Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was born in AD 188, the elder son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. He quarrelled bitterly with his younger brother, Geta, throughout his youth. In 198, Severus gave Caracalla the title of Augustus. As Severus ailed, Caracalla angled to succeed him. Julia Domna, however, thwarted his plans, and the brothers became dual emperors when Severus died. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Caracalla and Geta didn\u2019t share the power well, and built up opposing factions. Both had a reputation for cruelty and lack of scruples. After ten months of co-rule, Caracalla murdered his brother, but told the Senate that he did it in self-defence because Geta was trying to poison him. The Senate didn\u2019t really believe him, and when Caracalla began killing off Geta\u2019s supporters, they were further estranged. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Caracalla got his nickname from his preference for a certain type of garment, the caracullus, of German or Celtic origin. This was a close-fitting hooded garment made of many small pieces of cloth. He is also remembered for his immense bathing complex, the remains of which still stand in Rome. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
This emperor shed plenty of unnecessary blood, from Geta\u2019s supporters to a massacre of Alexandrians and a surprise attack on the Parthians. While Caracalla was in the East, a plot for his assassination was hatched; the commander of troops in Rome tried to warn the emperor, but Julia Domna intercepted the letter. He was murdered while pulling down his trousers to relieve himself. <\/p>","image":"Caracalla.jpg","zoomfolder":"Caracalla","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:13:45","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"276","denomID":"26"},{"id":"30","name":"Fulvia Plautilla","reeceID":"10","pasID":"277","date_from":"202","date_to":"205","biography":"
Publia Fulvia Plautilla was the first wife of Caracalla, selected by his father Septimius Severus to cement relations with the commander of the Praetorian Guard (her father). <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Caracalla hated the marriage, and refused to eat or sleep with his wife. He threatened to kill both her and her father when he came to power. In 205, Caracalla arranged to have some centurions bring false accusations against her father, and succeeded in having him executed. Plautilla was exiled for her relation to the wrongfully-killed man, and when Caracalla came to power, he had her killed. <\/p>","image":"Plautilla.jpg","zoomfolder":"Plautilla","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:15:48","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"277","denomID":"26"},{"id":"31","name":"Publius Septimius Geta","reeceID":"10","pasID":"278","date_from":"209","date_to":"212","biography":"
Publius Septimius Geta was born in 189, and quarrelled with his brother all through his youth. He never married and had no children. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Geta was only slightly younger than his brother Caracalla, but received honors such as the title Augustus much later than he. It is probable that Severus never meant Geta to succeed him, but the empress Julia Domna intervened and caused the two sons to be co-emperors upon the death of her husband. The dual reign lasted only ten months, as the emperors obstructed each other, built up rival factions, and plotted each other\u2019s destruction. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Caracalla murdered Geta in February 212, and his supporters shortly thereafter. Geta is said to have died on his mother\u2019s lap. Caracalla strove to eradicate Geta\u2019s memory, by obliterating all portraits and memorials, and so historians know relatively little about this short-lived emperor. He is more fondly remembered in a few literary sources, probably because Geta sought the intellectuals for his faction against Caracalla. <\/p>","image":"Geta.jpg","zoomfolder":"Geta","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:20:14","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"278","denomID":"26"},{"id":"32","name":"Macrinus","reeceID":"10","pasID":"279","date_from":"217","date_to":"218","biography":"
Marcus Opellius Macrinus was born in AD 164 in Mauretania. His Moorish features stood out, but moreso his humble origins\u2014he was the first Roman emperor who was not a senator.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Plautianus, commander of the Praetorian Guard under Severus, appointed Macrinus his steward. In 212 Macrinus became Praetorian Prefect himself, and served under Caracalla in the east. It is unclear whether he aspired to become emperor, but after the assassination of Caracalla, no clear successor emerged. After three days, Macrinus sought the affirmation of the troops. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Macrinus soon fell out with Julia Domna, Severus\u2019 widow. The troops also grew distrustful after Macrinus made a huge monetary settlement with the Parthians, which they viewed as disgraceful to Roman valour. He also began removing some of the troops\u2019 privileges. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
The soldiers shifted their allegiance to fourteen-year-old Varius Avitus (eventually Elagabalus), whom they believed to be an illegitimate son of Caracalla. Macrinus saw his power slipping and fled to Rome, but was captured and executed in Cappadocia. <\/p>","image":"Macrinus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Macrinus","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:37:47","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"279","denomID":"26"},{"id":"33","name":"Elagabalus","reeceID":"10","pasID":"281","date_from":"218","date_to":"222","biography":"
Varitus Avitus Bassianus was born in AD 203 or 204, in Syria. He rose to power when 14, because his mother claimed he was Caracalla\u2019s illegitimate child and the army believed her. His mother and grandmother ultimately ran affairs, but Elagabalus was the iconic emperor. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Reportedly beautiful, Elagabalus was the chief priest of the eponymous Syrian sun-god. He attempted to introduce this cult to Rome, even bringing with him the huge stone which represented the god and building it a temple near the Colosseum. Elagabalus also had notorious sexual appetites for both men and women, and promised a huge reward to any doctor who could perform a sex-change operation. He married at least three women within four years. Eventually, the Roman army and senate could no longer respect Elagabalus, and the women behind his administration began quarrelling. He adopted the future Alexander Severus in an attempt to legitimize his power, but the Praetorian Guards murdered Elagabalus and his mother anyway. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Elagabalus had large eyes and a youthful, underdeveloped face. He tended to wear gold or purple tunics, and at times a female diadem. <\/p>\r\n","image":"Elagabalus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Elagabalus","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:20:53","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"281","denomID":"26"},{"id":"34","name":"Julia Soaemias","reeceID":"10","pasID":"282","date_from":"218","date_to":"222","biography":"
Julia Soaemias was the mother of Elagabalus, and did much of the administrative work during his short reign. Her lover, Gannys, had the idea of making Elagabalus emperor; Elagabalus had him executed shortly after his accession, probably because Gannys had too much personal ambition. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Julia Soaemias was killed along with her son by the Praetorian Guard in March 222. <\/p>","image":"Julia_soaemias.jpg","zoomfolder":"Julia_Soaemias","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:21:25","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"282","denomID":"26"},{"id":"35","name":"Julia Maesa","reeceID":"10","pasID":"283","date_from":"218","date_to":"222","biography":"
Julia Maesa was the grandmother of both Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. With her daughter, Julia Soaemias, she administered Elagabalus\u2019 reign. She turned her support to Alexander Severus when it became clear that Elagabalus would not last long, but died in 224 having had less influence on Alexander\u2019s regime. <\/p>","image":"Julia_maesa.jpg","zoomfolder":"Julia_Maesa","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:21:58","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"283","denomID":"26"},{"id":"36","name":"Alexander Severus","reeceID":"11","pasID":"287","date_from":"222","date_to":"235","biography":"
Bassianus Alexianus was born in AD 208 in Phoenicia. He was adopted in 221 by his cousin Elagabalus, as a last attempt to save Elagabalus\u2019 legitimacy as emperor. The military and Praetorian Guard favoured Alexander, and would not carry out Elagabalus\u2019 command to kill the future emperor. Upon the death of Elagabalus, Alexander was proclaimed emperor almost unanimously. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Alexander was 14 when he became emperor, and his mother Julia Mamaea oversaw the appointment of a variety of advisors. She herself ruled in his name, and had many honorific titles (which Alexander grew to resent); she also confiscated much land to add to her personal wealth. Julia Mamaea also arranged his marriage to Orbiana, of whom she grew very jealous. Orbiana was banished shortly thereafter, to the dismay of the weak Alexander. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
In 231\/2, Alexander set out on an eastern campaign against Persia, and soon after to Germany, with his mother in tow. Already there had been several conspiracies against Alexander, but now Maximinus (one of Alexander\u2019s commanders) arose as a serious threat when the troops supposedly hailed him as imperator. Maximinus\u2019 men then killed Alexander and his mother in their tent, where they were hiding and weeping. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Alexander is remembered as a great emperor, although much of his reign was controlled by his mother and he himself was a weak individual. Had he been more generous to the armies, he likely would have lasted longer. Alexander often appears as a calm youth, in contrast to his predecessor Elagabalus. Portraits and busts show his maturity, from adolescent to young man. <\/p>","image":"Severus_alexander.jpg","zoomfolder":"Severus_Alexander","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:11:55","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"287","denomID":"26"},{"id":"37","name":"Julia Avita Mamaea","reeceID":"11","pasID":"288","date_from":"221","date_to":"235","biography":"
Julia Mamaea was the mother of Alexander Severus. She drew resentment from Alexander for her high-handed management and the assumption of many honorific titles. She governed well, but never had the support of the army; she sent the black stone of Elagabalus back to Syria and reversed many of the excesses of the previous regime. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Alexander eventually married someone of Julia Mamaea\u2019s choosing, but the mother then grew jealous of the empress and had her thrown out of the palace. She died in Germania with her son, when Maximinus was acclaimed Emperor by the troops and sent centurions to kill them both. <\/p>","image":"Julia_mamaea.jpg","zoomfolder":"Julia_mamaea","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:22:56","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"288","denomID":"26"},{"id":"38","name":"Sallustia Orbiana","reeceID":"11","pasID":"289","date_from":"225","date_to":"227","biography":"
Gnaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Orba Barbia Orbiana married Severus Alexander in 225, a marriage arranged by his mother Julia Mamaea. Julia grew jealous of the new empress and had her thrown out of palace in 227. Frightened, she took refuge with the Praetorian Guards, which Julia then called rebellion. Orbiana was exiled to North Africa and her father was killed. Alexander was supposedly fond of her but too influenced by his mother to save her. <\/p>","image":"Orbiana.jpg","zoomfolder":"Orbiana","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2006-10-19 15:23:01","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"289","denomID":"26"},{"id":"39","name":"Aemilianus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"64","date_from":"253","date_to":"253","biography":"
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus was born in 207. He came from Jerba and was a senator; he was acclaimed emperor in Upper Moesia and marched towards Rome. On the way, his soldiers murdered Gallus and Volusian, who tried to stop the advance.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Aemilian had the support of the Senate but not the army. He had entrusted Valerian with raising troops for a campaign on the Danube, but instead Valerian proclaimed himself emperor and used the troops to march on Rome. Aemilian died at the hands of his own men near Spoleto after 88 days of rule. <\/p>","image":"Aemilian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Aemilian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:48:26","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"64","denomID":"26"},{"id":"40","name":"Allectus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"89","date_from":"293","date_to":"296","biography":"
Allectus was finance minister to British emperor Carausius. He murdered the emperor in 293 and assumed power. In 296, he was defeated by Constantius Chlorus. <\/p>","image":"Allectus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Allectus","dynasty":"14","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:50:25","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"89","denomID":"26"},{"id":"41","name":"Aurelian","reeceID":"13","pasID":"73","date_from":"270","date_to":"275","biography":"
Lucius Domitius Aurelianus was born ca. 214 in Moesia Inferior (a Danube province). He led a military career and achieved honours under Gallienus; he may have instigated the plot which led to the murder of that emperor. Aurelian did not succeed Gallienus, but allowed the more popular Claudius II to rule. <\/p>
When Claudius II died of the Plague, Aurelian became the natural choice for a successor. He went to Rome for the winter, but then went back to the Danube to face the threats of various tribes along the border. Recurring invasions by Germanic groups made Aurelian decide that Rome, unwalled since the reign of Augustus, needed a city wall. He accordingly built the Aurelian Wall (finished by Probus). <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Probus, Aurelian\u2019s chief general and future successor, reconquered Egypt; Aurelian re-took the separatist Gallic Empire. He celebrated a huge victory in Rome and set off to fight the Persians. On the way, he fell victim to a misunderstanding\u2014his men thought they were sentenced to punishment and revolted, when in reality the rumor was spread by the emperor\u2019s secretary to escape his own punishment. After only five years this beloved and successful emperor died; the Senate immediately deified him and his soldiers gave him a magnificent burial.<\/p>","image":"Aurelian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Aurelian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:37:44","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"73","denomID":"26"},{"id":"42","name":"Balbinus","reeceID":"11","pasID":"294","date_from":"238","date_to":"238","biography":"
Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus was elected, along with Pupienus, by the Senate as Emperor. The move was to oppose Maximinus in the north and make up for the untimely deaths of Gordian I and II. Balbinus and Pupienus were not popular with the people of Rome, who demanded a Gordian ruler; the two were forced to appoint the 13-year-old grandson of Gordian I as Caesar. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
The joint emperors were successful in defeating Maximinus at Aquileia. When they got back to Rome, the two began to argue about who was the more important emperor. The Praetorian Guard never took to them, and in May of 168 killed them both. The Praetorians proclaimed Gordian III emperor. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Balbinus had a full, meditative face with a slightly pronounced chin. \r\n<\/p>","image":"Balbinus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Balbinus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"294","denomID":"26"},{"id":"43","name":"Carausius","reeceID":"14","pasID":"88","date_from":"286","date_to":"293","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius was a military commander under Maximian and Diocletian. When the two emperors assembled a military force to fight the Franks and Saxons, Carausius held command of the fleet.<\/p>\r\n
The emperors accused Carausius of taking pirate spoil for himself and resolved to punish him, but he escaped into Britain with a small force. There, he declared himself Augustus and trained the locals as sailors and soldiers.<\/p>\r\n
Diocletian and Maximian failed in their attempts to squash Carausius\u2019 reign. His rule extended far into Gaul, and in 290 the two emperors were forced to recognize his regime. In 293 Allectus, Carausius\u2019 minister of finance, killed him and assumed power.<\/p>","image":"Carausius.jpg","zoomfolder":"Carausius","dynasty":"14","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:50:05","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"88","denomID":"26"},{"id":"44","name":"Carinus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"85","date_from":"283","date_to":"285","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Carinus was Carus\u2019 elder son. He became Augustus on his father\u2019s accession and was left in charge of the Western empire. After the mysterious deaths of both Carus and Numerian, Carinus found himself sole emperor. Soon, the eastern army proclaimed Diocletian emperor and he marched towards Rome, whence Carinus marched out against him.<\/p>
Carinus campaigned successfully in Britain and had almost defeated the upstart Diocletian when past misdeeds caught up with him. He had reportedly seduced the wives of many of his officers, and one such officer killed the emperor. All the troops went over to Diocletian, who condemned the memories of Carus, Numerian, and Carinus.<\/p>","image":"Carinus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Carinus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:48:16","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"85","denomID":"26"},{"id":"45","name":"Carus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"84","date_from":"282","date_to":"283","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Carus was born in 244 at Narbo. He was a highly popular military man and leader of the Praetorian Guard when he usurped power from Probus in 282. He immediately raised his two sons, Numerian and Carinus, to the rank of Caesar. <\/p>\r\n
Carus entrusted Carinus, now also Augustus, with government and set out with Numerian for the East. They were highly successful, but Carus died in his tent in the middle of the campaign. The exact circumstances are unclear; supposedly the tent was struck by lightning, though some suggest one of his officers did him in.<\/p>","image":"Carus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Carus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:42:30","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"84","denomID":"26"},{"id":"46","name":"Claudius Gothicus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"71","date_from":"268","date_to":"270","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Claudius was born in 214. He had the nickname \"Gothicus\" and was the first of many Illyrian emperors. Claudius was in command of military reserves at Ticinum when Gallienus was killed at Milan. He squashed the rebellion of Aureolus, deified Gallienus, and went north to deal with the Goths. An outbreak of the Plague helped the Romans gain the upper hand over the Goths, but Claudius himself contracted the disease and died. <\/p>","image":"ClaudiusII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Claudius_II","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:22:50","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"71","denomID":"26"},{"id":"47","name":"Diocletian","reeceID":"14","pasID":"90","date_from":"284","date_to":"305","biography":"
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus was born ca. 245 in Dalmatia. He came from humble origins and rose through the military to serve as commander at Moesia. Diocletian may have played some part in the deaths of Carus and Numerian; his troops proclaimed him emperor and he marched against Carinus in Rome. Carinus met him in battle and was ultimately killed, and Diocletian gained the support of his troops. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
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In 285, Diocletian appointed his colleague Maximian as Caesar and gave him control of the Western provinces; the emperor had no sons on whom to rely. In 286 Maximian was raised to Augustus, and propaganda tended to identify Diocletian with Jove and Maximian with Hercules. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
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Diocletian spent five years campaigning against the Danube tribes and unsuccessfully dealing with the upstart Carausius. Although the dual emperor system worked well, he began to worry about the succession. As a solution, Diocletian and Maximian each appointed a junior Caesar to succeed when either of the Augusti died (Constantius and Galerius.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n
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Diocletians reorganization of the imperial system proved his greatest contribution to the Roman empire. The Senates influence was on the decline, and the empire was divided into more orderly provinces, with stricter rules about their governance. He is also remembered for reinstating worship of the traditional Roman pantheon and persecuting Christians.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
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Diocletian and Maximian gave up power in 205, and Diocletian retired to Split (in modern Croatia) where he died in 311.<\/p>","image":"Diocletian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Diocletian","dynasty":"10","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:51:48","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"90","denomID":"26"},{"id":"48","name":"Florianus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"82","date_from":"276","date_to":"276","biography":"
Marcus Annius Florius succeeded Tacitus as emperor. He had been commander of the Praetorian Guard and was quickly recognized by the senate. <\/p>
Florian quickly marched east to continue fighting the Heruli, and soon had them nearly defeated. However, the eastern commander Marcus Aurelius Probus was declared emperor by Egypt, Syria, and the other eastern provinces. Florian marched south to encounter Probus but his much-larger army was soon decimated by heat and disease. His soldiers lost their loyalty, and Probus\u2019 men talked them into deposing Florian in favour of Probus. Florian was killed by his own troops, who erected a statue in his honour.<\/p>","image":"Florian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Florian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:41:20","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"82","denomID":"26"},{"id":"49","name":"Jotapianus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"366","date_from":"248","date_to":"249","biography":"
Marcus Fulvius Rufus Jotapianus claimed to descend from Alexander the Great and was proclaimed emperor by his army in Syria. He stirred up revolt against Rome in Syria and Cappadocia, but was killed by his own soldiers. <\/p>","image":"Jotapian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Jotapian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:36:34","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"366","denomID":"26"},{"id":"50","name":"Gordian I","reeceID":"11","pasID":"292","date_from":"238","date_to":"238","biography":"
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus was born ca. 158. He was serving as governor of Africa Proconsularis when the fiscal curator, a supporter of Maximinus, was murdered. The young aristocrats of the area approached Gordian to become emperor, which he did,possibly because he was old enough not to care about the prospective danger of the post. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Gordian went to Carthage and sent messages to Rome, where the Senate eagerly confirmed his position. Gordian came from a respected upper-class lineage, unlike Maximinus; the Senate also made his son Gordian II an Augustus. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Numidia, which bordered Africa Proconsularis, had a longstanding grudge for the Gordians. The Numidian governor Capellianus controlled a legion, and with it marched on Carthage. He easily overwhelmed the provincial forces and killed Gordian II. When Gordian I heard of his son's death, he hanged himself. The pair had only reigned for 20 days. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Gordian I was an old man, often described as having grey hair and a somewhat heavy brow. <\/p>","image":"GordianI.jpg","zoomfolder":"Gordian_I","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2009-03-13 17:07:00","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"292","denomID":"26"},{"id":"51","name":"Gordian II","reeceID":"11","pasID":"293","date_from":"238","date_to":"238","biography":"
Gordian II was born around 192. When his father was acclaimed emperor and supported by the Senate in 238, Gordian II was named Augustus as well. He died when Numidian forces attacked Carthage in 238, after 20 days of co-rule. <\/p>","image":"GordianII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Gordian_II","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"293","denomID":"26"},{"id":"52","name":"Gordian III","reeceID":"11","pasID":"296","date_from":"238","date_to":"244","biography":"
Marcus Antonius Gordianus was born in 225 to Gordian I\\'s daughter. Gordian III was named Caesar by Pupienus and Balbinus in a move to pacify the people of Rome; he was proclaimed sole emperor by the Praetorian Guard in May 238. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Military conflict broke out as the Persians attacked Roman territory. When the able commander of the Roman forces, the father of Gordian III\\'s wife and former commander of the Praetorian Guard, died, his replacement was a less conscientious commander. This new leader, Phillip the Arab, used his position to foment mutiny rather than to fight the war, and he undermined Gordian III\\'s power as much as he could. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Gordian III called the soldiers to choose between Philip and himself, and they chose Philip. Gordian was killed and his remains brought back to Rome; the Senate deified him.<\/p>","image":"GordianIII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Gordian_III","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"296","denomID":"26"},{"id":"54","name":"Laelianus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"76","date_from":"269","date_to":"269","biography":"
Laelian was governor of Upper Germany under Postumus and had two legions at his command. He led a rebellion at Mainz, but his supporters soon dwindled and Postumus recaptured Mainz. Laelian died sometime during the battle, though the exact details are not know. Postumus died shortly thereafter at the hands of his own soldiers, angry when he did not allow them to pillage the city. <\/p>","image":"Laelian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Laelian","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:31:06","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"76","denomID":"26"},{"id":"55","name":"Maximian","reeceID":"15","pasID":"91","date_from":"286","date_to":"310","biography":"
Maximian was born ca 250. He was adopted by Diocletian and made co-Augustus in 286; Maximian effectively ruled the western part of the empire while Diocletian dealt with problems in the north and east. <\/p>
With Diocletian, Maximian restored the Forum in Rome and built a set of baths even bigger than Caracalla\u2019s. He adopted Constantius as his son and successor when Diocletian adopted Maximian; he abdicated power with Diocletian in 305. However, Maximian did not take well to retirement. As a Senior Augustus, he continued to involve himself at times in affairs of the empire. He died at Marseilles in 310; he may have been murdered, or may have committed suicide. <\/p>","image":"Maximian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Maximian","dynasty":"10","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:52:37","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"91","denomID":"26"},{"id":"56","name":"Numerian","reeceID":"14","pasID":"87","date_from":"282","date_to":"284","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Numerianus was Carus\u2019 younger son, born around 253. He was made Caesar when his father became emperor, though he was reportedly bookish and uninterested in ruling or warfare. Upon the suspicious death of Carus, Numerian was left in charge of the entire Persian campaign. After negotiating peace with the Persians, he headed back to Rome to confer with his brother Carinus. He never made it; Numerian died under suspicious circumstances, possibly poisoned.<\/p>","image":"Numerian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Numerian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:42:52","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"87","denomID":"26"},{"id":"57","name":"Pacatianus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"365","date_from":"248","date_to":"249","biography":"
Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus usurped power briefly during the reign of Philip I in Upper Moesia. He was murdered by his own soldiers. <\/p>","image":"Pacatian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Pacatian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"365","denomID":"26"},{"id":"58","name":"Postumus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"75","date_from":"260","date_to":"269","biography":"
Postumus was proclaimed emperor by his forces, the Rhine legions, in 260; he captured and executed Gallienus\u2019 son Saloninus. However, the purpose of his revolt was not to march on Rome but to create a Western empire. Gallienus left Postumus alone when it became clear that he would not march on Rome; later Gallienus attacked the rebel but suffered personal injury and went back to Rome.<\/p>
Postumus didn\u2019t support Aureolus\u2019 defection in 268 and refused to enter the conflict in Italy. However, this move may have cost him some support and he was killed the next year during the revolt of Laelian by his soldier, angered when he would not let them pillage Mainz.<\/p>","image":"Postumus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Postumus","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:30:02","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"75","denomID":"26"},{"id":"59","name":"Probus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"83","date_from":"276","date_to":"282","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Probus was born in 232. He was a highly accomplished military man, much like the emperor Aurelius. When Florian was betrayed by his own men, his rival Probus became emperor. Probus spent his most of his reign trying to consolidate the empire, generally by solidifying the borders which were increasingly attacked by Goths, Vandals, Germanic tribes, etc. In 280 he also had to deal with internal insurrections, when Bonosus and Proculus proclaimed themselves emperors at Cologne. British and Moorish governors also grabbed at power. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
After celebrating a triumph for his German victories, Probus set out again for the east. In his absence Carus, the Praetorian Prefect, raised support and made a bid for power. Probus sent troops back to crush the movement, but these troops defected to the usurper. When Probus\u2019 remaining troops heard of the defection, they murdered him in a look-out tower near Sirmium.<\/p>","image":"Probus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Probus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:41:47","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"83","denomID":"26"},{"id":"60","name":"Pupienus","reeceID":"11","pasID":"295","date_from":"238","date_to":"238","biography":"
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus was born in 164. He was elected, along with Balbinus, by the Senate as Emperor. The move was to oppose Maximinus in the north and make up for the untimely deaths of Gordian I and II. Balbinus and Pupienus were not popular with the people of Rome, who demanded a Gordian ruler; the two were forced to appoint the 13-year-old grandson of Gordian I as Caesar. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
The joint emperors were successful in defeating Maximinus at Aquileia. When they got back to Rome, the two began to argue about who was the more important emperor. The Praetorian Guard never took to them, and in May of 168 killed them both. The Praetorians proclaimed Gordian III emperor. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Pupienus had a long, gaunt face and full beard. <\/p>","image":"Pupienus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Pupienus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2009-06-16 11:35:00","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"295","denomID":"26"},{"id":"61","name":"Quietus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"372","date_from":"260","date_to":"261","biography":"
Fulvius Junius Quietus was the son of a general of Valerian fighting in Persia. Upon the Persians\u2019 capture of Valerian, Quietus and his brother Macrianus were declared emperors, in an effort to rally support and stop the Persian advance. Quietus remained in charge of the eastern provinces while his father and brother set off to vanquish Gallienus. After their death, Quietus was besieged in Emesa by the Palmyran king Odenathus, by whom he was captured and killed.<\/p>","image":"Quietus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Quietus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:00:35","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"372","denomID":"26"},{"id":"62","name":"Quintillus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"72","date_from":"270","date_to":"270","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus was the younger brother of Claudius II. He succeeded his brother when his troops proclaimed him emperor but the troops switched their loyalty to Aurelian. Quintillus despaired and committed suicide after a very short reign.<\/p>","image":"Quintillus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Quintillus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:24:20","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"72","denomID":"26"},{"id":"63","name":"Regalianus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"373","date_from":"260","date_to":"260","biography":"
Publius Caius Regalianus was governor of Upper Pannonia. His history is obscure; he seems to have seized power after the downfall of Valerian and been put to death shortly thereafter by his own soldiers. <\/p>","image":"Regalian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Regalian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:02:20","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"373","denomID":"26"},{"id":"64","name":"Tacitus","reeceID":"14","pasID":"81","date_from":"275","date_to":"276","biography":"
Marcus Claudius Tacitus was born ca. 200 in the Danube provinces. He became emperor when he was about 75 years old. The circumstances of his accession are unclear; Aurelian left no apparent heir, and after some period of interregnum the Senate or the armies put forth Tacitus as the next candidate. <\/p>
After becoming emperor, Tacitus set out to take the forces Aurelian had amassed into Persia. He won victories in Asia Minor and was given the name \u2018Gothicus Maximus,\u2019 but was murdered on his way back to Rome in Cappadocia. He had only reigned six months, but was a favourite of the Senate. <\/p>","image":"Tacitus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Tacitus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:39:59","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"81","denomID":"26"},{"id":"65","name":"Tetricus I","reeceID":"13","pasID":"79","date_from":"271","date_to":"274","biography":"
Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus became emperor of the Gallic empire after the assassination of Victorinus in 271. He was loosely related to Victorinus\u2019 mother Victoria, who paid a large bribe to the armies for their allegiance. He made his young son Tetricus II a Caesar, and may have later named him Augustus and co-ruler. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Tetricus was an accomplished military commander, and he defeated a German invasion. He also fought against Aurelian\u2019s attempt to take the Gallic Empire back into the main Roman Empire, but the circumstances of the Gallic Empire\u2019s ultimate capitulation are shady. Tetricus was not executed but given an administrative post, and both father and son appear to have lived out their days in peace. Some suggest that Tetricus asked Aurelian to intervene and take Gaul back into the Roman Empire when he could no longer deal with internal strife and administration. <\/p>","image":"TetricusI.jpg","zoomfolder":"Tetricus_I","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:36:44","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"79","denomID":"26"},{"id":"66","name":"Tetricus II","reeceID":"13","pasID":"80","date_from":"272","date_to":"274","biography":"
Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus (who had the same name as his father) probably received the title Caesar in 273 from his father. He may have been promoted to Augustus near the end of his father\u2019s reign, but the evidence is inconclusive. When Aurelian re-integrated the Gallic Empire back into the Roman, Tetricus II lived out his days in Rome. <\/p>","image":"TetricusII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Tetricus_II","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:37:05","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"80","denomID":"26"},{"id":"67","name":"Decius","reeceID":"12","pasID":"300","date_from":"249","date_to":"251","biography":"
Quintus Decius Valerinus was born ca. 190 and was the first of many emperors to come from the Balkans. His career included a consulship and three governorships, and served as urban prefect under Philip I. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
After Philip\u2019s death, Decius went to Rome and consolidated his power; he took the name Traianus out of respect for the great emperor of the last century, and undertook many building projects. He also repaired the Colosseum, which continued to be struck by lightning. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Decius is remembered for persecuting Christians and forcing them to sacrifice to the emperor, though his edict was in fact not aimed solely at Christians. Decius died in battle against the Goths\u2014the first emperor to die fighting a foreign enemy.<\/p>","image":"TrajanDecius.jpg","zoomfolder":"Trajan_Decius","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:42:47","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"300","denomID":"26"},{"id":"68","name":"Trebonianus Gallus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"62","date_from":"251","date_to":"253","biography":"
Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus was born ca. 206. He had served as senator, consul, and governor; he also served under Decius in the Danube wars. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Upon the death of Trajan Decius, Gallus became emperor and adopted Decius\u2019 surviving son Hostilian, whom he also made co-emperor. The two emperors went back to Rome, where Hostilian died of the Plague and Gallus raised his son Volusianus to the rank of emperor. The Roman people respected Gallus for his efforts to provide proper burial to all Plague victims, but the emperor faced military trouble on the northern and eastern frontiers. In Upper Moesia, Aemilius Aemilianus was proclaimed emperor by his legions and began to march on Rome. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Gallus and his son tried to meet Aemilianus\u2019 troops and met them 50 miles north of Rome. Soldiers murdered the emperor and his son in August 253.<\/p>","image":"TrebonianusGallus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Trebonianus_Gallus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:46:32","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"62","denomID":"26"},{"id":"69","name":"Vaballathus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"376","date_from":"271","date_to":"272","biography":"
Julius Aurelius Septimius Valbalathus Athenodorus was the son of a lieutenant of Gallienus, Septimius Odaenathus. This lieutenant served Gallienus well and ruled Palmyra, until he was killed under suspicious circumstances which left power in the hands of his widow Zenobia and ten-year-old son Vabalathus. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Gallienus, Claudius, and Quintillus all refused to grant Vabalathus the titles his father had won. When Aurelian became emperor, he didn\u2019t have the resources to directly confront Vabalathus, so he granted him the titles. Two years later, Aurelian had the means to destroy Palmyrene power; he took both Valabalathus and Zenobia captive and paraded them through Rome in his triumph. Zenobia was permitted to live out her days in honourable retirement; the fate of Vabalathus is unknown. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Therefore, Vabalathus had the title Augustus in AD 272, when he issued joint coinage honouring himself and Aurelian.<\/p>","image":"Vabalathus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Vabalathus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:39:09","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"376","denomID":"26"},{"id":"70","name":"Valerian (emperor)","reeceID":"12","pasID":"65","date_from":"253","date_to":"260","biography":"
Publius Licinius Valerianus was of noble descent and succeeded Aemilian by proclaiming himself emperor and killing his predecessor. The Senate approved of him and immediately elevated his son Gallienus to co-ruler; hope was that the two could bring order to the troubled empire. <\/p>
\r\nValerian dealt with Syria and the Persians; he had initial success and was granted the title \u201cRestorer of the Orient\u201d. Gallienus took care of the Germans. However, Valerian\u2019s successes grew fewer and he stupidly agreed to negotiate with the Persian king accompanied only by a small retinue. The Persian king took Valerian captive, and he died in captivity.<\/p>","image":"Valerian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Valerian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:49:58","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"65","denomID":"26"},{"id":"71","name":"Victorinus","reeceID":"13","pasID":"78","date_from":"269","date_to":"271","biography":"
Marcus Piavvonius Victorinus succeeded Marius to power; he had risen to high office under Postumus. The Gallic Empire ran into harder times as Spain refused to recognize Victorinus and a force of Claudius II seized territory east of the Rhone. Victorinus also had to put down several revolts and gained the hatred of his entourage by seducing their wives. He was killed in 271 when caught propositioning the wife of an official. <\/p>","image":"Victorinus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Victorinus","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:32:50","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"78","denomID":"26"},{"id":"72","name":"Volusianus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"63","date_from":"251","date_to":"253","biography":"
Gaius Vibius Volusianus was the son of Trebonianus Gallus. Upon his father\u2019s accession in 251, Volusian was given the title of Caesar. When Hostilian died, Volusian became Augustus and ruled jointly with his father. He died in 253, murdered with his father by soldiers of Aemilian. <\/p>","image":"Volusian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Volusian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:47:48","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"63","denomID":"26"},{"id":"73","name":"Macrianus Major","reeceID":"13","pasID":"371","date_from":"260","date_to":"261","biography":"
Fulvius Junius Macrianus was the son of a general of Valerian fighting in Persia. Upon the Persians\u2019 capture of Valerian, Macrianus and his brother Quietus were declared emperors, in an effort to rally support and stop the Persian advance. After causing the Persians to retreat to the Euphrates, Macrian and his father set out to challenge Gallienus in Europe. At Illyricum they ran into troops loyal to Gallienus, who killed father and son. <\/p>","image":"Macrian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Macrian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:00:13","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"371","denomID":"26"},{"id":"74","name":"Constantius Chlorus","reeceID":"15","pasID":"92","date_from":"293","date_to":"306","biography":"
Constantius was born ca 250 in Illyricum. Maximian adopted him as son and heir in 293 as Diocletian adopted Galerian, forming the new system of tetrarchy.<\/p>\r\n
Upon the abdication of the older Augusti, Constantius I was named Augustus of the Western empire in 305. He had left his concubine Helena (mother of Constantine) to marry Maximian\u2019s daughter Theodora. He had been assigned to subdue Carausius, the British usurper, who was killed by Allectus; three years later in a larger operation, Constantius was able to suppress Allectus\u2019 regime. Now, as Augustus, Constantius again went to Britain and fought successfully against the Picts. He died in 306 and his troops proclaimed Constantine emperor. <\/p>","image":"Constantius.jpg","zoomfolder":"Constantius","dynasty":"10","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:53:35","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"92","denomID":"26"},{"id":"75","name":"Gallienus (Joint reign)","reeceID":"12","pasID":"67","date_from":"253","date_to":"260","biography":"
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus was the son of Valerian, born in 213. He ruled with his father, commanding the armies in the West while his father took care of the East. Valerian was taken captive by the Persians, and thus Gallienus became sole emperor. He struggled to keep the empire together and introduced a policy of religious tolerance that lasted for decades. Over seven attempts were made to set up a rival emperor and a series of secessionists in Gaul made things difficult. <\/p>\r\n
A major revolt by Postumus formed a northern \u2018empire\u2019 which lasted about 15 years. Gallienus was a good soldier but unable to cope with the many factions on all edges of the empire; he was killed by his men near Milan and buried on the Appian way. His legacy is undeservedly bad; he alienated the Senate by refusing to allow senators into the military, a policy which stemmed from the recent betrayals and succession issues caused in part by senators in the army. <\/p>","image":"Gallienus1.jpg","zoomfolder":"Gallienus_1","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:57:45","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"67","denomID":"26"},{"id":"76","name":"Gallienus (sole reign)","reeceID":"13","pasID":"370","date_from":"260","date_to":"268","biography":"
Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus was the son of Valerian, born in 213. He ruled with his father, commanding the armies in the West while his father took care of the East. Valerian was taken captive by the Persians, and thus Gallienus became sole emperor. He struggled to keep the empire together and introduced a policy of religious tolerance that lasted for decades. Over seven attempts were made to set up a rival emperor and a series of secessionists in Gaul made things difficult. <\/p>\r\n
A major revolt by Postumus formed a northern \u2018empire\u2019 which lasted about 15 years. Gallienus was a good soldier but unable to cope with the many factions on all edges of the empire; he was killed by his men near Milan and buried on the Appian way. His legacy is undeservedly bad; he alienated the Senate by refusing to allow senators into the military, a policy which stemmed from the recent betrayals and succession issues caused in part by senators in the army. <\/p>","image":"Gallienus2.jpg","zoomfolder":"Gallienus_2","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:57:54","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"370","denomID":"26"},{"id":"78","name":"Marcus Aurelius Marius","reeceID":"13","pasID":"77","date_from":"269","date_to":"269","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Marius succeeded Postumus in the Gallic Empire. He seems to have been of very humble origin and possibly a blacksmith by trade. He was strangled in a private quarrel and died after a very short reign. <\/p>","image":"Marius.jpg","zoomfolder":"Marius","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:31:51","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"77","denomID":"26"},{"id":"79","name":"Maximinus Thrax","reeceID":"11","pasID":"290","date_from":"235","date_to":"238","biography":"
Gaius Julius Valerius Maximinus was born in Thrace and began life as a lowly soldier. He rose through the ranks until, by the military campaigns of Severus Alexander, he had control of a legion and governorship of Mesopotamia. He was involved in Alexander\u2019s German campaign and acclaimed emperor by his troops near Mainz. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
The Senate did not like Maximinus because he spent no time in Rome and extorted huge sums of money to finance his very successful military campaigns. They also viewed him with prejudice because of his very humble origins. Gordian I and II tried to take over the government from Africa, but that rebellion was put down; in Rome, Balbienus and Pupienus were elected joint emperors by the Senate and Maximinus marched towards Rome. He was stopped in Aquileia when the town refused to offer him shelter. He started a siege but was killed by assassins who took his head to Rome. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Maximinus, also called Maximinus Thrax in refernce to his Thracian origins, was a huge man with a prominent chin. Reports characterize him as abnormally tall and very muscular. <\/p>\r\n","image":"Maximinus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Maximinus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:45:42","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"290","denomID":"26"},{"id":"80","name":"Philip the Arab","reeceID":"12","pasID":"297","date_from":"244","date_to":"249","biography":"
Philip I, or Philip the Arab, was born ca. 204 in Arabia. He rose through the army to become Praetorian Commander under Gordian III; during the Persian campaign, his troops gave him their support against Gordian and made him emperor. He killed Gordian and later deified him in Rome. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Philip soon agreed to peace terms with Persia, though with terms that many Romans considered insulting: he made a huge down-payment and accompanied it with an annual indemnity. The emperor then spent much of his time on military campaigns, and made his young son Augustus in 247. He built a large reservoir at Rome to help with chronic water shortage, and celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome with a series of festivals and games in 248. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Two uprisings broke out in 248; the first, Pacatian was named emperor by the Danube troops, but the soldiers then killed him. In the east, Jotapian was proclaimed emperor and not suppressed for almost a year. Two other rebellions are known only from coinage. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Philip died in battle as Decius, a commander he had appointed to deal with the Goths, attacked him in Macedonia. \r\n<\/p>","image":"PhilipI.jpg","zoomfolder":"Philip_I","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:56:47","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"297","denomID":"26"},{"id":"82","name":"Annia Faustina","reeceID":"10","pasID":"286","date_from":"220","date_to":"221","biography":"
Annia Faustina was Elagabalus\u2019 third wife. He married her in 221 and divorced her soon after. <\/p>","image":"AnniaFaustina.jpg","zoomfolder":"Annia_Faustina","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"286","denomID":"26"},{"id":"94","name":"Diadumenian","reeceID":"10","pasID":"280","date_from":"217","date_to":"218","biography":"
Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus was born in 208. When his father Macrinus was saluted as Augustus in 217, Diadumenian was given the title Caesar. In May of 218, the boy was also given the title Augustus\u2014which was never confirmed by the Senate, but appears on some coins. The supporters of Elagabalus overwhelmed Macrinus and Diadumenianus fled to Parthia, but was intercepted and killed. <\/p>","image":"Diadumenian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Diadumenian","dynasty":"7","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:38:28","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"280","denomID":"26"},{"id":"95","name":"Domitianus II (usurper)","reeceID":"13","pasID":"375","date_from":"271","date_to":"271","biography":"
This usurper is identified with the general Domitian mentioned in the Historia Augusta as the most trusted and bravest officer of Aureolus. If this is accurate, Domitian may have made a bid for power when Aureolus sent him to Cologne as envoy to Postumus; perhaps he had a brief reign just after the death of Postumus or Marius. <\/p>","image":"DomitianII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Domitian_II","dynasty":"9","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:33:23","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"375","denomID":"26"},{"id":"102","name":"Cornelia Supera","reeceID":"12","pasID":"368","date_from":"249","date_to":"249","biography":"
Gaia Cornelia Supera was Aemilian\u2019s wife. She is completely unknown to history.<\/p>","image":"CorneliaSupera.jpg","zoomfolder":"Cornelia_Supera","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:48:51","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"368","denomID":"26"},{"id":"107","name":"Galerius","reeceID":"15","pasID":"93","date_from":"293","date_to":"311","biography":"
Gaius Galerius Valerius was born ca 250 near Serdica. He had a distinguished military career, and Diocletian nominated him as junior emperor in 293 (at which point Galerius divorced his wife and married Diocletian\u2019s daughter Valeria). Galerius successfully ruled Egypt and supposedly incited Diocletian to persecute the Christians; he became Augustus in 305 when Diocletian abdicated. <\/p>
As Augustus of the east, Galerius was theoretically subordinate to the Western emperor but managed to appoint two favourites, Maximinus and Valerius Severus, as the junior Caesars. Upon the death of Constantius, he grudgingly allowed Constantine to become Caesar, but insisted that Severus be Augustus. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Maxentius soon overthrew Severus, and Galerius invaded Italy but was forced to retreat. He summoned Diocletian and Maximian to meet him and declare Maxentius a usurper in 308; they appointed Licinus in his place. Galerius grew sick in 310 and feared the illness was retribution from the Christian god, so he reluctantly lifted some of his persecution. He died in 311. <\/p>","image":"Galerius.jpg","zoomfolder":"Galerius","dynasty":"10","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:54:43","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"93","denomID":"26"},{"id":"111","name":"Herennia Etruscilla","reeceID":"12","pasID":"301","date_from":"249","date_to":"251","biography":"
Herennia Etruscilla was a member of the Italian aristocracy. She married Decius and gave birth to Quintus Herennius Decius and Gaius Valens Hostilianus (known as Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian). Her name also appears Herannia. <\/p>","image":"HerenniaEtruscilla.jpg","zoomfolder":"Herennia_Etruscilla","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:43:18","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"301","denomID":"26"},{"id":"112","name":"Herennius Etruscus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"60","date_from":"250","date_to":"251","biography":"
Herennius Etruscus was the elder son of Decius. He became Caesar in 250 and Augustus in 251, but perished with his father in the battle against the Goths. <\/p>","image":"HerenniusEtruscus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Herennius_Etruscus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:43:48","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"60","denomID":"26"},{"id":"114","name":"Hostilian","reeceID":"12","pasID":"61","date_from":"251","date_to":"251","biography":"
Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus was Trajan Decius\u2019 younger son. He became Caesar in 251, and survived his father and brother. Decius\u2019 successor, Trebonianus Gallus, adopted Hostilian and raised him to Augustus, but Hostilian died after a very short period of joint rule when he contracted the Plague.<\/p>","image":"Hostilian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Hostilian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:45:38","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"61","denomID":"26"},{"id":"118","name":"Julian (of Pannonia)","reeceID":"14","pasID":"379","date_from":"284","date_to":"285","biography":"
Marcus Aurelius Julianus was governor of Venetia in Italy when Numerian died. The Pannonian army proclaimed him emperor and planned to invade Italy, but Carinus defeated them near Verona and Julian died on the battlefield.<\/p>","image":"JulianofPannonia.jpg","zoomfolder":"Julian_of_Pannonia","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:41:58","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"379","denomID":"26"},{"id":"123","name":"Magnia Urbica","reeceID":"14","pasID":"86","date_from":"283","date_to":"285","biography":"
Magnia Urbica probably married Carinus around 283. Her fate is unknown, although she probably died soon after Carinus in 285. <\/p>","image":"MagniaUrbica.jpg","zoomfolder":"Magnia_Urbica","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:48:41","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"86","denomID":"26"},{"id":"127","name":"Mariniana","reeceID":"12","pasID":"66","date_from":"253","date_to":"260","biography":"
Egnatia Mariniana was Valerian\u2019s wife and mother of Gallienus and Valerian II. Her coins are all commemorative, so it is likely she died before Valerian became emperor. <\/p>","image":"Mariniana.jpg","zoomfolder":"Mariniana","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:57:10","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"66","denomID":"26"},{"id":"133","name":"Nigrinian","reeceID":"14","pasID":"378","date_from":"283","date_to":"285","biography":"
Nigrinian was known to have been a grandson of Carus and possibly the son of Magnia Urbica. Coins were struck in his memory, so it seems that he died in infancy sometime in AD 284. <\/p>","image":"Nigrinian.jpg","zoomfolder":"Nigrinian","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 11:49:07","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"378","denomID":"26"},{"id":"134","name":"Marcia Otacilia Severa","reeceID":"12","pasID":"298","date_from":"245","date_to":"249","biography":"
Marcia Otacilia Severa was the wife of Philip I and mother of Philip II. Little is known about her. <\/p>","image":"OtaciliaSevera.jpg","zoomfolder":"Otacilia_Severa","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2008-05-15 11:27:25","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"298","denomID":"26"},{"id":"135","name":"Paulina","reeceID":"11","pasID":"363","date_from":"235","date_to":"238","biography":"
Caecilia Paulina probably died before or just after the accession of Maximinus I. All her coins are commemorative. <\/p>","image":"Paulina.jpg","zoomfolder":"Paulina","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-08 17:48:57","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"363","denomID":"26"},{"id":"137","name":"Philip II","reeceID":"12","pasID":"299","date_from":"247","date_to":"249","biography":"
Marcus Julius Philipus, or Philip II, was given the title Caesar when his father became emperor, and rose to Augustus in 247. He was killed shortly after his father\u2019s death in Macedonia, though sources are unclear whether Philip II was fighting with his father or had remained in Rome.<\/p>","image":"PhilipII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Philip_II","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2010-10-29 14:51:25","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"299","denomID":"26"},{"id":"142","name":"Cornelia Salonina","reeceID":"13","pasID":"68","date_from":"253","date_to":"268","biography":"
Cornelia Salonina was Gallienus\u2019 wife and mother of Valerian II and Saloninus. She died in 268, murdered with her husband. <\/p>","image":"Salonina.jpg","zoomfolder":"Salonina","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:59:42","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"68","denomID":"26"},{"id":"143","name":"Saloninus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"70","date_from":"258","date_to":"260","biography":"
Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus was the younger son of Gallienus. When his brother, Valerian II, died in 258, Saloninus was given the title Caesar. In 259 he became Augustus but Postumus, the commander of the Rhine legions, put him to death after Postumus\u2019 troops proclaimed him emperor.<\/p>","image":"Saloninus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Saloninus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:56:46","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"70","denomID":"26"},{"id":"144","name":"Ulpia Severina","reeceID":"13","pasID":"74","date_from":"270","date_to":"275","biography":"
Ulpia Severina was the emperor Aurelian\u2019s wife; little is known about her. She became Augusta late in his reign (274), and her coinage continued well after the death of her husband. She probably retired into private life after some sort of interregnum before the reign of Tacitus. <\/p>","image":"Severina.jpg","zoomfolder":"Severina","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 13:00:12","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"74","denomID":"26"},{"id":"146","name":"Silbannacus","reeceID":"12","pasID":"367","date_from":"244","date_to":"249","biography":"
Silbannacus is only known from two coins. Theories are that he was a senior officer of Aemilian who was left behind at Rome when the emperor marched north; he attempted to seize power but was very soon defeated, explaining the extreme rarity of his coinage. <\/p>","image":"Silbannacus.jpg","zoomfolder":"Silbannacus","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:36:57","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"367","denomID":"26"},{"id":"150","name":"Tranquillina","reeceID":"12","pasID":"364","date_from":"241","date_to":"244","biography":"
Furia Sabinia Tranquillina was married to the young Gordian III in 241. She was the daughter of the Praetorian Prefect and the marriage further cemented Gordian III\u2019s ties with the group that made him emperor. Her death-date is unknown.<\/p>","image":"Tranquillina.jpg","zoomfolder":"Tranquillina","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":null,"updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"364","denomID":"26"},{"id":"154","name":"Valerian II","reeceID":"12","pasID":"69","date_from":"256","date_to":"258","biography":"
Publius Cornelius Licinius Valerianus was the eldest son of Gallienus. He died two years later. <\/p>","image":"ValerianII.jpg","zoomfolder":"Valerian_II","dynasty":"8","murdoch":null,"updated":"2007-08-09 10:51:43","updatedBy":"56","created":"2006-01-08 12:00:00","createdBy":"56","i":"69","denomID":"26"}],"images":[{"thumbnail":"383438","f":"12-28.JPG","label":"Roman coin: Radiate of Claudius II","id":"505369","old_findID":"SUR-60D113","objecttype":"COIN","broadperiod":"ROMAN","username":"dwilliams"},{"thumbnail":"383417","f":"2011877.jpg","label":"Roman coin: Radiate of Carausius","id":"505332","old_findID":"BERK-5F6A62","objecttype":"COIN","broadperiod":"ROMAN","username":"abyard"},{"thumbnail":"383415","f":"2011876.jpg","label":"Roman coin: Nummus of Tetricus","id":"505327","old_findID":"BERK-5F5077","objecttype":"COIN","broadperiod":"ROMAN","username":"abyard"},{"thumbnail":"383388","f":"NCL5DF370.jpg","label":"Roman coin: radiate of Tetricus","id":"505285","old_findID":"NCL-5DF370","objecttype":"COIN","broadperiod":"ROMAN","username":"rcollins"}]}