Record ID: DEV-88E92D
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable later prehistoric date, c. 3,300-800 BC. Worked from a primary flake of grey-brown flint, with cortex covering all of those areas not exhibiting retouch. Crude removals struck from the proximal end have thinned the flake, removing the bulb of percussion. Short, semi-abrupt, scalar retouch is exhibited around the perimeter of the dorsal face, with the exception of the proximal end. Dimensions: length 41.7mm; width 45.2mm; thickness 12.5mm; weight 30.26g. It is impossible to date a single undiagnostic flint with confidence, however the crude knappin…
Created on: Wednesday 25th July 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 25th July 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-F8E16A
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Flake of Prehistoric flint debitage, probably of later prehistoric date, c. 3,300-800 BC. A tertiary flake of mottled beige-brown flint exhibiting a pronounced, hinged bulb on percussion with bubar scar. The dorsal face exhibits a number of negative removal scars, struck from multiple platforms and with a number being hinged. The flake likewise has a hinged terminal at the distal end. There is extensive damage to the right edge of the dorsal face. The flake exhibits no retouch, although chattering along the dorsal edge of the striking platform may suggest the use of platform prepara…
Created on: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-577913
Object type: PALSTAVE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Wiltshire
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Middle Bronze Age copper alloy small palstave axehead or chisel, probably dating to c. 1500-1100 BC. The palstave is 71.6mm long, with the butt end being rectangular in plan and of largely consistant width, 11.0mm at the stop ridge, the blade exands in width from the stop ridge reaching 18.0mm at the rounded cutting edge, with no wing tips. In profile the blade is of largely consistant thickness, 3.6mm at the midpoint, although tapering to a point at the cutting edge. The palstave flares outwards into the stop ridge, 12.0mm thick, before tapering into the butt, with sub-triangular f…
Created on: Wednesday 23rd May 2018
Last updated: Friday 13th July 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-2D45E6
Object type: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Published
An incomplete Late Bronze Age copper alloy socketed axehead, of South Wales type and dating to the Ewart Park metal working phase, c. 950-750BC. The axehead is largely complete, but with extensive damage to the mouth of the socket. The axehead is sub-rectangular in plan and tapers in profile towarss the cutting edge. A pronounced casting seam runs down either lateral face, creating a shallow sub-hexagonal cross section, The vestigial remains of a probable loop survive on the less complete lateral face. The less abraded broad face is decorated with a series of three slightly converging…
Created on: Monday 21st May 2018
Last updated: Monday 11th April 2022
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C3AD9B
Object type: CHISEL
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Dorset
Workflow stage: Published
A Late Bronze Age copper alloy tanged chisel, probably dating to c. 1150-800 BC. The chisel survives complete, although the tang has been damaged, and is now bent at 45 degrees to the plane. The tang is rectangular in cross section, tapering to a point in profile and with a sub-rectangular end in plan, with the remains of casting seems running down either lateral face, particularly prominent at the interstice with the collar. The latter is elaborated, and oval in cross section, with concave sides and an expanded upper edge. The blade projects from below the less pronounced lower ed…
Created on: Wednesday 16th May 2018
Last updated: Thursday 8th November 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-99738A
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Retouched flint flake of uncertain probable prehistoric date, on the balance of probability possibly Late Neolithic to Bronze Age, c. 3300-800 BC. A secondary flake of mottled pale grey flint with a small area of cortex surviving on the left edge of the dorsal face, covering c. 10%. At the proximal end the strking platform has been worked away by semi-abrupt, irregular and relatively long retouch, struck from the ventral face. The proximal half of the left edge of the dorsal face features further, long, abrupt, scalar retouch, with one hinged removal. The bulb of percussion is relat…
Created on: Monday 14th May 2018
Last updated: Monday 14th May 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-71E97B
Object type: PALSTAVE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete Bronze Age copper alloy Palstave, probably dating to c. 1,500-1,300 BC. The Palstave comprises of the blade only, the butt-end, including the entirety of the septum and flanges being lost to an old break at the stop ridge. The vestigial remains of loop are present, with a broken and abraded projection from one lateral face below the stop ridge. Each broad face features corroded rident or shield shaped decoration, cast in low relief below the stop ridge. In plan the blade flares widely into a crescentic cutting edge, but with no evidence for flanged blade tips, whilst in …
Created on: Monday 30th April 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 1st May 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-07D019
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two flakes of flint debitage, probably dating to the Neolithic to Early Bronze age, c. 4000-1,600BC, by association with other material found as part of the same assemblage. Both flakes are tertiary, representing two separate types of flint. The striking platform and bulb of percussion are retained on a single flake, where it is relatively pronounced and scarred. On the same flake, the negative removal scars on the dorsal face are irrgular in size and struck from a platform at roughly 45 degrees to the surviving platform. The second flake terminates in a hinge fracture, with only a si…
Created on: Wednesday 25th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 25th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-761B1D
Object type: ARROWHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An Early Bronze Age flint barbed and tanged arrowhead, probably dating to c. 2,400-2,100BC. Bifacially worked teritiary flake of mottled grey-brown flint, worked into a triangular point with sub-rectangular tang, the arrowhead features no barbs. The retouch is exhibited around the perimeter of the arrowhead, sub-parallel and low angle generally, although becoming semi-abrupt towards the point of the arrowhead on the dorsal face. On the ventral face this retouch is short, whilst its extent on the dorsal face is uncertain, with it obscured by a large removal at the tanged end, which alm…
Created on: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 5th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-754CC7
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Flint scraper of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, c. 3,300-1,600BC, exhibiting retouch resembling a plano-convex knife. A secondary flake of mottled grey-brown flint, with a small area of cortex surviving at one end (c.
Created on: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-744FC1
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Three retouched flint flakes of probable Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date, c. 3,300-1,600BC. 1. A tertiary flake of opaque, slightly mottled, grey-brown flint, with the proximal end worked away, but with relatively diffuse conchoidal ripples present on the ventral face. Two prominent negative removal scars are present on the dorsal face, one narrow and blade-like, the other much broader, probably struck from two separate platforms, one at c. 30 degrees to the other. Short, scalar, low angle retouch is exhibited along the right edge of the dorsal face and left edge of the ven…
Created on: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-727577
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two flint scrapers of probable Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age date, c. 3,300-1,600BC. 1. Secondary flake of pale grey flint, with cortex covering c. 33% of the dorsal face, on the right side of the proximal end. The striking platform survives at the proximal end, with an unscarred, diffuse bulb of percussion on the ventral face. The one surviving prominent negative removal scar on the dorsal face was struck from an opposing platform. The distal end exhibtis short, stepped, semi-abrupt retouch. Length 24.3mm; width 29.0mm; thickness 9.3mm; weight 6.52g. 2. Secondary flake of …
Created on: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-60B248
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two flint scrapers of probable later Neolithic or Bronze Age date, c. 3,300-800BC. 1. A secondary flake of pale grey pebble flint, with cortex surviving on c. 70% of the dorsal face. The proximal end has been lost to a large hinged removal which continues onto the dorsal face, but with pronounced conchoidal ripples present on the ventral face. The distal end of the dorsal face exhibits abrupt, short, scalar retouch which extends slightly onto the right edge. Length 30.8mm; width 22.4mm; thickness 7.1mm; weight 5.02g. 2. A tertiary flake of dark grey-brown flint speckled with pal…
Created on: Tuesday 17th April 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-6074F1
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A single flake of flint debitage, of probable prehistoric date. A tertiary flake of translucent brown flint with bands of grey-beige inclusions. A relatively large bulb of percussion survives at the proximal end, with bulbar scar. Abrasion to the dorsal edge of the striking platform would suggest the use of platform preparation. The sub-parallel, negative removal scars on the dorsal face appear to have been struck from th same platform as the overall removal. There is a small patch of white patination at the distal point, suggesting possible reuse of older material. There is no retouc…
Created on: Tuesday 17th April 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-5FD6D3
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Three flint scrapers of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3,300-1,600BC. 1. Tertiary flake of mottled pale grey flint, missing the proximal end and bulb of percussion to a natural break, with relatively large, but diffuse conchoidal ripples on the reverse. Abrupt, long, sub-parallel retouch along the distal and left edges of the dorsal face, obscuring the negative removal scars, but which appear to be struck from a different platform to the overall removal. Length 26.7mm; width 29.3mm; thickness 14.5mm; weight 5.90g. 2. Tertiary flake of sli…
Created on: Tuesday 17th April 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 17th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-28DEC1
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint thumb-nail scraper of probable Early bronze age date, c. 2400-1600 BC. A tertiary flake of dark brown flint, mottled with grey inlusions. Sub-rectangular in plan, with a relativey pronounced bulb of percussion on the ventral face, but with the striking platform worked away at the proximal end. The ventral face is unworked, with the dorsal face exhibiting retouch around much of its perimeter, with the exception of the proximal end, which has been thinned by a series of crude, hinged removals. The retouch is semi-abrupt, sub-parallel and short. Dimensions: length: 24.7mm; wid…
Created on: Wednesday 21st March 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 18th April 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-22D34D
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, c. 3000-1600 BC. An incomplete tertiary flake of mottled grey flint, missing the proximal end and right edge of the dorsal face to natural breaks. There is the suggestion of a realtively pronounced bulb of percussion on the ventral face, and with a single flake-like removal scar exhibited on the dorsal. The left edge and surviving distal end of the dorsal face both exhibit continuous short, abrupt, sub-parallel retouch. Dimensions: length 23.1mm; width 25.8mm; thickness 5.4mm; weight: 4.69g. See also: DEV-2854A…
Created on: Wednesday 21st March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 5th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-120D7C
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a secondary flake of mottled grey/brown flint with a small amount of cortex (covering c. 10%) surviving at the distal end of the dorsal face. A pronounced bulb of percussion survives at the proximal end of the ventral face, with a number of flake-like removal scars, all from the same direction, present on the dorsal. The distal end of the dorsal face exhibits short, abrupt, scalar retouch. The left edge of the dorsal face also features short, semi-abrubt, scalar retouch potentially workin…
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-1067AB
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a secondary flake of grey/brown flint, with a small amount of cortex (covering c.
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-103335
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a secondary flake of mottled grey/brown flint, with cortex surviving along the right lateral face (viewed from the dorsal face) of the relatively thick flake. An irrgular striking platform survives at the proximal end, with a slight over hanging lip on the ventral face and a diffuse bulb of percussion. A number of overlapping hinged removals are present on the dorsal face, with retouch along the right edge of the ventral face, this being short, scalar and semi-abrupt. …
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-0FEEDB
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a tertiary flake of mottled grey/brown flint, the flake is incomplete, with a large, probably relatively recent removal at both the distal and proximal end of the ventral face. A striking platform partially survives at the proximal end, truncated by the abovementioned removal, which also obscures the bulb of percussion, but which appears to have been relatively pronounced. Two large, flake-like removal scars are present on the doral face, both struck from the same dire…
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-0F8EAE
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a tertiary flake of mottled grey/brown flint. An irregular striking platform survives at the proximal end, with a pronounced bulb of percussion and bulbar scar. Two, large, flake-like removal scars survive on the dorsal face, struck from opposing directions. There is a small amount of short, low angle, stepped retouch at the centre of the right edge of the ventra face, with some semi-abrupt, long, sub-parallel retouch on the right side of the distal end of the dorsal f…
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-0F0748
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a secondary flake of mottled grey/brown flint and with cortex (covering c. 80%) surviving on the right proximal side of the dorsal face. The flake is incomplete missing the proximal end to a non-conchoidal break. A partial negative removal scar is retained on the dorsal face, struck from the same direction as the overall removal. The distal end of the dorsal face exhibits Long, semi-abrupt, stepped/scalar retouch. Dimensions: length 32.1mm; width 35.5mm; thickness 1…
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-0EB764
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Later Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, probably dating to c. 3000-1600 BC. Worked from a secondary flake of mottled grey/brown flint and with a small amount of cortex (covering c.
Created on: Tuesday 20th March 2018
Last updated: Tuesday 12th June 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-FAC9D2
Object type: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete Bronze Age socketed axehead, probably dating to c. 1100-800 BC. The surviving fragment comprises only of the blade-end, only surviving between the cutting edge and the end of the internal socket. The fragment is rectangular in plan and sub-triangular when viewed in profile. The sides of the axe are broadly parallel, tapering very slightly from the cutting edge, although without flaring blade tips. The cutting edge is slightly convex. Either lateral face of the axe has a pronounced, longitudinal casting seem, creating an elongated sub-hexagonal cross section. The socket i…
Created on: Monday 19th March 2018
Last updated: Monday 19th March 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-D8A691
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two flint core chunks, both of probable later Bronze Age date, c. 1600-800 BC. The first is a tertiary flake, sub-trapezoidal in plan and triangular in cross section, and probably extensively damaged. It is of an opaque black-brown flint. The dorsal face is faceted, the right featuring no conchoidal ripples and possibly being natural, and with the right edge being damaged through abrasion. The left facet features two obliquely angled, sub-parallel negative removal scars, with the proximal end of the left edge also damaged. The proximal end is battered, resulting in a confused array…
Created on: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-D42ACC
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A chert core of probable Bronze Age date, c. AD 1600-800. A sub-tetrahedron shaped fragment of brown chert, with large and distinct areas of quartz-like inclusions and areas of a smooth, beige cortex remaining on one face. A series of sub-parallel removals have been struck from this face, through the cortex, leaving overhanging promonotories or lips at he interstice of each removal, suggesting a lack of platform preparation. Dimensions: length 58.4mm; width 55.3mm; thickness 55.8mm; weight 130.50g. Although sub-parallel removals may suggest an earlier date, their irregular size …
Created on: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C55E5C
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint core of probable Bronze Age date, c. AD 1600-800. A sub-conical fragment of chert-like grey flint mottled with regular inclusions, and with a small area of thin, compact, beige-pink cortex below the striking platform. The core has two largely unworked facets, with a series of irregularly sized sub-parallel removals from the the third. A promonotory projects from between each removal, suggesting a lack of platform preparation. Dimensions: length 40.8mm; width 42.6mm; thickness 38.9mm; weight 40.33g. Although sub-parallel removals may suggest an earlier date, their irregul…
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C51C2A
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A retouched tertiary flake of mottled grey flint, probably dating to the later Bronze Age, c. 1600-800 BC. The flake is sub-triangular in plan, missing its striking platform, but with the suggestion of a large bulb of percussion. Three irregular, flake-like removal scars survive on the dorsal face, all struck from roughly the same direction and with one removal being significantly hinged. At the left edge of the proximal end of the ventral face there is short, low angle, stepped retouch, with short, semi-abrupt, scalar retouch at the right edge of the distal end of the same face. The …
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C47982
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
33 pieces of flint debitage and 1 flake of chert debitage of probable later Bronze Age date, c. 1600-800 BC. The group appears to represent a variety of flint sources, including some pebble flint fragments and comprises of 1 chert (7.43g) and 1 flint (31.25g) primary flake, 19 secondary flakes (350.49g) and 13 tertiary flakes (89.72g). In general the knapping is very crude, producing large, crude flakes with removals struck from several directions and exhibiting characteristics suggestive of hard-hammer percussion, suggesting a date range in the later Prehistoric period. Part of a lar…
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C40F02
Object type: BURIN
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint burin of probable later bronze age date, c. 1600-800 BC. A triangular tertiary flake of grey-brown flint, sub-trapezoidal in cross section and curving slightly ventrally into the distal end. A number of subparallel removal scars are present on the dorsal face, with one struck from a parallel platform to the others and overall flake removal. At the proximal end a striking platform and bulb of percussion survive with bulbar scar. Dimensions: length 36.4mm; width 16.3mm; thickness 6.6mm; weight 4.42g. Given its form, the flake would have been well suited as an engraving too…
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Friday 11th May 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C35C75
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A retouched flint flake of probable later Bronze age date, dating to c. 1600-800 BC. A tertiary flake of mottled beige flint, incomplete and missing its right edge to a natural break. The striking platform and a diffuse bulb of percussion survives at the proximal end, with a slight 'lip' below the platform. On the dorsal face at this end is a negative removal scar with a very pronounced hinged bulb. The distal end is truncated by short, semi-abrupt, scalar retouch. Dimensions: Length: 37.6mm; width 27.2mm; thickness 6.7mm; weight 7.09g. The general crudeness of the knapping, as …
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C26D2A
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A probable late Bronze Age flint scraper, probably dating to c. 1,600-800 BC. An incomplete secondary flake of mottled beige flint, with a small area of cortex retained on the right mesal edge of the dorsal face. The distal end has been lost to a natural break, and the proximal end worked away. Two subparallel negative removal scars survive on the dorsal face, one relatively broad. At the distal end of the right edge of the dorsal face, is a small srea of short, abrupt stepped retouch. There is further short, abrupt retouch at the proximal end, on the left side this is stepped on the …
Created on: Tuesday 20th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 21st February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-B23D2F
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Later Prehistoric flint scraper, probably of Later Bronze Age or Iron Age date, c. 1600-1 BC. A large sub-piriform secondary flake of mottled grey-brown flint, broadly sub-trapezoidal in cross section and retaining a layer of thin, sandy cortex on c. 20% of its dorsal face. A striking platform survives at the proximal end, with a large but unscarred bulb of percussion. A number of negative removal scars are present on the dorsal face, struck from at least four directions; the most prominent being a very large hinged removal struck from 45 degrees to the striking platform. The flake …
Created on: Wednesday 7th February 2018
Last updated: Wednesday 7th February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-806022
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A struck flint flake of probable Prehistoric date, potentially utilised as an expediency tool. An irregularly shaped tertiary flake of opaque black/grey flint. A striking platform survives at the proximal end with a diffuse bulb of percussion, but no 'lip' below the point of percussion. The distal end is lost to a natural break, but with probable use related wear on this edge. A number of irregular hinged removals on both the dorsal and ventral face appear more likely to be associated with later damage. Dimensions: length 35.7mm; width 34.7mm; thickness 7.5mm; weight 11.50g. Dat…
Created on: Wednesday 6th December 2017
Last updated: Thursday 22nd February 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-45CEA1
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint scraper of probable Late Neolithic or Bronze Age date, c. 3000-800 BC. A Broadly piriform secondary flake of black/brown flint, triangular in cross section and with c. 10% of the dorsal face covered with cortex at the distal end. Two parallel removal scars survive on the dorsal face. A relatively pronounced bulb of percussion is present at the proximal end of the ventral face, the striking platform has been worked away by a series of crude, abruptly angled hinged removals. There is a central, longitudinally aligned hinged removal at the proximal end of the dorsal face, possibl…
Created on: Tuesday 21st November 2017
Last updated: Friday 26th January 2018
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C4B86A
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A probable late Neolithic to Bronze Age flint side scraper, probably daitng to c. 3000-800 BC. A tertiary flake of translucent brown/black flint. Four irregular flake removal scars on dorsal face, struck from multiple directions. Striking platform survives at the proximal end with a diffuse bulb of perscussion on the ventral face, with a bulbar scar. Short, semi-abrupt stepped retouch around entirety of ventral face except for the proximal end, and on the right edge of the dorsal face. Evidence of blunting battering damage to the left edge of the dorsal face and right of the ventral. …
Created on: Wednesday 15th November 2017
Last updated: Wednesday 15th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-C4B2B7
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A probable late Neolithic to Bronze Age flint side scraper, probably daitng to c. 3000-800 BC. A Tertiary flake of opaque grey/brown flint peckled with pale inclusions. Notably irregular knapping, with two sub-parallel removal scars on the dorsal face, both struck from the proximal end. A striking platform survives at the proximal end, with an ill defined bulb of percussion. On the right edge of the ventral face is a hinged break. There is crude, short, semi-abrupt, stepped retouch along the right edge and distal end of the ventral face, as well as the right edge of the dorsal, with e…
Created on: Wednesday 15th November 2017
Last updated: Wednesday 15th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-9A50B8
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A large flake of flint debitage, exhibiting limited retouch, probably dating to c. 3000-800 BC. The tertiary flake is broadly piriform in plan and trapezoidal in cross section, of a opaque grey flint mottled with paler inclusions. A number of irregular flake-like removal scars are present on the dorsal face, apparently struck from at least two opposing directions and with two being hinged. The striking platform survives at the proximal end with a relatively diffuse blub of percussion and bulbar scar. Along the right mesal edge of the distal end of the dorsal face the flake exhibits a …
Created on: Monday 13th November 2017
Last updated: Monday 13th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-3B1474
Object type: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Dorset
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete Late Bronze Age socketed axehead, probably dating to c. 1150-750 BC. The fragment is extremely abraded, leaving no surface detail and at one point wearing completely through the wall, leaving an irregular perforation. The socket mouth and cutting edge have both been lost to wear, leaving the axe with a narrow sub-rectangular in plan, with a rounded blade-end and the wall of the socket lost entirely on one face. In profile the axehead tapers towards the cutting edge. the socket is sub-rectangular in cross-section and survives to a depth of c. 54.7mm. Dimensions: length…
Created on: Tuesday 3rd October 2017
Last updated: Monday 20th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-275529
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Flint end scraper of probable Late Neolithic or Bronze Age date, c. 3300-800 BC. A broadly oval secondary flake of dark grey/brown flint with frequent pale inclusions. A small amount, c. <5%, of cortex survives behind the right edge of the dorsal face. A pronounced bulb of percussion survives at the proximal end, with three large removal removal scars struck from several directions on the dorsal face. The distal end of the dorsal face exhibits long, sub-parallel semi-abrupt retouch. Dimensions: length 54.3mm; width 42.4mm; thickness 11.0mm; weight 31.31g.
Created on: Wednesday 20th September 2017
Last updated: Wednesday 20th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-94CED5
Object type: GRINDSTONE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A quartzite beach cobble utilised as a grindstone, of probable Prehistoric date. The cobble is most likely from the Salcombe pebble beds, deriving ultimately from the permian river systems of Normandy. The cobble has an oval plan and cross section, but is truncated, forming a well-worn oval facet at one end, exhibiting some battering damage as well as one edge being slightly bevelled through use. It is otherwise unmodified with the exeption of further, far less pronounced, wear-related facets to either side of the cobble, as well as shallow depressions at the centre of each face. All …
Created on: Wednesday 13th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 28th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-667E4A
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete retouched Prehistoric flint flake, tentatively dated to the Neolothic-Bronze Age (see also: DEV-ED0824 and DEV-66439A, part of the same scatter), c. 3000-800 BC. Secondary flake; probably incomplete, with the left mesal edge lost to a natural break. Of a blue-grey pebble flint with cortex surviving on the proximal end, through which it was presumably struck, although the bulb of percussion has not survived; irregular damage to the proximal end truncated by the natural break probably relates to the point of percussion. Two shallow facets from previous removals on dors…
Created on: Monday 11th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 11th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-66439A
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Three worked flint flakes of Prehistoric debitage, all secondary flakes of probable pebble flint, with one exhibiting evidence of retouch. The dating of such a small assemblage must remain highly tentative, however, the general crudeness of the knapping, as well as comparison to two cores found as part of the saem scatter (DEV-ED0824) may suggest a Neolithic to Bronze Age date, c. 3000-800 BC. DEV-667E4A is also part of this same scatter. 1. Secondary flake; brown flint mottled with plaer/white inclusions. c. 40% of distal end covered in cortex. 2 previous sub-parallel removals, bo…
Created on: Monday 11th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 11th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-ED0824
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two flint cores, one incomplete, of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, c. 3000-800 BC. DEV-667E4A and DEV-66439A are part of the same scatter. 1. A secondary core of a glassy black flint with little to no visible inclusions. A large amount of cortex remains on one face, c. 30% of the overall surface. The core has a single striking platform from which a number of irregularly sized but broadly sub-parallel flakes have been struck. The core has then been rotated to 7 o'clock and a removal scar used as the platform for a subsequent removal. The core has a broadly sub-rec…
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 11th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-ECB2BE
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A collection of four pieces of prehistoric flint debitage, possibly Late Neolithic or Bronze Age in date, c. 3000-800 BC. All secondary flakes of three types of flint. Flake 1 is of a translucent dark brown flint, with a extremely pronounced, slightly hinged bulbar scar. A small area of cortex remains on the left distal corner of the dorsal face, covering c.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 11th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EC4E26
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A probable Late Neolithic to Bronze Age pebble flint core, probably dating to c. 3000-800 BC. Sub-rectangular in plan and sub-rectangular in cross section, with cortex covering much of the reverse. The core has a single striking platform, one side of which appears to have been lost to more recent damage. From this platform a number of sub-parallel blade-like flake removals have been struck with further removals struck at a perpendicular angle apparently using removal scars as a platform. Of a grey flint mottled with paler patches and ferrous inclusions. Dimensions: length 44.6mm; w…
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EC021C
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A probable Late Neolithic to Bronze Age pebble flint core, probably dating to c. 3000-800 BC. Sub-rectangular in plan and broadly D-shaped in cross section, with cortex covering the entire convex face. The core has a single striking platform from which a series of small sub-parallel blade-like flake removals have been struck. Of a pale grey pebble flint mottled with white inclusions. Dimensions: length 29.3mm; width 28.4mm; thickness 21.3mm; weight: 24.44g. See also: DEV-EBC5B0 and DEV-EBB2BD, parts of the same scatter of flint.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EBC5B0
Object type: BURNT FLINT
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A piece of burnt pebble flint, probably dating to the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age, c. 3000-800 BC. See also: DEV-EC021C and DEV-EBB2BD, part of the same scatter of flint.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EBB2BD
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Six pieces of Prehistoric flint debitage, probably dating to the Late Neolithic to Bronze Age, c. 3000-800 BC. The group can be divided by flint, with the first group of two flakes being of a dark-grey/brown flint, both secondary flakes but with one with cortex covering c. 90% of its dorsal face. The other retains only a small amount on either mesal edge c.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EAE593
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Late Neolithic to Bronze Age flint side scraper, probably dating to c. AD 3000-800. Made of a tertiary flake of translucent brown flint, sub-rectangualr in plan and sub-trapezoidal in cross section, with both the proximal and distal ends worked away. The proximal end has been blunted with some fairly irregular removals, struck from the ventral face. The left mesal edge and distal edge of the dorsal face have been blunted using short, abrupt, sub-parallel/scalar retouch, with the retouch to the right mesal edge being semi-abrupt and scalar/stepped, although this edge has been more hi…
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EA7FE8
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two pieces of flint debitage, probably dating to the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age, c. 3000-800 BC. See also DEV-EA1237 and DEV-EAE593, parts of the same scatter of flint. 1. Incomplete secondary flake of mottled brown flint. c.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-EA1237
Object type: BURNT FLINT
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Two peices of burnt flint, probably dating to the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age, c. 3000-800 BC. Part of a larger group of 5 pieces of flint, see also DEV-EAE593 and DEV-EA7FE8.
Created on: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Last updated: Tuesday 5th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-D28C26
Object type: RETOUCHED FLAKE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Late Neolithic to Bronze Age retouched flint flake, probably dating to c. 2400-800 BC. A secondary flake of opaque dark grey flint with paler inclusions, with a small amount (c. 5%) of cortex surviving at the proximal end. The flake appears to have been struck directly from cortex and may be a rejuvination flake, it ha been worked unifacially. Two irregular, broad flake-like removal scars are present on the dorsal face, struck at c. 11 o'clock to the overall removal. The distal end of both sides has been retouched (short, scalar/stepped, semi-abrupt) resulting in a slightly rounded …
Created on: Monday 4th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 4th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-D23CAC
Object type: ARROWHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age flint barbed and tanged arrowhead, probably dating to c. 2400-1600 BC. The arrowhead is sub-triangular in plan with a short, sub-trapezoidal tang and one surviving sub-rectangular barb. The arrowhead is bifacially worked, probably with pressure flaking, with invasive, parallel, semi-abrupt to low-angle retouch. The barbs are defined by sub-rectangular notches with rounded ends, with the barbs being roughly equal in length to the tang. In profile one edge is straight, although the other has a slight curve due to a large white inclusion, it is otherw…
Created on: Monday 4th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 4th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-D1EB5B
Object type: ARROWHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age flint tanged arrowhead, probably dating to c. 2400-1600 BC. The arrowhead is sub-triangular in plan with a short, sub-trapezoidal tang. In profile the arrowhead curves dorsally towards the point, which is missing. The arrowhead is unifacially worked, retouch along both lateral edges, this is short, scalar and semi-abrupt, with abrupt retouch on either side at the proximal end to create the tang. Two removal scars are present on the dorsal face, one is slightly hinged. Dimensions: length 19.9mm; width 14.5mm; thickness 4.1mm; weight 1.11g.
Created on: Monday 4th September 2017
Last updated: Monday 4th September 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-B0516A
Object type: FLAT AXEHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A highly abraded Bronze Age copper alloy miniature flat axehead, probably dating to c. 2150-1900 BC. The axehead is broadly sub-rectangular in plan and rectangular in cross-section. The axe expands from a now rounded butt, 19.6mm wide, to the mid-point, 22.8mm wide. Below the mid-point, which is thickened in profile, 9.2mm thick compared to 4.6mm at the butt, there is break in angle, with the blade expanding to 28.2mm, where it terminates in a curved cutting edge. There is the suggestion of flanges running down either edge of the axehead, though they are difficult to discern by eye, a…
Created on: Monday 21st August 2017
Last updated: Monday 20th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-8907FD
Object type: PALSTAVE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A complete middle Bronze Age copper alloy palstave, probably dating to c. 1500-1300 BC. The palstave is 148.8mm long, with the stop ridge being 62.1mm from the butt. Both the butt end and septum are rectangular, the latter being 10.8mm deep at the stop ridge, which is angled, sloping inwards. The flanges, 3.1mm thick, are lozenge-shaped when viewed in profile, reaching a maximum width of 34.1mm, expanding from 27.8mm at the stop ridge. In plan, the palstave is measures 16.6mm wide at the butt, expanding immediately below it to reach a maximum of 22.6mm roughly in line with the beginni…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Wednesday 23rd August 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-87A067
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
10 peices of worked flint debitage, with the majority probably dating to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, although some may potentially be earlier (see notes). The assemblage contains at least six different flints, including one flake of chert and two which appear to have originated in beach pebbles. The other sources are of a translucent beige/brown flint (3), more highly patinated pale white/grey flint (1) and mottled pale grey flint (2). The assemblage contains one primary flake (from a beach pebble), four secondary flakes and five tertiary. With the exception of the patinat…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Monday 7th August 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'South Molton CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: DEV-874203
Object type: CORE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A flint core of probable Late Neolithic to Early Bronze age date, c. 4000-1000 BC. The tertiary core of mottled grey/dark grey flint is broadly trapezoidal in plan and broadly triagular in profile. It exhibits flake and blade-like flake removal scars, struck from a variety of directions, suggesting the core was being rotated around and multiple striking platforms used. The unusually squat form of the core suggests that it is itself potentially a fragment of a larger core. Dimensions: length 29.7mm; width 28.0mm; thickness 18.4mm; weight 15.72g. The use of multiple striking platf…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Monday 2nd October 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'South Molton CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: DEV-8630A9
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete Late Neolithic to early Bronze Age flint scraper, probably dating to c. 3000-1000 BC. A tertiary flake of brown/beige flint mottled with paler areas and with one ferrous inclusion visible in a break (see below). The flake has natural breaks on two sides, with the proximal end and left edge both lost. The curvature of the ventral face would suggest that near to the flakes original length survivives. All along the curve of the surviving worked edge exhibits retouch (short, sub-parallel/stepped in places, semi-abrupt) on the dorsal face, all struck from the ventral, which i…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Monday 7th August 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'South Molton CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: DEV-85DED5
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An early Bronze Age flint scraper, probably dating to c. 2400-1000 BC. A broadly tongue-shaped tertiary flake of pale grey flint, triangular in cross section. The bulb of percussion and striking platform have been lost to a natural break. A single hinged removal scare survives centrally on the dorsal face. The dorsal face similarly exhibits retouch (short, sub-parallel, semi-abrupt) along the right mesal and distal ends, all struck from the ventral face. The left mesal edge features cruder abrupt retouch, with larger individual removals. The ventral face is unworked. Dimensions: le…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Monday 7th August 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'South Molton CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: DEV-859BB9
Object type: SCRAPER (TOOL)
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An early Bronze Age flint scraper, probably dating to c. 2400-1000 BC. A broadly D-shaped secondary flake of dark grey/black flint, triangular in cross section and with cortex surviving along the majority of its thicker proximal edge. The flake has no striking platform, and it appears to have been an opportunistically unitilised flake, or else an expedient tool created with little to no preparation. The flake exhibits retouch along the distal end and sides (long, stepped, semi-abrupt) of the dorsal face, all struck from the ventral face and with the latter featuring no retouch. Dim…
Created on: Monday 7th August 2017
Last updated: Monday 7th August 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'South Molton CP', grid reference and parish protected.

Record ID: DEV-7A77C7
Object type: SOCKETED AXEHEAD
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
An incomplete Bronze Age copper alloy socketed axe head, probably dating to c. 950-750 BC. The surviving section comprises of the cutting edge, now highly abraded, and blade, with the mouth, loop and collar all lost to an abraded, but patinated break. The axehead is broadly trapezoidal in plan, 82.3mm long and expanding from a 36.4mm wide at a worn break to 53.8mm wide at the cutting edge. The object is triangular in profile, tapering from 26.3mm thick at the break to 21.3mm at approximately the mid-point, before continuing to terminate in a point at the cutting edge. In cross section…
Created on: Tuesday 25th July 2017
Last updated: Monday 20th November 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-BA9812
Object type: CHISEL
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A copper-alloy fragment of a possible middle or late Bronze Age tanged chisel, dating to c. 1500-800 BC. The fragment is sub-rectangular in plan, and rectangular in cross-section, measuring 19.7mm wide by 6.5mm thick. At one end it terminates in a worn break from which point it tapers in profile to a point, where the blade terminates in a convex edge. The fragment has a mottled dark and pale green patina and is pitted across the surface. Dimensions: length 30.5mm; width 19.8mm; thickness 6.6mm; weight 17.33g. Although with such a small fragment any identification must remain tentativ…
Created on: Tuesday 4th July 2017
Last updated: Thursday 16th November 2023
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Clyst St. George CP', grid reference and parish protected.

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Record ID: DEV-571573
Object type: DEBITAGE
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
Four pieces of flint debitage, largely of probable late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age date, although with one potentially earlier flake, c. 3300-1600 BC. 1. Tertiary flake of mottled pale grey flint, sub-rectangular in plan, sub-triangular-sub-pentagonal in cross section and with a curved profile. With relatively pronounced blub of percussion surviving at the proximal end of ventral face, along with pronounced conchoidal ripples. One striking platform survives at either end of the flake, with two blade-like removal scars on the dorsal face being struck from the platform opposing th…
Created on: Monday 5th June 2017
Last updated: Monday 5th June 2017
Spatial data recorded.

Record ID: DEV-40A263
Object type: BORER
Broad period: BRONZE AGE
County: Devon
Workflow stage: Awaiting validation
A Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age flint borer, probably dating to c. 3300-1600 BC. A secondary flake, with c.
Created on: Tuesday 23rd May 2017
Last updated: Sunday 4th June 2017
Spatial data recorded. This findspot is known as 'Drewsteignton CP', grid reference and parish protected.