated in Henig (1978 plate XXXIX nos. 250) Dimensions: length: 13.18mm; width: 10.36mm; thickness: 4.17mm; weight: 0.94g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-3F5C91: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Vespasian (AD 69-79), dating to AD 70 (Reece Period 4). COS ITER TR POT reverse type depicting Pax, draped. seated left, holding branch in extended right hand and winged caduceus in left. Mint of Rome. RIC II, Part 1 (second edition) no. 29 Obverse inscription: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG Obverse: laureate head right Reverse inscription: COS ITER TR POT Reverse: Pax, draped. seated left, holding branch in extended right hand and winged caduceus in left

LON-2D22DD: COIN
A Roman nummus of the House of Constantine, dating to AD 330 (Reece Period 17), POP ROMANVS / Bridge over River. Mint of Constantinople, CONS / S. RIC VIII, p. 448, no. 21. A special issue for the dedication of Constantinople. Obverse: Drapred bust left, cornucopiae on left shoulder Obverse legend: POP ROMANVS Reverse: Bridge over a river Reverse inscription: no legend Dimensions: diameter: 12.54mm; weight: 0.49g

An incomplete silver denarius of Julia Domna (AD 193-217), dating from AD 196-211, mint of Rome,. RICvol IV pt 1, no 555. Obverse: Bust right, hair waved and coiled at back, draped. Obverse inscription: IVLIA AVGVSTA Reverse: Hilaritas, draped, standing left, holding long palm in right hand and sceptre in left hand Reverse inscription: HILARITAS Dimensions: diameter: 16.99mm; weight: 2.37g

LON-AE0284: COIN
A worn Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: [ICV] Reverse: [] Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 15.07mm; weight: 1.75g

LON-ADF7AB: COIN
A corroded Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts sanding figure, spear or staff in right hand. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: [] Reverse: standing figure, spear or staff in right hand Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 14.12mm; weight: 1.18g

LON-F12CD8: MORTARIUM
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman probably East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the first half or middle of the 3rd century. This is a fragment of a Drag. 45 mortarium with a nearly upright wall. A spout is located within the collar; it is a very stylised open-mouthed lion with large ears. The spout is an applied oval boss with the pouring hole forming the open mouth. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the lion head spout. Dimensions: length: 52.16mm; width: 43.32mm; thickness: 22.46mm; weight: 33g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium lion spouts on the database are LON-A6D4FD, LON-187598 and LON-02FE97. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-EE4404: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper-alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-293). (Reece period 14), C Mint, // C. RIC V. The coin has been pierced at the 5 o'clock position. Obverse description: Radiate and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: []CARAVSIVS P F AVG Reverse description: Pax holding a vertical sceptre in her left hand and a branch raised in the right. Reverse inscription: PAX AVG In exergue: C Dimensions: diameter: 21.63mm; weight: 2.84g

LON-CCA86B: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with three shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse in undecorated. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 15.61mm; thickness: 2.6mm; weight: 0.5g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-CC6E54: NEEDLE
An incomplete Roman bone needle, AD 50-410. The needle tapers to a point. The needle is broken with only the base of the eye aperture present. The bone itself has taken on a mid brown patina due to the deposition environment. Other Roman needles on the database are LON-62C774, BM-A20720 and BM-A1EE8B. Dimensions: length: 61.90mm; with: 4.15mm; thickness: 2.25mm; weight: 0.64g. Reference: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-CC6C9F: HAIR PIN
A complete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 71.19mm; diameter of shaft: 4.35mm; diameter of head: 7.42mm; weight: 1.89g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-CC3A67: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, contempary copy of a commemorative VRBS ROMA issue dating to AD 330-335. Reverse Wolf and twins. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Roma facing left. Obverse inscription: VRBS/ROMA Reverse description: Wolf and twins. Dimensions: diameter: 11.37mm; weight: 1.32

LON-5E2F8C: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Gaulish samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or 31 dating to AD 140-200. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with an illegable maker's stamp impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 77.99mm; width: 42.27mm; height: 28.24mm; weight: 60.08g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-CEB4A8: INTAGLIO
An incomplete Roman red stone, carnelian intaglio with a standing male figure, probably Dionysus, right with a spear over his left shoulder and dog at his feet. The reverse is flat. Similar figures representing Dionysus are illustrated in Aquileia Mus. cat. 24488. Dimensions: length: 11.72mm; width: 9.41mm; thickness: 2.53mm; weight: 0.4g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-5256CA: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 307-318. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type. Uncertain mint mark Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: [CONS]TANT[INVS PF AVG] Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. uncertain mint mark left field, uncertain mint mark in right field. Reverse inscription: SOLIINVIC] TO C[OMITI] Dimensions: diameter: 20.72mm; weight: 2.33g.

LON-52407D: COIN
A complete Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constans (AD 333-350), dating to the period AD 348-350 (Reece period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting Emperor standing and holding victoriola in a ship steered by Victory in stern. Probably Minted at Trier, AD 348-50 (Reece period 18). Obverse: Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: DNC[]AVG Reverse: Emperor standing left in galley, victory in stern. Reverse inscription: FEL [TEMP] REP[ARATIO] Dimensions: diameter: 21.82mm; weight: 5.00g

LON-121F50: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Licinus (AD 308-324) dating to the period AD 316. Reece period 15. GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius standing left holding petera and cornucopiae. Mint of Trier. T F//BTR. RIC VII, p. 173, no. 121. Obverse: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: IMP LICINVS PF AVG Reverse description: Genius standing left holding patera and cornucopiae Reverse inscription: GENIO [POP] ROM Dimensions: diameter: 20.62mm; weight: 2.33g

LON-0D047B: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Dimensions: diameter: 13.38mm; weight: 0.76g.

LON-7DA6C6: BRACELET
A fragment of a copper alloy penannular, armilla bracelet or armlet of early Roman date, AD 43 - 100. The remaining fragment consists of part of the band, decorated with a central parallel band of cable decoration running the length of the remaining fragment. Dimensions: length: 17.48mm; width: 11.14mm; thickness: 1.39mm; weight: 2.00 g. Reference: Crummy, N, 2005. From bracelets to battle-honours: military armillae from the Roman conquest of Britain. 93-105 Crummy, N. 1983. The Roman small finds from excava- tions in Colchester 1971-9, Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (Colchester). Cool, H.E.M. 1983. A study of the Roman personal orna- ments made of metal, excluding brooches, from southern Britain, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales. Crummy (2005:98): "The consistent parallels between the designs on the bracelets and those on military belt-fittings and on brooches favoured by army personnel allow the bracelets to be defined as products in the same tradition and from the same workshop(s) as the militaria. The bracelets can therefore be identified as armillae, the military award granted to ranks below centurion for force of arms in battle (Watson 1970, 115; Maxfield 1981, 89-91). No bracelets of precisely the same design, or even one that is reasonably similar, have so far been found in the continental small finds literature. Riha compared two convex-section penannular bracelets from Augst to the British group, but the similarity is only superficial; one is complete and tapers to plain blunt-ended terminals, the other is a repoussé-decorated fragment in a different decorative tradition entirely (1990, 59, Taf. 20, 552, Taf. 79, 3000). Given this lack of continental parallels the inevitable conclusion is that the bracelets found in southern, and particularly eastern, England were awarded following engagements that took place in the early years of the Roman conquest of Britain and are specific to that campaign." Crummy (2005:101) "Far from being introduced female dress accessories or a post-conquest flourishing of a pre-conquest La Tène tradition, wide strip bracelets of the early Roman period are battle-honours, military awards made by the same smiths who supplied legionary belt-fittings and brooches. In any quantified analysis of site assemblages they should therefore jump functional category from personal ornament to military equipment. In the light of this re-interpretation, any preconception that Roman-period bracelets should automatically be regarded as female objects, particularly when they derive from contexts associated with the active military phases of the occupation of Britain, should be treated with suspicion."

LON-0E84E6: STEELYARD WEIGHT
A Roman lead-alloy and iron steelyard weight dating from AD 43-410. The weight is bi-conical with two worn iron projections at the apex which are the remains of a broken loop. Dimensions: length: 41.67mm; diameter: 37.82mm; weight: 259g

LON-0DD2F6: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 307-318. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type. Mint mark [/]//PTR Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: [CONS]TANT[INVS PF AVG] Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. uncertain mint mark left field, uncertain mint mark in right field and PTR in exergue. Reverse inscription: [SOLIINVIC TO COMITI] Dimensions: diameter: 21.04mm; weight: 2.25g.

LON-55B4F9: COIN
A very worn Roman silver Republican denarius, Dioscuri Issue. Dating from 136 BC. Moneyer, Cn. Lucretius Trio. Obverse description: Helmeted head of Roma right, with legend behind the head. Obverse inscription: [TR]IO Reverse description: Dioscuri (Castor & Pollux) riding right. Reverse inscription: [CN LVCR/ROMA] Dimensions: diameter: 18.76mm; weight: 2.37g

LON-31A1F6: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. Approximately half the counter remains. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 18.68mm; weight: 0.97g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-2E64F6: COIN
A complete and very worn Roman copper-alloy As of uncertain Emperor dating from the 1st-2nd century AD. Obverse description: Laureate bust right. Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: [] Dimensions: diameter: 27.61mm; weight: 10.17g

LON-19433D: INTAGLIO
An incomplete Roman red stone intaglio with a standing female figure, Fortuna or Concordia holding a cornucopia dating from AD 50-410. The reverse is flat. Similar figures representing Fortuna or Concordia are illustrated in Henig (1978: plate XI nos. 328-336 ) Dimensions: length: 11.57mm; width: 8.2mm; thickness: 2.49mm; weight: 0.3g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-9AE504: HARNESS PENDANT
A Roman cast copper-alloy harness pendant/mount dating from 2nd-3rd century AD. The harness pendant consisting of two connecting elements. The first element is a vulvate strap mount with a central longitudinal incised line on the raised oval, resembling a (coffee bean) There are two fungiform studs on the reverse and a suspension loop at the base with two projections. The pendant has a transverse suspension loop. The upper part of the pendent is sub triangular, roughly heart-shaped and is decorated with two incised lines which form a chevron at the base of the attachment loop. The pendent then narrows at the lower half with two knops decorated with two opposing incised diagonal lines, forming a chevon, it continues down to a rounded terminal which projects above the front of the pendant. The reverse is undecorated. Dimensions: length: 64.97mm; width: 23.25mm; thickness: 10.19mm; weight: 13.40mm Similar incomplete pendants on the database are HAMP3503, NMS-735E56, NLM-76DEB5, YORYM-8A4A7E, NLM-900D1D, DUR-B76913 and BH-F094AD This type of pendant is generally associated with the Syrian site of Dura Europos but is found across the empire with many examples recorded on this database and in the literature (e.g. Bishop & Coulston 2009, 191; refs. 12, 14, 16; Appels & Laycock 2007, 121; refs. AA14.24, AA14.25; Nicolay 2007, 390 Pl.79 refs. 1.5 and 209.178). The terminal on this example is phallic, a shape only crudely shown on some examples. Nicolay (2007, 39) notes that whilst these pendants are commonly associated with horse gear, some may have decorated the military apron worn by soldiers during the 3rd century. References: Appels, A., Laycock, S., 2007. Roman buckles and military fittings. Greenlight Publishing, Witham. Bishop, M.C., Coulston, J.C., 2009. Roman military equipment: from the Punic Wars to the fall of Rome. Oxbow Books, Oxford. Nicolay, J., 2007. Armed Batavians : Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 450). Amsterdam University Press.

LON-880C34: COIN
A Roman copper alloy dupondius of Vespasian (AD69-79) dating from AD 71. Securitas reverse type. Head resting on raised arm, with sceptre; to right, altar and torch. Obverse: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS III Reverse: Securitas seated right, Head resting on raised arm, with sceptre; to right, altar and torch, S C in field Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS AVGVSTI Dimensions: diameter: 27.76mm; weight: 8.92g

LON-87F06F: COIN
A Roman silver siliqua of Constantius II (AD337-361) Mint of Arles dating from AD355-361. Jubilee issue. RIC VII, 261/291. Reece period 18. Obverse: Bust right, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed Obverse inscription: D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG Reverse: Wreath Reverse inscription: VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX // SCON Dimensions: diameter: 17.83mm; weight: 1.79g

LON-3384CD: COIN
A Copper alloy Roman nummus House of Constantine (AD 330-333), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 15.65mm; weight: 1.03g. Obverse description: Right facing bust Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR IAEXERC ITVS}

LON-3361BC: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), 'GENIVS EXERCI' reverse type depicting Genius standing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopiae in left hand. Mint of Rome AD 268-270 Reece period 13, Normanby (185: 1091), Cunetio (137: 2150). Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG Reverse: Genius standing left holding scale and cornucopia. Reverse inscription: GENIVS EXERCI Dimensions: diameter: 17.81mm; weight: 1.87g.

A Roman copper alloy Barbarious copy of a nummus of Chi-Rho between alpha and omega. 4th century. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Bearded emperor right Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: Chi-Rho between alpha and omega. Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 11.69mm, weight: 0.57g, die axis: 5

LON-08F6A2: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus, probably a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: []; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL.TEMP.REPARATIO]; Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 11.69mm; weight: 0.57g.

LON-F33D1B: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper alloy Radiate of Claudius II (AD 270 - 271), period AD 268-270 Reece period 13. CONSECRATIO reverse type depicting an alter with flame above Obverse description: Right facing radiate bust Obverse inscription: DIVO [CLAVDIO] Reverse description: Altar and flames Reverse inscription: [CONSECRATIO] Dimensions: 14.32mm; weight: 0.66g

LON-66B2A6: VESSEL
A fragment of a Roman blue glass 'sports cup' dating from AD 50-200. The remaining fragment has the torso of a muscular male figure possibly a gladiator. Similar blue glass vessels are known from London depicting gladiators. Dimensions: length: 17.85mm; width: 20.16mm; thickness: 6.09mm; weight: 1.83g

LON-6181C7: DIE
A Roman stone die dating from AD 50-410. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring and dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. The die has a polished surface with faint vertical groves on each face. This die is Potter variant 14 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 8.33mm; width: 8.11mm; thickness: 7.04mm; weight: 1.19g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period.

LON-20B98A: VESSEL
A Roman ceramic jar dating from AD 150-410. The vessel has a red colour coat with a red fabric and is otherwise undecorated. The vessel is an everted-rimmed jar with cavetto rim. The exterior and interior surface is heavily abraded. Dimensions: diameter: 162mm; thickness of vessel wall: 5.79mm; height: 120.52mm; base diameter: 81.33mm; weight: g. Reference: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-2098B8: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman coarse ware jar or flagon dating from AD 50-410. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a jar. The sherd is a reduced ware with a grey fabric. The exterior and interior surface is heavily abraded. Dimensions: length: 99.81mm; width: 83.27mm; thickness of vessel wall: 5.29mm; height: 43.69mm; base diameter: 49.87mm; weight: 111.79g. Reference: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-206CC7: BEAD
A complete Roman to Post Medieval black glass globular bead dating from AD 50-1800. The bead is circular in plan with a perforation 4.19mm in diameter. Dimensions: diameter: 10.64mm; weight: 0.78g

LON-229BFC: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II dating from AD 348-351. Uncertain Mint. Obverse description: Right facing laureate diadem bust Obverse inscription: [D N CONST]AN] TIVS P[F AVG] Reverse description: Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left. Reverse inscription: [FEL.TEMP.REP]ARATIO Reverse mint mark: // []P Dimensions: diameter: 14.47mm; weight: 1.28g.

LON-E95093: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250. The hair pin is a Greep type A2.2 and Crummy type 2. The hair pin has a small pointed head with two incised grooves cut just below forming a collar. The shaft is a straight, the pin looks to have been shortented to a rounded end. Similar hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A, LON-68D0FE and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 62.70mm; width: 3.38mm; weight: 1.05g. Crummy suggests that they were present in the first century AD an end date of 200-250 AD, but lack of closely dated third century deposits coupled with problems of residality make a close dating impossible. Like all other type A pins these do not seem to have outlived the third century. The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-73610E: COIN
An incomplete copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, commemorative VRBS ROMA issue dating to AD 330-335. Reverse Wolf and twins. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Roma facing left. Obverse inscription: VRBS/ROMA Reverse description: Wolf and twins. Dimensions: diameter: 15.30mm; weight: 0.79g.

LON-6FF4D8: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slightly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948:226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 26.29mm; thickness: 6.46mm; weight: 5.29g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-75D9CA: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman glass gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a convex 'blob' of opaque white glass. The counter is sub-circular in plan, with a slightly dished flat-bottom. The gaming counter features a number of air holes from the manufacture process on both the upper and lower surface.. Other glass gaming counters are recorded in Crummy (19995:92) and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway, and Dunn (2008:116). A set of glass counters was found on a 4th century lead coffin at Lullingstone. The set consisted of fifteen white and fifteen brown decorated counters. (Liversidge 1973:350). Dimensions: diameter: 14.57mm: thickness: 5.88mm; weight: 1.51g Other glass gaming pieces on the database are LON-6DEFB6, WILT-713199, SOM-2DDDA4 and HESH-5792F7. Cosyns (2011:32) writes "In whatever colour the glass counters were made, they all had the distinct plano-convex shape featuring a convex top side, a flat bottom, and a rounded edge [see Chapter 3]. Only on rare occasions has an unevenly pinched off edge been noticed; for instance, on the Oudenburg piece [cat.no.465]. Was the piece intentionally tooled, or is it only due to long use? Concerning the method by which glass counters were made, they are generally described as ̳formed by dropping a small blob of hot glass on to a flat surface' (Price 1995, 129) or as ̳made by placing small ―spoonfuls‖ of molten glass to set on a bed of sand' provoking ̳a typical sand-roughened underside' (Crummy et al. 2007, 186). However, when examining the bottom side of the counters in black glass, two distinct surfaces are noticeable, implying different techniques: the first group has a flat and smooth bottom side (Figure 19a), whereas the second group has a more irregular, pitted surface (Figure 19b)" he continues "The irregular, pitted surface on the glass counters can be explained as the result of a sudden thermal shock that the hot and viscous glass underwent when touching a cold(er) working surface (an aspect that also can be observed on mould-blown vessels). The absence of such chill marks on the counters with a straight and very smooth base surface has to be interpreted as the fusion effect by remelting shaped pieces, placed in the furnace on a smooth heat-resistant plate that gradually took the same temperature as the shaped glass sherds. This latter technique is described by Pliny the Elder, who explains the production of black glass counters: Pieces of broken glass can, when heated to a moderate temperature, be stuck together, but that is all. They can never again be completely melted except into globules separate from each other, as happens in the making of the glass pebbles (calculi) that are sometimes nicknamed ̳eyeballs' (oculi) and in some cases have a variety of colours arranged in several different patterns. (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, XXXVI, LXVII. 199 [translation by Eichholz, D.E., 1962, Pliny X, 157])" References: Cosyns, P. 2011. The production, distribution and consumption of black glass in the Roman Empire during the 1st - 5th century AD: An archaeological, archaeometric and historical approach. Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

LON-633C10: FINGER RING
A Roman copper alloy coiled or 'spiral' finger ring dating AD 50-410. This finger ring is made from a strip of copper alloy with a D-shaped cross section, that is coiled with three turns. The ends of the strip are cut to form points. Dimensions: diameter: 25.98mm; width: 10.36mm; thickness: 2.65mm; weight: 10.60g Reference: Crummy, N. 2015. Finger-rings. In M. Atkinson and S. J. Preston. Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5. Internet Archaeology 40. http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue40/1/3-7-2.html#rings

LON-379C6A: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl dating from AD 100-200. Form Dragendorff 37. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a gladiator right, bird above left and foliate motif all under a band ovolo with pelleted border. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 55.66mm; width: 47.79mm; thickness: 8.30mm; weight: 19.44g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-3792F9: VESSEL
A body base fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware dish or bowl dating from AD 100-200. The sherd consists a section of the vessel lower wall and the foot-ring. The sherd has a chamfered foot ring base. In the centre of the upper surface of the base is a maker's stamp of a rosette with 12 petals. de la Bedoyere (1988:12 fig 5) shows a similar stamp. Dimensions: length: 96.71mm; width: 102.66mm; height: 29.96mm; weight: 144.48g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-A2F370: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Dimensions: diameter: 15.97mm; thickness: 2.08mm; weight: 0.79g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-A24619: BEAD
A Roman faiance melon bead dating to the period c. AD 43 - 200. The bead is buff/grey core but retains some blue on the interior wall of the perforation. The bead has twenty one vertical grooves. The bead has a perforation with a diameter of 10.08mm. The interior surface exhibits a series of concentric grooves. Dimensions: diameter: 24.47mm; height: 16.23mm; weight: 8.73g Worrell (2015) states that faience melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." See: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell

LON-A9C9F7: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with four shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse has a scratched star. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 21.58mm; thickness: 3.88mm; weight: 2.57g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-A9C160: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman glass gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a convex 'blob' of opaque white glass. The counter is sub-circular in plan, with a slightly dished flat-bottom. The gaming counter features a number of air holes from the manufacture process on both the upper and lower surface.. Other glass gaming counters are recorded in Crummy (19995:92) and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway, and Dunn (2008:116). A set of glass counters was found on a 4th century lead coffin at Lullingstone. The set consisted of fifteen white and fifteen brown decorated counters. (Liversidge 1973:350). Dimensions: diameter: 13.22mm: thickness: 6.48mm; weight: 1.27g Other glass gaming pieces on the database are LON-6DEFB6, WILT-713199, SOM-2DDDA4 and HESH-5792F7. Cosyns (2011:32) writes "In whatever colour the glass counters were made, they all had the distinct plano-convex shape featuring a convex top side, a flat bottom, and a rounded edge [see Chapter 3]. Only on rare occasions has an unevenly pinched off edge been noticed; for instance, on the Oudenburg piece [cat.no.465]. Was the piece intentionally tooled, or is it only due to long use? Concerning the method by which glass counters were made, they are generally described as ̳formed by dropping a small blob of hot glass on to a flat surface' (Price 1995, 129) or as ̳made by placing small ―spoonfuls‖ of molten glass to set on a bed of sand' provoking ̳a typical sand-roughened underside' (Crummy et al. 2007, 186). However, when examining the bottom side of the counters in black glass, two distinct surfaces are noticeable, implying different techniques: the first group has a flat and smooth bottom side (Figure 19a), whereas the second group has a more irregular, pitted surface (Figure 19b)" he continues "The irregular, pitted surface on the glass counters can be explained as the result of a sudden thermal shock that the hot and viscous glass underwent when touching a cold(er) working surface (an aspect that also can be observed on mould-blown vessels). The absence of such chill marks on the counters with a straight and very smooth base surface has to be interpreted as the fusion effect by remelting shaped pieces, placed in the furnace on a smooth heat-resistant plate that gradually took the same temperature as the shaped glass sherds. This latter technique is described by Pliny the Elder, who explains the production of black glass counters: Pieces of broken glass can, when heated to a moderate temperature, be stuck together, but that is all. They can never again be completely melted except into globules separate from each other, as happens in the making of the glass pebbles (calculi) that are sometimes nicknamed ̳eyeballs' (oculi) and in some cases have a variety of colours arranged in several different patterns. (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, XXXVI, LXVII. 199 [translation by Eichholz, D.E., 1962, Pliny X, 157])" References: Cosyns, P. 2011. The production, distribution and consumption of black glass in the Roman Empire during the 1st - 5th century AD: An archaeological, archaeometric and historical approach. Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

LON-D76112: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 14.81mm; weight: 1.50g. Obverse description: Right facing diademed bust Obverse inscription: CONST[] Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: VICTO[RIAEDDAVGGQNN]

LON-D6D3F8: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268). Reverse type depicting a standing figure, possibly Perpetuitas. Mint of Rome, (Reece period 13). 1529-1531 Obverse: Radiate bust right. Obverse legend: GALL[IENVS AVG] Reverse: standing figure Reverse legend: P[]AVG Dimensions: diameter: 17.67mm; weight: 2.11g

LON-D4D8F7: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware dish, Dragendorff Form 16 dating to AD 50-69. Probably from La Graufesenque. See Brulet, Vivorder, Delage and Laduron (2010:64-66). The sherd is from a shallow bowl with a beaded rim and round internal quater moulding. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 98.30mm; width: 56.88mm; height: 30.03mm; weight: 49.75g. References: Brulet R., Vivorder F., Delage R. and Laduron D. 2010. La Ceramique Romaine en Gaule du Nord. Brepols Publishing

LON-D39552: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 33 dating to AD 70 - 170. The sherd has a chamfered foot ring base. In the centre of the base is the remains on a maker's stamp. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 57.35mm; width: 54.56mm; height: 35.14mm; weight: 59.07g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-82BA8C: DIE
A Roman to Post Medieval ivory or bone die. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 8 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 7.76mm; width: 7.80mm; thickness: 7.84mm; weight: 0.96g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggested.

LON-6954EC: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts sanding figure, spear in right hand. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: [] Reverse: standing figure, spear in right hand Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 14.63mm; weight: 1.53g

LON-692B3E: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Septimius Severus (AD 193-211), probably dating to the period c.AD 197-200 (Reece period 10). MARTI PACIFERO reverse type depicting mars in military attire standing left, foot set on cuirass, holding branch in right hand and reversed spear in left. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC IV.1 nos. 113, 133A. Obverse: Laureate head right Obverse inscription: [] AVG Reverse: Mars in military attire standing left, foot set on cuirass(?), holding branch in right hand and reversed spear in left Reverse inscription: [MARTI] PACIFERO Dimensions: diameter: 14.94mm; weight: 2.64g

A Roman copper alloy radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268). Reverse type depicting a standing figure. Mint of Rome, (Reece period 13). Obverse: Radiate bust right. Obverse legend: [IMP GALLIE]NVS AVG Reverse: standing figure left Reverse legend: [] Dimensions: diameter: 17.25mm; weight: 1.95g

A Roman copper alloy nummus probably of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Uncertain mint, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN V[ALENS PF AVG] Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: [SECVRITAS REI PVBL]ICAE Dimensions: diameter: 17.12mm; weight: 1.85g.

LON-53FE52: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-340) dating to the period AD 332 Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Mint of Arles. RIC VII 274:370, the mint mark wreath//[P]CON[ST] Obverse description: Right facing rosette diademed bust Obverse inscription: []ANTIVNS IVN NOB C Reverse description: two soldiers and two standards between them Reverse inscription: [GLOR ]IAEXERC ITVS Dimensions: diameter: 16.45mm; weight: 1.71g.

LON-57C10C: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo onyx stone bearing the motif of a Minerva, dating from AD 43-410. The intaglio is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has a left facing helmeted bust of Minerva. The rest of the intaglio is dark blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Dimensions: length: 10.49mm; width: 10.22mm; thickness: 2.91mm; weight: 0.50g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-57B982: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250. The hair pin is a Crummy type 6. The hair pin has a flat head with a reel/long bead/reel/ below. The shaft is a straight taper towards its point; the shaft is broken. The tip which is now missing. Similar bone hairpins were excavated in Colchester and are illustrated in Crummy (1995:25) Fig. 425 being the nearest parallel. Other bone hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A, LON-68D0FE and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 44.51mm; width: 2.42mm; weight: 0.35g. Crummy suggests that they were present in the first century AD an end date of 200-250 AD, but lack of closely dated third century deposits coupled with problems of residality make a close dating impossible. Like all other type A pins these do not seem to have outlived the third century. The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-57967B: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with three shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 20.75mm; thickness: 2.97mm; weight: 1.79g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD330-331. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Uncertain Mint. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONST[AN/TINOPOLIS] Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Reverse mint mark: -/-// [] Dimensions: diameter: 13.31mm; weight: 0.81g.

LON-553E2F: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slightly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948: pg226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 25.11mm; thickness: 5.66mm; weight: 4.14g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-5536D6: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of the front part of the left shoulder and upper arm. This is probably a Fittock Type 1 figurine. Dimensions: length: 32.68mm; width: 22.29mm; thickness: 11.61mm; weight: 6.43g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-552FDE: TILE
A fragment of Roman ceramic tile with Procuratorial stamp dating from AD 80-120. The fragment of tegula or brick has the impression of a stamp that when complete would have read PP BR LON, this is a type Betts 5 stamp. Only the first two letters of the stamp, 'PP' remain. The full stamp would have read P(rocuratores) P(ovinciae) BR(itanniae) LON(dinium). There were 3 examples of die 5 recorded by 1995 which were all recorded on tegula. (Betts 1995:211). The fabric of the tile is red/orange in colour and mixed with occasional inclusions, it has a light grey core measuring 11.22mm. Small patches of mortar adhering to the stamped face. Similar tiles stamped with Die 5 have been found in excavations at the Amphithetre. Dimensions: length: 63.24mm; width: 30.98mm; thickness: 22.31mm; weight: 47.87g. Another Procurators of the Province of Britannia stamped tile on the database is PUBLIC-968C64. Betts (1995:209) writes "There has been some debate in the past as to the meaning of the first letter P. The current explanation favoured by Wright and accepted by RIB II is that the P stands for procuratores, although the singular procurator is a valid alternative. It is known that the provincial procurator of Britain had minor procurators among his staff. The procurator, a high official appointed by the emperor, was responsible for imperial property and most fiscal measures. The presence of procuratorial stamped tile indicates the procurators' connection with the running of a tileworks to provide bricks and tiles for building construction. Many of the sites in London which have produced procuratorial stamped tiles are associated with major late first- to early second-century public buildings, or are located nearby." Collingwood (1993:30) writes "...no tile-stamps have yet been recorded from first-century contexts. The practice of stamping tiles in Britain, at least among the military, did not become usual much before the end of the first-century (RIB 2459-63, Introduction)" Betts (1995:222) writes "It is unlikely that precise dating of individual dies will ever be possible owing to the difficulty of determining the length of time each die was in use. What does seem clear is that procuratorial stamped tiles and pottery were first manufactured sometime after AD 70, probably in the last twenty years of the first century, and continued to be produced until around AD 120. There is no evidence for the use of new procuratorial stamped tile in buildings constructed after the Hadrianic fire which swept through much of London sometime during the period AD 120-125." References: Collingwood, R.G, 1993. The Roman inscriptions of Britain / Volume II. Instrumentum domesticum. Fascicule 5 tile stamps of the Classis Britannica, imperial, procuratorial and civic tile stamps etc (RIB 2481-2491). edited by S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin. R.G. Collingwood & R.P. Wright. Alan Sutton Publishing. Betts I. M, 1995. Procuratorial Tile Stamps From London. Britannia 26. p.207-229.

LON-2C9024: COIN
A worn copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Faustina II (AD 147-175), dating to the period c.AD 161-175 (Reece period 8). Probably IVNO, S C, reverse type depicting Juno standing left holding patera and sceptre, peacock at feet. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC III, p. 345, no. 1645. Obverse: Draped bust right; [FAV]STINA [AVG]VSTA Reverse: Probably Juno standing left holding patera and sceptre, peacock at feet; [IVNO], S C Dimensions: diameter: 31.45mm; weight: 19.28g

LON-184D75: COIN
A worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 330-348. Uncertain mint. Obverse: head right. Reverse: [] Dimensions: diameter: 16.80mm; weight: 1.55g

LON-DA2E48: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine I as Caesar (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 330-335. Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Uncertain Mint. Obverse description: Right facing rosette diademed bust Obverse inscription: [CONST]ANTINVS MAX AVG Reverse description: two soldiers and two standards between them Reverse inscription: GLOR [IAEXERCITVS] Reverse mint mark: //[]P[] Dimensions: diameter: 15.43mm; weight: 2.19g.

LON-D9F974: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD330-331. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC VII, No. 246 Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: Victory left on prow Reverse mint mark: -/-//.PLG Dimensions: diameter: 17.69mm; weight: 1.54g.

LON-D9F43F: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD330-331. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC VII, No. 246 Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: Victory left on prow Reverse mint mark: -/-//.PLG Dimensions: diameter: 17.31mm; weight: 2.45g.

LON-9B2ACA: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts an advancing female figure left. Dimensions: diameter: 15.19mm; weight: 1.05g

LON-03A984: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250. The hair pin is a Greep type A2.2 and Crummy type 2. The hair pin has a small pointed head with two incised grooves cut just below forming a collar. The shaft is a straight taper towards its point; the shaft is broken. The tip which is now missing. Similar hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A, LON-68D0FE and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 59.46mm; width: 2.90mm; weight: 0.67g. Crummy suggests that they were present in the first century AD an end date of 200-250 AD, but lack of closely dated third century deposits coupled with problems of residuality make a close dating impossible. Like all other type A pins these do not seem to have outlived the third century. The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-0381A3: BEAD
A complete Roman orange glass globular bead dating from AD 50-410. The bead has a perforation 1.76mm in diameter. The bead is slightly sub-spherical, decorated with a plain band running around the circumference and several longitudinal ridges. Dimensions: diameter: 8.15mm; height: 7.33mm; weight: 1.23g. A similar bead on the database is LON-E416F5 found in the same area and may have belonged to the same object.

LON-0366D5: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery 'hunt' cup, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a black slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The exterior decoration is a right facing bearded human head in barbotine slip. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 19.25mm; width: 15.28mm; weight: 1.68g Other examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-B06A75: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slightly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948: pg226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 23.35mm; thickness: 6.47mm; weight: 3.91g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-B036C8: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with four shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. The gaming piece is damaged with a section of the outer ring missing. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 21.05mm; thickness: 2.34mm; weight: 1.05g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-43A393: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece Period 14), PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Obverse description: Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: IMP CARAUSIVS [P F AVG] Reverse description: Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Reverse inscription: PAX [AVG] Dimensions: diameter: 20.56mm; weight: 3.59g.

A Roman ivory die. The die is square and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 1 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 13.45mm; width: 13.79mm; thickness: 13.09mm; weight: 4.1g A similar Roman die on the database is LON-24B3A6. Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggested.

LON-421C39: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl dating to AD 45-75. In the centre of the base is a maker's stamp reading QVRTVS this is stamp from the Quartus iii who was working in La Graufesenque. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 25.64mm; width: 23.34mm; thickness: 4.92mm; weight: 2.18g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

An incomplete Roman faience melon bead dating to the period c. AD 43 - 200. The bead is blue grey with buff/grey core. The remaining bead has six vertical grooves. Dimensions: height: 19.18mm; width: 17.94mm; weight: 22.80g Worrell (2015) states that faience melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." See: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell

LON-41F219: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with five shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 16.49mm; thickness: 3.27mm; weight: 1.25g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-2AFB77: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270) dating to AD 268-270 (Reece Period 13). VIRTVS AVG reverse type depicting Virtus standing left holding branch and vertical spear. Mint of Rome. Obverse description: Radiate and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG Reverse description: Virtus standing left holding branch and vertical spear Reverse inscription: [VIR]T[VS AVG] Dimensions: diameter: 18.62mm; weight: 1.88g

A fragment of a Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 5 and Betts Die 60, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 50-410. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:58 Fig.27df No.60). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Diamond and lattice" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. Betts et al (1997:121) write "There is no useful context or circumstantial dating evidence available" for die 60. McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 100.73mm; width: 93.03mm; thickness: 36.74mm; weight: 359g. Diamond and lattice dies 60 is known from Fishbourne and Chichester. Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-F07485: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Nerva (AD 96-98), dating from AD 96-97. Mint of Rome. (Reece period 5). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM reverse depicting a pair of clasped hands holding [legionary eagle] resting on prow of boat. Mint of Rome. RIC Vol. II, p. 225, no. 27. Obverse description: Laureate head right Obverse inscription: IMP NERVA CEAS AVG P M TR P[] Reverse description: Clasped hands holding legionary eagle resting on prow of a boat. Reverse inscription: CONCORDIA-[] Dimensions: diameter: 17.59mm; weight: 2.25g

LON-5E6375: COIN
A Roman copper alloy possibly Barbarious Radiate of Claudius II (AD 270 - 271), period AD 268-270 Reece period 13. CONSECRATIO reverse type depicting an alter with flame above Obverse description: Right facing radiate bust Obverse inscription: [DIVO CLAVDIO] Reverse description: Altar and flames Reverse inscription: [CONSECRATIO] Dimensions: 15.27mm; weight: 1.94g

LON-CADE9D: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 160-220. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of foliatte panels and rosettes.The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. The slip is abraded with slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 64.85mm; width: 37.41mm; thickness: 8.85mm; weight: 19.18g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-B89548: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Gaulish samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or 31 dating to AD 140-200. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with an illegable maker's stamp impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 97.63mm; width: 103.60mm; height: 29.29mm; weight: 155.32g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-4F636E: COIN
A worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 330-348. Uncertain mint. Obverse: diademed head right. Reverse: [] Dimensions: diameter: 15.60mm; weight: 1.18g

LON-CE0172: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman grey ware vessel possibly a storage jar dating from AD 43-410. The sherd consists of a broad everted rim and is undecorated. The fabric is dark grey and the surface is a reduced grey colour. On the interior of the rim is sgraffito text, two letters remain, only the letter N is clearly defined. This is probably the owners mark. Dimensions: length: 49.49mm; width: 34.11mm; thickness: 8.17mm; weight: 20.15g

LON-CDFB89: HAIR PIN
A complete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 80.16mm; diameter of shaft: 4.00mm; diameter of head: 6.18mm; weight: 1.36g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-CDFA4D: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point, which is broken and now missing. Dimensions: length: 47.52mm; diameter of shaft: 3.74mm; diameter of head: 5.23mm; weight: 0.91g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-CD21EB: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of rear torso, bottom and upper legs. This is probably a Fittock Type 1. Dimensions: length: 74.33mm; width: 42.02mm; thickness: 16.60mm; weight: 24.83g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-CC6C1D: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery 'hunt' cup, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a dark slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The exterior decoration is head and part of a body of an animal, probably a hare in barbotine slip. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 59.87mm; width: 43.54mm; weight: 14.38g Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-CC6A46: VESSEL
A Roman ceramic sherd possibly from of Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware Castor Box dating from AD 150-400. The sherd consists of part of the, side wall. The side wall is decorated with rouletting. The sherd has a dark slip coating on both the exterior and interior which is abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the rouletting. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 66.23mm; height: 35.00mm; weight: 12.72g Other Nene Valley colour coated ware on the database are LON-A6DC6A and LON-A1871D.

LON-CC4366: BEAD
An incomplete, approximately half a Roman faiance melon bead dating to the period c. AD 43 - 200. The bead is a buff/grey in colour with no blue remaining. The bead has nine parallel sloping grooves. The bead has a perforation with a diameter of 10.24mm. Dimensions: diameter: 23.30g; height: 16.74mm; weight: 4.92g Worrell (2015) states that faiance melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." See: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell

LON-CC3AC7: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 16.26mm; thickness: 3.70mm; weight: 1.29g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-CC357C: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of front torso. This is probably a Fittock Type 1. Dimensions: length: 30.40mm; width: 37.57mm; thickness: 13.13mm; weight: 8.76g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-CC2B9E: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists part of the garment. This is possibly a Fittock Type 1. Dimensions: length: 37.56mm; width: 22.53mm; thickness: 12.25mm; weight: 9.68g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-B7E305, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-0FF554: EAR RING
A complete Roman copper alloy penannular ear ring dating from AD 43-410. The ear ring is sub-circular and formed of an incomplete hoop which has a rectangular cross-section. The ring is thicker in the middle and tapers towards the terminals which end in sharp point, the two ends do not join but overlap. The ring is decorated on the outer surface with twelve diagonal incised lines. Dimensions: diameter: 18.07mm; width: 4.30mm; thickness: 2.44mm; weight: 1.66g Objects of this shape are quite common finds from Roman contexts and are usually interpreted as earrings (Allason-Jones "Ear-Rings in Roman Britain", this is interpreted as Type 1 common from 1st to the 4th century). Similar objects have, however, also been found from later, Early Medieval contexts, where they are interpreted as finger rings or earrings (Rogers "Anglian and other finds from Fishergate" pages 1370-1371, inc fig 668, artefacts 5411-5413).

LON-1C226F: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 33 dating to AD 140 - 170. The sherd has a chamfered foot ring base. In the centre of the base is a maker's stamp reading REBVRRI . OF this is stamp from the Potter Reburrus ii who was working in Lezoux. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 73.43mm; width: 61.40mm; height: 22.15mm; weight: 57.17g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-18EFEE: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo glass bearing the motif of a standing female figure possibly Fortuna holding a cornucopia dating from AD 50-410. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has the figure incised into it. The rest of the intaglio is a blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Similar figures representing Fortuna are illustrated in Henig (1978:224 fig 314) Dimensions: length: 8.93mm; width: 6.85mm; thickness: 3.18mm; weight: 0.29g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-84096B: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy dupondius of Domitian (AD 81-96), dating to the period c.AD 86 (Reece period 4). VIRTVTI AVGVSTI, S C reverse type depicting Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium, foot on globe. Mint of Rome. RIC II.1, p. 298, no. 484. Cf. BMC II, p.383, pl.76, fig.1, no.384. Obverse description: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII CENS PER P P Reverse description: S C across field, Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium, foot on globe. Reverse inscription: V[IRTVTI] AVGVSTI, S C Dimensions: diameter: 29.49mm weight: 11.66g

LON-83E048: COIN
A Roman as of Vespasian (AD 69-79), the reverse depicting eagle standing on globe, wings spread, head right, S C either side, dating to AD 72 (Reece period 4). Mint of Lyon. Reference: RIC II pt.1 (2nd ed.) no.1202 Obverse description: Laureate head right. Obverse inscription: IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII Reverse description: Eagle standing on globe, wings spread, head right, S C to either side.

LON-8BDD75: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 22.77mm; thickness: 3.97mm; weight: 2.64g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-8BCB39: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) ring-neck flagon with neck remaining, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a handle of two ribs and a six rilled rim. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:56 fig.46 No.251-253). Dimensions: height: 82.00mm; width of handle: 21.78mm; thickness of handle: 10.22mm; weight: 98.27g; diameter of aperture: 28.70mm; diameter of rim: 42.48mm. Similar flagons on the database are PUBLIC-9D663D, LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:59) write "Short-expanding, ring-neck flagons (IB7, 251-5) are the commonest form in VCWS and were first found in the Hadrianic, but date largely to the Antonine period." Davies et al (1994:55) write "A coarse, red fabric with white slip containing abundant quartz and occasional iron-rich inclusions. It is distinguished from the typical VRW fabric by its colour and slip, as well as containing some silt-sized inclusions and white mica. The photographed sherd contains a particularly high density of inclusions. Although typologically very similar, the VCWS products are generally less well made than their VRW equivalents. Flagon rims are often distorted, with ill- defined rings, necks are occasionally placed off-centre (Fig 46, 252) and frequently the handles are poorly applied. This may result from the speed of manufacture rather than inferior potting techniques. However, the clays are also often badly mixed so that large inclusions of flint are left behind (eg Fig 46, 253). Number 251 (Fig 46) is another example of this inferior quality, illustrating all the above features together with pronounced turning marks at the girth. These were caused by the body being inverted and trimmed on the wheel in order to form the footring base before the neck was applied."

LON-8BBB97: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) ring-neck flagon with neck remaining, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a five rilled rim. The exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:56 fig.46 No.251-253). Dimensions: height: 84.63mm; weight: 131.24g; diameter of aperture: 42.86mm; diameter of rim: 60.82mm. Similar flagons on the database are PUBLIC-9D663D, LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:59) write "Short-expanding, ring-neck flagons (IB7, 251-5) are the commonest form in VCWS and were first found in the Hadrianic, but date largely to the Antonine period." Davies et al (1994:55) write "A coarse, red fabric with white slip containing abundant quartz and occasional iron-rich inclusions. It is distinguished from the typical VRW fabric by its colour and slip, as well as containing some silt-sized inclusions and white mica. The photographed sherd contains a particularly high density of inclusions. Although typologically very similar, the VCWS products are generally less well made than their VRW equivalents. Flagon rims are often distorted, with ill- defined rings, necks are occasionally placed off-centre (Fig 46, 252) and frequently the handles are poorly applied. This may result from the speed of manufacture rather than inferior potting techniques. However, the clays are also often badly mixed so that large inclusions of flint are left behind (eg Fig 46, 253). Number 251 (Fig 46) is another example of this inferior quality, illustrating all the above features together with pronounced turning marks at the girth. These were caused by the body being inverted and trimmed on the wheel in order to form the footring base before the neck was applied."

LON-8B51B3: VESSEL
A Roman pottery sherd from a vessel, probably a Samian decorated beaker or vase dating to the mid 2nd - mid 3rd century possibly Rheinzabern, East Gaul. Possibly from a Ludowici type VSa. There is a dark red slip on both external and internal surfaces which is now abraded. The decoration on the beaker is moulded panel in a 'cut-glass' design, this was "Directly derived from real cut glass, this method consisted of incising the vessel and was most commonly used in East Gaul" (de la Bedoyere 1988:52). The sherd has a dark red colour due to the slip being affected by heat. Dimensions: length: 27.29mm; width: 25.72mm; weight: 3.34g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-8B257B: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Lezoux samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or Drag 31 dating to AD 160-200. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp [SANTI]ANIM impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Santianus who was working in Lezoux from AD 135-170. The foot ring is chamfered. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 130.55mm; height: 33.44mm; weight: 99.14g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-88644D: TILE
A fragment of Roman ceramic tile with Procuratorial stamp dating from AD 80-120. The fragment of tegula or brick has the impression of a stamp that when complete would have read PPBRLON within a frame, this is a type 2485.8 stamp. Only the first three letters of the stamp, 'PPB' in retrograde remain. The full stamp would have read P(rocuratores) P(ovinciae) B(itanniae) LON(dini): 'The procurators of the province of Britain at London'. Betts (1995:207) writes " (Die 8B) " There were 20 examples of die 2485.8 recorded by 1995 of which 5 were on tegula, 6 on imbrex, 6 on brick, 7 on wall tile and 3 unidentified. (Betts 1995:211). The fabric of the tile is red/orange in colour and mixed with occasional inclusions, it has a light grey core measuring 13.76mm. Similar tiles stamped with Die 8 have been found in excavations at Abacus House, Gutter Lane (ABC87), Dominant House, Queen Victoria Street (DMT88) and Fleet Valley (VAL88). Dimensions: length: 96.28mm; width: 61.67mm; thickness: 25.28mm; weight: 117.91g. Procurators of the Province of Britannia stamped tiles on the database are PUBLIC-968C64 and LON-4B5962. Betts (1995:209) writes "There has been some debate in the past as to the meaning of the first letter P. The current explanation favoured by Wright and accepted by RIB II is that the P stands for procuratores, although the singular procurator is a valid alternative. It is known that the provincial procurator of Britain had minor procurators among his staff. The procurator, a high official appointed by the emperor, was responsible for imperial property and most fiscal measures. The presence of procuratorial stamped tile indicates the procurators' connection with the running of a tileworks to provide bricks and tiles for building construction. Many of the sites in London which have produced procuratorial stamped tiles are associated with major late first- to early second-century public buildings, or are located nearby." Collingwood (1993:30) writes "...no tile-stamps have yet been recorded from first-century contexts. The practice of stamping tiles in Britain, at least among the military, did not become usual much before the end of the first-century (RIB 2459-63, Introduction)" Betts (1995:222) writes "It is unlikely that precise dating of individual dies will ever be possible owing to the difficulty of determining the length of time each die was in use. What does seem clear is that procuratorial stamped tiles and pottery were first manufactured sometime after AD 70, probably in the last twenty years of the first century, and continued to be produced until around AD 120. There is no evidence for the use of new procuratorial stamped tile in buildings constructed after the Hadrianic fire which swept through much of London sometime during the period AD 120-125." References: Collingwood, R.G, 1993. The Roman inscriptions of Britain / Volume II. Instrumentum domesticum. Fascicule 5 tile stamps of the Classis Britannica, imperial, procuratorial and civic tile stamps etc (RIB 2481-2491). edited by S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin. R.G. Collingwood & R.P. Wright. Alan Sutton Publishing. Betts I. M, 1995. Procuratorial Tile Stamps From London. Britannia 26. p.207-229.

LON-620244: FINGER RING
An incomplete Roman copper alloy finger ring dating from AD 100-300. The finger ring has a circular flat bezel and is decorated with recessed concentric circles, these are filled with coloured enamel, the inner one has blue enamel and the outer one has red enamel. The band broken and missing. Dimensions: length: 24.21mm; width: 15.96mm; thickness: 4.52mm; weight: 5.64g Other rings with enamel filled concentric circles on the database are LIN-E741A5, SWYOR-1B980F and DUR-B7B7B5

LON-63280C: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus, a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18), possibly FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: []; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL.TEMP.REPARATIO]; Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 12.67mm; weight: 0.88g. Die axis measurement: 3

LON-D6B551: COIN
An incomplete copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, Constans (AD337-350) or Constantius II (AD 337-361) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories facing with two wreaths, VICTORIAEDDAVGGQNN. Reece period 17. Mint or Trier. Dimensions: length: 15.39mm; width: 12.50mm; weight: 0.87g. Obverse description: Right facing diademed bust Obverse inscription: [] SPF AVG Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths. / [T]RP Reverse inscription: []QNN Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock

LON-9ED28A: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Magnentius (AD 350-353) dating to AD 350 - 253 (Reece period 18). VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES reverse type showing two Victories supporting a shield inscribed VOT/V/MVLT/X/. A behind obverse bust. Mint of Treveri (Trier). RIC Obverse: Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right; behind, A. Obverse inscription: D N MAGN[ENTIVS P F AVG] Reverse: Two Victories standing facing one another, holding wreath between them inscribed VOT/[V]/MVLT/X in four lines Reverse inscription: [VICTORIAE DD NN AVG] ET CAES Dimensions: diameter: 21.13mm; weight: 4.07g, die axis: 12

LON-9E4CBC: COIN
A worn Roman copper-alloy as of Claudius (AD 41-54) dating to the period AD 50-54 (Reece Period 2). S-C Minerva, helmeted, standing right, throwing javelin with a round shield on left arm, S-C across field. As RIC vol. I, Claudius 116. Obverse: bare head left Obverse inscription: []CLAVD[] Reverse : Minerva, helmeted, standing right, throwing javelin with a round shield on left arm; S-C in fields. Dimensions: diameter: 25.14mm; weight: 8.20g, die axis: 3

LON-9E15FA: COIN
A Roman siliqua of the emperor Theodosius (AD 379-395) (Reece period 21). VIRTVS ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding sceptre and Victory on globe. Uncertain mint. Obverse: Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: [] SI [] Reverse: Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and reversed spear Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 15.61mm; weight: 0.82g, die axis: 6

LON-DED352: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of an uncertain Gallic Empire emperor probably dated c.AD 259-273 (Reece period 13). Obverse: A bearded emperor radiate cuirassed bust right Reverse: A standing figure Dimensions : diameter: 16.55mm; weight: 2.25g

LON-DECC91: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), uncertain reverse type. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: IMP CLA[VDIVS AV]G Reverse: [] Reverse inscription: [] Dimensions: diameter: 17.40mm; weight: 3.72g.

LON-946C15: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Arles, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 17.75mm; weight: 2.00g. Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VAL[ENS PF] AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS REI PVBL[ICAE] Reverse mint mark: O F / И // LVGS

LON-901BE5: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constans (AD 337-350) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Mint mark (leaf)//[]. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC VIII 151, cf. 183-186 Obverse description: Right facing pearl diademed bust Obverse inscription: CONSTANS [PF AVG] Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: VICTOR[IAEDDAVGGQNN] Dimensions: diameter: 14.50mm; weight: 1.00g.

LON-9013CE: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constans (AD 337-350) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Mint mark (leaf)//TRP. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC VIII 151, cf. 183-186 Obverse description: Right facing rosette diademed bust Obverse inscription: CONSTANS [PF AVG] Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: VICTORIAEDDAVGGQNN Dimensions: diameter: 13.92mm; weight: 1.49g.

LON-8FD7F9: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 43-410. The counter is undecorated except for a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. This is a Kenyon type C counter. Dimensions: diameter: 14.96mm; thickness: 3.70mm; weight: 1.16g. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-8F32C9: BEAD
A Roman faiance melon bead dating to the period c. AD 43 - 200. Bright blue with buff/grey core. The bead has eighteen vertical grooves. The bead has a perforation with a diameter of 7.83mm. The interior surface exhibits a series of concentric grooves. Worrell (2015) states that faience melon beads "...are common finds on most Roman sites, although normally their occurrence is restricted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are unknown in the Late Iron Age period. A description is provided in Guido (1978, 100, types 21 and 22) and also in Crummy (1983, fig. 32.520-1)." See: Worrell, S. 2015, Glass beads, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5, Internet Archaeology 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.worrell

LON-3EE5C5: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The counter has a series of ten cuts running along the top edge. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 19.61mm; thickness: 3.60mm; weight: 1.82g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-3A2383: COIN
A Roman copper alloy semis of Nero (AD 54-68), dating to the period c.AD 62-68 (Reece period 3). CER QVINQ ROM CON, S C, reverse type depicting a table bearing an urn and wreath. Mint of Lyon. cf. RIC I (2nd addition), no. 486 or 488 Obverse: Head of Nero, bare, right; small globe at point of neck Obverse inscription: NERO CLAVD CAESA[R AVG GERM] Reverse: Table decorated with two sphinxes or gryphons confronting; on top, urn and wreath; round shield resting on leg Reverse inscription: CER QVINQ R[OM CON] S [C] Dimensions: diameter: 21.16mm; weight: 5.00g

LON-17E604: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate of Aurelian (AD 270-275), dating to the perioc c.AD 270 (Reece period 13). Probably CONCORDIA MILI reverse type depicting two Concordiae standing facing each other, standard in outer hand, each holding another standard between them. Mint of Siscia. cf. RIC V.1, p. 287, no. 199 corr. Dimensions: 17.97mm; weight: 2.54g

LON-17E4C4: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Licinus (AD 308-324) dating to the period AD 307-318. Reece period 15. GENIO POP ROM reverse type depicting Genius standing left holding petera and cornucopiae. Mint of London. -//PLN Obverse: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: LICINVS PF AVG Reverse description: Genius standing left holding patera and cornucopiae Reverse inscription: [GENIO] POP ROM Dimensions: diameter: 21.29mm; weight: 1.91g

LON-17DEB7: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper alloy Nummus of Constans dating to the period AD 343-348. (Reece Period 17). Reverse type VICTORIAE D D AVGG QNN, depicting two victories facing one another, each with wreath, D between. Mint of Tier. Obverse description: Rosette laureate and bust right Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/[S]PFAVG  Reverse description: Two victories facing one another, each with wreath, D between Reverse inscription: VICTORIAED[DAVG]GQN[N] Dimensions: diameter: 15.68mm; weight: 1.36g

LON-17BBD3: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 322 (Reece period 16). BEATA TRANQVILLITAS reverse type depicting an altar inscribed VO TIS X X, surmounted by globe with three stars above. -//STR Mint of Trier. cf. ​RIC Vol. VII 343 (p. 194) Obverse description: Bust laureate facing left, wearing trabea and holding eagle-tipped sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN TINVS AVG Reverse description: Globe set on alter inscribed VO/TIS/XX, above three stars. Reverse inscription: BEATATRAN QVILLITAS Dimensions: diameter: 18.47mm; weight: 1.29g.

LON-17B9FE: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Licinius I, dating to the period AD 315 - 316 (Reece period 15). SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse depicting Sol standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, raising right hand, globe in left. Mint of London. S/P//-- RIC VII, p. 100. Obverse description: Laureate, cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: IMP LICININVS P F AVG Reverse description: Sol standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, raising right hand, globe in left Reverse inscription: SOLI INVIC TO COMI[TI] Dimensions: diameter: 20.47mm; weight: 3.21g

LON-17B6FB: COIN
A Roman radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93) in the name of Maximian Herculeus (AD 286-305), reverse type PAX AVGGG around Pax standing left, holding long vertical sceptre and olive branch. Minted at London, AD 290-92 (Reece period 14). Reference: RIC V(ii) Obverse description: Radiate and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG Reverse description: Pax standing left, holding long vertical sceptre and olive branch Reverse inscription: PAX AVGGG Dimensions: diameter: 22.34mm; weight: 3.13g

LON-D5F9AD: EAR SCOOP
A Roman copper alloy cosmetic implement ear scoop dating from AD 43-410. The scoop has that has a flat sub-circular undecorated head, the stem is circular cross-section, it swells slightly towards the middle before tapering again towards the tip. Dimensions: length: 63.56mm; width of head: 7.82mm; thickness of head: 1.84mm; diameter of stem at widest point: 3.85mm weight: 4.57g Similar ear scoops on the database are GLO-1D0F13 and KENT-E0F9D7.

LON-40E3D5: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 15.82mm; thickness: 3.44mm; weight: 1.05g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-D55AE1: COIN
A copy of a Roman copper alloy (bronze) sestertius of Tiberius (AD 14-37) dating from AD 22-23. Mint of Rome. RIC I 2nd addition 42. Obverse: Confronting heads of two little boys on crossed cornucopias, with winged caduceus between them Reverse: Legend surrounding large S C; DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N PONT TR POT II Dimensions: diameter: 34.37mm; 4.72mm; thickness: weight: 28.75g The coin has some difference noted by Dr Sam Moorhead from other examples in the British Museum collection, these being that the coin is of smaller diameter and is overall smaller type, the edge is bevelled rather than round, no beading and the letters are cut with serifs and are smaller. On the obverse the caduceus is shorter, the hair of the princes is more wavy and fulsome as well as the bunch of grapes hanging from the caduceus is stylised.

LON-9B6D66: INTAGLIO
A complete Roman carved red jasper intaglio of a left facing bust of a young man probably Apollo. The stone has been cut into an oval shape and is bevelled the obverse side being wider than the reverse. Dimensions: length: 13.27mm; width: 11.22mm: thickness: 2.94mm; weight: 0.65g Martin Henig per comm writes "This is a lovely gem, a red jasper which I would date from its style to around the very end of the 2nd century AD. It is a full, nude bust of a youth with his hair bound with a fillet and long locks down the name of his neck. These locks suggests it is to be interpreted as a bust of Apollo despite the lack of an attribute such as a laurel as on an earlier full bust version. G.Platz-Horster, Die antiken Gemmen aus Xanten(Bonn 1987),pp.120-121 and Taf,43 no.212. Also seeH.B.Walters, Catalogue of the Engraved Gems and Cameos in the British Museum (British Museum 1926),p.150 and pl. xix no.1321, similar but no laurel. For the corkscrew form of the locks see Walters no.1317. You might compare the style,certainly of the physiognomy to a red jasper found at Birdoswald which shows a bust of a youth ,though the hair here is in a differently style and may actually represent the young Geta (M.Henig ,'Intaglios' in T.Wilmott, Birdoswald. Excavations of a Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall (English Heritage 1997),284-5 no 87 fig 195,Pl.12. ...very similar three cokscrew locks on an onyx intaglio from Carnuntum depicting a shallow bust of Apollo... [G Dembski, Die antiken Gemmen und Kameen aus Carnuntum, Vienna 2005) p.122 and Taf.68 no 682a]"

LON-8495D6: COIN
A heavily clipped silver Roman siliqua of the House of Theodosius, probably dating to the period c.AD 395-402 (Reece period 21). VIRTVS ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding sceptre and Victory on globe. Probably mint of Milan. cf. RIC X nos. 1227-1228. Dimensions: diameter: 11.85mm; weight: 0.68g, die axis: 6

LON-848F1E: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, commemorative VRBS ROMA issue dating to AD332. Reverse Wolf and twins. Reece period 17. Mint of Arles //SCONS. RIC VII:1 Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Roma facing left. Obverse inscription: VRBS/ROMA Reverse description: Wolf and twins, three stars above Dimensions: diameter: 14.24mm; weight: 1.45g.

LON-848DCD: COIN
A heavily clipped silver Roman siliqua of Arcadius (AD 383-402), probably dating to the period c.AD 395-402 (Reece period 21). VIRTVS ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding sceptre and Victory on globe. Possibly mint of Milan. cf. RIC X nos. 1227-1228

A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), 'CONSECRATIO' reverse type an eagle left dating to AD 268-270 (Reece period 13) Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: [IMP CLAVDIVS AVG] Reverse: Eagle left head right Reverse inscription: CONSECR[ATIO] Dimensions: diameter: 16.2mm; weight: 2.00g.

LON-99FE38: COIN
A silver Roman denarius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), dating to the period AD 140-143 (Reece period 7). Obverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P COS III, bare head right. Reverse: APOLLINI AVGVSTO, Apollo standing facing, head left, holding patera and lyre. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 33, no. 63Ba Dimensions: 17.43mm; weight: 2.92g

LON-FB01A0: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Septimius Severus (AD 193-211). RESTITVTOR VRBIS reverse type. Mint of Rome, RIC IV, Pt I, p. 113, no. 167 dating from AD 200-201. (Reece period 10). Obverse: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: SEVERVS AVG PART MAX Reverse: Septimius, laureate, in military dress, with cloak hanging over left shoulder, standing front, head left, sacrificing out of patera in right hand over lighted tripod, left, and holding spear. Reverse inscription: RESTITVTOR VRBIS

LON-E1CD04: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd consists of the foot ring base probably from a beaker. It may have possible been trimmed for use as a gaming counter. The beaker has a disk-base with a bevelled edge. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions. Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: Diameter: 43.67mm; thickness: 7.17mm; weight: 12.92g. Similar Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-E1CC60: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman colour coated fine ware vessel, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The sherd consists of the foot ring base probably from a 'hunt cup' beaker. It may have possible been trimmed for use as a gaming counter. The sherd has a black slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has white fabric. Dimensions: Diameter: 41.56mm; thickness: 8.80mm; weight: 18.14g. Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-E1CAC8: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Les Martres-de-Veyre samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or 31 dating to AD 100-125. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp VTALISM[SF] impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Vitalis iii who was active in Les Martres-de-Veyre AD 100-125. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 96.31mm; height: 33.42mm; weight: 73.89g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-CC3330: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 180-220. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of panels divided by rope twist borders with rosettes at intersections. Within the panels are standing figures. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. The slip is abraded with slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 53.66mm; width: 42.17mm; thickness: 7.38mm; weight: 14.14g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-BD9AC6: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman eastern Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 180-220. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of medallions with standing figure, (Folzer type 560). The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside, which has turned black on the inner surface through exposure to heat after firing. The internal fabric remains pale orange-pink but the distorted colouration of the slip certainly suggests it has been burnt in a fire. A similar figure was depicted on a vessel by the potter Marinus iv who was active in Trier AD 180-220. Dimensions: length: 60.43mm; width: 36.19mm; thickness: 9.00mm; weight: 23.89g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-BD535E: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment from a Roman probably East Gaulish samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the first half or middle of the 3rd century. This is a fragment of a Drag. 45 mortarium with a nearly upright wall. A spout is located within the collar; it is a very indistinct open-mouthed lion, possiblre from the 'Massenfund' group. The spout is an applied oval boss with the pouring hole forming the open mouth. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip, which has turned black through exposure to heat after firing. The internal fabric remains pale orange-pink but the distorted colouration of the slip certainly suggests it has been burnt in a fire. The slip is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the lion head spout. Dimensions: length: 54.85mm; width: 47.18mm; thickness: 14.78mm; weight: 27.12g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium lion spouts on the database are LON-A6D4FD, LON-187598 and LON-02FE97. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-B9F9E3: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment from a Roman probably East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the first half or middle of the 3rd century. This is a fragment of a Drag. 45 mortarium with a nearly upright wall. A spout is located within the collar; it is a very stylised open-mouthed lion with oval ears. The spout is an applied oval boss with the pouring hole forming the open mouth. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the lion head spout. Dimensions: length: 49.58mm; width: 42.71mm; thickness: 20.78mm; weight: 25.15g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium lion spouts on the database are LON-A6D4FD, LON-187598 and LON-02FE97. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-B85121: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 33 dating to AD 110 - 145. The sherd has a chamfered foot ring base. In the centre of the base is a maker's stamp reading ANNIOSF this is stamp from the Potter Annius ii who was working in Lezoux and Les Martres-de-Veyre. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 71.01mm; width: 56.64mm; height: 25.55mm; weight: 45.01g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-B7E305: FIGURINE
An incomplete Roman pipe clay Venus figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining figurine consists of torso and garment with the majority of the head and part of the base broken and missing. This is Fittock Type 1, Garment B figurine. Dimensions: length: 177mm; width: 52.46mm; thickness: 27.42mm; weight: 125.79g Other Venus figure from the same area are LON-F1A732, LON-5536D6 and LON-CDF7B1. Flittock (2013:30) writes " The Type 1 figurine depicts the goddess stood completely nude while holding a garment that drapes down beside, and rests on the base next to, the left foot. The bent elbow of the right arm position the hand and extended fingers on the hair to the right of the deity's face, while the legs and feet are held closely together or slightly apart; the left leg sometimes bent at the knee. The defining feature, however, is the left rm that hangs straight and aligned with the right side of the body, while the hand and elongated fingers positioned as if holding the bulging top of the garment. Some figurines, such as nos. 1 and 2, and nos. 7 and 12 are identical to each other. This indicates that some Venus figurines were crafted from the same moulds and were possibly imported in batches." References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-B73F3E: DIE
A Roman ivory die dating from AD 50-410. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 9 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 7.86mm; width: 6.36mm; thickness: 7.02mm; weight: 1.03g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggested.

LON-B71213: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with three shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, running around the the top edge are serrated V-shaped notches. The reverse is flat and undecorated. The final ring is on top of the sloping section with a central perforation on the central boss, a remnant from the lathe. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995:91, no. 2282). Dimensions: diameter: 17.67mm; thickness: 3.65mm; weight: 1.48g A similar gaming counter on the database from the same area is PUBLIC-12235E. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-B6D2C4: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman glass gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a convex 'blob' of opaque white glass. The counter is sub-circular in plan, with a slightly dished flat-bottom. The gaming counter features a number of air holes from the manufacture process on both the upper and lower surface.. Other glass gaming counters are recorded in Crummy (19995:92) and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway, and Dunn (2008:116). A set of glass counters was found on a 4th century lead coffin at Lullingstone. The set consisted of fifteen white and fifteen brown decorated counters. (Liversidge 1973:350). Dimensions: diameter: 13.76mm: thickness: 6.41mm; weight: 1.88g Other glass gaming pieces on the database are LON-6DEFB6, WILT-713199, SOM-2DDDA4 and HESH-5792F7. Cosyns (2011:32) writes "In whatever colour the glass counters were made, they all had the distinct plano-convex shape featuring a convex top side, a flat bottom, and a rounded edge [see Chapter 3]. Only on rare occasions has an unevenly pinched off edge been noticed; for instance, on the Oudenburg piece [cat.no.465]. Was the piece intentionally tooled, or is it only due to long use? Concerning the method by which glass counters were made, they are generally described as ̳formed by dropping a small blob of hot glass on to a flat surface' (Price 1995, 129) or as ̳made by placing small ―spoonfuls‖ of molten glass to set on a bed of sand' provoking ̳a typical sand-roughened underside' (Crummy et al. 2007, 186). However, when examining the bottom side of the counters in black glass, two distinct surfaces are noticeable, implying different techniques: the first group has a flat and smooth bottom side (Figure 19a), whereas the second group has a more irregular, pitted surface (Figure 19b)" he continues "The irregular, pitted surface on the glass counters can be explained as the result of a sudden thermal shock that the hot and viscous glass underwent when touching a cold(er) working surface (an aspect that also can be observed on mould-blown vessels). The absence of such chill marks on the counters with a straight and very smooth base surface has to be interpreted as the fusion effect by remelting shaped pieces, placed in the furnace on a smooth heat-resistant plate that gradually took the same temperature as the shaped glass sherds. This latter technique is described by Pliny the Elder, who explains the production of black glass counters: Pieces of broken glass can, when heated to a moderate temperature, be stuck together, but that is all. They can never again be completely melted except into globules separate from each other, as happens in the making of the glass pebbles (calculi) that are sometimes nicknamed ̳eyeballs' (oculi) and in some cases have a variety of colours arranged in several different patterns. (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, XXXVI, LXVII. 199 [translation by Eichholz, D.E., 1962, Pliny X, 157])" References: Cosyns, P. 2011. The production, distribution and consumption of black glass in the Roman Empire during the 1st - 5th century AD: An archaeological, archaeometric and historical approach. Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

LON-B6C197: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman glass black gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a convex 'blob' of opaque black glass. The counter is sub-circular in plan, with an uneven lumpy under side. The gaming counter features a number of air holes from the manufacture process on both the upper and lower surface.. Other glass gaming counters are recorded in Crummy (19995:92) and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway, and Dunn (2008:116). A set of glass counters was found on a 4th century lead coffin at Lullingstone. The set consisted of fifteen white and fifteen brown decorated counters. (Liversidge 1973:350). Dimensions: diameter: 17.35mm: thickness: 6.77mm; weight: 2.84g Other glass gaming pieces on the database are LON-6DEFB6, WILT-713199, SOM-2DDDA4 and HESH-5792F7. Cosyns (2011:32) writes "In whatever colour the glass counters were made, they all had the distinct plano-convex shape featuring a convex top side, a flat bottom, and a rounded edge [see Chapter 3]. Only on rare occasions has an unevenly pinched off edge been noticed; for instance, on the Oudenburg piece [cat.no.465]. Was the piece intentionally tooled, or is it only due to long use? Concerning the method by which glass counters were made, they are generally described as ̳formed by dropping a small blob of hot glass on to a flat surface' (Price 1995, 129) or as ̳made by placing small ―spoonfuls‖ of molten glass to set on a bed of sand' provoking ̳a typical sand-roughened underside' (Crummy et al. 2007, 186). However, when examining the bottom side of the counters in black glass, two distinct surfaces are noticeable, implying different techniques: the first group has a flat and smooth bottom side (Figure 19a), whereas the second group has a more irregular, pitted surface (Figure 19b)" he continues "The irregular, pitted surface on the glass counters can be explained as the result of a sudden thermal shock that the hot and viscous glass underwent when touching a cold(er) working surface (an aspect that also can be observed on mould-blown vessels). The absence of such chill marks on the counters with a straight and very smooth base surface has to be interpreted as the fusion effect by remelting shaped pieces, placed in the furnace on a smooth heat-resistant plate that gradually took the same temperature as the shaped glass sherds. This latter technique is described by Pliny the Elder, who explains the production of black glass counters: Pieces of broken glass can, when heated to a moderate temperature, be stuck together, but that is all. They can never again be completely melted except into globules separate from each other, as happens in the making of the glass pebbles (calculi) that are sometimes nicknamed ̳eyeballs' (oculi) and in some cases have a variety of colours arranged in several different patterns. (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, XXXVI, LXVII. 199 [translation by Eichholz, D.E., 1962, Pliny X, 157])" References: Cosyns, P. 2011. The production, distribution and consumption of black glass in the Roman Empire during the 1st - 5th century AD: An archaeological, archaeometric and historical approach. Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

LON-E7D0DA: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo glass bearing the motif of a standing figure possibly Theseus standing right with left leg flexed behind right and holding the sword of Aegeus by the scabbard. Dating from AD 43-410. The intaglio is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has a standing figure incised into it. The rest of the intaglio is a blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Similar standing figures representing Theseus are illustrated in Henig (1978:243 no.455 and 456 Plate series A) Dimensions: length: 11.88mm; width: 10.10mm; thickness: 4.59mm; weight: 0.82g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-5EE3AB: COIN
A worn and corroded copper-alloy Roman as or dupondius, probably of Trajan Decius (AD 249-251), dating to the period c.AD 249-251 (Reece period 12). Unclear reverse type depicting a standing female figure left, possibly Liberaltias holding abacus and cornucopiae? Probably mint of Rome. cf. RIC IV.3, p.136, no. 120.

LON-221A37: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). INDVLGENTIA AVG reverse type depicting Indulgentia standing left holding baton and cornucopiae, leaning on column. Mint of Rome. Mint mark: - XI, Cunetio no. 1284. Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right. Reverse: IND[VLGENTIA] AVG, Indulgentia standing left holding baton and cornucopiae, leaning on column. Dimensions: 19.65mm; weight: 2.73g

LON-57FACA: HAIR PIN
A complete Roman bone hair pin dating from AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Crummy type 3B. The head bulges out from the shaft and is subrectangular with a convex top. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards slightly as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 74.98mm; max diameter of shaft: 3.93mm; width of head: 5.60mm; length of head: 6.63mm; weight: 1.53g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-09811B: INTAGLIO
A worn Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo glass bearing the motif of a standing figure possibly Mars, dating from AD 43-410. The stone is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has an incised standing figure, possible with shield at feet left and spear in right hand. The rest of the stone is dark blue-black in colour. The reverse is undecorated. Henig (1974:35) writes that moulded glass intaglios with impressed designs were cheaper to manufacture and purchase than engraved semi-precious stones. Dimensions: length: 11.69mm; width: 9.08mm; thickness: 2.69mm; weight: 0.54g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Henig, M. 1974 Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites (BAR 8), pl. XVII, nos. 539-578. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-0957FE: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slightly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948: pg226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 25.16mm; thickness: 5.78mm; weight: 4.65g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-CDC4A9: VESSEL
A Roman ceramic body sherd from colour coated vessel dating from AD 100-400. The sherd consists of part of the side wall of the vessel. There are two bands of rouletting running around the vessel. The sherd has a red slip coating on the exterior only, the interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 61.81m; width: 61.53mm; thickness: 4.48mm; weight: 14.46g This sherd was found in association with a human occipital bone (rear part of the skull).

LON-C1588B: COIN
A heavily clipped silver Roman siliqua of the House of Theodosius, dating to the period c.AD 388-395 (Reece period 21). VIRTVS ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding spear and Victory on globe. Mint of Milan or Trier. Obverse description: Diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: []VS PF AVG Reverse description: Roma seated left on cuirass holding spear and Victory on globe Reverse inscription: [VITVS RO]-MANORVM Dimensions: diameter: 14.01mm; weight: 0.79g.

LON-AEC5E7: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 135-192. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of panels divided with rope twist borders. A medallion with hunting scene consisting of a man on horseback, a cloak floats from his shoulders, in his right hand he brandishes a lance above his head. There is an annulet in angle of panel. Above is a band ovolo. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. A similar horseman was depicted on a vessel by the potter Cinnamus who was active in Lezoux AD 135-180 Dimensions: length: 45.86mm; width: 48.47mm; thickness: 8.24mm; weight: 17.13g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-8661E6: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating to Trajan-Antonine period AD 98-192. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of rectangular panels divided with rope twist borders containing draped standing figures. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 84.11mm; width: 47.51mm; thickness: 7.21mm; weight: 26.76g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

A Roman copper-alloy nummus, a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: []; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL.TEMP.REPARATIO]; Helmeted soldier advancing left, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 10.64mm; weight: 0.78g. Die axis measurement: 9

LON-85544A: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate, possibly of Tetricus I and dating to the period AD 271-274 (Reece period 13). SPES AVGG reverse depicting Spes advancing left, holding flower and hem of robe. Obverse description: Radiate bust right. Obverse inscription: IMP[] Reverse description: Spes advancing left, holding flower and hem of robe. Reverse inscription: [SPES] AVGG Dimensions: diameter: 16.09mm; weight: 1.58g. Die axis measurement: 12

A copper-alloy Roman nummus of the House of Theodosius, dating to the period c.AD 383-388 (Reece period 20). VICTORIA AVGGG reverse type depicting Two Victories standing facing one another holding wreaths. Mint of Aquileia. As RIC IX, p. 104, no. 47. Dimensions: diameter: 13.46mm; weight: 1.13g. Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock

LON-821C8E: HAIR PIN
A Roman bone hair pin dating from AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards slightly as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 94.56mm; diameter of shaft: 3.51mm; diameter of head: 5.56mm; weight: 1.31g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-62856C: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 333-334. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre. Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow, palm branch left. PT[] in exergue. Dimensions: diameter: 14.83mm; weight: 1.82g. Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock

LON-485D38: TILE
A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 4 and Betts Die 10, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997: ). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Compass" group style. Betts et al (1997:78) McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 57.92mm; width: 44.15mm; thickness: 14.87mm; weight: 40.05g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford

An incomplete Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 15. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Dimensions: diameter: 15.05mm; weight: 1.02g.

LON-1D7E24: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Theodora (AD 337-340), dating to the period c.AD 337-340 (Reece period 17). PIETAS ROMANA reverse type depicting Pietas standing holding an infant. Unclear mint.

LON-1D7B4E: COIN
Copper alloy core or base silver contemporary copy of a silver denarius of Caracalla (AD 196-217), prototype probably dating to c AD 201-10 (Reece Period 10). Unclear reverse type, probably Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear. It is quite possible that the coin is a hybrid with a reverse type from a different series. For possible reverse type, see BMC V, pl. 38, no. 14.

LON-910DD4: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Probably Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 100-200. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a left facing nude male with cloth draped over his left arm. Dimensions: length: 43.01mm; width: 46.56mm; thickness: 7.81mm; weight: 12.06g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-8B60A0: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman radiate, probably of Claudius II (AD 268-270), dating to the period c.AD 268-270 (Reece period 13). FELIC TE[N/M]PO reverse type depicting Felicitas standing left holding caduceus and vertical sceptre. Mint of Milan. Cf. Normanby no. 1014. Dimensions: diameter: 17.37mm; weight: 2.30g.

LON-8AD7C6: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 323-4 (Reece Period 16). SARMATIA DEVICTA reverse type depicting Victory advancing right, holding trophy and branch, trampling captive. PTR Mint of Trier. RIC VII, page 202, no. 435. Obverse description: Laureate bust right. Obverse inscription: CONSTANTINVS AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing right, holding trophy and branch, trampling captive Reverse inscription: SARMATIA DIVICTA Dimensions: diameter: 17.98mm; weight: 2.87g.

LON-89BB6D: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93) (Reece Period 14), PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Unattributed Mint. RIC V, pt 2, p. 535, cf. no. 378ff. Obverse description: Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: [ ... ] Reverse description: Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre. Reverse inscription: [PAX] AVG Dimensions: diameter: 17.02mm; weight: 2.67g.

A Roman copper-alloy radiate, probably of Victorinus (AD 269-271) dating from AD 269-271 (Reece period 13). Reverse type depicting Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor. Uncertain mint. Obverse: []VIC[], Radiate and draped bust right. Reverse: [L]AETIT I[A AVGG], Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor. Dimensions: diameter: 17.05mm; weight: 1.99g.

LON-F76F22: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl. Form Dragendorff 37 dating to Trajan-Antonine period AD 98-192. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of Pan, annulets and another unidentified figure. Similar depictions of Pan can be seen in Oswald (1937, fig). The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 63.62mm; width: 65.84mm; thickness: 6.70mm; weight: 32.34g. Other Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-E717B7: VESSEL
A rim sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or 31 dating to the 2nd century AD. The remaining sherd consists of part of side wall and base of the vessel. The vessel has a beaded rim which is abraded on the outer surface. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 107.06mm; width: 36.29mm; height: 36.42mm; weight: 47.51g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-E67A6E: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman, probably a central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl, from Lezoux. Form Dragendorff 37 dating to Trajan-Antonine period AD 70-190. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a standing male figure. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside, which is now a dark red due to contact with a high heat or fire. Dimensions: length: 36.74mm; width: 41.47mm; thickness: 7.37mm; weight: 9.70g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-D2F2D3: VESSEL
Two rim fragments of a London ware hemispherical bowl based on Samian form Dragendorff 37, dating to the 2nd century AD. The remaining fragments consists of part of the rim and body of the vessel. The vessel is decorated with a band of rouletting below which is a band of compass-drawn half-circles imitating the ovolo of samian ware, running vertically down the vessel from each 'ovolo' are three combed lines. Sherd 1 Dimensions: length: 49.80mm; width: 53.23mm; weight: 19.28g Sherd 2 Dimensions: length: 52.42mm; width: 39.73mm; weight: 14.08g References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-CE415E: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl, from Lezoux. Form Dragendorff 37 dating to Trajan-Antonine period AD 98-192. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a standing figure left of Victory holding a wreath in her right hand and a palm in her left all within a medallion. Similar depictions of Victories can be seen in Oswald (1937, fig 809). The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 77.73mm; width: 45.46mm; thickness: 8.55mm; weight: 28.66g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-53CEC9: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of the Tretrarchy dating to AD 310-316, (Reece Period 15). MARTI CONSERVATORI reverse type, depicting Mars in military dress with spear and shield. Mint unknown. Obverse: []; Laureate and cuirassed bust right Reverse: MARTI CONSERVATORI; Mars standing left with spear and holding shield Dimensions: diameter: 16.93mm; weight: 2.24g

LON-52BAD2: VESSEL
A Roman ceramic lid sherd possibly from of Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware Castor Box dating from AD 150-400. The sherd consists of part of the rim, side wall and top. The top is decorated with rouletting. The sherd has a slip coating on both the exterior and interior which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length:85.3mm; height: 36.46mm; weight: 49.16g Other Nene Valley colour coated ware on the database are LON-A6DC6A and LON-A1871D.

LON-3ACA68: COIN
A very worn and corroded Roman silver denarius possibly Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180). Uncertain reverse type. Dimensions: diameter: 18.58mm; weight: 1.78g

LON-259F69: COIN
A complete and worn Roman copper-alloy as of Vespasian (AD 69-79), (Reece period 4). S C in the field. Obverse description: Laureate bust right. Obverse inscription: IMP [CAES] VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII Reverse description: S C in field Dimensions: diameter: 26.42mm; weight: 6g

LON-259C14: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment possibly from a Roman East Gaulish (Avocourt-Foret de Hesse) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the late 2nd to the first part of the 3rd century. This is a fragment of a Drag. 45 mortarium with a nearly upright wall and deep collar on the upper wall which has a slight overhang at the junction of the upper and lower walls. A spout is located within the collar; it is a very stylised square open-mouthed lion. The lion head has almond shaped eyes and is retouched with incised lines. On the collar short incised lines radiate around the applied head. The spout is applied oval boss with the pouring hole forming the open mouth. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the lion head spout. The slip is worn away on the the grinding surface. Dimensions: length: 107.40mm; width: 78.06mm; thickness of rim: 5.66mm; weight: 110g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium lion spouts on the database are LON-A6D4FD, LON-187598 and LON-02FE97. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-A891CC: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably a contemporary copy of a coin of the House of Constantine, dating to the period c.AD 355-361 (Reece period 18). Probably FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Unclear mint prototype. Dimensions: diameter: 12.84mm; weight: 0.65g

LON-A88CAA: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman coin, possibly a contemporary copy of a nummus dating to the later 4th century AD, c.AD 330-402. Unclear reverse type, possibly a soldier spearing a fallen horseman? Unclear mint prototype. Dimensions: diameter: 9.66mm; weight: 0.50g

LON-A87E83: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of the House of Theodosius, dating to the period c.AD 388-402 (Reece period 21). SALVS REI PVBLICAE reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding trophy and dragging captive, barred rho in field to left. Unclear mint. Dimensions: diameter: 11.83mm; weight: 0.87g

LON-A7ED3A: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish Lezoux samian ware vessel dating to AD 150-185. The sherd consists of part of the floor of the vessel with makers stamp. The fabric is a buff orange colour and is fully oxidised. It is hard and exhibits frequent micaceous inclusions. The vessel has been coated in a dark orange slip which has been abraded in places. A maker's stamp MACRINI followed by a phallus as well as double incised rings all on the basal interior. This is the stamp of the potter Macrinus iii, who was working in Lezoux in the Antonine period. Dimensions: length: 45.75mm; width: 49.66mm; thickness: 9.04mm; weight: 16.19g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-A765BE: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman barbarous radiate, probably copying a coin of Victorinus or Tetricus I, dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). Obverse: Radiate bust right, []S AVG Reverse: Standing female figure left, [] AVG Dimensions: diameter: 19.12mm; weight: 1.93mm

LON-A73844: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Crispus, dating to AD 323 - 324. Reece period 16. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, reverse type shows VOT/X within laurel Obverse: Laureate bust facing right, [CRIS]PVS NOB C Reverse: VOT/X inside a wreath, CAESARARVM NOSTRORVM Dimensions: diameter: 18.63mm; weight: 2.72mm

LON-A6CB79: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating from AD 70 - 230. The sherd has a wide plain band beneath a beaded rim followed by a moulded decoration consisting of a band of ovolo, under which is two festoons formed by wreaths, inside which are right facing birds. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is abraded with some of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 116.34mm; width: 91.45mm; thickness: 8.61mm; weight: 97.22g. Other Drag. Form 37 bowls on the database are LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-6B47E4: COIN
An incomplete copper alloy nummus of Constans (AD 337-350) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Reece period 17. Dimensions: diameter: 15.23mm; weight: 0.97g. Obverse description: Right facing diademed bust Obverse inscription: [CONSTANS PF] AVG Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: [VICTORIAE]DD[AVGGQNN] Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock

LON-6B2CF6: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Gratian, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Probably Mint of Siscia, AD 367-375 (Reece period 19). Dimensions: diameter: 17.38mm; weight: 2.09g. Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: D N GRATIAN VS AVGG AVG Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIA ROMANORVM Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Reverse mint mark: F R // A // []

LON-6B1CEB: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Gratian, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-375 (Reece period 19). Dimensions: diameter: 16.81mm; weight: 1.94g. Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [D N GRATIAN] VS AVGG AVG Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIA ROMANORVM Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Reverse mint mark: O F II // LVGS

LON-6896FD: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 326-328 (Reece period 16). PROVIDEN-TIAE AVGG reverse type depicting a campgate with two turrets, star above. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC 225 Obverse description: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: CONSTAN-TINVS AVG Reverse description: A campgate with two turrets, star above. PLG in exergue. Reverse inscription: PROVIDEN-TIAE AVGG Dimensions: diameter: 17.65mm; weight: 1.48g.

LON-68889C: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to AD 307-318. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type. Mint mark T/F//PTR Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: CONSTANTINVS PF AVG Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. T left field, F in right field and PTR in exergue. Reverse inscription: SOLIINVIC TO COMITI Dimensions: diameter: 22.81mm; weight: 2.84g.

LON-45842E: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman as or dupondius Diva Faustina I dating to the period AD 141-161 (Reece Period 7). AETERNITAS S C reverse type depicting Pietas standing left raising right hand and holding box of incense. Mint of Rome. As RIC III, p. 166, no. 1162. This is a Coin of British Association, as Walker, 1988: pp. 295, 298, nos. 289-362. Obverse: DIVA FAVSTINA, Draped bust right Reverse: AETERNITAS S C, Pietas standing left raising right hand and holding box of incense Dimensions: diameter: 25.41mm; weight: 11.74g

LON-A89CD7: GAMING PIECE

LON-859D80: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker from AD 70-160. The sherd is decorated with seven rows of grey painted dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: 74.16mm; width: 50.60mm; thickness: 10.79mm; weight: 19.85g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D56E99 , LON-D59C3E and LON-D572A0. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-851BF6: COIN
A corroded copper-alloy Roman sestertius, probably of Commodus (AD 175-192) under Marcus Aurelius, dating to the period c.AD 175-180 (Reece period 8). Illegible reverse type. Probably mint of Rome.

A copper-alloy Roman coin, probably an as of unclear type dating to the period c.AD 41-260. Reverse type is illegible. Unclear mint.

A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Obverse: Radiate bust right Obverse inscription: IMP[] Reverse: standing figure left Dimensions: diameter: 18.04mm; weight: 2.50g

A Roman copper-alloy Radiate of Victorinus (AD 269-71) Reverse type INVICTVS, Cologne mint? AD 269-70. RIC113. Obverse description: right facing radiate and bearded bust Obverse inscription: []ORINVS PF [] Reverse description: Sol advancing with right arm raised, whip over left shoulder and star in left field Reverse inscription: [INV]I[CT]VS

LON-8512AF: COIN
A very worn Roman copper-alloy radiate probably of Gallienus (AD 253-268), sole reign, dating to the period AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). Reverse type depicting an animal. Mint of Rome. Obverse: [GALLIENVS AVG], Radiate head right. Reverse: An animal Dimensions: 18.07mm; weight: 1.17g

LON-8511F4: COIN
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman denarius of Severina (AD 270-275), dating to the period c.AD 270-275 (Reece period 13). [VENV]S-FELIX reverse type depicting Venus standing left holding seated figure and sceptre. Mint of Rome. As RIC V.1, p. 316, no. 6.

A copper-alloy Roman barbarous radiate, probably copying a coin of Victorinus or Tetricus I, dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). Probably [VIRTVS AVG] reverse type depicting Virtus standing left holding shield and vertical sceptre. Possibly copying Normanby nos. 1418 or 1485, cf. Normanby no. 1952.

An incomplete copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 335-337. Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Dimensions: diameter: 12.47mm; weight: 0.82g. Obverse description: Right facing bust Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR IAEXERC ITVS]

A Roman copper-alloy nummus, issued for Constantius II (AD337-361), Lyons mint AD 355-360, Reece Period 18, RIC VIII Lyons 189. Obverse: [DN CON]STAN TIVS PF AVG; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: [FEL].TEMP.REPARATIO; Helmeted soldier to right, spearing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 19.88mm; weight: 2.28g.

LON-01AC09: GAMING PIECE

LON-E075E3: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Les Martres-de-Veyre samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or 31 dating to AD 140-165. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp REGV[LL]VSF impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Regullus who was working in Les Martres-de-Veyre from AD 140-165. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 139.41mm; width: 86.00mm; height: 44.05mm; weight: 146g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-79BB1C: COIN
An incomplete Roman copper alloy Radiate of Claudius II (AD 268 - 270), struck after his death, dating to the period AD 270-271 (Reece period 13). CONSECRATIO reverse type depicting an alter with flame above Obverse description: Right facing radiate bust Obverse inscription: D[IVO CLAVDIO] Reverse description: Altar and flames Reverse inscription: CONSECRATIO Dimensions: 17.08mm; weight: 1.38g

LON-0B8804: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slighly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948: p.226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 24.56mm; thickness: 5.83mm; weight: 3.60g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-A115BE: GAMING PIECE

LON-7888DA: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, commemorative VRBS ROMA issue dating to AD 332. Reverse Wolf and twins. Reece period 17. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Roma facing left. Obverse inscription: VRBS/ROMA Reverse description: Wolf and twins. Dimensions: diameter: 16.00mm; weight: 1.99g.

LON-3E4E24: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with three shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counter can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2271), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 18.24mm; thickness: 2.93mm; weight: 1.26g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-C421A3: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a plano-convex with a slightly sunk hole in the centre. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2281), and in Kenyon (1948: pg226-227). Kenyon type D, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period but Keynon writes that use of type D counters "increased in popularity in the later periods." Dimensions: diameter: 23.17mm; thickness: 6.82mm; weight: 4.32g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester

LON-BDE402: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with five shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2268-2277), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 19.27m; thickness: 2.27mm; weight: 1.15g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-BB32C6: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman East Gaulish samian ware vessel dating to AD 160-200. The fabric is a buff orange colour and is fully oxidised. It is hard and exhibits frequent micaceous inclusions. The vessel has been coated in a dark orange slip which has been abraded in places. A partial maker's stamp []VSVSF[] is visible on the basal interior. This is the stamp of the potter Melausus V or Melausus iii. Dimensions: length: 28.40mm; width: 24.22mm; thickness: 4.73mm; weight: 19.38g.

LON-BA7146: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Right facing laureate bust Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: [GLORIAEXERC ITVS]

LON-69A2DD: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306- 337), dating to AD 316. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type, Mint of Arelate (Arles). RIC VII p.241 No.80 Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTINVS PF AVG] Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. T with star beneath in left field, F in right field. Reverse inscription: [SOLIINV I CTO COMITI] Dimensions: diameter: 19.67mm; weight: 1.89g.

LON-693BC8: TILE
A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 4 and Betts Die 11, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:60 Fig. 27h, 11). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Compass" group style. The white concretion is Thames 'race' which has adhered to the tile. Betts et al (1997:79) write that examples of this tile "from Calverts Buildings, Southwark is associated with a masonry building constructed in 150-200 and probably demolished by the 3 or 4 cent." The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand and flint inclusions. McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 107.36mm; width: 59.29mm; thickness: 17.34mm; weight: g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-0F2C94, LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-68D0FE: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250. The hair pin is a Greep type A2.2 and Crummy type 2. The hair pin has a small pointed head with two incised grooves cut just below forming a collar. The shaft is a straight taper towards its point; the shaft is broken. The tip which is now missing. Similar hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 29.85mm; width: 3.42mm; weight: 0.44g. Crummy suggests that they were present in the first century AD an end date of 200-250 AD, but lack of closely dated third century deposits coupled with problems of residality make a close dating impossible. Like all other type A pins these do not seem to have outlived the third century. The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-68A2A9: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman glass bi-chrome gaming counter dating from AD 200-410. The counter is a convex 'blob' of opaque black glass with three sub-circular white glass spots on the top convex surface. The counter is sub-circular in plan, with a slightly dished flat-bottom. The gaming counter features a number of air holes from the manufacture process on both the upper and lower surface.. Other glass gaming counters are recorded in Crummy (19995:92) and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway, and Dunn (2008:116). A set of glass counters was found on a 4th century lead coffin at Lullingstone. The set consisted of fifteen white and fifteen brown decorated counters. (Liversidge 1973:350). Dimensions: diameter: 16.03mm: thickness: 6.73mm; weight: 1.89g Other glass gaming pieces on the database are LON-6DEFB6, WILT-713199, SOM-2DDDA4 and HESH-5792F7. Cosyns (2011:32) writes "In whatever colour the glass counters were made, they all had the distinct plano-convex shape featuring a convex top side, a flat bottom, and a rounded edge [see Chapter 3]. Only on rare occasions has an unevenly pinched off edge been noticed; for instance, on the Oudenburg piece [cat.no.465]. Was the piece intentionally tooled, or is it only due to long use? Concerning the method by which glass counters were made, they are generally described as ̳formed by dropping a small blob of hot glass on to a flat surface' (Price 1995, 129) or as ̳made by placing small ―spoonfuls‖ of molten glass to set on a bed of sand' provoking ̳a typical sand-roughened underside' (Crummy et al. 2007, 186). However, when examining the bottom side of the counters in black glass, two distinct surfaces are noticeable, implying different techniques: the first group has a flat and smooth bottom side (Figure 19a), whereas the second group has a more irregular, pitted surface (Figure 19b)" he continues "The irregular, pitted surface on the glass counters can be explained as the result of a sudden thermal shock that the hot and viscous glass underwent when touching a cold(er) working surface (an aspect that also can be observed on mould-blown vessels). The absence of such chill marks on the counters with a straight and very smooth base surface has to be interpreted as the fusion effect by remelting shaped pieces, placed in the furnace on a smooth heat-resistant plate that gradually took the same temperature as the shaped glass sherds. This latter technique is described by Pliny the Elder, who explains the production of black glass counters: Pieces of broken glass can, when heated to a moderate temperature, be stuck together, but that is all. They can never again be completely melted except into globules separate from each other, as happens in the making of the glass pebbles (calculi) that are sometimes nicknamed ̳eyeballs' (oculi) and in some cases have a variety of colours arranged in several different patterns. (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, XXXVI, LXVII. 199 [translation by Eichholz, D.E., 1962, Pliny X, 157])" References: Cosyns, P. 2011. The production, distribution and consumption of black glass in the Roman Empire during the 1st - 5th century AD: An archaeological, archaeometric and historical approach. Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

LON-6850DB: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 43-410. The counter is decorated on the upper surface with two incised concentric rings with fiftheen ring and dot motifs within and a small central hole, possibly from a lathe. The reverse is blank. The edges are bevelled outwards. A similar larger counter can be found in Philip (1981:166-167 Nos. 218). This is a Kenyon type B.1 variant. Dimensions: diameter: 18.12mm: thickness: 2.87mm; weight: 1.64g Other gaming pieces on the database are LON-5A9DBC, LON-5A72EE, LON-77442C, LON-0A2EA4 and LON-CD5569 found in the same area. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney. Kenyon, K M, 1948. Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester. Philp, B. 1981. The Excavation of the Roman Forts of the Classis Britannica at Dover 1970-1977. Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, Kent.

LON-67B67A: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 43-410. The counter is sub circular in plan and undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985:132-133). Kenyon type A.4, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 17.53mm: thickness: 3.01mm; weight: 1.12g Similar gaming pieces on the database are LON-5A9DBC and LON-CD5569 found in the same area. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-C0BA8C: COIN
A worn copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine. Reverse VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN with two victories facing, holding up small wreaths. Reece period 17. dating to the period AD 347-348. Dimensions: diameter: 13.85mm; weight: 2.43g. Obverse description: Right facing diadem bust Obverse inscription:[] Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: [] Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock

LON-5E6A2B: FIGURINE
A fragment of a Roman pipe clay mother goddess figurine probably a Dea-Nutrix figurine, dating from AD 100-250. The remaining fragment represents the front half of a female head. Flittock (2013:151 Cat. no. 67) illustrates both halves of a similar head found during excavation at (PEN79) Peninsular House, 112-116 Lower Thames Street, London. The figure has a top bun hairstyle consistent with those found on Dea-Nutrix deity figurines. The head has a cavity on the reverse which is filled with an organic pitch-like substance which suvives due to waterloged conditions of the foreshore. Michael Marshall per com thinks that this may represent a contempary repair of the goddess figurine, however further analysis of the pitch-like substance would be needed to confirm this. Dimensions: length: 44.81mm; width: 34.45mm; thickness: 17.21mm; weight: 19.40g Another Dea-Nutrix figure from the same area is LON-4B724F. Flittock (2013:41) writes "The Dea-Nutrix is a Celtic mother-goddess associated with re-birth and renewal that is often depicted nursing infants (Adkins &Adkins 1996:58; Price &Kearns 2004:150) Although the precise composition and design of each artefact varies, the figurines from Roman London characteristically depict the goddess sat-down while feeding infants while seated in a rounded high backed chair that rests upon an undecorated semi-circular plinth." Flittock (2013:42) notes that similar style heads where recovered on the continent. (Rouvier-Jeanlins 1972:161-5, Deesses-Meres 1B/C, No.321; Jenkins 1977:288 Mother-Goddess Type I. A1, 15). References: Flittock M. 2013, A Contextual Study of the Pipe-Clay Figurines Found in Roman London. University of Reading.

LON-A20D83: INTAGLIO
A Roman intaglio in dark blue nicolo onyx bearing the motif of a bird possibly a cockerel, dating from AD 43-410. The stone is oval cut in shape with a bevelled edge on the obverse side. The raised central section is blue-grey in colour and has a standing bird incised into it. The rest of the stone is a blue in colour. The reverse is flat. Dimensions: length: 12.76mm; width: 10.56mm; thickness: 2.84mm; weight: 0.69g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-9D950C: LAMP
A Roman ceramic Gaulish open oil lamp type 11Ba dating to 2nd century. The lamp has a rounded rim and vertical walls R/V. It has a flat base with a circular foot ring. The lamp has the remains of an applied double ribbed handle. The complete lamp would have been in the figure of eight shaped in plan with circular nozzle with constricted neck. The lamp is made from an oxidised red/brown terracotta ceramic. Type 11B come from a variety of sources but a higher proportion of these lamps are imported. Dimensions: diameter: 68.26mm; length: 65.5mm; height: 26.3mm; weight: 64.40g

LON-75D31F: VESSEL
An incomplete Roman ceramic beaker possibly from Thames estuary production site dating from AD 150-400. The vessel is similar in form to 'poppy-head' beakers. The vessel is poppy head shaped with an shallow everted rim which turns outward from the body, the vessel has a round raised foot-ring. The beaker has an orange fabric, and is decorated with four groups of white slip dots, which are arranged in four diagonal rows. These run around the circumference of the mid point of the vessel body. Dimensions: diameter: 90.44; height: 110.41mm; weight: 168.90g References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-DB79A6: TILE
A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 5 and Betts Die 12, relief-patterned flue-tile fragment dating from AD150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:62 Fig.27j). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Diamond and Lattice" group style. Betts et al (1997:80) write "from High Wycombe Villa was used in Roman XIIA which was created after the villa's construction in c150/70. Fragments of the tiles were sealed by a new floor in alterations in the 2nd or early 3rd cent. (Hartley 1959, 231;241;254 (note 11))." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 63.07mm; width: 42.42mm; thickness: 20.34mm; weight: 57.27g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-D8C96E: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Right facing laureate bust Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: [GLORIAEXERC ITVS]

LON-C83931: VESSEL
An incomplete copper alloy anthropomorphic vessel mount probably dating from the Roman period. The mount consists of a forwards facing bust probably female wearing a tunic with a V neck line. The facial features are crudely cast. The mount is bag shaped and the reverse is hollow. Dimensions: length: 49.55mm; width: 36.46mm; thickness: 13.57mm; weight: 28.74g

LON-C7BCA0: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306- 337), dating to AD 307-318. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type, Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: IMP CON[S]TANTINVS PF AVG Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. T left field, possible F or P in right field. Reverse inscription: SOLIIN[V] I [CT]O COM[ITI] Dimensions: diameter: 21.28mm; weight: 2.98g.

LON-B8CBE9: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Cispus (AD 317-326) dating to the period AD 324-326 (Reece period 16).PROVIDENTIAE CAESS reverse type depicting a campgate with two turrets, star above. Mint of Trier, cf. RIC VII Obverse description: Laureate bust facing left Obverse inscription: FLIVLCRISPVSNOBCAES Reverse description: A campgate with two turrets, star above. PTR below Reverse inscription: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS ​​​​​​​ Dimensions: diameter: 17.74mm; weight: 2.88g.

A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 5 and Betts Die 12, relief-patterned flue-tile fragment in two parts dating from AD150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:62 Fig.27j). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Diamond and Lattice" group style. Betts et al (1997:80) write "from High Wycombe Villa was used in Roman XIIA which was created after the villa's construction in c150/70. Fragments of the tiles were sealed by a new floor in alterations in the 2nd or early 3rd cent. (Hartley 1959, 231;241;254 (note 11))." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 113.34mm; width: 62.01mm; thickness: 19.65mm; weight: 115.56g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-6FC302: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl, probably from Lezoux. Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 65-90. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a standing helmeted warrior with right arm raised with small round shield in left hand on a plinth. To the right is another warrior or gladiator facing right within a medallion, above is a band ovolo, under which is a pelleted border. Similar depictions of warriors can be seen in Oswald (1937:26 plate X, fig 163). The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 64.23mm; width: 51.67mm; thickness: 9.47mm; weight: 40.08g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-1FAA6B: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) pinched-mouth flagon with neck and handle remaining, dating from AD 60-75 The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a handle of three ribs. The exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Dimensions: handle width: 25.64mm, weight: 169.38g A similar flagon on the database is LON-46F756. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-1E9BBB: DIE
A Roman ivory or bone die. The die is sub-square and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 1 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 17.78mm; width: 16.67mm; thickness: 15.42mm; weight: 8.90g A similar Roman die on the database is LON-24B3A6. Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggested.

LON-1E7D32: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with seven shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2268-2277), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 23.85mm; thickness: 4.81mm; weight: 3.73g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-1E6840: GAMING PIECE
An incomplete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is decorated with four shallow concentric rings on the upper surface, the reverse is blank. This decoration was possibly produced through turning on a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: Nos. 2268-2277), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type B.1, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 16.88mm; thickness: 2.12mm; weight: 0.75g Other gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-0890FA: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 333-334. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Lyon. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre. Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow, palm branch left. PLG in exergue. Dimensions: diameter: 15.60mm; weight: 1.56g. Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock

LON-087ED9: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus dating from AD (Reece period 16). BEATA TRANQVILLITAS reverse type depicting an altar inscribed VOTIS X X, surmounted by globe with three stars above dating from AD 318-324. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Cuirassed bust left. Obverse inscription: CONSTANI[] Reverse description: Globe set on alter inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above three stars. Reverse inscription: [BEA]TATR[AN QVILLITAS] Dimensions: diameter: 17.71mm; weight: 2.18g.

LON-F6DDC7: COIN
A complete copper alloy Nummus of the House of Constantine dating to AD 307-318. Reece period 15. Reverse type SOLIINVICTO and depicts Sol standing with globe. Uncertain mint. Obverse: Laureate bust right; CONSTANTINVS AVG Reverse: Sol standing with globe; SOLIIN VICTO Dimensions: diameter: 17.69mm; weight: 1.64g

LON-93B04A: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman ceramic North Kent White-slipped ware ring-neck flagon, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a three rilled rim. The flagon is undecorated aside from the rim, the exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an reduced grey. The flagon is misshaped possible to a failed kiln firing. Dimensions: height: 49.25mm; width of handle: 20.99mm; weight: 63.23g; diameter of aperture: 46.20mm; diameter of rim: 65.22mm. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-ACBBBA: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 330-331. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. /TRP Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Dimensions: diameter: 16.64mm; weight: 1.92g

LON-ACB8A3: COIN
A very worn Roman as of Domitian (AD 81-96), dating to c. AD 85-96 (Reece Period 4). Mint of Rome. Obverse: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM [ ]; Laureate head right Reverse: [ ]; Unclear standing figure Dimensions: diameter: 26.64mm; weight: 7.41g

LON-ACB6EF: COIN
A very worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, probably dating to the period AD 330-348. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 16.15mm; weight: 2.99g

LON-ACB5DA: COIN
A very worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, probably dating to the period AD 330-348. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 11.85mm; weight: 0.92g

LON-ACB4BE: COIN
A very worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, probably dating to the period AD 330-348. Uncertain mint. Dimensions: diameter: 11.08mm; weight: 3.02g

LON-ACB39E: COIN
A very worn copper-alloy Roman nummus, probably of Valens (AD 364-378), (Reece period 19). SEC[URITAS REIPV]BLICAE reverse type depicting Victory advancing left with wreath. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: Victory advancing left with wreath. Reverse inscription: [SECURITAS REIPVBLICAE] Dimensions: diameter: 16.11mm; weight: 1.60g

LON-AC8FDC: COIN
A copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), Gloria Exercitus reverse type dating from AD 330-335, Possible mint of Lugdunam, Reece period 17 Obverse description: Bust rosette diademed draped and cuirassed right Obverse inscription: [CON]STANTI NVS MAX AVG Reverse description: Two soldiers with two standards between them, standards with triangular top. Reverse inscription: GLOR IA EXERC I[TVS] Dimensions: diameter: 15.74mm; weight: 1.66g

LON-B37E05: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman copper alloy, Aucissa hinged brooch, dating from AD 43-61. The remaining fragment consists of the part of the bow, head, axis bar and pin. The pin head is decorated with a broken transverse line with a rectangular panel below which protrudes out either side of the bow, inscribed in relief with the name 'AVCISSA'. The bow is decorated with a triple mid rib, a large central one knurled, and two smaller ribs at either edge. Similar brooches are illustrated in Bayley & Butcher (2004:67, fig. 74) and Mackreth (2011:93 Plate 90 fig. 8587) Similar Aucissa brooches on the database are WILT-316C6A, IOW-8F4753 and YORYM-89CDA2 Dimensions: length: 39.62mm; width: 14.52mm; thickness: 6.76mm; weight: 3.62g Bayley & Butcher (2004:151) write "The army almost certainly brought the most distinctive brooches of the early hinged group: the Aucissa... The type is found very widely throughout the Roman Empire, and is known by the name stamped on a few examples from most areas... From its appearance on many military sites it is plausibly supposed that it originated as a 'soldiers' brooch' and that this accounts for its wide dissemination; however, it is also often found in non-military contexts and is presumed to have been copied by local manufacturers." References: Bayley J. & Butcher S. 2004, Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection. The Society of Antiquaries of London. Mackreth D. F. 2011, Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Vol: 1 & 2. Oxbow Books, Oxford

LON-B3769B: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman enamelled copper alloy, oval disc plate brooch, dating from AD 150-350. Similar brooches are illustrated in Bayley & Butcher (2004:134, fig. 386-387). The brooch is flat and oval in plan, it is decorated with broad ring of enamel surrounding a central oval cell, the two cells are divided by a flat metal ridge, concentric with a similar oval outer rim. The central oval cell is empty, the outer broad ring is filled with the remains of alternating red and blue enamel. The reverse is flat and undecorated, the integrally cast hinge is present, formed from a single pierced lug, on the opposing side of the brooch to the hinge is the remains of the catch plate. Similar oval disc plate brooches on the database are NMS-179267, WMID-52B124, LVPL-D27ED2, NARC-1862C6, PUBLIC-E5A2A5, IOW-D6AC71, CAM-D88912. Dimensions: length: 27.64mm; width: 22.44mm; thickness: 7.56mm; weight: 5.02g References: Bayley J. & Butcher S. 2004, Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection. The Society of Antiquaries of London. Mackreth D. F. 2011, Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Vol: 1 & 2. Oxbow Books, Oxford Mackreth (Vol:2, 2011:159) writes "The Enamelled Series: Oval with one zone of enamel, usually in two colours, one occurring as small blocks set in the other: red in blue, white in blue, red in black, yellow in blue. The central setting is usually empty. Only one is enamelled and that has a reserved spot: 10787. 10799 has an enamel-like material in the middle, but it could be the remnants of a paste intaglio. A very few have the central setting in place, usually a paste gem of a head in its own copper alloy setting which would have been soldered in place." Bayley & Butcher (2004:178) write "British manufactures also used the technique of juxtaposing different enamel colours in large fields without metal divisions. This appears on some bow brooches, and on several varieties of plate brooch, including T260, flat, of plain usually oval outline, which has a broad ring of plain or juxtaposed colours surrounding a central oval field; this is often empty now, but in a few cases contains an intaglio. There are two of these from Richborough (Cat 386-387) both with empty centres. Most examples come from southern and eastern Britain but there are a few from the North; very few have been found abroad. There has been a tendency to regard these as later than most enamelled brooches (cf Boon 1959, 85, 'a barbarous intaglio'), but none are from a securely dated context. Fifteen of the seventeen examples analysed were of leaded bronze."

LON-B2773F: VESSEL
A Roman pottery sherd from a vessel, a Samian decorated beaker or vase dating to the mid 2nd - mid 3rd century possibly Rheinzabern, East Gaul. Possibly from a Ludowici type VSa. There is a glossy dark red slip on both external and internal surfaces which is now abraded. The decoration on the beaker is moulded panel in a 'cut-glass' design, this was "Directly derived from real cut glass, this method consisted of incising the vessel and was most commonly used in East Gaul" (de la Bedoyere 1988:52) Dimensions: length: 29.54mm; width: 24.99mm; weight: 3.34g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-B1DBC5: COIN
A complete Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constans (AD 333-350), dating to the period AD 348-350 (Reece period 18). FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting Emperor standing and holding victoriola in a ship steered by Victory in stern. Possibly mint of Arles. 'A' in the field. RIC VIII, 128 Obverse: D N CONS[]; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: FEL.TEMP.REPARATIO; Emperor standing and holding victoriola in a ship steered by Victory. Dimensions: diameter: 20.67mm. Weight: 3.36g.

LON-B16A49: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus fraction (half-nummus) of Constantine I (AD 306-337), dating to the period AD 310-311 (Reece Period 15). MARTI CONSERV reverse type, depicting Mars in military dress with spear and shield. Mint of Trier. RIC VI, p. 227, no. 897. Obverse: CONSTANTINVS AVG: Laureate and cuirassed bust right Reverse: MARTI CONSERV: Mars standing right with spear and holding shield Dimensions: diameter: 17.62; weight: 2.21g

LON-F83048: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 330-335. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Lyon. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Dimensions: diameter: 13.85mm; weight: 1.38g.

LON-F80E96: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy barbarous radiate, probably copying a coin of Victorinus (AD 269-271), dating to the period c.AD 275-285 (Reece period 14). Reverse type depicting a standing figure left, possibly Spes? Unclear mint prototype. Dimensions: diameter: 15.23mm; weight: 1.74g.

LON-A65BBD: DIE
A Roman copper alloy die dating from AD 50-410. The die is cuboid and is unfinished with only one side with the number six, stamped with ring and dot. Dimensions: length: 10.33mm; width: 10.15mm; thickness: 11.10mm; weight: 9.37g

LON-241726: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish Lezoux samian ware cup possibly Form Dragendorff 27 dating to AD 130-160. The sherd consists of a circular foot ring with the remains of the floor of the vessel. The fabric is a buff orange colour and is fully oxidised. It is hard and exhibits frequent micaceous inclusions. The vessel has been coated in a dark orange slip which has been abraded in places. A maker's stamp SENONI is visible within an incised circle on the basal interior. This is the stamp of the potter Senonios, who was working in Lezoux in the Hadrianic-Antonine period. Dimensions: diameter of foot ring: 38.28mm; height: 17.22mm; weight: 19.38g. Similar Drag. Form 27 on the database are LON-D8EA37 and LON-9BF0DA. Oswald & Pryce (1920:186-187) write "Cup with constricted curvilinear wall terminating in an everted lip. This cup was evolved from the Augustan vessel, Loeschcke Type 11 (Figs. 1, 1 A, 1 b). It had a long life extending from the early South Gaulish period down to the middle of the second century. Its incidence, however, is considerably less frequent on second-century sites." they continue "In size the vessel varies considerably, but in general the smaller vessels are more frequent in the pre-Flavian period; on the other hand, the larger cups occur both early and late. The strikingly deep-red colour and glossy surface of many examples of this form should be noted-these characteristics appear to have been due to a more perfect baking." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-FD7057: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantine II as Caesar (AD 317-340) dating to the period AD 332 Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Mint of Lyons. RIC VII 254, the mint mark crescent and pellet PLG. Dimensions: diameter: 15.60mm; weight: 2.08g. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTINV]S IVN NOB C Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: GLOR [IAEXERC ITVS]

LON-FC8AB4: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy as of Titus (AD 79-81), as caesar under Vespasian (AD 69-79), dating to the period c.AD 77-78. Reverse type depicting Spes advancing left, holding flower. Mint of Lugdunum. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 149, no. 1273. Obverse: Head laureate right Obverse inscription: [T] CAES IMP AVG F TR P COS VI CENSOR Reverse: Spes advancing left, holding flower Reverse inscription: S C Dimensions: diameter: 26.75mm; weight: 10.53g.

LON-D419DE: VESSEL
A rim and body sherd fragment from a Roman Mortaria. Probably a Verulamium Region White Ware (mid ​​​​1st - mid 2nd century). The mortarium has a beaded rim and a high hooked flange. Part of the wall is also present and contains a few sparse grits of quartz on the interior. The fabric of the moratorium is rough and granular, off white, with abundant quartz inclusions. The broken edges are rounded suggesting the breaks occurred in antiquity. Similar examples have been found across London sites (Davies, Richardson & Tomber 1994: 49-50). Mortaria were used to grind food such as grain, herbs and spices. This example was made in the kilns at Verulamium (modern day St Albans). It is classified as a fineware and as such would have belonged to a reasonably wealthy household. Dimensions: length: 73.73mm; width: 38.36mm; weight: 51.51g. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-D715B4: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius, possibly of Caracalla (AD 198-217), dating to the period c.AD 210 (Reece period 10). Reverse type probably depicting Mars advancing left holding branch and trophy. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC IV.1, p. 286, no. 450.

LON-D70FD9: COIN
A complete copper-alloy Roman sestertius of Faustina II (AD 161-175), dating to the period c.AD 161-175 (Reece period 8). Obverse: [FA]VSTI[NA] AVGV[STA], draped bust right Reverse [IVNO / IVNONI REGINAE] S C: Juno, draped, standing left, holding patera in extended right hand and sceptre in left hand; at left, peacock Mint of Rome. cf. RIC III, p.345, nos. 1645, 1651 Dimensions: diameter: 31.11mm; thickness: 4.21mm; weight: 19.89g

LON-D7075D: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman sestertius, probably of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-180), dating to the period c.AD 175-176 (Reece period 8). [TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III S C] reverse type depicting Aequitas standing left holding scales and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. cf. RIC III, no. 1171.

LON-D518AC: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman East Gaulish Trier samian ware plate/bowl, Form Drag 31R dating to AD 160-260. The remaining sherd consists of part of the base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp [PA]TR/TVS[.] impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Patruitus iv, who was working in Trier possibly migrating from Rheinzabern. The vessel decorated with a rouletted ring which lies in the flat area around the cone. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 125.01mm; width: 110.05mm; weight: 105.18g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-C1F3BB: COIN
A Roman silver plated contemporary copy of a silver denarius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - 161), dating to AD 139 (Reece Period 7). AVG PIVS P M TR P COS II reverse type, depicting clasped hands holding caduceus possibly between two corn ears. Mint of Rome. RIC III, pg 29, no 26 or 27. Obverse description: Head right Obverse inscription: [IMP T AEL CAES HADR ANTONVS] Reverse description: Clasped hands holing caduceus possible between two corn ears Reverse inscription: [AVG PIVS P M TR P COS II] Dimensions: diameter: 18.87mm; weight: 2.99g

LON-C1D9E9: DIE
A Roman to Post Medieval ivory or bone die. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 9 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 8.13mm; width: 8.31mm; weight: 1.00g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggested.

LON-04F4AD: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Banassac Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 65-90. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a gladiator left looking right. Oswald 1937:77 Plate XLIX fig. 1020---1022. The same motif is found on a Drag. 37 bowl by the potter Germanus i. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 48.63mm; width: 40.11mm; thickness: 7.33mm; weight: 16.21g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-048B3D: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 50-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Dimensions: diameter: 21.00mm; thickness: 2.67mm; weight: 1.30g Similar gaming counters on the database are LON-CD5569 and LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-EDB336: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman copper alloy Headstud type brooch, dating from AD 75-200. The brooch has a T-shaped head with short wings and an integral loop, only part of which remains. Makreth (2011:) writes " cast-on loop, frequently on an integral pedistal Headstud brooches are described by Hattat (1989:80) as the last of the native British derivatives of the Colchester type. This type, designated as 10.b. by Makreth (2011, vol. 1 p.109; vol.2 p.77 pl.74 no 7427), is charcterised by the cast on loop frequently on an integral pedestal, and are widely distributed but throughout eastern England. Precise dating is not given by Makreth (ibid), however Hattat (1989:80) notes that Headstuds run through the 2nd century AD. References: Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection London, The Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches Oxford : Oxbow Books. Mackreth D. F. 2011, Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Vol: 1 & 2. Oxbow Books, Oxford

LON-07F2DE: BROOCH
An incomplete Iron Age-Early Medieval copper alloy penannular brooch, Booth type Aa2 dating from 400BC-600AD. The brooch is circular in plan, although some distortion has occurred. It has a round cross section with expanded terminals with flatted ends.The terminals are decorated with three grooves, forming three equal sections, with oblique incised lines running across the three sections. No pin survives. Dimensions: diameter: 30.00mm; thickness: 2.13mm; weight: 3.01g. Reference: Booth, A. (2014) Reassessing the long chronology of the penannular brooch in Britain: exploring changing styles, use and meaning across a millennium. Leicester: Leicester University unpublished thesis.

LON-07BD74: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Hadrian (AD 117-138) dating from AD 119-121. Mint of Rome. RIC II, p.352, no.101 Dimensions: diameter: 18.88mm; weight: 3.04g. Obverse description: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing right holding trophy with both hands. Reverse inscription: P M TR P COS III

LON-07604A: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 330 Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Mint of Arles. RIC VII 342, the mint mark PCONST. Dimensions: diameter: 17.56mm; weight: 2.19g. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: FLIVLCONSTANTIVSNOBC Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: GLOR IAEX[ERC] ITVS

LON-84D457: VESSEL
A Roman copper alloy handle terminal for a patera dating from AD 100-200. The terminal is in the form of a rams head. A similar terminal on the database is HAMP-D46597, This object is part of the handle from a known type of 2nd century copper-alloy roman patera type vessel, which would have been shallow with a handle looking similar, although deeper to a modern frying pan but for drinking or 'libations'. A number of complete examples have been recovered from securely dated grave contexts uncovered during the works to widen the A2 between Pepper Hill and Cobham in Kent (Allen et al. 2012, chap.4, grave 6260). There are similar fragments to this reported to the PAS database such as LON-B47821, which still has a length of handle attached.

LON-266A4E: COIN
A silver denarius of Faustina II (AD 161-175) dating from AD 161 (Reece period 7). PVDICITIA reverse type depicting Pudicitia standing left holding out cloak in both hands, right hand raised. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 94, no. 507a. The obverse legend with AVG to left of bust is scarcer and this die is not represented in the BM collection, but the coin is of the same type as BMC IV, nos. 1054 and 1059. Obverse: Draped bust of Faustina to right, wearing a pearl diadem and with her hair bound with pearls into a bun at the back Obverse inscription: FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG [.FIL.] Reverse description: Pudicitia standing left holding out cloak in right hand and holding skirt with left. Reverse inscription: PVDICITIA Dimensions: diameter: 18.29mm. Weight: 2.80g.

LON-25743A: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy dupondius of Trajan (AD 98-117), dating to the period c.AD 112-114 (Reece period 5) ARAB ADQ (in ex.), [SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI], S C reverse type depicting Arabia standing facing, head left, holding branch and bundle of sticks, camel at feet to left. Mint of Rome. As RIC Vol. II, p.287 no. 613. Dimensions: diameter: 26.80mm; weight:10.11g.

LON-0FFEF3: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy Q-Radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14). Obverse: IMP C ALLECTVS [P F AVG], Radiate and cuirassed right. Reverses: [VIRTVS] AVG, Galley left. 'C' Mint, - // QC. RIC V, Pt II, p. 569, no. 128. Dimensions: diameter: 18.90mm; weight: 2.02g.

LON-0FD193: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy Q-Radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14). Obverse: [IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG], Radiate and cuirassed right. Reverses: VIRTVS AVG, Galley left with mast, cabin, eight oars and one steering oar. RIC V, Pt II, p. 569, no. 128. Dimensions: diameter: 16.05mm; weight: 1.48g.

LON-0F8E7D: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), reverse type depicting female figure standing left holding staff. uncertain mint dating AD268-270 Reece period 13, Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: [ ]VS AVG Reverse: Standing female figure left holding staff. Reverse inscription: [] AVG Dimensions: diameter: 14.97mm; weight: 2.19g.

LON-0F4C03: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), 'AEQVITAS AVG' reverse type depicting Aequitas standing left holding scale and cornucopia. Mint of Siscia AD268-270 Reece period 13, Normanby (185: 1091), Cunetio (140: 2303). Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: IMP [CLAVDIVS AVG] Reverse: Aequitas standing left holding scale and cornucopia. Reverse inscription: [AEQVI]TAS AVG Dimensions: diameter: 18.89mm; weight: 2.77g.

LON-0EBA27: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), 'CONSECRATIO' reverse type an altar. Rome mint dating to AD270-271 (Reece period 13); Normanby (186: 1113), Cunetio 2313, RIC 261 Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: DIVO CLAVDI[O] Reverse: Altar Reverse inscription: [CON]SECRATIO Dimensions: diameter: 17.38mm; weight: 2.19g.

LON-661A71: VESSEL
An incomplete Roman ceramic black-burnished 2 (BB2) vessel dating from AD 160-250. This is form IIF8 everted-rimmed jar with cavetto rim and vertical lines. The exterior of the vessel is burnished from the rim to the shoulder, the body is decorated with a panel with ten groups of vertical incised lines spaced at even intervals around the circumference of the jar, eight of the groups have four lines, one has six and another seven lines. The groups of lines start at the shoulder of the vessel and terminate 30.39mm from the base. This form of decoration is also found on IIF9 but the distinctive narrow base indicates that this is an IIF8 form, one example of which is noted in M&T (1978:561). The jar has been pierced three times, at approximately equidistant interval around the circumference at the shoulder of the vessel. ​In the base of the interior of the vessel there are globules of a black glossy pitch-like material however further analyses will be required to assertion its identity. A similar vessel is illustrated in (M&T, fig 236 no. IIF8)​ with latticed decoration and a vessel (M&T, fig 236 no. IIF9) has similar decoration. Davies et al (1994:115) writes "Jars have pronounced ever-ted or cavetto rims which differ markedly from the more upright rims of the Hadrianic period, and are burnished with grouped lattice. These vessels are restricted to the early Antonine groups from Newgate Street and may therefore be later than 160." Dimensions: height: 1400.63 mm; diameter of rim: 118.80mm; diameter of aperture: 92.00mm; weight: 387.58g. When found, the vessel was filled with compact sand, bone and wood fragments were visible. The jar was x-rayed and excavated by a conservator Luisa Duarte at the Museum of London. The jar produced eighteen objects four of which show signs of being worked. 1. A fragment of worked leather. Dimensions: length: 86.59mm; width: 30.18mm; thickness: 0.72mm; weight wet: 1.62g 2. A piece of worked bone. Dimensions: length: 80.49mm; width:12.15mm; thickness: 6.81mm; weight: 3.41g 3. A fragment of bone from a juvenile animal. Dimensions: length: 45.13mm; width: 32.58mm; thickness: 18.64mm; weight: 9.51g 4. A chip of worked wood. Dimensions: length: 69.63mm; width: 54.58mm; weight wet: 3.61g 5. A chip of worked wood. Dimensions: length: 60.28mm; width: 28.56mm; weight wet: 2.94g 6. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 24.27mm; width: 22.16mm; thickness: 4.58mm; weight wet: 1.32g 7. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 30.91mm; width: 15.09mm; thickness: 4.41mm; weight wet: 1.53g 8. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 33.64mm; width: 23.19; thickness: 2.51mm; weight wet: 0.95g 9. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 31.93mm; width: 14.22; thickness: 5.69mm; weight wet: 1.73g 10. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 40.21mm; width: 5.05mm; weight wet: 0.41g 11. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 31.44mm; width: 12.85mm; weight wet: 1.34g 12. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 23.57mm; width: 12.13mm; weight wet: 1.50g 13. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 47.05mm; width: 8.55mm; thickness: 7.82mm; weight wet: 1.89g 14. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 33.82mm; width: 7.85mm; thickness: 9.55mm; weight wet:1.25g 15. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 97.01mm; weight: 14.95mm; thickness: 6.86mm; weight wet: 5.35g 16. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 102.85mm; width: 15.72mm; thickness: 6.45mm; weight wet: 5.31g 17. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 62.73mm; width: 26.74mm; thickness: 7.01mm; weight wet: 7.78g 18. A fragment of unworked wood. Dimensions: length: 48.25mm; width: 39.68mm; thickness: 4.31mm; weight wet: 3.61g References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. 2014 (updated May 2018). London Roman pottery codes. MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) M&T: Marsh, G, and Tyers, P A, 1978 The Roman pottery from Southwark, in Southwark excavations 1972-4(eds J Bird, A H Graham, H Sheldon and P Townend) (2 vols), Joint Publ London Middlesex Archaeol Soc/Surrey Archaeol Soc 1, 5382, London

A Roman silver denarius of Severus Alexander (AD 222-235). VICTORIA AVG reverse type depicting Victory running right holding wreath and palm. Mint of Antioch. (Reece period 11). RIC IV vol. 2 p.94 no. 301 Obv: MP C M AVR SEV ALE[XAND AV]G ; Laureate and draped bust right. Rev: V[IC]TORI[A} AVG; Victory running right holding wreath and palm. Dimensions: diameter: 19.09mm; weight: 2.09g

LON-5A8AA3: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Lezoux samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or Drag 31 dating to AD160-200. The remaining sherd consists of part of the base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp [G]ENITORF impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Genitor II, who was working in Lezoux from AD 160-200. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside,the vessel has been subjected to heat and areas of the slip have become a dark red colour. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 42.10mm; width: 42.51mm; weight: 10.28g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-00CE9C: BEAD
A complete Roman blue glass globular bead dating from AD 50-410. The bead has a perforation 3.02mm in diameter. Dimensions: diameter: 11.48mm; weight: 1.71g

LON-9C8A61: TILE
An incomplete Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 1 and Betts Die 3, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:53 Fig.27a). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "W. Chevron" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. The interior side is blackened probably due to its proximity to a heat or fire. Betts et al (1997:66) write "At Calverts Buildings, Southwark the earliest specimen was found associated with the robbing of a building constructed in 150-200 and demolished by the late 3 or 4 cent." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 73.39mm; width: 64mm; thickness: 18.32mm; weight: 103.28g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-5AE345: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Dimensions: diameter: 11.44mm; weight: 0.98g

A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD330-331. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: [CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS] Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Dimensions: diameter: 15.64mm; weight: 1.62g.

LON-0F2C94: TILE
A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 4 and Betts Die 11, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:60 Fig. 27h, 11). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Compass" group style. Betts et al (1997:79) write that examples of this tile "from Calverts Buildings, Southwark is associated with a masonry building constructed in 150-200 and probably demolished by the 3 or 4 cent." The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand and flint inclusions. McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 103.28mm; width: 89.33mm; thickness: 19.76mm; weight: 119.47g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-0DB5C4: COIN
A heavily clipped silver Roman siliqua of the House of Theodosius, dating to the period c.AD 388-395 (Reece period 21). VIRTVS ROMANORVM reverse type depicting Roma seated left on cuirass holding spear and Victory on globe. Mint of Milan or Trier. Cf. Hoxne, no. 694. Dimensions: diameter: 12.69mm; weight: 0.61g, die axis: 12

LON-5A0049: TWEEZERS
A Roman copper alloy pair of tweezers dating from 1st - 5th century. The object is formed by bending a sheet of copper alloy creating a sprung loop and at the ends curving the lower edges inwards. The grip is straight and tapers slightly to a wider tip. The tweezers are decorated with a incised liner border. Crummy illustrate similar tweezers (1983: 59, fig.63, no.1877, 1881) Dimensions: length: 37.59 mm; width: 11.80 mm; weight: 5.12g. Reference: Crummy, N. 1983. The Roman small finds from excava- tions in Colchester 1971-9, Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (Colchester).

LON-59F15E: KEY (LOCKING)
A Roman copper alloy key (locking) finger ring dating AD 43-410. This is a finger ring with integral key, it is a Guiraud type 5a. The remaining hoop of the finger ring is plain with D-shaped section. The key bit is rectangular in plan and projects from the shank at ninety degrees to it. The shank is hollow-ended. The simple bit has an S-shape pattern formed from two opposing clefts, one set slightly lower down the bit than the other. Dimensions: length: 17.61mm; width: 9.68mm; weight: 3.73mm

LON-F2B202: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 333-334. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, page 218 No. 563. Dimensions: diameter: 16.20mm; weight: 2.07g. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre. Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow, palm branch left. TRP in exergue. Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock

LON-F25FB1: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14), possibly LAETITIA (joyfulness), Laetitia standing, holding wreath and anchor. Mint London S/A//[ML]. RIC V pt 2, page 560 no. 23 Obverse: Radiate & cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: IMP C AL[LE]CTVS P F A[VG] Reverse: Laetitia standing, holding wreath and anchor, S/A//[ML] Reverse inscription: [LAETI]T[IA] AVG,

A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306- 337), dating to AD 316. Reece Period 15. SOLIINVIC TOCOMITI reverse type, Mint of Arelate (Arles). RIC VII p.241 No.80 Obverse description: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust facing right Obverse inscription: CONSTANTINVS PF AVG Reverse description: Sol standing facing, looking left, chlamys across left shoulder holding globe, right hand raised. T with star beneath in left field, F in right field. Reverse inscription: SOLIINV I CTO COMITI Dimensions: diameter: 19.83mm; weight: 3.18g. Similar examples on the database are WILT-1CF8CC and SUSS-A619D1.

LON-47D92F: BELL
A Roman cast copper alloy openwork bell dating from AD 120-410. The bell is is a Williams type 8. The bell is circular in plan and is domed shaped with a hexagonal suspension loop with a sub-circular perforated loop hole. In the interior of the bell the corroded remains of an iron crown staple is present, the clapper is missing. The body of the bell has nine openwork apertures, consisting of four sets of alternating apex-up triangles and crosses, above one of the triangles is a sub-circular aperture. Dimensions: height: 21.10mm; diameter of base: 22.97mm; wight: 11.73g Other openwork Roman bells on the database are NMS-E837B5, BH-9C5145, SOM-ECC8D2 and LEIC-DA4DB7. Eckardt and Williams (2018:8-10) write "Not included in the original dissertation, this is a new form of bell that has recently been recognised on the PAS, with 26 examples recorded by 2016 (see Table 1). The bells are all made from copper-alloy, domed or conical in form and have distinctive triangular cut-outs, which can be arranged in a variety of patterns (FIG. 3). The most common design consists of a band of triangles set in an alternating pattern (apex to base). The number of triangles varies (and can often not be determined as many bells are only partially preserved), with the most common number being six and the maximum 12. In one case there are only four very crude triangles that all appear to be aligned the same way (base down). Some bells are decorated with more complex patterns; thus two similar but very fragmentary examples from Norfolk and Essex appear to have two rows of triangles aligned the same way (base down). Two additional triangles (apex down) are set above an alternating band in a bell from Suffolk while other bells have pairs of opposing triangles separated by single triangles or other shapes. Thus SF-A755C5 from Great Barton (FIG. 3) has four pairs of opposing triangles set one above the other base to base, separated by single apex-up triangles while ESS-954081 has six pairs, either opposing triangles (apex to apex) or a triangle above a rectangle. Two very similar examples from Norfolk and Cambridgeshire have a flower design created by four inward-pointing triangles; set between them is a pair of triangles, again with the apex pointing towards each other. Perhaps the most elaborate example has a design of two rows of alternating triangles. While there is variation in the number and alignment of the triangles, this is clearly a distinctive form of bell, usually with pentagonal or hexagonal loops. Even where the loop shape is unusual and where production at the same workshop may be assumed, the number of triangles can vary. Three bells cross-referenced on the PAS from Monks Eleigh, Covehithe and Beeston with Bittering either have no perforations or circular perforations. The clapper only survives very rarely but several examples have significant interior iron corrosion, in some cases completely filling the triangles. The purpose of the triangles is unclear - openwork decoration works best visually when set against leather or fabric for contrast or when filled with enamel; the latter does not appear to be the case here and the former would render the object non-functional. Perhaps the aim was simply a decorative effect or the intention may have been to alter the sound produced by the bells. Unfortunately no openwork bells are as yet known from excavated contexts in Britain, and there is consequently no contextual dating evidence. It is possible that they are a much later type, or even a modern import, although the wide spread is unlike the pattern created by metal-detector rallies where a site may have been 'seeded' with material bought on eBay. The distorting effect of modern imports is well demonstrated by coins with eastern Mediterranean mint marks from Scotland, which are in fact modern losses. Bells of this type were originally thought to be of medieval date but research on 'Norse' bells has shown all certain examples to be of hexagonal shape, often with circle-and- dot decoration; the openwork bells are circular in plan and domed or conical, and the loop shapes are very similar to Roman bells. The openwork bells are broadly similar to domed bells in terms of their dimensions, ranging in height from 12 mm to 35 mm. Openwork bells also have a very different spatial distribution to the tenth-century bells with Scandinavian affiliations, with the majority occurring in the south of Britain (see FIG. 6). Until examples from excavated contexts are found in Britain, the date and origin of this enigmatic bell type will remain unclear. The only continental parallels we were able to identify come from the Black Sea region." Reference: Eckardt, H. and Williams, S. (2018) The sound of magic? Bells in Roman Britain. Britannia, 49. pp. 179210.

A very worn Roman copper-alloy as of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), dating to the period AD 154-155 (Reece period 7). [BRITANNIA] COS IIII, [S C] reverse type depicting Britannia seated left on a rock. Mint of Rome. Cf. RIC III, p. 142, no. 934. This is a Coin of British Association as listed by D. Walker in his study of the Sacred Spring at Bath, cf. Walker, 1988: pp. 294, 297-8, nos. 73-122, 136-288, pls. XXXV-VI. Obverse description: Laureate and draped bust right Obverse inscription: [...]NVS A[VG...] XVIII Reverse description: Britannia seated left on rocks Reverse inscription: [BRITANNIA] COS IIII, [S C] Dimensions: diameter: 25.34mm; weight: 9.31g.

LON-240EB5: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Helena dating to the period AD 337 - 340 (Reece Period 17). PAX PVBLICA reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of Trier. RIC VIII, p.143, no.63. Obverse description: Draped bust right Obverse inscription: [FL IVL HEL]ENAE AVG Reverse description: Pax standing left holding branch and sceptre Reverse inscription: [PAX PVB]LICA Dimensions: diameter: 12.66mm; weight: 0.68g.

LON-238CDE: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Right facing bust, laureate Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: GLORIA[EXERC ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 14.53mm; weight: 1.42g.

A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Right facing laureate bust Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: GLORIAEXERC ITVS Dimensions: diameter: 13.97mm; weight: 1.09g.

A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD336. Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. -/-//*SLG Reece period 17. Mint of Lyons. RIC VII p.141 280 Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and diadem Obverse inscription: CON[STANTI-NVS MAX AVG] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 14.81mm; weight: 1.62g.

A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Uncertain mint. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: GLORIAEXERC ITVS Dimensions: diameter: 12.92mm; weight: 0.79g.

LON-E7C88E: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy semis of Augustus (31 BC-AD 14), dating to the period c. AD 9-14 (Reece period 1). ROM ET AVG reverse depicting The Altar of Lugdunum. Mint of Lugdunum. Cf. RIC I, nos. 234, 246. Dimensions: diameter: 18.93mm; weight: 4.18g

LON-E1DC2D: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Crispus (AD 317-326 ) dating to the period AD 321 (Reece period 16). BEATA TRANQVILLITAS reverse type depicting an altar inscribed VOTIS X X, surmounted by globe with three stars above. Mint of Trier. cf. ​RIC Vol. VII p.191 307, Obverse description: Cuirassed bust left, spear across right shoulder, sheild on left arm Obverse inscription: [IVLCRI]SPVSNOBCAES Reverse description: Globe set on alter inscribed VOT/IS/XX, above three stars. Reverse inscription: [BEAT]ATRAN [QVILL]ITAS Dimensions: diameter: 18.04mm; weight: 2.50g.

LON-E13E79: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-93), PAX AVG reverse type depicting Pax standing left holding branch over alter. Laugharne Hoard 4 . (Reece period 14). Possibly a contempary copy. Obverse description: Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: []SIVS P AVA Reverse description: Pax standing left holding branch over alter Reverse inscription: PA[X] AVG Dimensions: diameter: 19.16mm; weight: 2.31g.

LON-E0FCAC: COIN
A copper alloy Roman radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-270), 'CONSECRATIO' reverse type an eagle left. Rome mint dating to AD268-270 (Reece period 13); Normanby (186: 1140). Mule with lifetime obverse and posthumous reverse. Obverse: Radiate head right Obverse inscription: IMP C[LAVDIVS AVG] Reverse: Eagle left Reverse inscription: [CONSECRA]TIO Dimensions: diameter: 16.02mm; weight: 1.59g.

LON-DF92EE: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantius I (AD 293-306), probably dating to the period AD 296-297 (Reece period 15). GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI reverse type depicting Genius standing left holding patera and cornucopiae. Possibly mint of Trier. Cf. RIC VI, p. 183, no.198a. Dimensions: diameter: 25.23mm; weight: 4.29g.

LON-DEB2B4: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337) dating to the period AD 326-328 (Reece period 16). PROVIDEN-TIAE AVGG reverse type depicting a campgate with two turrets, star above. Mint of Thessalonica. As RIC VII p. 518, no. 153. Obverse description: Laureate bust right Obverse inscription: CONSTAN-TINVS AVG Reverse description: A campgate with two turrets, star above. Reverse inscription: PROVIDEN-TIAE AVGG Dimensions: diameter: 18.74mm; weight: 2.85g.

LON-DEAE7B: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Constantine II (AD 317-340) dating to the period AD326 (Reece period 16). PROVIDENTIAE CAESS reverse type depicting a campgate with two turrets, star above. Mint of Trier. cf. RIC Vol. VII, p. 209, no. 279 variant*. Obverse description: Laureate and drapped bust left with fur-trimmed pteryges Obverse inscription: CONST[ANTINVSIVN]NOBC Reverse description: A campgate with two turrets, star above. Reverse inscription: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS Dimensions: diameter: 18.59mm; weight: 2.25g.

LON-DE47E5: COIN
A Copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantius II (AD 323-361), Possibly Treveri mint (AD 330-333), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Reece period 17. Obverse description: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTINVS IVN] NOB [C] Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 15.20mm; weight: 1.20g.

LON-DE44A4: COIN
A Copper alloy Roman nummus House of Constantine Possibly Treveri mint (AD 330-333), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Reece period 17. TRS Star in exergue. Obverse description: [] Obverse inscription: [] Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 16.81mm; weight: 2.21g.

LON-DE31A6: COIN
A copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), Lyon mint (AD 332), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Reece period 17. RIC VII p.138 254 Obverse description: Laurette and cuirassed bust right. Obverse inscription: CONSTANTINVSIVNNOBC Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS Dimensions: diameter: 16.17mm; weight: 2.11g.

LON-DE1AD1: COIN
A Copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantius II (AD 323-361), Possibly Treveri mint (AD 330-333), GLORIA EXERCITVS reverse type depicting Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Reece period 17. -//T[R]S Obverse description: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS Dimensions: diameter: 16.75mm; weight: 1.34g.

LON-CB5E9F: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy nummus, a contemporary copy of the House of Constantine, dating to the period AD 355-361 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO reverse type depicting a Soldier spearing a fallen horseman. Uncertain mint. Obverse: []; Diademed, draped and cuirassed right Reverse: FEL.TEMP.REPARATIO; Helmeted soldier advancing left, speaing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Dimensions: diameter: 17.93mm; weight: 1.27g.

LON-CB2E63: COIN
A copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I dating to the period AD 313 (Reece period 15). IOVI CONSER-VATORI AVGG reverse type depicting Jupiter holding a Victory. Mint of Heraclea. RIC VI 75.

LON-11B37D: COIN
A complete silver denarius of Tiberius dating to the period AD 14-37. Mint of Rome issue AD 14-37 (Reece period 1, reverse depicting , Livia, as Pax, holding long sceptre and olive branch, seated right on throne. RIC 1: 30. Obverse: Laureate bust right. Obverse inscription: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS (in retrograde) Reverse description: Livia, as Pax, holding long sceptre and olive branch, seated right on throne, double line below. Reverse inscription: PONTIF MAXIM (in retrograde) Dimensions: diameter: 18.08mm; weight: 2.93g.

LON-0DF491: DIE
A Roman to Post Medieval ivory or bone die. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 1 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 8.46mm; width: 8.67mm; weight: 1.21g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggusted.

LON-7B621E: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery 'hunt' cup, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a dark brown slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The exterior decoration is part of a body of an animal in barbotine slip, possible a hound or a dear. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 39.34mm; width: 37.57mm; weight: 6.42g Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-7B5C91: VESSEL
A Roman pottery body rim sherd from a tazza in Verulamium Region White Ware dating to 1st - 2nd century AD. Davies, Richardson & Tomber (1994:51) write that the function of tazze are unknown but examples have been found with internal scorching suggesting possible use as lampholders or incense burners. Complete examples have a hollow pedestal base that may indicate they were placed on poles (ibid.). Dimensions: length: 48.19mm; width: 33.25mm; weight: 18.03g. Reference: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBAResearch Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-7B55FD: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Dimensions: diameter: 10.75mm; weight: 0.59g

LON-F5778D: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B6. The hair pin has a small rounded head with two incised grooves cut just below forming a collar. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point, which is broken and now missing. Other Roman bone hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 55.34mm; diameter: 5.32mm; weight: 1.81g. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-E59932: DIE
A Roman to Post Medieval ivory or bone die. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. This die is Potter variant 1 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan). Dimensions: length: 8.65mm; width: 8.65mm; weight: 1.22g Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggusted.

LON-E4F9B4: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268). Reverse type depicting Libertas standing left holding pileus and transverse sceptre. Mint of Rome, AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). Cunetio 1293. Obverse: Radiate bust right. Obverse legend: [GAL]LIENVS [AVG] Reverse: Libertas standing left holding pileus and transverse sceptre Reverse legend: [LI[B[E]RT[AS AVG] Dimensions: diameter: 19.38mm; weight: 1.77g

A copper alloy Roman radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14), LAETITIA (joyfulness), Laetitia standing, holding wreath and anchor. C Mint, S P//C. C mint is an unknown British mint originally thought to be Camulodunum (Colchester), RIC V, pt 2, no. 79 Obverse: Radiate & cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG Reverse: Laetitia standing, holding wreath and anchor, S P//C. Reverse inscription: LAETITIA AVG This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

LON-EBC3FA: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, Constans (AD 337-350) or Constantius II (AD 337-361) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Reece period 17. Dimensions: diameter: 15.45mm; weight: 0.72g. Obverse description: Right facing rosette diademed bust Obverse inscription: CONS[TAN] SPF AVG Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: [VICTORIAEDDAVGG]Q[NN] Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock

LON-EA7895: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman East Gaulish (Lezoux) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating from AD 170-250. The remaining sherd consisting of the beaded foot ring and part of the side wall of the vessel. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. The top side lightly abraded with some of the slip worn away. The underside is coated in a red slip. Dimensions: length: 156.26mm; width: 127.90mm; height: 46.4mm; weight: 258g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-B4A5CD, LON-E694ED, LON-E686AE and LON-D3352E. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-EA72AE: VESSEL
A rim spout and body sherd fragment from a Roman Mortaria. CA possibly CANDIDUS AD90-125 or CASTUS AD100-140. The sherd has a buff fabric. The fragment preserves part of the pouring spout of the mortarium and part of the flange and wall. Dimensions: length: 133.46mm; width: 119.88mm; weight: 334g. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-D5CD0D: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 145 - 165. The sherd consists a section of the vessel lower wall and part of the foot-ring. Part of the Potters mark DIVIX.F (Divixtus of Lezoux) remains on the plain margin above the footring. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the interior of the vessel and the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 72.19mm; width: 48.15mm; height: 17.06mm; weight: 49.49g. Similar Drag. form 37 bowls on the database are LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." they continue "Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-32768E: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) ring-neck flagon with neck and handle remaining, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a handle of three ribs and a four rilled rim. The flagon has a combed decoration around the circumference of the vessel just below the handle, the exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:56 fig.46 No.251-253). Dimensions: height: 101.32mm; width of handle: 28.97mm; thickness of handle: 12.47mm; weight: 243g; diameter of aperture: 55.09mm; diameter of rim: 69.43mm. Similar flagons on the database are PUBLIC-9D663D, LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:59) write "Short-expanding, ring-neck flagons (IB7, 251-5) are the commonest form in VCWS and were first found in the Hadrianic, but date largely to the Antonine period." Davies et al (1994:55) write "A coarse, red fabric with white slip containing abundant quartz and occasional iron-rich inclusions. It is distinguished from the typical VRW fabric by its colour and slip, as well as containing some silt-sized inclusions and white mica. The photographed sherd contains a particularly high density of inclusions. Although typologically very similar, the VCWS products are generally less well made than their VRW equivalents. Flagon rims are often distorted, with ill- defined rings, necks are occasionally placed off-centre (Fig 46, 252) and frequently the handles are poorly applied. This may result from the speed of manufacture rather than inferior potting techniques. However, the clays are also often badly mixed so that large inclusions of flint are left behind (eg Fig 46, 253). Number 251 (Fig 46) is another example of this inferior quality, illustrating all the above features together with pronounced turning marks at the girth. These were caused by the body being inverted and trimmed on the wheel in order to form the footring base before the neck was applied."

LON-84FF0A: AMPHORA
A fragment of Roman amphora handle from an amphora dating from the second century. The handle is probably from Dressel 20 amphora which would have been large and globular with cylindrical handles and a prominent beaded or angular rim. The amphora would have probably contained olive oil and was produced in the Baetica region of Spain. The fabric is light pink throughout. Dimensions: length: 140.23mm; width: 58.90mm; thickness: 40.86mm; weight: 438g. References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust.

LON-84A3A2: AMPHORA
A fragment of Roman amphora base dating from the second or third century. The base is probably from Dressel 20 amphora which would have been large and globular with cylindrical handles and a prominent beaded or angular rim. The amphora would have probably contained olive oil and was produced in the Baetica region of Spain.The fabric is light pink throughout. The white concretion is Thames 'race' which has adhered to the exterior of the amphora. Dimensions: length: 156.30mm; width: 108.47mm; weight: 452g. References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-762E72: AMPHORA
A fragment of Roman amphora handle probably from a Dressel 20 amphora dating from the first half of the second century. The handle has part of the stamp [LI]VNI.M / [MEL]ISS[I.P] of the 'Two Iunii Melissi', both the masculine and feminine form name appears on the stamp and it probably belonged to a firm owned by a husband and wife, or a brother and sister, they were active from AD 120-160 in Baetica near the modern-day city of Seville, Spain. The amphora would have most likely carried either olive oil or possibly wine. The fabric is light pink throughout. Amphora's with a similar stamp of the 'Two Iunii Melissi' have been recorded at Vindolanda, Inv. 6555 and Inv. 8531. Dimensions: length: 81.57mm; width: 48.91mm; thickness: 30.02mm; weight: 136.24g. Callender (1950:198-200) writes "The name Melissus points to the East for the origin of this family; it also indicates a servile origin for it, and it may be legitimately inferred that the founder of this extremely powerful firm was a freedman. The only occurrence of the cognomen, Melissus, in Spain (apart from the amphora stamps) is on an inscription from Barcelona, where a C. Publicius Melissus is described as a sevir of that city (C II 4497 = Dessau 3777), and it was usual for seviri to be freedmen. But this family, wherever it was domiciled, must have been one of the wealthiest in Spain; their stamps have a wider distribution and a greater frequency than any other known to the writer; but what was the relationship of the various branches of the family? The stamps of L. Iunius Melissus P( )or CI( ) have been found on three sites, and perhaps four associated with the stamp F SCIM NIANO (figlino Scimniano?). Now the latter is dated by a painted inscription from the Monte Testaccio to A.D. 161 (G, XY, 4350), It has also been found at Niederbieber, which was not occupied until A.D. 190 (see p.7), and at a villa site, Norton Disney in Lincolnshire, where it was found associated "with early third-century pottery" (AJ XYII, p.149). It would not be wrong to assume then that L. Iunius Melissus operated in the last forty years of the second and the early years of the third century, and some confirmation of this is obtained from the fact that all his stamps from the Monte Testaccio were found on the western side, some in the position indicated by the letter H on Dressel's plan, and where he thought that amphorae were tipped in the reigns of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander (A.D. 218-35). On the other hand, the stamps of the two luni Melissi (husband and wife or brother and sister?), have been found on three sites associated with the stamp F PATEPJTI: this may be the same as that found at Brecon Gaer (PATR - Arch, Cambrensis, 1926, p, 246), a site which seems to have been abandoned in the earlier part of the Antonine period. Also, a stamp PATO, which might be a misreading for PATR, has been found at Mainz (Mainzer Zeitschrift YI, Abb,21,15), and ascribed to the period Domitian-Trajan, finally some of the Monte Testaccio examples were on' the north side "ad ascensum" and "in tecto cellarum," but there were others on the west side; this suggests a date somewhere in the reigns of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-61), and Marcus and Commodus (A.D. 161-180). It appears then that these two joint owners of a firm operated rather in the first half of the second century than in the second-half of that century, and there is a possibility that L. Iunius Melissus was either their son, if they were husband and wife, or the son of one of them, if they were brother and sister, and in any case, probably the inheritor of the firm. There is insufficient evidence at present to make and distinction, as far as date is concerned, between the other two stamps, L.Camilius or Camillius Melissus and the two Camili or Camilli Melissi. The latter stamps were found chiefly on the north side of the Monte Testaccio "in infimo colle " and "in tecto cellarum, " and this suggests the period Hadrian-Antonine, it is possible that they were cousins of the luni Melissi, On the other hand there may have been no relationship at all, and therefore the stamps were expanded to a degree unusual on amphorae in order to draw a definite distinction between rival firms. Yet it can hardly be doubted that they all worked from the same area of Baetica, i.e. in or around the city of Italica = Santiponce, a few kilometres north of Hispalis = Seville. L. Iunius Melissus, however, went as far afield as Astigi to buy amphorae, and presumably wine or oil, since that town is mentioned on the titulus pictus which gave the name F Scimniano. Similarly, the two Iunii Melissi bought from the figlina Paterniana? but the situation of that is not known." References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust.

LON-3AF6B9: COIN
A Roman reduced siliqua of Julian (AD 355-63), VICTORIA DD NN AVG reverse depicting Victory walking left holding wreath and palm, one wing visible. Mint of Lyon, spring AD 360 - 26th June AD 363. Reference: RIC volume VIII, p.193, no.215A. Obverse description: Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: FL CL IVLIA-NVS PP AVG Reverse description: Victory walking left holding wreath and palm, one wing visible. Reverse inscription: VICTORIA DD NN AVG Dimensions: diameter: 15.85mm; weight: 1.29g, die axis: 12

A complete silver denarius of Severus Alexander (AD 222-235), mint of Rome issue AD 229, reverse depicting Annona head turned right, resting on rudder on globe, holding modius with left arm. RIC IV Part II, p.85, cf. no. 190b. Obverse description: right facing laureate bust Obverse inscription: IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG Reverse description: Annona standing, resting on rudder on globe, holding modius with left arm Reverse inscription: ANNONA AVG Dimensions: diameter: 18.01mm; weight: 2.21g, die axis: 11

LON-37D85B: COIN
A complete silver denarius of Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161), mint of Rome issue AD 139, reverse depicting Modius with corn-ears and poppy. RIC vol. III, p.32, cf. no.58 Obverse: Head facing right Obverse inscription: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP Reverse description: Modius with ears of corn Reverse inscription: TR POT COS II Dimensions: diameter: 18.04mm, weight: 3.26g, die axis: 6

LON-37BE71: COIN
A complete silver denarius of Trajan (AD 98-117), mint of Rome issue AD 114-117 (Reece period 5), reverse depicting Felicitas standing left holding caduceus and cornucopiae. Mint of Rome. Cf. BMC 541; RIC II no. 343. Obverse: Laureate and draped bust right Obverse inscription: IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC Reverse description: Felicitas standing left holding caduceus and cornucopiae Reverse inscription: P M TR P COS VI P P S P Q R Dimensions: diameter: 18.57mm, weight: 3.36g, die axis:

LON-A2BB2A: COIN
A copper-alloy fractional (quarter?) nummus of Diocletian (AD 284-305), dating to the period c.AD 305-306 (Reece period 15). QVIES AVGG reverse type depicting Quies standing holding branch and leaning on sceptre. Mint of Trier. As RIC VI, p. 209, no. 681a. Dimensions: diameter: 13.41mm; weight: 0.96 Fractional nummi are rare as finds in Britain, the majority of examples dating to c.AD 310-311. This is the only example of this type recorded through the PAS to date. These small denominations were likely distributed as donatives in the commemoration of Imperial anniversaries, the Quies type on the reverse of this coin commemorating the retirement (quies = rest) of the senior augusti Diocletian and Maximian in AD 305.

LON-276C3F: COIN
A complete silver denarius of Nero (AD 54-68), dating to c.AD 61-62 (Reece period 3). Reverse type depicting Virtus. RIC I (2nd ed.) p. 152, no.32. Reece period 3. Obverse description: Bare-headed bust right Obverse inscription: NERO CAESAR AVG IMP Reverse description: Virtus, helmeted, in military dress, standing left, right foot on helmet among shields; in right hand a parazonium, which rests on his right knee, in left long spear. EX-SC across fields Reverse inscription: PONTIF MAX TR P VIII COS IIII P P Dimensions: diameter: 18.87mm, weight: 3.16g,

LON-EB1DE0: BROOCH
An incomplete copper-alloy Roman brooch 'Hod Hill' Type, dating to AD 43-100. The brooch has four vertical ribs on the bow and three transverse ribs below the bow, the foot is plan and tappers towards a terminal of an slightly expanded oval defined at the top by a transverse groove. At the head of the brooch the are the remains of the flattened terminal of the bow, with a central pin slot, it is rolled forwards to hold a pin in place, now missing. The catch plate is pierced near its centre with a single circular hole. A similar brooch is illustrated in Mackreth (2011:96 No.8975) A similar Hod Hill brooches on the database is SF-F13B65. Dimensions: length: 56.81mm; width: 8.78mm; thickness: 8.66mm; weight: 6.08g References: Bayley J. & Butcher S. 2004, Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study based on the Richborough Collection. The Society of Antiquaries of London. Mackreth D. F. 2011, Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Vol: 1 & 2. Oxbow Books, Oxford

LON-D489A3: AMPHORA
A Roman ceramic neck ring from an amphora dating from the 1st-3rd century AD. The fabric is buff coloured and granular. Dimensions: diameter: 105.49mm; height: 39.61mm; weight: 254g References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust.

LON-D12409: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure. Dimensions: diameter: 12.11mm; weight: 1.14g

LON-EAFAB5: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of House of Constantine, commemorative VRBS ROMA issue dating to AD 332. Reverse Wolf and twins. Reece period 17. Mint of Lyons. RIC VII:138 No.257. This coin was found in the same area as a group of eight nummi LON-E49DB2 and may be associated with these coins. Dimensions: diameter: 16.97mm; weight: 2.68g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: House of Constantine Reece period: Period 17 [330-348] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Roma facing left. Obverse inscription: VRBS/ROMA Reverse description: Wolf and twins. Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: Wolf and Twins VRBS ROMA Reverse mint mark: -//Crescent with dot PLG

LON-1E2069: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) jar, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of a handle with two ribs and part of the body of the vessel. The remaining fragment is undecorated; the exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Jars with this type of handle can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:57 fig.47 No.262-263). Dimensions: length: 43.14mm; width: 47.03mm; weight: 16.25g Davies et al (1994:59) write "Most of the jars are Hadrianic or early Antonine in date. These include honey pots with both reeded and concave internal rim surface (IIK, 262-3)." References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-1E182C: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 by the Les Martres de Veyre potter known as 'X-2' dating to AD 100 - 120. The sherd has a beaded rim with a plain band beneath followed by a moulded decoration consisting of a band of rosette-tongued ovolo, under which is a wavy border and the top part of a figure consisting of head and arm, possibly Apollo with lyre. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is abraded with some of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 73.3mm; width: 47.47mm; thickness: 9.33mm; weight: 27.88g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97281B. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-1E176A: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has a shallow base with a beaded foot ring. No maker's stamp is present. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 82.61mm; width: 39.51mm; height: 16.36mm; weight: 28.38g. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-1CD94C: TILE
A fragment of a Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 5 and Betts Die 13 relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 120-160. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:60 Fig.27h No.13). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Diamond and lattice" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. Betts et al (1997:82) write "At Winchester Palace example 13 was found associated with the robbing of Building 13 constructed after c120 and demolished c250 or later (B. Yule pers. comm.)." Dimensions: length: 60.76mm; width: 38.23mm; thickness: 19.56mm; weight: 63.88g. McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Mills (2013:461) writes "Die 13 splits at some point in its working life, and in fact, both the split and unsplit versions occur on Vine Street: some 0.5% of the unsplit form and 0.3% the split form of Die 13. Examples of both the split and unsplit versions also come from the public baths. Further evidence of the split version is found at the extramural site at the Royal Grammar school, Colchester; Bucklersbury House, London; and from Insula XIV, St Albans, representing places the tiler worked after Leicester." Mills (2013:461-462) writes "In the case of the material from Leicester and Alchester, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that these stamps were used by itinerant tile makers. They were making flue tiles, a skilled specialism, alongside other tile makers, and using local tileries in conjunction with other tile makers, and so needed to differentiate their own batches from others by placing their stamped tiles in prominent positions, like potters sharing the same kiln. It seems likely that these tile makers retained responsibility until delivery, presumable under a contract for so many hundreds of tile. A number of different dies are found together in several locations, for instance Dies 13 and 9 are found together at: Colchester; St Albans and residually at Chatley Farm, Cobham, Surrey. It would appear that there was a community of tile makers, moving together in the civilian zone, supplying specialist products. It is also likely that such itinerant tile makers would not have been acting in a vacuum; they would be supplying the requirements of specialist architects and builders who were involved in the post Hadrianic construction boom." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-801663, LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust. Mills P., 2013. The Supply and distribution of ceramic building material in Roman Britain. L. Lavan (ed.) Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity (Late Antique Archaeology 10 - 2013) (Leiden 2013), pp. 451-469

LON-DE647F: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region White ware (VRW) ring-neck flagon dating from the early Antonine period date AD 120-160. The fragment consists of the four rilled rim flagon neck and part of a three ribbed handle. The flagon is undecorated aside from the rim, the exterior surface has a thin white slip. The fabric is off-white with numerous inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:44 fig.35 No.156 -157). Dimensions: height: 69.40mm; width of handle: 25.47mm; thickness of handle: 10.37mm; weight: 148.27g; diameter of aperture: 60.79mm; diameter of rim: 72.73mm. Similar flagons on the database are PUBLIC-9D663D, LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. Davies et al (1994:41) write "A rough and granular fabric, generally off-white, with a very clean clay matrix containing abundant well-sorted quartz. The variety of clays available to the VRW potters is demonstrated by the range of naturally occurring clay pellets that can be identified within a single vessel, including both the typical VRW fabric and siltier clays similar to VCWS." Davies et al (1994:42) write "and then by a variant with a prominent, rounded upper rim (IB5, 151-5) first appearing in the Flavian, but most frequently found in Hadrianic fire destruction levels. This developed into a type with an expanding ring-neck rim (IB7, 156-8) which was common from the early Antonine period." References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-74C1D4: SPOON
An incomplete Roman copper alloy mandolin shaped spoon bowl probably dating AD 100-300. This is a Crummy Type 3 spoon. The bowl is concave and mandolin shaped in plan. The spoons surface exhibits traces of tinning on both the front and back of the spoon. The handle is missing but its ridge can be seen extending down the centre of the reverse. Crummy notes that although these spoons were probably made throughout the Roman period, they are likely to have been most popular in the second and third centuries AD. Similar spoons can be seen in (Crummy 1983:70 Fig.73 No. 2018-2019). Dimensions: length: 44.02mm; width: 27.41mm; thickness: 5.37mm; weight: 6.9g. Similar spoons on the database are HAMP-5259B5, SOM-30FFFE, WILT-AA8302, WILT-E8373E and DUR-6F0AD3. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-74ABDE: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 330-331 Reverse shows two soldiers and two standards. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC 521 or 528, the mint mark -/-//TRS (RIC 521). Dimensions: diameter: 17.56mm; weight: 2.19g. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: FLIVLCONSTANTIVSNOBC Reverse description: two solders two standards Reverse inscription: GLOR IAEXERC ITVS

LON-67E4CA: COIN
A complete and worn Roman copper-alloy as of Vespasian (AD 69-79), dating to the period c. AD 72 (Reece period 4). S C in the field reverse type depicting an Eagle standing front on globe, wings outstretched, head right. Mint of Lyon. Cf. RIC II (2nd ed.), p. 145, no. 1202. Obverse description: Laureate bust right. Obverse inscription: IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII Reverse description: S C in field; an Eagle standing front on globe, wings outstretched, head right. Dimensions: diameter: 29.91mm. weight: 9.17g.

LON-4B5962: TILE
A fragment of Roman ceramic tile with Procuratorial stamp dating from AD 80-120. The fragment of tegula or brick has the impression of a stamp that when complete would have read P.PR.BR within an ansate frame, this is a type 2485.10 stamp, similar stamps are depicted in Collingwood (1993:39 xii and xvii). Only the last two letters of the stamp, 'BR' remain. The full stamp would have read P(rocuratores) PR(ovinciae) BR(itanniae). Betts (1995:207) writes "Another stamp (Die 10) must have been in use for a considerable period as certain examples show distinct signs of wear." There were 45 examples of die 2485.10 recorded by 1995 of which 11 were on tegula, 4 on imbrex, 22 on brick, 7 on wall tile and 1 unidentified. (Betts 1995:211). The fabric of the tile is red/orange in colour and mixed with occasional inclusions, it has a light grey core measuring 11.22mm. Small patches of mortar adhering to the stamped face. Similar tiles stamped with Die 10 have been found in excavations at St. Martin's-le-Grand and No.61 Queen Street, London. Dimensions: length: 107.32mm; width: 65.95mm; thickness: 27.33mm; weight: 182.05g. Another Procurators of the Province of Britannia stamped tile on the database is PUBLIC-968C64. Betts (1995:209) writes "There has been some debate in the past as to the meaning of the first letter P. The current explanation favoured by Wright and accepted by RIB II is that the P stands for procuratores, although the singular procurator is a valid alternative. It is known that the provincial procurator of Britain had minor procurators among his staff. The procurator, a high official appointed by the emperor, was responsible for imperial property and most fiscal measures. The presence of procuratorial stamped tile indicates the procurators' connection with the running of a tileworks to provide bricks and tiles for building construction. Many of the sites in London which have produced procuratorial stamped tiles are associated with major late first- to early second-century public buildings, or are located nearby." Collingwood (1993:30) writes "...no tile-stamps have yet been recorded from first-century contexts. The practice of stamping tiles in Britain, at least among the military, did not become usual much before the end of the first-century (RIB 2459-63, Introduction)" Betts (1995:222) writes "It is unlikely that precise dating of individual dies will ever be possible owing to the difficulty of determining the length of time each die was in use. What does seem clear is that procuratorial stamped tiles and pottery were first manufactured sometime after AD 70, probably in the last twenty years of the first century, and continued to be produced until around AD 120. There is no evidence for the use of new procuratorial stamped tile in buildings constructed after the Hadrianic fire which swept through much of London sometime during the period AD 120-125." References: Collingwood, R.G, 1993. The Roman inscriptions of Britain / Volume II. Instrumentum domesticum. Fascicule 5 tile stamps of the Classis Britannica, imperial, procuratorial and civic tile stamps etc (RIB 2481-2491). edited by S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin. R.G. Collingwood & R.P. Wright. Alan Sutton Publishing. Betts I. M, 1995. Procuratorial Tile Stamps From London. Britannia 26. p.207-229.

LON-F6C920: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Lezoux samian ware plate/bowl, possibly Form Drag 18 or Drag 31 dating to AD 135-170. The remaining sherd consists of part of the foot ring and base of the vessel. The centre of the base rises into a cone with a maker's stamp CREIRO.OFI impressed across the top of the cone at the centre of the interior of the vessel. This is the stamp of the potter Criciro v, who was working in Lezoux from AD 135-170. The foot ring is chamfered. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920 PL XLVI). Dimensions: length: 97.46mm; height: 31.03mm; weight: 50.40g. Webster (1996:33) writes "The form is transitional between a plate and a bowl. In 18/31 the angle between the wall and the floor is shallower than in 18 but still present. The floor rises in the centre but less markedly than in 31 and 31R." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-B759E6: COIN HOARD
A group of nine Roman nummi dating from AD367-375 and two radiate coins dating from AD271-274. These coins were found dispersed in the same area. 1. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 17.60mm; weight: 2.32g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALENS PF AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS REI PVBL[ICAE] Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Reverse mint mark: O F / I // LVGS 2. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 17.43mm; weight: 2.41g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALENS PF AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Reverse mint mark: O F I / S // LVGS 3. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Gratian, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, p.46 no.20(c)xi(b) or xiv(b) Dimensions: diameter: 17.23mm; weight: 2.91g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Gratian Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: D N GRATIAN VS [AVGG AVG] Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIA RO[MA]NORVM Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: GLORIA ROMANORVM Reverse mint mark: O F II / S // LVGS 4. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Gratian, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 18.49mm; weight: 2.64g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Gratian Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: D N GRATI[AN VS AVGG] AVG Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIA [ROMANORV]M Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: GLORIA ROMANORVM Reverse mint mark: O F II / palm // LVGS 5. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Arles, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX. Dimensions: diameter: 16.71mm; weight: 2.30g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Arles Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALEN [SPF AVG] Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: [GLORIA ROMANORVM] Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: GLORIA ROMANORVM Reverse mint mark: OF III 6. A copper alloy barbarious radiate of Tetricus I (AD271-274), dating to the period AD260-275. Reverse shows Pax standing left, holding sceptre and branch. Reece period 13. RIC V pt. 2, Tetricus I 100. Cunetio 2604 Dimensions: diameter: 17.57mm; weight: 2.14g. Denomination: Radiate (antoninianus) Ruler/issuer: Tetricus I Reece period: Period 13 [260-275] Mint or issue place: Obverse description:Radiate bust facing right. Obverse inscription: [IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG] Reverse description: Pax standing left, holding sceptre and branch Reverse inscription: P[A]X AVG Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Reverse mint mark: 7. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Arles AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC IX Arles Nos. 9b, 17b. Dimensions: diameter: 16.38mm; weight: 2.24g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Arles Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALENS PF AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Reverse mint mark: 8. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Lyons, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX Dimensions: diameter: 18.61mm; weight: 2.16g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Lugdunum Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VAL[EN S]PF AVG Reverse description: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse inscription: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE Reverse mint mark: O F I / S // LVGS 9. A copper alloy radiate of Tetricus I (AD271-274), dating to the period AD260-275. Reverse shows Pax standing left, holding sceptre and branch. Reece period 13. RIC V pt. 2, Tetricus I 100. Cunetio 2603 Dimensions: diameter: 17.42mm; weight: 2.28g. Denomination: Radiate (antoninianus) Ruler/issuer: Tetricus I Reece period: Period 13 [260-275] Mint or issue place: Obverse description:Radiate bust facing right. Obverse inscription: [IMP C] TETRICVS P F AVG Reverse description: Pax standing left, holding sceptre and branch Reverse inscription: P[A]X AVG Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Reverse mint mark: 10. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Arles, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 17.53mm; weight: 1.79g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Arles Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALEN SPF AVG Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIA ROMANORVM Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: GLORIA ROMANORVM Reverse mint mark: 11. A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens, GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Arles, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, Dimensions: diameter: 15.54mm; weight: 2.48g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Valens Reece period: Period 19 [364-378] Mint or issue place: Arles Obverse description: Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [DN VALEN SPF AVG] Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: [GLORIA ROMANORVM] Die axis measurement: 12 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: GLORIA ROMANORVM Reverse mint mark: OF II // CONS

LON-C13C40: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constantius II as Caesar (AD 324-337) dating to the period AD 335-337 Reverse shows two soldiers and one standard. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC VII, p.223, no.586. Obverse description: Right facing bust, cuirassed and laureate Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTI] NVSIVNNC Reverse description: two solders one standards Reverse inscription: GLOR [IA]EXERC ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 15.08mm; weight: 1.53g. Similar coins on the database are ASHM-83A487 and SOM-80F268.

LON-C0A6BC: COIN
A Roman copper alloy nummus of Valens AD GLORIA ROMANORVM reverse depicting emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left. Mint of Arles, AD 367-75 (Reece period 19). RIC volume IX, p.59 no.18,19 xv(a). Dimensions: diameter: 18.94mm; weight: 2.41g. Obverse description: Diademed draped cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: DN VALEN SPF AVG Reverse description: Emperor advancing right holding labarum and dragging captive from left Reverse inscription: GLORIARO [MA]NORVM

LON-BB960C: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 333-334. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left Obverse inscription: [CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS] Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow, palm branch left. [] in exergue. Dimensions: diameter: 12.77mm; weight: 0.55g. Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock

LON-7AF771: COIN
A complete copper alloy nummus of The House of Constantine (Constantius II or Constans), mint of Rome issue AD 337-340. (Reece Period 17). RIC VIII, p. 250, cf. nos. 22-23 Obverse: Rosette diademed, cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [ ... ](NST?) [ ... ] or similar Reverse: Securitas standing facing, legs crossed, head right, holding vertical sceptre and with left elbow on a column. Reverse inscription: [SECVRI] TAS REI P Mintmark: - // [R](*?)[ ] Dimensions: diameter: 13.70mm; weight: 1.14g.

LON-A785E3: COIN
A complete copper alloy sestertius of Domitian (AD 81-96), mint of Rome issue AD 86 (Reece Period 4), RIC II (2nd ed), p. 298, no. 474. Obverse: Bust laureate right with aegis. Obverse inscription: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII CENS PER P P Reverse: Domitian standing left with javelin and spear, crowned by Victory standing left with palm. Reverse inscription: SC Dimensions: diameter: 37.47mm; thickness: 4.32mm; weight: 25.62g.

A Roman copper alloy contemporary native copy of an As of Claudius I (AD 41-54) 'Minerva' type dating to the period AD 41-54. Reece period 2. RIC Vol I, p129, No. 66. Robert Kenyon, following on from the work by the French scholars P-A. Besombes and M. Bompaire (in Trésors Monétaires XXI, 2005), is working through the British examples of Claudian coinage recorded through the PAS assigning many so-called Claudian contemporary copies to Roman auxiliary mints which operated at Lyons (Gaul) and in Spain. This example is a native copy. Obverse: Long necked, bareheaded bust, left. Reverse: Minerva advancing right with shield and javelin/ SC (Senatus Consulto) Dimensions: diameter: 22.49mm; weight: 5.65g. Similar "Minerva" type contemporary copies on the database are NARC-41E2C5, WILT-570CF3, WILT-23F2C3 and WILT-00E51D. Many copies of Claudian period asses were struck in Britain in the decades following the invasion of AD 43. This was because there was a serious shortage of small change for the up to 50,000 or so Roman soldiers in the Province to use. It is now reckoned that many of these coins were in fact semi-official, being struck at legionary bases such as Colchester. The "Minerva" As was the most common type copied.

LON-ED590F: AMPHORA
A Roman ceramic neck ring from an amphora dating from the 1st-3rd century AD. Dimensions: diameter: 101.76mm; height: 42.24mm; weight: 146g References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust.

LON-A0531B: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) ring-neck flagon with neck and handle remaining, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of the flagon neck with a handle of four ribs and a four rilled rim. The flagon is undecorated aside from the rim, the exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. The fabric is oxidised red with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:56 fig.46 No.251-253). Dimensions: height: 85.73mm; width of handle: 30.05mm; thickness of handle: 9.93mm; weight: 195.69g; diameter of aperture: 57.96mm; diameter of rim: 72.14mm. Similar flagons on the database are PUBLIC-9D663D, LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:59) write "Short-expanding, ring-neck flagons (IB7, 251-5) are the commonest form in VCWS and were first found in the Hadrianic, but date largely to the Antonine period." Davies et al (1994:55) write "A coarse, red fabric with white slip containing abundant quartz and occasional iron-rich inclusions. It is distinguished from the typical VRW fabric by its colour and slip, as well as containing some silt-sized inclusions and white mica. The photographed sherd contains a particularly high density of inclusions. Although typologically very similar, the VCWS products are generally less well made than their VRW equivalents. Flagon rims are often distorted, with ill- defined rings, necks are occasionally placed off-centre (Fig 46, 252) and frequently the handles are poorly applied. This may result from the speed of manufacture rather than inferior potting techniques. However, the clays are also often badly mixed so that large inclusions of flint are left behind (eg Fig 46, 253). Number 251 (Fig 46) is another example of this inferior quality, illustrating all the above features together with pronounced turning marks at the girth. These were caused by the body being inverted and trimmed on the wheel in order to form the footring base before the neck was applied."

LON-88EF5E: FOLDING KNIFE
An incomplete bone folding-knife handle in the form of a stylised male figure, perhaps a gladiator dating from AD 100-300. The figure is missing the lower legs and iron blade. The groove for accommodating the blade is cut through the side of the head and front of the shield. A shallow longitudinal groove which runs down the figure's back may be an abandoned attempt to house the blade in a more conventional position or may simply indicate the figure's physique. The head, turned left, is disproportionately large and modelled in detail. Beneath the flat and furrowed(?) temple the eye sockets are large, the nose narrow and short, with philtrum, narrow closed mouth and jutting chin clearly rendered. The hair is drawn back on either side in rectangular strips which turn upwards at the back of the head towards the crown. Incisions on the latter suggest some braided arrangement, but they do not resolve into a coherent pattern. The figure is largely naked. On its upper right arm, held by the side, are two armlets, while the right forearm extends across to the oval shield held in the left hand. This shield has transverse bands incised at top and bottom and transverse and diagonal lines cut across the centre. The buttocks and right leg appear to be naked. At the groin a blank triangular zone may indicate a loin cloth, though there is no trace of this at the back. The upper left leg appears bulkier and the diagonal hatching as well as what appears to be a strap beneath the shield may indicate limb padding. The lower legs and feet, where the handle would have pivoted with the blade, are broken away. Michael Marshall writes (2018:5-7) "Thousands of exceptionally well-preserved archaeological finds have been recovered from the channel and banks of the River Thames over the years. This note relates to one such discovery, a Roman bone figurative clasp-knife handle found close to the Roman city on the northern foreshore of the Thames adjacent to the chalk beds between Billingsgate and Customs House, City of London." Clasp knife handles Figurative Roman clasp-knife handles have attracted a fair amount of scholarly interest. There is no truly comprehensive treatment but there have been two major surveys (von Mercklin 1940; Bartus 2007) and the bone British examples found up to 1983 were discussed by Stephen Greep as part of his PhD research (1983). Many individual examples have been published, including a number that have appeared in the pages of Lucerna (Clay 1989; Eckardt & Crummy 2002; McSloy 2003; Jackson & Friendship-Taylor 2003). They are not very common in central London and I am only aware of one other figurative clasp-knife handle in skeletal materials from the city. This is a finely carved ivory handle in the shape of a leopard that was found in a late Roman female inhumation burial at Lant Street, Southwark (see Ridgeway et al. 2013; Redfern et al. 2017). The exact function of these knives is a matter of some debate, but the hinged clasp blade would allow them to be carried safely (like a modern pocket knife) and they lack the suspension loop for hanging on a peg or hook that is found on several other types of Roman knives (see Manning 1985,109, fg. 28, type 1-7). It is likely that they were carried on the person and their highly-individualised character might reﬂect the tastes of their individual owners. For these reasons, and due to their relatively fragile construction, clasp knives are often suggested to have functioned as toilet knives, for trimming nails (Boon 1991, 22-3) or as razors (Riha 1986, 30-1, abb. 11 and taf. 11), rather than as tools for craft work, butchery or other heavy-duty purposes. However, it is also possible that they served as more general-purpose personal knives for other functions such as cutting food, sharpening organic pens etc. As they are highly decorated and many were deposited complete, sometime in burials (e.g. Ridgeway et al. 2013) or votive deposits (e.g. Eckardt & Crummy 2002; Cotton et al. 2016), it has also been suggested that clasp knives may have served some religious/cultic purposes (e.g. Biro 1994). However, even if their decoration encouraged inclusion in the kinds of significant deposition noted above, we need not assume a solely religious function for the objects based on this feature; mythic and religious art permeated many aspects of Roman material culture. There is strong evidence for the deliberate votive deposition of several classes of objects into the Thames (e.g. coins (Rhodes 1991) and metal figurines (Durham 2016)) and so the possibility that this was a deliberate oﬀering should be considered, but it is also true that much rubbish was dumped along the line of the Thames, and this broken example could have been thrown away. Its precise findspot on the modern foreshore is some distance south of the Roman waterfront to the north (see Jones 1980; Tatton-Brown 1974) and far away from London Bridge but it might have been dropped from a boat, redeposited by medieval or later building work along the foreshore or disturbed by the river itself. The Thames foreshore handle The Thames foreshore clasp-knife handle survives to 59mm in length but will have been a little longer as it is broken at the pivot end and this portion and the iron blade are missing. It takes the form of a stylised male figure, missing the lower leg. The pose is closely comparable to that of a series of clasp-knife handles of 2nd/3rd century date which depict various types of gladiator (Bartus 2010). These are represented in Britain by a bone murmillo from Minster in Thanet, Kent (Cotton et al. 2016; see Fig. 2 below), an ivory gladiator of ambiguous class (perhaps a ?secutor or murmillo) from South Shields, Tyneside (Allason-Jones & Miket 1984, 300, no 6.2), the bone secutor and retiarius pairing from Caerwent, Monmouthshire (Bartus & Grimm 2010) and the copper-alloy secutor handles from Piddington, Northamptonshire and Corbridge, Northumberland (Jackson & Friendship-Taylor 2003; Worrell 2004). The continental European material has been surveyed by Bartus (2010). At frst glance it would seem that the Thames foreshore handle should probably be considered as a Gladiator alongside this group but there are a series of ambiguities and disparities that complicate this interpretation. The Thames figure's pose is closely comparable to the gladiator clasp knives but his equipment diﬀers and does not obviously match that of any particular class of gladiator (see Junkelmann 2000 for an overview). He holds an oval shield in his left hand with incised decoration forming transverse bands at top and bottom and a six-pointed cross in the centre. The decoration is very similar to that found on the shields of the clasp knife gladiators (see Bartus 2010, nos. 5, 13 and 17) but the shape of the shield is seemingly unique in the group. Oval shields were used by gladiators at times (e.g. Ferris 2007, 120, fig. 12.4) but do not seem to have been typical of the classes of gladiator popular during the period (when figurative clasp knives were being produced and used) who were normally depicted with square or rectangular curved shields. His right arm is bent at the elbow with his forearm running across his belly as on most of the gladiator knives, but there is no sign of a sword. He has no helmet and has very stylised hair, possibly with a head band running around his forehead. The closest gladiatorial parallel is perhaps the short hair on the South Shields handle which wears no helmet (Allason-Jones & Miket 1984, 300, no 6.2) although this is executed much more carefully. The odd 'double-chin' could be meant to represent a beard but, if so, this is not very clearly executed. It seems more likely that the figure is meant to be clean shaven, and that the mouth, like the eyes, is just executed in a highly-stylised 'sunken' fashion. Most clasp knife gladiators have naked torsos, loin cloths, thick padded limb wrappings (manicae on their sword arms and fasciae on their leading legs) and often metal greaves. The evidence for dress on the Thames handle is surprisingly ambiguous, however. It is possible that he is meant to be understood as almost entirely nude, as suggested by the depiction of his right buttock and what may be his penis. However, pairs of transverse incised lines on his right arm and the back of his left leg, and the bulkiness of his left leg, could be intended to represent straps that are binding limb padding; the position corresponds with the padded limbs seen on the better executed gladiator handles. More ambiguous still is the element depicted in front of the left leg. This appears to be something held in his right hand such as a bag, piece of cloth, ﬂeece, club or sling and hanging down over his leg. It could also conceivably be a poor or misunderstood attempt to depict a greave or bulky padded leg. One last noteworthy feature is the position of the groove for seating the folded blade. This is cut longitudinally down through the side of the head and the face of the shield. This is an unusual position and the groove on gladiator knives more usually runs down the back (See Fig. 2). It is possible that the marked step/longitudinal groove running along the line of the spine (see Fig. 1) is an aborted attempt to mark out a groove for seating the blade in this position before this was abandoned and the location shifted. Alternatively it is possible that some secondary folding implement was seated in this groove. This would be unparalleled amongst comparable bone clasp knife handles but various other forms of Roman folding utensils of similar date are known, some with multiple elements (Sherlock 1975; Sherlock 1988). The significance of the find and the identification of the subject The description above has highlighted several ambiguities that I am not fully able to resolve and I would be grateful to readers of Lucerna for their thoughts. The Thames knife is made of bone, a relatively cheap material and the most common amongst the figurative clasp knives (von Mercklin 1940, 340). While the complex figurative decoration distinguishes this example from simpler Roman clasp knife handles in this material (e.g. Greep 1983, 415-22 types C1 and C2), the standard of execution is nowhere near as technically proficient or naturalistic as the finest members of its group, some of which are argued to be made in major Continental workshops. This situation is perhaps analogous to the diﬀerences in style/proficiency observable in other classes of decorative bone objects which might reﬂect people at diﬀering levels of skill/specialisation working this cheap and easily accessible material (e.g. Marshall 2017, 8, figure 3). It is not inconceivable then that some of its eccentricities (such as the strange equipment and misplaced groove) are the result of a poor standard of copying by a maker who did not understand all the design rules of these knives or fully appreciate the significance of the features being conveyed. Such an argument, however, risks ignoring the possibility that some of these diﬀerences were deliberate. There were multiple traditions of representation present in Roman Britain and some of the features such as the execution of the face can be compared to other Romano-British products which are better regarded as stylised rather than poorly made (e.g. Durham 2014 on provincial style and metal figurines). With these diﬀerent possibilities in mind we might return to some of the more perplexing features of the knife. Is the deviation from the normal position of the blade groove a reﬂection of the fact that this was a one-oﬀ, perhaps 'amateur', work, rather than the standardised output of a professional workshop or is it evidence of experimentation? Similarly we might wonder whether the diﬀerences in attributes between the Thames knife and the gladiator series noted above result from imprecise copying by someone lacking personal familiarity with gladiatorial equipment or whether this represents a transformation of this model to depict a diﬀerent subject. Is the nudity an attempt to evoke a barbarian warrior rather than a gladiator (thus the oval shield and nudity)? Is this deliberately archaic equipment for a Classical heroic or mythological figure instead? Much of this discussion hinges on the interpretation of the ambiguous object beneath the right hand. Is this drapery or some kind or a weapon?" References: Marshall M. 2018. A Anthropomorphic Clasp-Knife Handle from the Thames Foreshore at London. Lucerna Issue 55. July 2018

LON-72ED87: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 48.86mm; width: 38.02mm; thickness: 2.48mm; weight: 4.93g. Other Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD, LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-72CA8E: VESSEL
A fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery 'hunt' cup, dating to the 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a black slip coating on both the exterior and interior, similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley (Cologne) pottery industries. The exterior decoration is part of a body of an animal in barbotine slip, possible a hound or a hare. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: length: 44.07mm; width: 29.51mm; weight: 6.51g Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-725EAB: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic, probably Verulamium Region White ware (VRW) ring-neck flagon dating from the early Antonine period date AD 60-120. The fragment consists of the three rilled rim flagon neck. The flagon is undecorated aside from the rim, the exterior surface has a thin white slip. The fabric is off-white with numerous inclusions throughout. The flagon has a black pitch-like substance where a strap handle would have joined the body of the vessel, this is probable evidence of a repair in antiquity. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:44). Dimensions: height: 81.92mm; diameter: 64.57mm; weight: 110.84g Davies et al (1994:41) write "A rough and granular fabric, generally off-white, with a very clean clay matrix containing abundant well-sorted quartz. The variety of clays available to the VRW potters is demonstrated by the range of naturally occurring clay pellets that can be identified within a single vessel, including both the typical VRW fabric and siltier clays similar to VCWS." References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London.

LON-725778: AMPHORA
A fragment of a Roman ceramic neck ring and handle from an amphora dating from the 1st-3rd century AD. The fabric is buff coloured and granular. Dimensions: diameter: 148.96mm; height: 65.59mm; weight: 278g References: Callender, M. H., 1950. Roman Alviphorae, Durham theses, Durham University. Birley A. R., 2003. The Excavations of 2001-2002: Volume I. Vindolanda Research Report 2003. Bardon Mill, Vindolanda Trust. Funari P. A., 1996. Dressel 20 Inscriptions from Britain and the Consumption of Spanish Olive Oil, BAR 250. Funari P. A.,1999. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, 9. p143-161. Sheehan-Finn K., Vindolanda's Amphora Stamps 2007-2012. The Vindolanda Trust.

LON-724FCE: TILE
An incomplete Roman ceramic keyed box flue-tile dating from AD 50-400. McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 80.09mm; width: 40.94mm; thickness: 17.5mm; weight: 75.78g. Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

A Roman copper-alloy barbarous radiate, probably of Victorinus (AD 269-271) dating from AD 269-271 (Reece period 13). Uncertain mint. Obverse:Radiate and draped bust right. Reverse: female figure standing left holding cornucopia. Dimensions: diameter: 14.88mm; weight: 1.36g

LON-F1D56B: FINGER RING
A Roman copper alloy finger ring dating from AD 50 - 410. The bezel is an elongated hexagon in shape and is decorated with a central quatrefoil which was inlaid with red enamel, some of which is now missing. The band is plain, there are many file marks on the band, possible indicating that the ring was not finished. Dimensions: diameter: 20.6mm; height: 22.24mm; thickness: 7.34mm; weight: 5.17g

LON-497B6B: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Constans (AD337-350) dating to the period AD 347-348. Reverse shows two victories with two wreaths. Reece period 17. Mint of Trier. RIC VIII No.185. Dimensions: diameter: 13.06mm; weight: 1.12g. Denomination: Nummus (AE 1 - AE 4) Ruler/issuer: Constans Reece period: Period 17 [330-348] Mint or issue place: Treveri Obverse description: Right facing rosette diademed bust Obverse inscription: CONSTAN[S PF AVG] Reverse description: two victories facing, holding up small wreaths Reverse inscription: V[ICTORIAEDDAVGGQNN] Die axis measurement: 6 o'clock Fourth Century reverse type: VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN Reverse mint mark: (M)//TRS

LON-B7BE07: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a London mica-dusted ware (fine variant) (LOMIF) disc mouth flagon dating to AD 60-170. The sherd consists of the disk and part of the neck and handle of the flagon; the handle joins at the junction between the bottom of the disk and the neck. The vessel has a grey frabric core with a orange surface. Dimensions: disc rim diameter: 52.56mm; height: 61.97mm; weight 81.46g References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:136) write "Marsh (ibid) has discussed the evidence for local production, and concluded that some mica-dusted wares were produced in the City during the late Flavian/Trajanic period. Within this group, three main fabric variants can be separated by technological and textural criteria. Two are relatively coarse (LOMI-1244, LOMI-371) and a third is finer (LOMI- 1247). As they form a homo- geneous group both typologically and petrologically, they are combined here. A stack of four vessels fired together (including Fig 116, 743) were found at Moorgate Street (ibid, 168) and included both LOMI- 371 and LOMI-1247, supporting the link between the two fabric variations. These locally produced wares are clearly the most abundant of all the mica-dusted fabrics in the City. There are a few from late Neronian-early Flavian levels (somewhat earlier than Marsh's proposed dates), but they were first prominent in the Trajanic period and they continued to increase thereafter. Although Marsh (ibid, 122, 199) considered that their produc- tion ceased in London c 130, they were still present in some quantity during the early Antonine, and mica- dusted wares in general continued until the late 2nd century."

LON-8F9C95: HAIR PIN
A complete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point. Dimensions: length: 93.61mm; diameter of shaft: 3.68mm; diameter of head: 6.56mm; weight: 1.54g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are LON-77F07C, PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

A fragment of a Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 5 and Betts Die 79, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-250. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:56 Fig.27d No.79). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Diamond and lattice" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. Betts et al (1997:131) write "There is no useful dating evidence for die 79." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 68.10mm; width: 51.03mm; thickness: 11.39mm; weight: 25.78g. Betts et al (1997:42) write "Some of the patterns are very similar in design. It is possible that they were made by the same die-maker, particularly if they frequently occur together on the same sites. This would suggest that they are contemporary, or nearly so. Dies showing marked similarities in pattern are listed below... Dies 79, 82.... Diamond and lattice dies 79 and 82 are known only from London." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-77F07C: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating to AD 150 - 400. The hair pin is a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges outwards as it moves away and then tapers again towards a point, which is broken and now missing. Dimensions: length: 57.09mm; diameter of shaft: 4.05mm; diameter of head: 5.91mm; weight: 1.19g Greep (1983:350) writes "Whilst the overwhelming majority of these forms belong to the third and fourth centuries, Crummy's (1979, 161) date of c.AD 200 for the arrival of these types is challenged by a small number which may be dated to the mid and later second centuries. The date range should therefore be extended to c.AD 150-400." The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. Other Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3 hairpins on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-77DEB3: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250. The hair pin is a Greep type A2.2 and Crummy type 2. The hair pin has a small pointed head with two incised grooves cut just below forming a collar. The shaft is a straight taper towards its point; the shaft is broken just before the tip which is now missing. Similar hairpins on the database are LON-CDD33A and LON-5225DD. Dimensions: length: 40.81mm; width: 3.95mm; weight: 0.86g. Crummy suggests that they were present in the first century AD an end date of 200-250 AD, but lack of closely dated third century deposits coupled with problems of residality make a close dating impossible. Like all other type A pins these do not seem to have outlived the third century. The associated pottery assemblage form this site point to a second-early third century date. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-45260B: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl, form Curle 11 dating to AD 100 - 140. The flange or rim is decorated with trailed barbotine leaves that are characteristic of this form. The fabric of the bowl is hard and pink with evenly distributed white fleck inclusions, the slip is orange and is of a good quality. Dimensions: length: 48.99mm; width: 26.01mm; weight: 13.62g. Similar Samian forms with trailed barbotine leaves decoration on the database are LON-D3074D, LON-5F458A, LON-D2FFA8 and LON-D30378. Webster (1996:46) writes "Form 35 and 36 probably formed a cup, dish and bowl set with Form Curle 11." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-267F67: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a London mica-dusted ware (fine variant) (LOMIF) disc mouth flagon dating to AD 60-170. The sherd consists of the disk and part of the neck of the flagon; the handle (now missing) would have joined at the junction between the bottom of the disk and the neck. The vessel has a grey frabric core with a orange surface. This is an unusual form in this fabric and has not been previously illustrated. pers com Fiona Seeley. Dimensions: disc rim diameter: 54.86mm; height: 35.23mm; weight 36.02g References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:136) write "Marsh (ibid) has discussed the evidence for local production, and concluded that some mica-dusted wares were produced in the City during the late Flavian/Trajanic period. Within this group, three main fabric variants can be separated by technological and textural criteria. Two are relatively coarse (LOMI-1244, LOMI-371) and a third is finer (LOMI- 1247). As they form a homo- geneous group both typologically and petrologically, they are combined here. A stack of four vessels fired together (including Fig 116, 743) were found at Moorgate Street (ibid, 168) and included both LOMI- 371 and LOMI-1247, supporting the link between the two fabric variations. These locally produced wares are clearly the most abundant of all the mica-dusted fabrics in the City. There are a few from late Neronian-early Flavian levels (somewhat earlier than Marsh's proposed dates), but they were first prominent in the Trajanic period and they continued to increase thereafter. Although Marsh (ibid, 122, 199) considered that their produc- tion ceased in London c 130, they were still present in some quantity during the early Antonine, and mica- dusted wares in general continued until the late 2nd century."

LON-D2C8D0: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine dating to the period AD 330-335. Reverse shows Victory standing on prow. Reece period 17. Obverse description: Helmeted and cuirassed bust left with sceptre Obverse inscription: CONSTAN/TINOPOLIS Reverse description: Victory left on ships prow Dimensions: diameter: 14.91mm; weight: 1.37g.

LON-D2C7E7: COIN
A very worn and incomplete core of a plated silver Roman denarius, probably of a Severan Empress, perhaps Julia Domna, dating to the period AD 193-235. Unclear reverse type possibly depicting a seated figure left holding vertical sceptre, uncertain object in right hand. Probably copying a prototype of the mint of Rome. Dimensions: diameter: 17.62mm; weight: 1.95g.

LON-4CC01C: COIN
A complete silver denarius of Faustina I (AD 138-161, obit AD 141), probably mint of Rome issue AD 141-161, RIC III, p. 70, cf. no. 353. Obverse description: Bust draped and coiffed right. Obverse inscription: DIVA FAV STINA Reverse description: Vacant throne with transverse sceptre left, peacock in front. Reverse inscription: AETER NITAS Dimensions: diameter: 18.37mm, weight: 2.78 g, die axis: 6

LON-4C8401: INTAGLIO
A incomplete Roman oval cornelian intaglio, probably dating 1st to the 2nd century AD. The opposite side is smooth. The intaglio is decorated with an engraved cockerel left, head right. The cockerel was associated with Mercury, the god of merchants, travelers and those that transported goods. A Roman ring on the database with a intaglio decorated with a cockerel is CORN-7384FE. Dimensions: length: 11.17mm; width: 9.11mm; thickness: 4.09mm; weight: 0.59g. Reference: Henig, M. 1978. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites. BAR British Series 8. Henig, M. 2006. Engraved Gemstones: A Guide for the Small Finds Specialist. Datasheet 1 Roman Finds Group. Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller's Hoard. British Museum Press, London. Zienkiewicz, J. D. 1987. Roman Gems from Caerleon. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

LON-5D9A59: HAIR PIN

LON-D38B01: VESSEL
Fragment of Roman greyware possibly a beaker dating from AD 50-410. The sherd consists of a D shaped handle and part of the side wall. The beaker is decorated with a series of square stamps in horizontal lines. The interior surface is unburnished and undecorated though some of the wheel turning grooves are still present. The fabric of the vessel is grey and it has a mica dusting over the surface. Dimensions: length: 47.8mm; width: 43.06mm; weight: 19.36g A similar beaker with D shaped handle on the database is LON-8B6C60.

LON-6DBB32: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware vessel dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has moulded decoration consisting pouncing bear facing right and a pouncing wild cat facing left. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 55.07mm; width: 36.63mm; thickness: 6.08mm; weight: 15.64g. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

Copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), Treveri mint (AD 330-333), Reece period 17. Obverse description: Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVG] Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 12.58mm; weight: 0.89g. Similar nummus on the database is BUC-73FE27.

LON-445BE3: COIN
Copper alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I (AD 306-337), Treveri mint (AD 330-333), Reece period 17. Obverse description: Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right Obverse inscription: [CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVG] Reverse description: Two soldiers and two standards Reverse inscription: [GLOR]-IA EXERC-[ITVS] Dimensions: diameter: 15.46mm; weight: 1.13g.

LON-43EA71: BRACELET
An incomplete copper alloy wide-cuff penannular bracelet or armlet of early Roman date, AD43 - 100. The fragment consists of a terminal with four petalled floret with central ring-and-dot and a ring-and-dot at each angle. The band has two parallel bands of cabled decoration, separated by a shallow U-shaped groove. Crummy 2005:96) writes: "The placing and the style of the decoration call to mind some Hod Hill and Aucissa brooches, both types used by the Roman military, and the ornamentation on 1st-century scabbard mounts (Fig. 4, g; Webster 1958, fig. 3, 7; Crummy 1992, 374; Simpson 2000, pl. 22, 9-11)". The band is broken and missing part of the band and the second terminal. Crummy (2005:98): "Two Group A bracelets from Baldock bear on the surviving terminal a four-petalled floret with a ring-and-dot motif between each petal and in the centre (Fig. 3, 16, 18). This design is related to the candelabra-and-leaves motif and/or the crossed thunderbolts-and-spears motif also seen on military belt-plates (Fig. 4, a-b; Ritterling 1913, Taf. XII, 4, 7; Grew & Griffiths 1991, 57; Deschler-Erb et al. 1991, Abb. 41, 35; Deschler-Erb 1999, Taf. 17, 353, Taf 19). The progressively simplified forms of the candelabra-and-leaves motif have been traced by Grew and Griffiths (1991, fig. 4, 1-7)." Dimensions: length: 27.17mm; width: 12.56mm; thickness: 1.08mm; weight: 1.88 g. Another terminal of this type was previously recorded LON-F13324 by the same finder. Similar bracelets on the database are SWYOR-BB5FE8, which exhibits many of the same features, such and the ring-and-dot decoration on the terminal as well as the two parallel bands of cabled decoration, separated by a shallow U-shaped groove. Other bracelets of the same classification are SUR-085DFA, BH-889198 and NMS-66FFE0. Crummy, N, 2005. From bracelets to battle-honours: military armillae from the Roman conquest of Britain. 93-105 Crummy, N. 1983. The Roman small finds from excava- tions in Colchester 1971-9, Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (Colchester). Cool, H.E.M. 1983. A study of the Roman personal orna- ments made of metal, excluding brooches, from southern Britain, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales.

LON-C12085: QUERN
An incomplete Roman quern-stone made from Mayen lava dating from AD50-410. The fragment represents approximately half the original quern. This is an unusually small quern and would have been for domestic use. Only one surface is finished and that is the grinding surface, it has been worked to form grooves that radiate out from the center hole. Dimensions: length: 22.2mm; thickness: 63.85mm; weight: 2565g. A similar lava quern on the database is LON-3156E8 and LON-BC5DC6. Identification by Jackie Keily, Curator, Museum of London. Crawford and Roder (1955:68) write "Niedermendig has lava quarries, but they did not begin to be worked until the Middle Ages, and then the output was only about one third of that of Mayen. Since however the output of Mayen passed through Niedermendig on its way to the Rhine, the latter name got attached, and we in Britain usually write of 'Niedermendig lava'. But all prehistoric and Roman querns came, not from there but from the Mayen quarries, which are still being worked." Crawford and Roder (1955:70) write "The completely rotating querns of Roman times were simply improved variations of the last type. The ring is replaced by an upright peg making complete rotation possible. Typical of Roman querns are the grooved grinding surfaces; these were given up after Roman times, for, albeit necessary for some kinds of stones, they are not so for the porous Mayen lava." Crawford O.G.S. and Roder J. 1950. The Quern-quarries of Mayen in the Eifel. Antiquity 29 (114) p68-76 Gluhak T.M. and Hofmeister W. 2009. Roman lava quarries in the Eifel region (Germany): geochemical data for millstone provenance studies.

LON-B4A5CD: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment from a Roman East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the first half or middle of the 3rd century. This is a fragment of a Drag. 45 mortarium with a nearly upright wall and deep collar on the upper wall which has a slight overhang at the junction of the upper and lower walls. A spout is located within the collar; it is a very stylised open-mouthed lion with ears indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance typical of later East Gaulish (Trier) examples. Bird (1986:183) writes "The spout is a widely distributed Trier type, which has a number of versions made from surmoulages with retouching." The spout is an applied oval boss with the pouring hole forming the open mouth. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the lion head spout. Dimensions: length: 63.40mm; width: 53.92mm; thickness: 20.46mm; weight: 48.95g. Other Drag. 45 mortarium lion spouts on the database are LON-A6D4FD, LON-187598 and LON-02FE97. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Huld-Zetsche, I., 1971b. Zum Forschungsstand über Trierer Reliefsigillaten, TrZ, 34, (1971), pp. 233-45. Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

A Roman copper-alloy nummus, issued for Constantius Gallus (AD 351-354), dating to AD 351-4 (Reece Period 18), FEL TEMP REPARATIO, helmeted soldier advancing left, speaing falling horseman to left, wearing pointed cap and looking upward with extended arm. Mint of Constantinople, •S• * // CONS[ ]. RIC VIII, p. 457, no. 117. Weight: 3.52g. Diameter: 20.38mm.

LON-46BD78: VESSEL
A base sherd from a Roman Central Gaulish Lezoux samian ware shallow dish possibly Walters Form 79 dating to AD 170 - 200. The sherd has a beaded foot base. A maker's stamp NAMILIANIM with the A dotted, not barred is impressed in the centre of the inside of the base. This is the stamp of the potter Namilianus, who was working in Lezoux from AD 170 - 200. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Similar examples are illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920: Pl. LVIII. fig.1). Dimensions: length: 102.60mm; diameter of foot ring: 88.73mm; height: 26.83mm; weight: 121.07g. Another samian vessel by the potter Namilianus on the database is SF6174. Darling and Precious (2014:247) write "Stamps from this die occur on forms 31R and 79R. His other stamps have been noted from Hadrian's Wall and in the group of late 2nd century samian recovered off Pudding Pan Rock c. AD 160-200." Oswald & Pryce (1920:199) write "Plate or shallow dish with curved wall, inturned rim and flat base. This plate, in its typical form is evidently a copy in coarser and thicker material of the early type Ritterling 1. The inturned rim, demarcated internally by a groove, the slight ledge or groove at the internal junction of the base with the wall, and the flat base are all characteristics of its pre-Flavian prototype. Intermediate examples do not appear to have been recorded, but doubtless they will yet be forthcoming. This plate occurs in both a large and small forms, evidently comprising two members of the same service. The foot-stand approaches a rectangular profile in section, and is of medium height in the larger examples, whilst in the smaller it is relatively high. This plate was manufactured at Lezoux, Rheinzabern, and Treves, but, apparently, not at Heiligenberg. Commencing in the prototype as one of the earliest South Gaulish products, it was subsequently successively introduced in a coarser form into Central and East Gaul. Its greatest incidence apart from the plate Ritterling Type 1 so far as present knowledge goes, is in the Antonine period, and it belongs typically to the second half of the second century. " References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Darling, M. and Precious, B. 2014. A Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln. Oxbow Books.

LON-B2E4CE: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Gallienus (AD 253-268) VICTORIA AET reverse type depicting Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Mint of Rome, AD 260-268 (Reece period 13). Cunetio 1238. Obverse: Radiate bust right. Obverse legend: GALLIENVS [AVG] Reverse: Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm. Reverse legend: [V]ICTORIA AET Dimensions: diameter: 19.75mm; weight: 2.51g A similar coin on the database is SOM-6C3EB8.

LON-5D5789: BROOCH
A Roman copper alloy Colchester derivative two-piece bow brooch dating from AD 43-65. A similar brooch can be seen in Bayley and Butcher (2004:83 fig.162). The bow has a central rib. The crossbar is semi-cylindrical, flat at the back and divided by an integrally cast rear facing double pierced lug. This would have held in place the copper-alloy spring chord and pin, now missing. The crossbar is decorated with diagonal and end grooves, the catchplate is undecorated. Dimensions: length: 52.70mm; width: 31.77mm; weight: 12.41g. Bayley, J. and Butcher, S. 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection.London: Society of Antiquaries.

LON-DF92DB: COIN
A copper alloy Roman nummus of Constans (AD 333 - 350), VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN reverse type depicting two Victories holding wreaths, dating from AD 347 - 348 (Reece Period 17). Mint of Trier. See LRBC number 138 on page 6. Dimensions: diameter: 13.21mm; weight: 2.38g. A similar coin on the database is SWYOR-0BF8EB.

LON-DF903A: COIN
Copper alloy Late Roman nummus of the House of Constantine, Reece period 17, AD 330-348. Reverse, two soldiers two standards, [GLORIA EXERC ITVS]. Dimensions: diameter: 13.72mm; weight: 1.16g

LON-B86827: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman East Gaulish Rheinzabern or Heiligenberg samian ware cup, Form Dragendorff 30 dating to AD 120 - 200. The vessel has a beaded rim and is decorated with rouletted design consisting of a narrow rouletted band / grove / rouletted band / grove / rouletted band. A similar cup found in Colchester is illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920: Pl. LXXV. fig 13). Oswald & Pryce (1920:222-223) write "The influence of Form 33, however, is also shown in the central narrow groove which divides the rouletting into two zones - a feature which is present in a more marked degree in the example from Colchester (PI. LXXV. 13)." Dimensions: length: 67.00mm; width:38.48mm; thickness: 5.52mm; weight: 19.68g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:222) write "This technique is especially characteristic of the East Gaulish potteries. At Heiligenberg it is particularly frequent and may, in the main, be assigned to the reign of Hadrian. Two forms from this pottery are illustrated, viz. Drag. 30 (Pl. LXXV. 15, 16) and Drag. 37 (Pl. LXXV. I). Rouletted decoration was also practised at Rheinzabern (Pl. LXXV. 6, 9, 10; Pl. LXXVI. I), and may here be assigned to the middle and second half of the second century." he continues "Form 30: The cylindrical cups from Heiligenberg (Pl. LXXV. 15, 16) are evident copies of this form, as demonstrated by the rounded base above the foot stand and other features. They are, however, smaller and narrower than the usual type, which is more nearly approached by the earlier example from Margidunum (Pl. LXXVI. 2). A similar cup (Pl. LXXV. 8), which has been figured by Koenen (Gefasskunde, Pl. XII. 13), shows the same influence." Webster (1996:43) writes "Rouletted variants, termed here as 30R occur mainly in the 2nd century. They tend to be smaller and narrower and slightly more conical than true 30s, and are often in a markedly redder fabric." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-9F7C0B: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker from AD 70-160. The sherd is decorated with four rows of grey painted dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: mm; width: mm; thickness: mm; weight: g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D9C5F5, LON-D56E99 , LON-D59C3E and LON-D572A0. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

Roman copper alloy nummus of an uncertain tetrachic emperor, cuiras and laureate head right dating AD 296-317, Reece period 15. Reverse is Genius standing left holding patera and cornucopiae.

LON-61E4B6: COIN
A copper-alloy Roman nummus of Constantine I, dating to AD 318-324 (Reece period 16). CONSTANTINI MAX AVG reverse type depicting a wreath with VOT XX inside. Similar coins on the database are WILT-43D569

LON-61DDB0: VESSEL
A Roman ceramic base sherd possibly from of Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware NVCCP beaker dating from AD 150-400. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a beaker. The sherd has a slip coating on both the exterior and interior which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Dimensions: diameter of base: 31.81; height: 40.05mm; weight: 36.28g Other Nene Valley colour coated ware on the database are LON-A6DC6A and LON-A1871D.

LON-53E874: TILE
An incomplete Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 1 and Betts Die 58, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:53 Fig.27a). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "W. Chevron" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. Betts et al (1997:120) write " Context dating: at Winchester Palace example 11 was found in the demolition debris of Building 14 which has a terminus post quem of AD 150-250 and was demolished c 287 or later (B. Yule pers. comm.). Circumstantial dating: the earliest phase of the bath-suite at Pudding Lane (example 3) is dated mid 2 cent, and this may have been altered to a different use early in the third cent., again becoming a bath-suite after AD 370 (Milne 1985, 139-41). The similarity between the designs of dies 35 and 58, and a re-cut seems possible. If this was the case, since the pattern of die 58 is longer than that of die 35, die 58 will have been the earlier die." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 66.97mm; width: 61.29mm; thickness: 18.18mm; weight: 71.82g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-4B6D0B: COIN
A silver denarius of Hadrian (AD 117-138), dating to AD 125-8 (Reece Period 6), COS III, Star and crescent. Mint of Rome. RIC II, p. 362, no. 200. Sear 3484.

LON-4B62B0: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy Q-Radiate of Allectus (AD 293-6) (Reece Period 14). Obverse: IMP C ALLECTVS P F AVG, Radiate and cuirassed right. Reverses: VIRTVS AVG, Galley left with mast, cabin, four crew, five oars and one steering oar. 'C' Mint, - // QC. RIC V, Pt II, p. 569, no. 128. Dimensions: diameter: 18.50mm; weight: 2.24g A similar coin on the databse is ESS-BCAB23. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

LON-24B394: SPINDLE WHORL
A fragment of a Roman colour coated ware vessel that has had a circular hole drilled through the centre of the base, possible for use as a spindle whorl, dating to AD 150-410. The fragment consists of the base of a beaker or jar that has been broken off around the foot ring. The foot ring has been kept intact aside from some minor damage and a hole has been drilled through the centre of the base. Dimensions: diameter: 43.44mm; thickness: 11.46mm; weight: 23.87g Holes were drilled through the bases of broken pottery in antiquity frequently to reuse the fragment as a weight for a loom or for nets, see DUR-D684D0 and NLM-8FF1B0 for reuse as spindle whorls. There is also a suggested ritual element in the deposition of objects that have been ritually 'killed' or damaged in some way.

LON-E4384A: TILE
An incomplete Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 1 and Betts Die 3, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:53 Fig.27a). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "W. Chevron" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. The interior side is blackened probably due to its proximity to a heat or fire. Betts et al (1997:66) write "At Calverts Buildings, Southwark the earliest specimen was found associated with the robbing of a building constructed in 150-200 and demolished by the late 3 or 4 cent." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 66.19mm; width: 56.70mm; thickness: 15.12mm; weight: 57.31g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515 and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-AA4E14: MORTARIUM
A rim and upper wall sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded. Dimensions: length: 87.33mm; width: 56.53mm; thickness: 8.40mm; weight: 55.87g. Similar Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)." References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14.

LON-A757EE: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 120 - 230. The sherd consists a section of the vessel lower wall and part of the foot-ring. The foot-ring is pad-like and is a Webster D form as illustrated in Webster (1996:47 fig 32). The sherd has moulded decoration with the only clear figure being a lioness facing right. This style of lioness is documented on Central Gaulish samian from Lezoux as well as East Gaulish factories from Rheinzabern, although the mica inclusions in the fabric point to the former as the most likely source of this vessel. It was used by several potters and is found on Form Dragendorff 37 dating to the Trajan-Antonine period. A similar lioness can be seen in Oswald (1937:100 Pl. LXIII fig. 1518). Below the lioness are two finger prints, made by the potter when the vessel was dipped into the liquid slip before firing. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 58.13mm; width: 54.86mm; thickness: 10.56mm; weight: 55.15g. Similar Drag. form 37 bowls on the database are LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." they continue "Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-3FB706: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman East Gaulish Rheinzabern or Heiligenberg samian ware cup, Form Dragendorff 30 dating to AD 120 - 200. The vessel has a beaded rim and is decorated with rouletted design consisting of a narrow grove above a wide rouletted band which is divided by a central narrow grove. A similar cup found in Colchester is illustrated in Oswald & Pryce (1920: Pl. LXXV. fig 13). Oswald & Pryce (1920:222-223) write "The influence of Form 33, however, is also shown in the central narrow groove which divides the rouletting into two zones--a feature which is present in a more marked degree in the example from Colchester (PI. LXXV. 13)." Dimensions: length: 75.63mm; width: 69.04mm; thickness: 5.64mm; weight: 16.81g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:222) write "This technique is especially characteristic of the East Gaulish potteries. At Heiligenberg it is particularly frequent and may, in the main, be assigned to the reign of Hadrian. Two forms from this pottery are illustrated, viz. Drag. 30 (Pl. LXXV. 15, 16) and Drag. 37 (Pl. LXXV. I). Rouletted decoration was also practised at Rheinzabern (Pl. LXXV. 6, 9, 10; Pl. LXXVI. I), and may here be assigned to the middle and second half of the second century." he continues "Form 30: The cylindrical cups from Heiligenberg (Pl. LXXV. 15, 16) are evident copies of this form, as demonstrated by the rounded base above the foot stand and other features. They are, however, smaller and narrower than the usual type, which is more nearly approached by the earlier example from Margidunum (Pl. LXXVI. 2). A similar cup (Pl. LXXV. 8), which has been figured by Koenen (Gefasskunde, Pl. XII. 13), shows the same influence." Webster (1996:43) writes "Rouletted variants, termed here as 30R occur mainly in the 2nd century. They tend to be smaller and narrower and slightly more conical than true 30s, and are often in a markedly redder fabric." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-FEBFB6: COMB
An incomplete Roman boxwood double-sided comb dating from AD 50-410. The one-piece comb has been formed from a single piece of boxwood. The comb is a double-sided 'H' format with teeth on both sides of a central reserve. The comb is lentoid shaped in section with a set of coarse teeth on one side of the central reserve and a set of fine teeth on the other. The side with the finer spaced teeth (8 per cm) 69 teeth in total, was primarily used as a 'nit' comb whilst the other side with the broader spaced teeth (5 per cm) 43 teeth in total, was used for general grooming. The central reserve is decorated on both sides with a ridged bar 2.32mm wide and 92.22mm long running horizontally along the central section of the comb. The comb has suffered some damage to both sets of teeth and is missing a section from one edge. Dimensions: length: 96.21mm; width: 57.50mm; thickness: 10.20mm; weight: 33.53g. A very similar comb was found in at Tollgate Farm, (Stoke-on-Trent Museum Archaeological Society, November 2010). Other double-sided 'H' form combs can be found in Derks and Vos (2010:74-77) Derks and Vos (2010:55) write "Like the vast majority of wooden combs found across the Roman empire, all twelve specimens from Vechten are made of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), a close-grained wood species famous in antiquity for its resistance to splitting. Typologically, all combs are of the double-sided H format with a significantly greater length than width, convex terminals and a lentoid section. Through a different number of teeth on each side of a central bar, these double-sided combs combine a coarse and a fine comb in one object. The long sides of the central bar often still show a straight or compass cut groove, which served as a guideline for the comb maker when sawing the teeth. In order to minimise breaking, in most cases a deliberate selection was made for radial billets, which were taken from the core of the living tree across the tree-rings to the exterior of the stem or branch. This allowed the comb maker to follow the direction of the tree-rings when sawing the teeth. Often the rings are still easily recognisable on the central bar. In cases where the combs have been broken, the breaking line coincides with the vertical line of a tree-ring boundary." Derks and Vos (2010:66) write "While the number of published boxwood combs from the Roman empire is still relatively low, the exceptional conditions of the Egyptian desert and northern European waterlogged sites such as Vindolanda, Vindonissa and Vechten provide helpful windows for assessing the true size of their circulation. The conclusion forces itself upon us that they must have been ubiquitous. Moreover, they were used by all members of society, from the well-educated audience of the Roman poets who metaphorically referred to the combs by the wood species from which they were made (cf. note 1) to the ordinary soldiers in the barracks of Roman forts. While elite women used them for styling their hair into the elaborate hair styles we know so well from Roman female portraits, their main use may have been far more prosaic. The double-sided comb which united a fine and a coarse comb was perfectly suited for disentangling and cleaning hair. The ready acceptance of the comb in the provinces of the empire, in areas where the implement had hardly been known in prehistory and where it had first become available thanks to the new possibilities of long-distance exchange, is a sign of the rapidly changing ideas on personal hygiene and bodily appearance (cf. Hill 1997). Among the new practices of body care is the regular cleaning of the hair and the scalp. In some social contexts, such as army camps in which men were packed together and contamination of the community with lice and other parasites may have been easy and frequent (cf. Allason-Jones 1999), the comb may have been a very welcome implement. On the basis of their frequency in Roman forts, it has been argued that each soldier possessed his own comb, whether privately purchased or provided by the army. The analogy with early modern or contemporary state armies suggests that the appearance of the soldier's body was subject to disciplinary rules of the army authorities rather than just a matter of personal choice. Despite the marked absence of combs in male tombs or on funerary monuments for men, combs from military settlements show the importance the comb had for the construction of male identity, at least for that part of the empire's male population that joined the army." Turner-Wilson (2009:130) "The majority of combs in this sample therefore occur in contexts from the third, fourth and early fifth centuries, and most were from graves. This reflects the general chronological trend of comb deposition in Roman Britain, but it is worth highlighting that combs are present in burials from many parts of the Roman world from the first century onwards (Pugsley 2003). Still, the widespread use of combs in late Roman Britain suggests there might have been an increase in interest in caring for the hair during this period. It was not surprising that there were no toilet combs associated with the late Iron Age in this sample, as only textile weaving combs are usually reported from this period." References: Derks T. & Vos W., 2010. Wooden combs from the Roman fort at Vechten: the bodily appearance of soldiers. Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries. Pugsley P., 2003. Roman domestic wood. Analysis of the morphology, manufacture and use of selected categories of domestic wooden artefacts with particular reference to the material from Roman Britain, Oxford (BAR Int. Series 1118). Fell V., 1991. Two Roman 'Nit' Combs from Excavations at Ribchester (RBG80 and RB89), Lancashire. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 87/91. Turner-Wilson A.L., 2009. Healthiness, Through the Material culture of Late Iron Age and Roman Large Urban-Type Settlements of South-East Britain, Volume 1

LON-BF6EFC: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) 'motto' beaker dating to AD180 - 250. The sherd has one rouletted band and blobs of white barbotine decoration. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 16.00mm; width: 17.76mm; thickness: 2.58mm; weight: 0.82g. Other Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD, LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-A6DC6A: VESSEL
A Roman body sherd of Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware NVCCP dating from AD 150-400. The sherd had foliate barbotine slip decoration. The body is a red fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. The sherd has a slip coating on both the exterior and interior. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process.

LON-A3C282: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) folded beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd is folded with a soft rouletted band. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." A similar rouletted folded beaker can be seen in Richardson (1986:120 Fig 1.130), and a full range of Trier black slipped folded beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 26: Group 33 - Fig 27: Group 35). Dimensions: length: 33.39mm; width: 29.36mm; thickness: 2.87mm; weight: 2.32g. Other Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-83E256, LON-2938CD, LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68

LON-98BE1D: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd consists of the part of the rim with upper section of the wall probably from a beaker. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 34.91mm; width: 23.22mm; thickness: 3.65mm; weight: 4.03g. Similar Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68

LON-98B595: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd consists of the part of the rim with upper section of the wall probably from a beaker. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 40.01mm; width: 28.98mm; thickness: 3.00mm; weight: 4.33g. Similar Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68

LON-844B3A: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd has one rouletted band. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 29.21mm; width: 33.59mm; thickness: 2.94mm; weight: g. Other Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD, LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-83E256: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) folded beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd is folded with four evenly spaced rouletted bands. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." A similar rouletted folded beaker can be seen in Richardson (1986:120 Fig 1.130), and a full range of Trier black slipped folded beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 26: Group 33 - Fig 27: Group 35). Dimensions: length: 59.95mm; width: 52.93mm; thickness: 2.41mm; weight: 13.16g. Other Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD, LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:51) writes "...each separate Group tends to have a specific set of characteristics which are almost always present. The folded beakers of Group 35 (figure 27), for example, tend to be rather taller and narrower than vessels of equivalent size in other groups." Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-83CD6A: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a beaker. The beaker has a disk-base with a bevelled edge. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: width: 40.54mm; height: 45.66mm; thickness: 2.56mm; weight: 7.39g. Similar Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-2938CD and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

LON-731A44: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware cup possibly Form Dragendorff 27g dating to AD 70-100. The sherd has an external groove on the footring a feature found on 1st century examples. There is the remains of a maker's stamp with only one letter 'O' present. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 33.87mm; width: 32.54mm; height: 16.90mm; weight: 10.17g. Similar Drag. Form 27 on the database are LON-D8EA37 and LON-9BF0DA. Oswald & Pryce (1920:186-187) write "Cup with constricted curvilinear wall terminating in an everted lip. This cup was evolved from the Augustan vessel, Loeschcke Type 11 (Figs. 1, 1 A, 1 b). It had a long life extending from the early South Gaulish period down to the middle of the second century. Its incidence, however, is considerably less frequent on second-century sites." they continue "In size the vessel varies considerably, but in general the smaller vessels are more frequent in the pre-Flavian period; on the other hand, the larger cups occur both early and late. The strikingly deep-red colour and glossy surface of many examples of this form should be noted-these characteristics appear to have been due to a more perfect baking." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-6EFBDE: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of a rope twist border under which is part of a festoon. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 30.94mm; width: 24.01mm; thickness: 6.14mm; weight: 4.48g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-C3361E, LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-6D486F: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware bowl possible a Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of the lower part of rosette-tongued ovolo, the majority of the sherd has part of an upper zone infilled undulating scroll with the lower lobe filled with leaf tips. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 34.85mm; width: 32.02mm; thickness: 5.34mm; weight: 6.49g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-C3361E, LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-2B74AC: TILE
An incomplete Roman ceramic Lowther's Group 1 and Betts Die 3, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:53 Fig.27a). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "W. Chevron" group style. Betts writes "Keyed with wooden rollers applied when the clay was still damp, before they were put into the kiln to fire. This was added so the tiles could be more firmly mortared into place." The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. The interior side is blackened probably due to its proximity to a heat or fire. Betts et al (1997:66) write "At Calverts Buildings, Southwark the earliest specimen was found associated with the robbing of a building constructed in 150-200 and demolished by the late 3 or 4 cent." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: mm; width: mm; thickness: mm; weight: g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-6D895E, PUBLIC-29D515, LON-E4384A and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford

LON-2938CD: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) beaker dating to AD 180 - 250. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a beaker. The beaker has a disk-base with a bevelled edge. Both the inside and outside are coated in a dark glossy slip. The interior surface is undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. The fragment has a hard-red fabric with no visible inclusions, it has fine grey layers underneath the colour-coating of the inside and outside of the vessel, giving a 'sandwich-effect'. Symonds (1992:49) writes "This relatively complicated sandwich-effect is unique to Trier vessels, and it suggests that possibly they were subjected to a more complicated firing process than other vessels... The dark colour-coating is generally very glossy, in some instances achieving a truly remarkable depth and quality." Similar beakers can be seen in Richardson (1986:118-121 Fig 1.117-1.143), and a full range of Trier black slipped beakers can be seen in Symonds (1992: Fig 24: Group 32 - Fig 35: Group 44). Dimensions: length: 43.55mm; width: 42.84mm; height: 25.52mm; thickness: 4.05mm; weight: 11.22g. Similar Trier black-slipped ware (Moselkeramik) on the database are LON-83CD6A and LON-372675. Symonds (1992:46) writes "Trier beakers must have been made singly, and decorated free-hand... the skill of the Trier potters in achieving a deep, brilliant gloss was better than any since the production of Campanian wares.... Dark colour-coated wares were probably first produced by the middle of the 2nd century, but did not achieve wider distribution until the end of the century... Trier beakers recently found at New Fresh Wharf in London (Richardson 1986) is dated to c.220... the end of sigillata production at Trier, and also that of properly 'fine' wares, was also apparently influenced by a major political event, the invasion of barbarians across the Rhine in the year 276." References: Symonds, R. P., 1992. Rhenish wares. Fine dark coloured pottery from Gaul and Germany, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Monograph, 23, Oxford Richardson, B., 1986. 'The Pottery' in The Roman quay at St. Magnus House London: excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London, 1974-16, ed. Miller, LAMAS Special Paper, 8, LAMAS, London, (1986), pp. No 1.164-68.

A base sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware jar dating from AD 69-150. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a jar. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The exterior and interior surface is heavily abraded. The foot has a concentric groove on the base. Davies et al (1994:83) writes "The jars feature a characteristic foot-ring with a single concentric groove on the underside." Similar jars can be seen in Davies et al (1994:84-85 fig. 402-427) Dimensions: length: 61.79mm; width: 47.99mm; thickness: 3.69mm; height: 29.33mm; base diameter: 38.06mm; weight: 27.65g. Other Highgate Wood C ware jars on the database are LON-700061 and LON-292290. Davies et al (1994:83) "The most common of all is the IIE (401-407), almost all of which are slipped and burnished on the exterior and over the usually thickened or beaded rim. They were especially common during the Flavian and Trajanic periods... Numbers 402 and 403 are the commonest examples of the IIE." Reference: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-2929C6: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware jar dating from AD 69-150. The sherd consists of the base with lower section of the wall probably from a jar. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The exterior and interior surface is heavily abraded. The foot has string marks on the base where the vessel was detached from the wheel. Dimensions: length: 68.92mm; width: 52.35mm; thickness: 6.72mm; height: 26.57mm; base diameter: 38.44mm; weight: 41.01g. Other Highgate Wood C ware jars on the database are LON-700061 and LON-292290. Reference: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-292290: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware necked jar dating from AD 69-150. The sherd is a beaded rim fragment with part of the shoulder of a jar. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The exterior surface has been burnished and there is the top of a band of incised lines giving it a train track/ladder appearance. The interior is undecorated and not burnished. Similar jars can be seen in Davies et al (1994:84 fig. 402-404) Dimensions: length: 108.89mm; width: 44.70mm; thickness: 3.49mm; weight: 20.79g. A similar Highgate Wood C ware jar on the database is LON-700061, Davies et al (1994:83) "The most common of all is the IIE (401-407), almost all of which are slipped and burnished on the exterior and over the usually thickened or beaded rim. They were especially common during the Flavian and Trajanic periods... Numbers 402 and 403 are the commonest examples of the IIE." Reference: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-016F9D: MORTARIUM
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD. The small fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. Dimensions: length: 28.67mm; width: 25.61mm; thickness: 11.10mm; weight: 8.13g. Similar Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)."

LON-E8F69A: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 70-230. The sherd has moulded decoration, consisting of two opposing resting rabbits between which is a stylised tree, below this there is a basal wreath of leaves. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 58.16mm; width: 48.54mm; thickness: 8.06mm; weight: 21.64g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. Oswald & Pryce (1920:95-96) write "The essential characteristics of this form consist of the hemispherical contour, the plain band beneath the lip (a half-round moulding), and a relatively flat foot-stand." he continues " Appearing first of all in the reign of Nero (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 231), it rapidly achieved popularity and became the predominant decorated bowl of the second century. Furthermore, it continued to be manufactured right down to the close of the period of decorated Terra Sigillata (Oelmann, p. 25). This late date of its production applies, however, more particularly to the East Gaulish potteries. At Lezoux it would appear to have been extensively superseded towards the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century by applique ware (Dechelette, ii. 167)." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-E694ED: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 or 43 dating to the late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD. The fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. The top side lower part is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away. The underside is coated in a red slip. Dimensions: length: 36.33mm; width: 34.41mm; thickness: 5.76mm; weight: 9.65g. Similar Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)."

LON-E686AE: MORTARIUM
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 or 43 dating to the late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD. The fragment consists of part of the base and foot ring it has a pink/orange fabric. The upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. The top side is heavily abraded with only a small amount of red slip left, the underside is coated in a red slip which is slightly abraded. The underside is ridged concentrically. On the upper surface part of the fabric has turned black possibly due to close proximity to heat and burning. Dimensions: length: 80.95mm; width: 43.56mm; height: 29.72mm; weight: 69.02g. Similar Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)."

LON-D9C5F5: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker from AD 70-160. The sherd is decorated with eight rows of grey painted dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: 45.32mm; width: 39.05mm; thickness: 4.47mm; weight: 9.55g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D56E99 , LON-D59C3E and LON-D572A0. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-D59C3E: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker from AD 70-160. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The sherd is decorated with thirteen rows of grey painted dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: 37.68mm; width: 30.26mm; thickness: 4.95mm; weight: 6.68g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D9C5F5, LON-D56E99 and LON-D572A0. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-D572A0: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker from AD 70-160. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The sherd is decorated with five rows of dark grey barbotine dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: 31.29mm; width: 26.84mm; thickness: 4.35mm; weight: 4.14g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D9C5F5, LON-D59C3E and LON-D56E99. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-D56E99: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beaker dating AD 70-160. The sherd is a reduced ware of grog-tempered fabric. The sherd is decorated with six rows of dark grey barbotine dot decoration. Similar beaker can be seen in Davies et al (1994:85 fig. 413-427). Dimensions: length: 30.87mm; width: 27.78mm; thickness: 3.57mm; weight: 3.14g. Similar Highgate Wood C ware 'poppy-head' beakers on the database are LON-D9C5F5, LON-D59C3E and LON-D572A0. Davies et al (1994:83) write "Apart from beakers in HWC-1403, which were present in the late Neronian-early Flavian period, they generally occur for the first time in Flavian contexts, rapidly increased, and then remained important until c 150... Beakers are generally decorated with panels of barbotine dot decoration, and it is apparent that the diamond shaped and more complex ring-and-dot patterns are restricted to HWC-1403 (413-14, 420). The majority of complete vessels have a characteristic base with a single concentric groove; 416 may well belong to a IIIB." "The grog-tempered fabric is the most common reduced ware in London assemblages for the period AD 50-100 (Davies et al 1994, fig 60). The sand-tempered ware is most common in assemblages in the first half of the 2nd century AD. One of the most readily identifiable forms in the later fabric is the 'poppyhead' beaker. This form is decorated with raised dots and the slip on these vessels, where burnished, can have a gunmetal appearance which may have been the desired effect as metal vessels were more expensive than their ceramic counterparts." References: Highgate Wood: A potted history of the kilns at Highgate Woods and their products. Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. de la Bedoyere, G. 2000. Pottery in Roman Britain. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-D3352E: MORTARIUM
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 dating to the late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD. The small fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. Dimensions: length: 40.87mm; width: 39.70mm; thickness: 6.54mm; weight: 16.44g. Similar Drag. 45 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. References: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)."

LON-D326C9: MORTARIUM
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium Form Dragendorff 45 or 43 (late 2nd century - mid 3rd century AD). The small fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. The top side is heavily abraded with all signs of the slip worn away the underside is coated in a red slip which is slightly abraded . The underside is ridged concentrically and would have come from near the base foot ring. Dimensions: length: 43.49mm; width: 36.93mm; thickness: 8.21mm; weight: 12.58g. Similar Drag. 45 or 43 mortarium on the database are LON-7E7426, PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York. Bird, J. 1986. Samian Wares. Miller, L., Schofield, J. and Rhodes, M. 1986. The Roman quay at St Magnus House, London. Excavations at New Fresh Wharf, Lower Thames Street, London 1974-78 London Middlesex Archaeol Soc Special Paper, 8. pp 178-185 Bird, J. 1993. 3rd-century samian ware in Britain. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 1993, pp 1-14. Bird (1993:8) writes "The mortarium Dr 45, introduced at Lezoux c AD 170, continued in manufacture during the 3rd century. Later examples have a more inturned upper wall, usually without grooves, but the most distinctive feature is the applied mask added to the spout. Lezoux's snarling lion had become, by the mid-3rd century, a rather indeterminate species, its ears often indicated by deep finger impressions which give it a bat-like appearance (Fig. 2). Such late spouts are recorded from Billingsgate, Swan Lane, London Walbrook, Shadwell, Ewell and Dorchester. The St Magnus House group is illustrated in Bird 1986a, nos. 2.214-218 (no. 2.217 is the type which occurs in the 'Massenfund' : Huld- Zetsche 1971b, typ 14)."

LON-D3074D: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl, form Curle 11 dating to AD 100 - 140. The flange or rim is decorated with trailed barbotine leaves that are characteristic of this form. The fabric of the bowl is hard and pink with evenly distributed white fleck inclusions, the slip is orange and is of a good quality. Dimensions: length: 29.17mm; width: 19.01mm; weight: 5.06g. Similar Samian forms with trailed barbotine leaves decoration on the database are LON-5F458A, LON-D2FFA8 and LON-D30378. Webster (1996:46) writes "Form 35 and 36 probably formed a cup, dish and bowl set with Form Curle 11." de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-D30378: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl form Curle 11 or cup form Dragendorff 35/36 dating to AD 70 - 200. The flange or rim is decorated with trailed barbotine leaves that are characteristic of this form. The fabric of the bowl is hard and pink with evenly distributed white fleck inclusions, the slip is orange and is of a good quality. Dimensions: length: 45.69mm; width: 16.06mm; weight: 4.05g. Similar Samian forms with trailed barbotine leaves decoration on the database are LON-638F06, LON-5F458A, LON-D2FFA8 and LON-D3074D. Webster (1996:46) writes "Form 35 and 36 probably formed a cup, dish and bowl set with Form Curle 11." and "Vernhet (1976, 15) suggests that the forms were developed in the 60s Ad but are predominantly Flavian or later. This is borne out by the Usk sample (Tyers in Manning 1993,136). Form 36 is more common in the late 2nd century than earlier." de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-D2FFA8: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Curle 11 or cup form Dragendorff 35/36 dating to 70 - 200 AD. The flange or rim is decorated with trailed barbotine leaves that are characteristic of this form. The fabric of the bowl is hard and pink with evenly distributed white fleck inclusions, the slip is orange and is of a good quality. Dimensions: length: 43.62mm; width: 15.53mm; weight: 5.15g. Similar Samian forms with trailed barbotine leaves decoration on the database are LON-638F06, LON-5F458A, LON-D30378 and LON-D3074D. Webster (1996:46) writes "Form 35 and 36 probably formed a cup, dish and bowl set with Form Curle 11." and "Vernhet (1976, 15) suggests that the forms were developed in the 60s Ad but are predominantly Flavian or later. This is borne out by the Usk sample (Tyers in Manning 1993,136). Form 36 is more common in the late 2nd century than earlier." de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-D2F625: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 33 dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has a chamfered foot base. There is the remains of a maker's stamp with only one letter 'M' present. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside. Dimensions: length: 44.44mm; width: 36.25mm; height: 16.79mm; weight: 12.04g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-97317F: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has moulded decoration consisting of a band of tassel-tongued ovolo, under which is a leaf wreath flanked by beaded borders. Below this there is a small part of a scroll decoration. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is heavily abraded with most of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 34.65mm; width: 28.72mm; thickness: 5.20mm; weight: 5.42g. Similar Drag. form 37 dish on the database are LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97281B. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl or cup dating from AD 69-96. The sherd has a two groves below which it is decorated with a moulded figure of a huntress possibly Diana with a quiver on her back her arm bent ready to pull back the arrow on the bow. A similar figure is illustrated in Oswald (1936:23 Pl. VII Fig. 110). The sherd is possibly South Gaulish from La Graufesenque, as a number of its potters used this style of figure on their vessels. Oswald (1936:23) dates this figure type to the Flavian period. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip which is abraded with some of the slip worn away from the high points. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1936. Volume 1 of Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

LON-97281B: VESSEL
A rim sherd fragment from a Roman Central Gaulish or East Gaulish samian ware hemispherical bowl Form Dragendorff 37 dating to AD 70 - 230. The sherd has a thin plain band beneath the rim followed by a moulded decoration consisting of a band of rosette-tongued ovolo, under which is a beaded border and the top part of undulating foliate scroll. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is abraded with some of the slip worn away from the high points of the moulded decoration. Dimensions: length: 42.48mm; width: 40.52mm; thickness: 5.41mm; weight: 7.81g. Similar Drag. Form 37 dish on the database are LON-E8F69A, LON-32885E, WAW-F9D786 and LON-97317F​. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

LON-19ADE3: AMPHORA
An incomplete Roman ceramic stamped amphora handle dating to the 2nd century AD. This handle is possible from a Dressel 20 amphora which would have been large and globular with cylindrical handles and a prominent beaded or angular rim. The fabric is buff coloured and granular. The handle is stamped with the remaining inscription which reads 'EVET'. A similar amphora on the database is LON-D190C6. Dimensions: length: 98.92mm; width: 49.13mm; weight: 243g. References: Callender, M. H. 1965. Roman Amphorae. Oxford University Press; Oxford. Funari, P. P. A. 1996. Dressel 20 inscriptions from Britain and the consumption of Spanish olive oil: with catalogue of stamps. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.

LON-494B7C: SEAL BOX
An incomplete Roman copper alloy seal box lid, dating to AD 100-300. This is an Andrews type C1D14 and Crummy type 2. The seal-box is composed of a circular disk with two integral lugs. The front lug retains its integral pin and the rear one is pierced for the hinge that connected it to the base. The seal box lid is decorated with Champlevé enamel which consists of an outer band of blue enamel in which are set six reserve pellets spaced equidistantly around the field and an inner roundel with central pellet now missing its enamel. A similar seal box lid is illustrated in Crummy (1983:103 fig. 2521), Andrews (2012:39 fig. 33b) and Read (2001:77 no. 577). Andrews (2012:17) writes "This type of design is most common on circular (C1) seal-boxes and is nearly always fully enamelled." Dimensions: length 33.53mm; width: 21.70mm; thickness: 3.39mm; weight: 4.73g Similar examples on the database are PUBLIC-B34F5D, SF-6B2402, NARC-F9D1CD, SUSS-AB3D29 and DUR-EF9EC5. References: Crummy, N. 1983. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Read, B. 2001. Metal Artefacts of Antiquity. Portcullis Publishing, Langport, Somerset. Andrews C. 2012. Roman seal-boxes in Britain. Archaeopress,Oxford.

LON-10F0AB: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin AD 50 - 250, The hair pin is a Greep type A2.1 and Crummy type A1. The hair pin has a plain pointed head. The shaft is a straight taper towards a point, which is broken and now missing. Length: 56.22mm, Diameter: 4.35mm, Weight: 1.43 g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of Animal bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-10EEF7: HAIR PIN
An Incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50-250. The top of the pin shaft has been broken off and the head is missing. The pin shaft tapers towards the point. The bone has taken on a dark brown coloured patination. Length: 60.99mm, Diameter: 4.50mm, Weight: 1.34g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-FCC9CF: KNIFE
An incomplete Roman bone socketed knife handle made from a metapodial dating to the 3rd-4th century. Most of the length of the metapodial bone was used, thus giving the handle a natural waist. The handle is decorated with bands of incised trellis decoration at each end. Crummy (1995:108-09 fig. 2929) illustrates a very similar knife handle and Rees, Crummy, Ottaway and Dunn (2008:148) illustrate other bone handles with incised decoration of 3rd-4th century date. The bone has taken on a dark brown almost black coloured patination. Dimensions: length: 91.41mm; width: 15.29mm; weight: 8.31g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Rees, H. Crummy, N., Ottaway, P. J. and Dunn, G. 2008. Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester. Winchester Museums Service, Winchester.

A worn Roman copper alloy nummus of the House of Constantine (306-361 AD). Trier mint, 337-40 AD, Reece Period 17 (330-348 AD). Reverse: [GLORI-A EXER-CITVS], two soldiers, one standard between them. cf. RIC VIII Trier pp. 143-145.

LON-E4FC07: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin of Crummy Type 3 and Greep Type B1.1 dating to AD150-410. The pin shaft is broken and the end is missing. The head is globular in shape. Dimensions: length: 15.78mm; diameter of shaft: 2.72mm; diameter of head: 6.31mm; weight: 0.41g Similar examples on the database are PUBLIC-B37D88, LON-527442 and LON-528F54. References:Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-1526EB: COIN
A Roman copper alloy as, issued for the emperor Domitian (81-96 AD), dating to AD 84-96 (Reece Period 4). Reverse: [MONETA AVGVST/I] S C, Moneta standing, holding scales and cornucopiae. Weight: 7.40g. Diameter: 27.26mm.

LON-150EF4: COIN
A copper alloy nummus of Valens dating to the period AD 364 - 375 (Reece Period 19) mint of Arles. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE reverse type depicting Victory advancing left. Obv: DN VALEN-S P F AVG. Diademed, draped cuirassed bust right. Rev: SECVRITAS-REIPVBLICAE. Victory advancing left with wreath and branch. M.-m.: OF/II/[CON]. Ref: Cf. RIC IX Arles Nos. 9b, 17b.

LON-94C8E4: LAMP
A complete Roman, North African red slip ceramic oil lamp, type Hayes IIA dating to the 4th-5th century AD. These lamps were manufactured in factories in North Africa specifically the Carthage region. The lamp is mould made from an oxidised red terracotta ceramic which has then had a red slip applied. The lamp discus has two holes one an oil pour-hole, the other an air vent typical of this type. On the discus, the lamp is decorated with a central moulded possibly Christian image in relief in the form of a running lion in profile facing right with the hind legs and tail of the animal extending over length of channel. Bubić (2010:271 Fig .59) shows a similar lamp with a running lion. The central motif has a border or sculpted garland on the shoulder above and below consisting of a circle motif, followed by alternating ivy leaves and squares. The lamp has a wide-open nozzle channel and rounded nozzle. The lamp has an integral mould-made wedge-shaped handle with no perforation, typical of this type. On the base, there is a tear-shaped foot ring within which are two concentric engraved circlets. The lamp has a crack running around the body but it remains in one piece. The white concretion is Thames 'race' which has adhered to the lamp. Although relatively common in parts of the Roman empire, this is an unusually late lamp with Christian iconography for Britain and has been noted as of regional importance. Dimensions: length including handle: 143.04mm; length: 128.98mm; diameter of body: 87.09mm; max width of nozzle: 33.67mm; internal diameter of oil hole: 7.76mm; internal diameter of wick hole: 16.77mm; height of body: 36.07mm; height including handle and foot: 53.84mm; weight: 184.30g Bubić (2010:236) writes "Lion symbolism - As one of the most formidable animals in the cat family (Felidae), the lion has always left a deep impression on people thanks to its appearance, size, strength, shaggy mane and majestic demeanour. For Jews, the lion was a symbol of strength, power and awe, and its image became the insignia of the Tribe of Judah. The Old Testament story of the prophet Daniel, who was thrown into the lions' den by the Babylonian king, served as an example of the unwavering faith which Daniel had in God (Dn 6, 17-24). Samson, a man of great physical strength, subdued a lion with his bare hands, while David, initially a young and brave shepherd, killed lions in the pastures and thus saved his flocks from these savage beasts. According to legend, lion cubs are born dead. But the male, grieving over them, can revive them with his breath after three days. Because of this, the lion symbolized resurrection and became a symbol of Christ who is the master of life. Christ overcame death by his sacrifice on the cross. The lion also symbolizes Christ's regal dignity. The Book of Revelation maintains that lion symbolizes Christ particularly because of its ability to vanquish evil and overpower darkness: "Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed [...]" (Rev. 5, 5)." References: Hayes, J.W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery, British School at Rome. W. Heffer and Sons Ltd. Cambridge. Hayes, J.W. 1980. Ancient Lamps in the Royal Ontario Museum I: Greek and Roman Clay Lamps. Toronto. Bubić, V. 2010. Late Antique oil-lamps with Early Christian images from the Archaeological Museum in Split. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb Department of Archaeology. Croatia

LON-5A2505: FINGER RING
An incomplete Roman iron finger ring with intaglio dating from AD50-410. The finger ring has an oval bezel containing a stone intalio, with engraved lion left. The band has a D-shaped cross-section and expands to the width of the bezel. The shoulders are undecorated. Dimensions of ring: length: 20.39mm; width: 10.58mm; wight: 2.06g Dimensions of intaglio: length: 13.14mm; width: 10.57mm

LON-139C3A: BROOCH
An incomplete Roman copper-alloy crossbow brooch dating from AD 350 - 410. Keller type 4. The brooch is broadly 'P'-shaped in profile and 'T' shaped in plan, with a large 'onion' shaped knop at the end of the remaining terminal. The foot is decorated with two columns of decoration with a vertical line dividing them. Each column has a series of four dots, a trapezoid and four more dots. The trapezoids have their shorter side on the outside. Hattatt (2000:369 fig.1268) illustrates similar brooches. Another brooch with similar dot decoration on the foot is Mackreth (2011:142 plate 140 fig:10431). Dimensions: length: 73.77mm; width: 30.99; thickness: 24.22; weight: 33.85g Bayley and Butcher (2004) illustrate a similar developed crossbow brooch with chevron chip carving on the lower sides of the bow (No.321). This particular example was discovered in Richborough in the inner stone fort ditch with a 'hoard of bracelets'. Bayley and Butcher discuss how the developed crossbow brooch always has knops on the end of the crossbar and the upper bow and are often 'onion' shaped. Sometimes the knops are separate pieces. Reference: Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., 2004. Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection London, The Society of Antiquaries. Hattatt, R., 2000 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches Oxford : Oxbow Books. Mackreth D. F. 2011, Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain Vol: 1 & 2. Oxbow Books, Oxford

LON-D9553A: STUD
An incomplete Roman copper-alloy stud, dating AD43-410. The object is discoidal with a flat front and flat back. In the centre of the reverse side there is an integral rivet with a flat terminal. There is what appears to be an integral loop projecting from the edge of the stud face, however it is incomplete, leaving approximately half of the loop remaining. The face of the stud has a small concave section in the centre, outlined with a raised border. This is surrounded by a slightly deeper section which would have contained enamel. A small section of dark green enamelling remains, on the opposite side of the face to the broken loop. The edge of the face has a raised border with the outer edge decorated with small grooves. The stud has a light brown colour with yellow-gold patches, possibly the remains of gilt. No Parallels could be found for this stud, however the style of the face and the broken loop is similar to that of a plate brooch, Bayley and Butcher (2004:177, T257). There are several studs recorded on the database which are of similar construction: NLM-6AC6C7, SF-B6F567. Dimensions: diameter: 20.25mm; width: 23.60mm; thickness: 7.66mm; weight: 3.83g Bayley, J. and Butcher, S., (2004) Roman Brooches in Britain: A Technological and Typological Study Based on the Richborough Collection.London, The Society of Antiquaries

LON-7E7426: MORTARIUM
Fragment of Roman Central Gaulish (Lezoux) or East Gaulish (Trier) samian ware mortarium type Dragendorff 45 or 43 (late 2nd century - mid 3rd centuryAD). The small fragment has a pink/orange fabric, the upper surface has embedded grits used as a grinding surface, made up predominantly of quartzite. Both the topside and the underside are coated in a red slip which is slightly abraded . The underside is ridged concentrically and would have come from near the base foot ring. Dimensions: length: 36.96mm; width: 22.95mm; thickness:12.15mm; weight: 9.05g. Similar Dragendorff form 45 or 43 mortarium on the database are PUBLIC-3ED36E and LON-63E7FC.

LON-7686B3: SPINDLE WHORL
An incomplete Roman to Medieval ceramic spindle whorl of uncertain date. The whorl is made from a buff coloured clay. It is sub-circular in form, oval shaped in section with a central circular aperture. Dimensions: diameter: 30.77mm; thickness: 15.49; weight: 17.77g Similar spindle whorl on the database is WILT-4F5487.

LON-67E8F1: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman or Medieval bone object dating to AD50-410 or AD1066-1500. The object has a square cross-section and it is decorated with engraved oblique lines either just as single lines (on the top third) or as V-shapes or as saltire crosses (on the lower two thirds); this decoration forms a 'trellis' or 'lattice' pattern. On the top of the pin head there is a small knob just off centre. The object is broken. Stephen Greep discounts this as a Roman hair pin "as the cross section is all wrong and decoration going down the stem is very rare." Length: 40.96mm, width: 7.99mm, Weight 4.42g

LON-3999BB: NEEDLE
Incomplete Roman bone needle, AD 50-410. The needle has a flat spatulate head with a rectangular eye. The needle is almost complete missing its tip. The bone itself has taken on a dark brown patina due to the deposition environment. This is a Crummy type 2 needle similar to No.1982 Crummy (1995:66-67). Similar needles on the database are LON-62C774, BM-A20720 and BM-A1EE8B. Dimensions: length: 79.21mm; width of head: 6.18mm; weight: 1.75g Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

LON-0D35EB: BRICK
An incomplete Roman ceramic Lydion brick dating from AD 50-410. The remaining fragment constitutes approximately half the original brick, although the exact length is unknown due to the considerable variation in the dimensions of Lydion bricks. The fabric is fully oxidised and red throughout. Dimensions: length: 207mm; width: 260mm; thickness: 31.52mm; weight: 2304g. A similar Lydion brick on the database is LON-BFCB35. McComish (2015:14) writes "Lydions were the only rectangular bricks used by the Romans, and they measured 1 x 1.5 Roman feet in size, equating to 297 x 444mm in size. Lydions were used in flooring, as bonding courses within walls and as the bases and/or caps for hypocaust pilae (Brodribb 1989, 40). A national survey of 314 Lydion bricks from Britain showed that they ranged from 335-480mm in length, with the average length being 403mm, the breadths ranged from 230-310mm, with an average breadth of 280mm, and the thicknesses ranged from 25-70mm with an average of 41mm (ibid., 40). Two sizes of Lydion bricks have previously been recorded in York, the first group averaging 360 x 290 x 50mm in size, and the second group 440 x 280 x 60mm in size (Betts 1985, 178). Both these earlier surveys recorded examples that were far smaller than the Roman standard size, showing that there was considerable variation in the dimensions of Lydion bricks. Examples from YAT's collections range from 386 x 410mm in length, 270-290mm in breadth and 29-62mm in thickness (ibid., 178; McComish 2012, 180)." The Romans used square bricks with a thin section (often confused with tiles) that came in a range of standard sizes along with one rectangular tile known as a lydion. Bricks would have been used for flooring, walling and to create stacks beneath the floor for the hypocaust heating system. The invention of mortar was one of the main facilitators behind the architectural innovation witnessed in Ancient Rome. Reference: McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

LON-F13324: BRACELET
An incomplete copper alloy wide-cuff penannular bracelet or armlet of early Roman date, AD43 - 100. The fragment consists of a terminal with four petalled floret with central ring-and-dot and a ring-and-dot at each angle. The band has two parallel bands of cabled decoration, separated by a shallow U-shaped groove. Crummy 2005:96) writes: "The placing and the style of the decoration call to mind some Hod Hill and Aucissa brooches, both types used by the Roman military, and the ornamentation on 1st-century scabbard mounts (Fig. 4, g; Webster 1958, fig. 3, 7; Crummy 1992, 374; Simpson 2000, pl. 22, 9-11)". The band is broken and missing part of the band and the second terminal. Crummy (2005:98): "Two Group A bracelets from Baldock bear on the surviving terminal a four-petalled floret with a ring-and-dot motif between each petal and in the centre (Fig. 3, 16, 18). This design is related to the candelabra-and-leaves motif and/or the crossed thunderbolts-and-spears motif also seen on military belt-plates (Fig. 4, a-b; Ritterling 1913, Taf. XII, 4, 7; Grew & Griffiths 1991, 57; Deschler-Erb et al. 1991, Abb. 41, 35; Deschler-Erb 1999, Taf. 17, 353, Taf 19). The progressively simplified forms of the candelabra-and-leaves motif have been traced by Grew and Griffiths (1991, fig. 4, 1-7)." Dimensions: length: 50.62 mm; width: 16.05mm; thickness: 1.18mm; weight: 6.13 g. Similar bracelets on the database are SWYOR-BB5FE8, which exhibits many of the same features, such and the ring-and-dot decoration on the terminal as well as the two parallel bands of cabled decoration, separated by a shallow U-shaped groove. Other bracelets of the same classification are SUR-085DFA, BH-889198 and NMS-66FFE0. Crummy, N, 2005. From bracelets to battle-honours: military armillae from the Roman conquest of Britain. 93-105 Crummy, N. 1983. The Roman small finds from excava- tions in Colchester 1971-9, Colchester Archaeological Report 2 (Colchester). Cool, H.E.M. 1983. A study of the Roman personal orna- ments made of metal, excluding brooches, from southern Britain, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wales.

LON-CE555E: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD150-410, possibly a Greep type B1.1 and Crummy type 3. The top of the pin shaft has been broken off and the head is missing. The pin shaft bulges out and then tapers towards the point. The bone has taken on a dark brown coloured patination. Length: 64.70mm, Diameter: 4.13mm, Weight 1.30g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-CDD33A: HAIR PIN
An incomplete Roman bone hair pin dating AD 50 - 250, The hair pin is a Greep type A2.2 and Crummy type 2. The hair pin had a small pointed head with two incised rings just beneath it. Shaft is a straight taper towards its point, the shaft is broken just before the tip which is now missing. Similar hairpins on the database are LON-77DEB3 and LON-5225DD. Length: 77.75mm, Diameter: 3.93mm, Weight 1.69g References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff.

LON-CD5569: GAMING PIECE
A complete Roman bone gaming counter dating from AD 43-410. The counter is undecorated except for a central concave depression and a small central hole on one side, possibly from a lathe. The edges are bevelled outwards. Similar counters can be found in Crummy (1995: No. 2256), and in MacGregor (1985: pg132-133). Kenyon type A, they seem to have been produced throughout the Roman period with little variation. Thickness: 3.61mm Weight: 1.83g Diameter: 18.92mm A similar one on the database is LON-5A9DBC. References: Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester. MacGregor, A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. Croom Helm, London and Sydney.

LON-2CD21E: VESSEL
Fragment of Roman colour coated fine ware pottery, 2nd-4th century, AD 150-400. The body is a white fabric with barbotine decoration drawn on to the exterior surface. This is a fragment of a Roman hunt cup. The sherd has a black slip coating on both the exterior and interior similar to that used in Nene Valley and Rhine Valley pottery industries. The exterior decoration is part of a body of an animal in barbotine slip, possible a hound or a hare. The interior surface is otherwise undecorated but has regular striations from the wheel turning process. Height: 37.04mm Width: 45.20mm Thickness: 5.37 mm Weight: 10.31g Similar examples on the database are LON-4CC8C4 and LON-4BE0FA.

LON-50AD75: HAIR PIN
A probably Roman copper alloy globular-headed pin dating from AD43-410. The pin has four ring and dot, spaced equidistant around the globular head, the top of which is flat and undecorated. The shaft of the pin is oval in section and is bent and broken missing its tip. A similar pin with ring and dot decoration on the database YORYM-E3AB48 is dated to the Early-Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) but these have a single banded circumferential collar which this example lacks. The find spot would also point to a Roman date as being most likely. Length: 37.05mm, Diameter of head: 9.25mm, Weight:4.07g

PUBLIC-29D515: TILE
A ceramic Roman Lowther's Group 4 and Betts Die 11, relief-patterned flue-tile dating from AD 150-200. A similar tile is illustrated in Betts et al (1997:60 Fig. 27h, 11). The front is decorated with relief-patterned rolled design in the "Compass" group style. Betts et al (1997:79) write that examples of this tile "from Calverts Buildings, Southwark is associated with a masonry building constructed in 150-200 and probably demolished by the 3 or 4 cent." McComish (2015:12) writes "Box flues (tubuli) are hollow rectangular or square cross-sectioned tiles, with sanded interior surfaces, and they have vents in two opposing sides, while the other two sides are usually keyed. The keying can be incised, finger drawn, combed, or relief-patterned. There is no standard size for box flue tiles nationally (ibid., 74). Box flues were made by wrapping a slab of clay around a sanded former then joining the edges of the clay together with a single seam, and the vents were cut out after the tile was removed from the former (Rudling et al. 1986, 204)." Dimensions: length: 46.57mm; width: 37.66mm; weight: 30.85g. Betts et al (1997:52) write "London still has the biggest concentration of individual examples and different die patterns, and it is the tile kilns located near London, such as Ashtead, Surry, Brockley Hill, Middlesex and Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, which probably formed the chief production centres for the manufacture of relief-patterned tile in south-east England." Other box flue-tiles on the database are LON-E4384A, LON-6D895E and LON-1582B3. Reference: Betts I., Black E. W.A and Gower J. 1997. Journal of Roman Pottery Studies Vol. 7. Corpus of Relief-Patterned Tiles in Roman Britain. Oxbow books, Oxford McComish J.M., 2015. A Guide to Ceramic Building Materials. Report Number 2015/36, York Archaeological Trust.

PUBLIC-9D663D: FLAGON
A fragment of Roman ceramic Verulamium Region Coarse White-slipped ware (VCWS) ring-neck flagon with neck and handle remaining, Hadrianic to Antonine date AD120-190. The fragment consists of a three rilled rim, a handle of two ribs is attached. The flagon is undecorated aside from the rim, the exterior surface has a thin white slip and the interior is an oxidised red. Fabric is oxidised red with a grey reduced core with numerous sand inclusions throughout. Similar flagons can be seen in Davies, Richardson and Tomber (1994:56 fig.46 No.251-253). Dimensions: height: 75.48mm; width of handle: 19.80mm; thickness: 4.34mm; weight: 138g; diameter of aperture: 44.84mm; diameter of rim: 56.45mm. Similar flagons on the database are LON-9B6483, LON-9B9701 and LON-1688C4. References: Davies, B., Richardson, B. & Tomber, R. 1994. A Dated Corpus of Early Roman Pottery from the City of London. The Archaeology of Roman London Volume 5. CBA Research Report 98. Museum of London: London. Davies et al (1994:59) write "Short-expanding, ring-neck flagons (IB7, 251-5) are the commonest form in VCWS and were first found in the Hadrianic, but date largely to the Antonine period." Davies et al (1994:55) write "A coarse, red fabric with white slip containing abundant quartz and occasional iron-rich inclusions. It is distinguished from the typical VRW fabric by its colour and slip, as well as containing some silt-sized inclusions and white mica. The photographed sherd contains a particularly high density of inclusions. Although typologically very similar, the VCWS products are generally less well made than their VRW equivalents. Flagon rims are often distorted, with ill- defined rings, necks are occasionally placed off-centre (Fig 46, 252) and frequently the handles are poorly applied. This may result from the speed of manufacture rather than inferior potting techniques. However, the clays are also often badly mixed so that large inclusions of flint are left behind (eg Fig 46, 253). Number 251 (Fig 46) is another example of this inferior quality, illustrating all the above features together with pronounced turning marks at the girth. These were caused by the body being inverted and trimmed on the wheel in order to form the footring base before the neck was applied."

PUBLIC-F56E1E: LAMP
A Roman ceramic factory lamp type 10 or type 9 dating AD65 - 300. There is a raised border just inside the upper edge. The fabric of the lamp is buff and it has a mica dusting over the surface. Dimensions: length: 32.04 mm; width: 40.42mm; thickness: 4.51mm; weight: 13.81 g. Identification by Michael Marshall, Museum of London Archaeology. Similar example on the database is LON-643928.

PUBLIC-F56C56: LAMP
A Roman ceramic lamp dating AD90 - 250. There is a raised border just inside the upper edge. The fabric of the lamp is buff and it has a mica dusting over the surface. Dimensions: length: 51.18mm; width: 34.12mm; thickness: 6.55mm; weight: 13.10g.

PUBLIC-B395A0: SPINDLE WHORL
An incomplete probable Roman ceramic spindle whorl of uncertain date. The whorl is made from a red coloured clay. It is sub-circular in form, oval shaped in section with a central circular aperture. Dimensions: diameter: 35.58mm; thickness: 15.48; weight: 25.44g Similar spindle whorl on the database is WILT-4F5487.

PUBLIC-B37D88: HAIR PIN
Incomplete Roman bone hair pin of Crummy Type 3 and Greep Type B1.1 dating to AD150-410. The bottom of the pin shaft has been broken off and then resharpened. The head is spherical and crudely formed. The pin shaft tapers to join the head and bulges out wards as it moves away. The bone has taken on a dark brown coloured patination. Greep, S. 1983. Objects of animal bone, antler, ivory and teeth from Roman Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis: University of Cardiff. Dimensions: length: 57.42mm; diameter of shaft: 4.30mm; diameter of head: 6.48mm; weight:1.26g Crummy, N. 1995. The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-1979. Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Colchester.

PUBLIC-7DBFB7: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware cup or small bowl possibly Dragendorff Form 27 or 33 dating to AD 40- 80 There is the remains of a maker's stamp consisting of [P]RIWI this is stamp 35h from the Potter Primus iii, the stamp is worn. The fragment has a pink fabric and is coated in a red slip on both the inside and outside which is abraded. Dimensions: length: 29.85mm; width: 30.25mm; thickness: 4.53mm; weight: 3.63g. Oswald & Pryce (1920:189-190) "This form is probably related to the Arretine cup, Loeschcke Type 10 a (Fig. 1), but its development may have been more strongly influenced by the early Gaulish non-Sigillata product in black ware, as found at Mont Beuvray (Fig. 2). Owing to its long life, considerable variations are met with in the detail-elements of this type." The authors continue "Although relatively rare in the first century, it becomes common in the second and third centuries. About the middle of the second century it had entirely supplanted the cup Drag. 27, which is so plentifully found on first century sites. Its proved life was a long one-perhaps the longest of all the plain forms- extending from the reign of Claudius down to the end of the Sigillata period. Stamps are numerous, and we append, in illustration of the continuity of the type." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

PUBLIC-7DBA88: VESSEL
A body sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware vessel of uncertain form dating from AD 54-96. The vessel is decorated with a moulded figure of a lion and stylized tree below which is a beaded border. This style of lion is documented on South Gaulish samian from La Graufesenque and is found on Form Dragendorff 29 & 30 and dates to the Flavian period. A similar lion can be seen in Oswald (1937:95 Pl. LX fig. 1401). The fragment has a pink fabric and the outside is coated in a red slip which is abraded with some of the slip worn away from the high points. The interior surface is undecorated with almost all the slip worn away, regular striations from the wheel turning process are visible. References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. Oswald F., 1937. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata ("Samian Ware"): Issued as a Supplement to The Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University Press de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

PUBLIC-6825C3: BEAD
A complete Roman "melon" bead made from glass dating from 1st to 2nd centuryAD. The glass is heavily degraded and relains none of original colour. The bead is sub-spherical with raised ribs running along the length of the bead. The central aperture has an internal diameter of 4.22mm. Melon beads form just under half of the total number of beads found in Castleford. Examples of faience are much more common than those of translucent blue glass. They were used in Britain from the conquest until a decline in use in the later 2nd century. Johns (1996, 101-102) suggests that glass melon beads are know to have been made in London, and probably elsewhere in Britain, but that they are a type known Empire-wide. Dimensions: height: 7.35mm; diameter: 9.32mm; weight:is 0.45g.

PUBLIC-534F94: COIN
A Roman copper-alloy radiate of the emperor Claudius II (268-270 AD), Rome mint 268-270 AD, Reece Period 13 (260-275 AD). Reverse: ANN[ON]A AVG, Annona standing on prow facing left, holding cornucopia and grain ears. Weight: 2.15 g. Diameter: 20.56 mm

PUBLIC-534345: COIN
A Roman copper alloy barbarous radiate of an uncertain Emperor dating to the period AD 275-285 Reece period 14. The reverse type depicts a standing figure.

PUBLIC-52A9C5: COIN
A incomplete copper alloy Roman nummus from the House of Constantine, commemorative VRBS ROMA issue, mint of Lugdunum (Lyon) 330-331 AD, Reece Preiod 17 (330-348 AD).

PUBLIC-302468: VESSEL
A Roman pottery sherd from a vessel, a Samian decorated beaker dating to the mid 2nd - mid 3rd century possibly Rheinzabern, East Gaul. This may be from a Déchelette 72 beaker. There is a glossy dark red slip on both external and internal surfaces which is now abraded. The decoration on the beaker is moulded panel in a 'cut-glass' design, this was "Directly derived from real cut glass, this method consisted of incising the vessel and was most commonly used in East Gaul" (de la Bedoyere 1988:52) This type of decoration is documented on a form Déch 72 where it would form part of a wide decorative band all the way around the vessel. An example of which is A27867 MoLSS code: SAMRZ 3DE72 CGT stored at Mortimer Wheeler House.

PUBLIC-5524C2: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Tetricus II (AD 272-4). Gaul Mint I. Reverse (SPES PVBLICA); Spes advancing left holding flower and skirt. Cunetio p. 197, cf. no. 1526. Reece Period 13. A similar example on the database is HAMP-A02271. Dimensions: Diameter: 15.52mm; weight: 0.93g.

PUBLIC-551ECE: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Commodus (AD 180-92), dating to c. AD 188-9 (Reece Period 9). Reverse: (P M TR P) [XIIII IMP VIII COS V P P?]; Libertas standing left holding pileus and vertical sceptre. Mint of Rome. RIC III, p. 385, cf. no. 182. Dimensions: diameter: 18.69mm; weight: 2.94g.

PUBLIC-5505A5: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-70). Mint of Rome Reverse [VIRTVS AVG?]; probably Mars standing left holding spear and (shield) Mintmark: [ ]//[ ] Cunetio p. 136, cf. 2050-5 Reece Period 13 Dimensions: diameter: 14.48mm; weight: 2.25g.

PUBLIC-54E691: COIN
A Roman copper alloy radiate of Claudius II (AD 268-70) Reverse [CONSECRATIO]; Eagle to left RIC V, p. 234, cf. 266. Reece Period 13 Dimensions: diameter: 15.98mm; weight: 1.84g.

PUBLIC-54DF2E: COIN
A Roman silver denarius of Julia Maesa, grandmother of Elagabalus (AD 218-222), dating to AD 220-222. Mint of Rome, c. AD 220-222 Reverse SAECVLI FELICITAS; Felicitas standing left with long caduceus, sacrificing out of patera over lighted altar, star right. RIC IV, Pt II, p. 50, no. 271. Reece Period 10 Dimensions: diameter: 18.08mm; weight: 1.86g.

PUBLIC-6B368E: VESSEL
A Roman pottery sherd from a vessel, a Samian decorated bowl dating to the second half of the 1st century by the potter Albucius. This bowl may be Dragendorff 37. There is a glossy dark red slip on both external and internal surfaces which is now heavily abraded. The decoration on the bowl is moulded panel decoration and comprises a beaded border and below that are the letters ALBV, which is part of the name ALBVCI. The makers mark is most likely associated with the known potter Albucius, who worked in Lezoux (Central Gaul) and is usually associated with an Antonnine date (AD 150-180). (de la Bedoyere 1988:39) This type of decoration is documented of form 37 where it would form part of a decorative band all the way around the bowl. Other examples are illustrated in de la Bedoyere 1988:34. A samian pottery sherd from the same potter on the database is PUBLIC-C6E2E6. Dimensions: weight: 5.97g Reference: de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury.

PUBLIC-021D41: COIN
A Copper alloy contemporary copy, probably of Magnentius (AD 350-3), dating to c. 350-361 Obv. [ ]; Bare-headed bust right Rev. [ ]; unclear type, just possibly a 'falling horseman type' Reece Period 18

PUBLIC-A880D5: COIN
Copper alloy radiate of Carausius (AD 286-293), dating to AD 286-293 (Reece Period 14). Reverse: PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch and transverse sceptre. Mint of London, -//ML. RIC V, pt 2, p. 472, no. 101. This coin is included in Sam Moorhead's corpus for RIC.

PUBLIC-7603A2: VESSEL
A base sherd fragment from a Roman Gaulish samian ware cup possibly Form Dragendorff 27 dating to AD 70-150. The sherd consists of a circular foot ring with the remains of the floor of the vessel projecting to the start of a shallow angle from the top of the foot ring and terminating in old breaks around the entire circumference. The fabric is a buff orange colour and is fully oxidised. It is hard and exhibits frequent micaceous inclusions. The vessel has been coated in a dark orange slip which has been abraded in places. A maker's stamp is visible within an incised circle on the basal interior and appears to be a short name. It is hard to read due to the poor application of the stamp but contains the letters SP. The angle between the wall and the floor of the vessel, combined with the fabric and the maker's mark suggest that the sherd is is probably from a small bowl or cup. Similar Drag. Form 27 on the database are LON-D8EA37 and LON-9BF0DA. Oswald & Pryce (1920:186-187) write "Cup with constricted curvilinear wall terminating in an everted lip. This cup was evolved from the Augustan vessel, Loeschcke Type 11 (Figs. 1, 1 A, 1 b). It had a long life extending from the early South Gaulish period down to the middle of the second century. Its incidence, however, is considerably less frequent on second-century sites." they continue "In size the vessel varies considerably, but in general the smaller vessels are more frequent in the pre-Flavian period; on the other hand, the larger cups occur both early and late. The strikingly deep-red colour and glossy surface of many examples of this form should be noted-these characteristics appear to have been due to a more perfect baking." References: Oswald, F. and Pryce, T. Davies 1920. An introduction to the study of terra sigillata, London. de la Bedoyere, G. 1988. Samian Ware. Shire Publications Ltd, Aylesbury. Webster, P. 1996. Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbook in Archaeology 13. Council for British Archaeology, York.

PUBLIC-6DF47B: VESSEL
A ceramic base sherd from a Roman Samian ware vessel dating to the period c. AD 120 - 260. The sherd consists of a circular foot ring with the remains of the floor of the vessel projecting to the start of a shallow angle from the top of the foot ring and terminating in old breaks around the entire circumference. The fabric is a buff orange colour but is a bit patchy on the underside which is not fully oxidised. It is hard and exhibits frequent micaceous inclusions. The vessel has been coated in a dark orange slip which has been heavily abraded in places. A maker's stamp is visible over an incised circle on the basal interior and appears to be a iliterate name. It is hard to read due to abrasion. The shallow angle between the wall and the floor of the vessel, combined with the fabric and the maker's mark suggest that the sherd is is probably from a bowl or dish.

PUBLIC-6103A1: DIE
A Roman to medieval die, made of ivory or bone. The die is cuboid and each value is marked by a ring-and-dot design, which range from 1 to 6. Opposite sides add up to 7. It was black when found but has now turned a dark brown. This die is Potter variant 1 (Finds Research Group 700-1700, Datasheet 23, Dice by Geoff Egan) It measures 8.80mm (length) x 8.50mm (height) x 8.60mm (thickness) and weighs 1.49g. Similar dice are illustrated in Crummy (1983, 96-97) which date to the Roman period and Egan et al (1998, 290-291 ref 953 and 954) which are dated to c. 1350 to 1450 AD. Therefore a wide cross period date is suggusted.