NLM-72FFC4<\/a> which has the inscription [heart] WILLIAM; NLM-5B02D7 which has hearts and pellets; and LVPL-9F9737 which has hearts and other marks. The whorl has a creamy patina. Whorls are very difficult to date but the style of the symbols suggest a late medieval or Post Medieval date.<\/p>\nOf further interest is another whole which has exactly the same design which is PAS record number: SWYOR-D89352. They are certainly the same design, and may be from the same mould; though the parallel is more 'blobby' with the edges of the symbols being more rounded, this could be as a result of the mould becoming worn.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2011-10-06 11:36:09","updated":"2011-10-06 12:15:00","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2000-01-01","datefound2":"2001-01-01","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"516","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"County \/ local importance","username":"acooper","fullname":"Amy Downes","institution":"SWYOR","usernameUpdate":"acooper","fullnameUpdate":"Amy Downes","primaryMaterial":"Lead Alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Complete","preservation":"Good","cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"POST MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"WEST YORKSHIRE","district":"LEEDS","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"BM-A860C1","id":"458316","uniqueID":"PAS4E4A860C0012A2","objecttype":"FINGER RING","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":"25","quantity":"1","other_ref":"2007T105","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"UNKNOWN","numdate1":null,"numdate2":null,"culture":null,"description":"
A silver finger ring, worn but complete. The ring consists of a hoop of plano-convex section which expands at the front to form a slightly ovoid bezel; diameter, 25 mm. The latter is punch-incised with three letters, possibly to be read in reverse order as the last on the right appears to be a reversed 'G'. The first letter is a 'T' and the central one is a vertical line with a slash through it, forming a rune-like character, although it is uncertain if it was intended to represent a rune as such, or some other letter. On the right-hand shoulder is a nick, possibly for testing the metal, while on the left there is a rough, deep groove underneath. The surface is scuffed with small scratches. Surface metal analysis conducted at the British Museum identified the composition of the ring as silver with mercury; no gold was detected. This is a most unusual alloy with no known parallels from any period. The ring weighs 7.47 grams. The simple form of the ring is undiagnostic for dating purposes and, in view of the purity of the silver, the ring is unlikely to be of any antiquity. As the find can not be securely dated to pre-1707 it falls outside the provisions of the Treasure Act 1996.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2011-08-16 16:00:28","updated":"2011-08-16 16:10:00","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2007-01-28","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"16","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"1790","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"jasonlundock","fullname":"Jason Lundock","institution":"BM","usernameUpdate":"jasonlundock","fullnameUpdate":"Jason Lundock","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Complete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":null,"periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"MERSEYSIDE","district":"WIRRAL","knownas":"Ince Blundell","gridRefSource":"From Finder"},{"old_findID":"LEIC-3EBE93","id":"430392","uniqueID":"PAS4D63EBE900151C","objecttype":"MOUNT","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"IL 1348.1993","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"700","numdate2":"900","culture":"Anglo-Saxon","description":"
Early medieval copper alloy spacer plate from a linked pin set. The object is inscribed with runes which appear to spell out [CE]OLBURG, a female name known from late 8th C. The form of the runes and the object type suggest an 8th or 9th century date.<\/p>\n
This may be the first example of a Runic inscription found in Leics.<\/p>","notes":"
The object is on loan and on display in Jewry Wall Museum, Leicester.<\/p>
\n<\/p>\n\n
\n<\/p>\n\n
Pre -PAS identification<\/p>","reuse":null,"created":"2011-02-22 17:01:29","updated":"2012-03-09 11:22:00","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":null,"datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"18","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"76","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"County \/ local importance","username":"wscott","fullname":"Wendy Scott","institution":"LEIC","usernameUpdate":"wscott","fullnameUpdate":"Wendy Scott","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":null,"periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"RUTLAND","district":"RUTLAND","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"WMID-EA7BF5","id":"426161","uniqueID":"PAS4D3EA7BF001A6B","objecttype":"SPINDLE WHORL","classification":"Runic","subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":"11.63","diameter":"10.86","quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"400","numdate2":"1200","culture":null,"description":"
A lead spindle whorl of probable Early Medieval date, though it may run into the medieval period. The spindle whorl is bi-conical with a central perforation which is broken and it is missing a chunk. The object is decorated on both sides with linear designs, and these appear to be runic script. It is possible that the script is pseudo-runic, and merely intended to imitate a script, but it does seem that the runes are genuine Anglo-Saxon runes. Wear on the spindle whorl and the missing section hamper decipherment and the meaning of the runes has not yet been established. It is possible they may refer to an individual's name, or perhaps are a religious inscription. The spindle whorl measures 10.86 mm in diameter and is 11.63 mm thick. The central perforation measures 9.04 mm in diameter. The whorl weighs 16.8 grams. It has a pale brown to grey patina. <\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2011-01-25 10:36:47","updated":"2011-01-25 15:06:00","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2010-09-28","datefound2":"2010-11-30","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"81","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"National importance","username":"tbrindle","fullname":"Tom Brindle","institution":"WMID","usernameUpdate":"tbrindle","fullnameUpdate":"Tom Brindle","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":"Fair","cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"WORCESTERSHIRE","district":"MALVERN HILLS","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"GPS"},{"old_findID":"DENO-12B515","id":"413832","uniqueID":"PAS4CD12B510019D6","objecttype":"mount","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"48.4","height":null,"width":"22","thickness":"1.3","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"E7201","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1100","numdate2":"1500","culture":null,"description":"
Rectangular sheet copper alloy mount with two rows of incised linear decoration, separated by a central incised line; there is faint rocker-arm decoration between some of the lines. One of the short ends is concave, with a just off-centre cut-out notch and a drilled circular piercing (drilled from the obverse), presumably a rivet hole, in each corner. The other short end is cut horizontally. The sheets flares slightly towards the concave end. Mid green and blue-green patina on the obverse; reverse dull green brown with central scratched silvery patch. Probably Medieval. Length 48.4mm, width 19.9mm-22.0mm, thickness 1.0mm-1.3mm, weight 7.26g.<\/p>
\n<\/p>\n\n
The decoration looks superficially like a runic inscription but is not. Although it does include a symbol like the letter lagu\/laguz, the rest of the symbols are not runes..<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2010-11-03 09:28:49","updated":"2011-02-09 10:59:00","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":null,"datefound1":"2000-01-01","datefound2":"2010-10-14","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":null,"dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"134","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"ratherton","fullname":"Rachel Atherton","institution":"DENO","usernameUpdate":"ratherton","fullnameUpdate":"Rachel Atherton","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Hand made","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Uncertain","preservation":null,"cert":null,"periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"KENT","district":"DOVER","knownas":"Eastry","gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"STAFFS-EAD791","id":"413419","uniqueID":"PAS4CCEAD7900129D","objecttype":"UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT","classification":"Geometric cloisonn\u00e9","subclass":null,"length":"17.6","height":null,"width":"17.6","thickness":"1.5","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"TH 050","treasureID":"2009T394","broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":null,"numdate2":null,"culture":"Anglo-Saxon","description":"
Gold triangular plate set with cloissonn\u00e9 garnets, some now missing. Rune like mark on back.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2010-11-01 12:07:21","updated":null,"secwfstage":"3","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":null,"datefound1":"2009-07-05","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"5","objectCertainty":null,"dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"2148","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"staffs","fullname":"Kevin Leahy","institution":"STAFFS","usernameUpdate":null,"fullnameUpdate":null,"primaryMaterial":"Gold","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Fragment","preservation":null,"cert":null,"periodFrom":null,"periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"STAFFORDSHIRE","district":"LICHFIELD","knownas":"Staffordshire","gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"LIN-D92A22","id":"409249","uniqueID":"PAS4CAD92A20014D5","objecttype":"SPINDLE WHORL","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"26","height":null,"width":"25","thickness":"12","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1000","numdate2":"1100","culture":null,"description":"
An inscribed lead spindle dating to the early 11th century. The whorl is trapezoid in cross-section and roughly circular in plan. An hour-glass shaped hole has been drilled through the centre, measuring circa 8mm diameter at the opening. The whorl is inscribed on the side and base with Norse runes.<\/p>\n
Dr. John Hines (Cardiff University) has examined the whorl. He writes:<\/p>\n
In late summer of 2010 a lead spindle-whorl with a Norse runic inscription was found at Saltfleetby St Clement, Lincolnshire, by metal-detectorist Denise Moncaster, She promptly reported the find to Adam Daubney, the county Finds Liaison Officer of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, who in turn contacted this author at Cardiff University to look at the discovery. The whorl is from a field where previously one 11th<\/sup>-century stirrup-strap mount had been recorded. The whorl, weighing 49.8 grams, is plano-conical in profile and thus of 'Form A1', as defined by archaeologist Penelope Rogers in her 1997 study Textile Production at 16-22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York: The Small Finds, 17\/11. This familiar form of spindle-whorl dates primarily to the 6th<\/sup> to 10th<\/sup> centuries AD, although specimens are known from 11th<\/sup>-century contexts. In light of the language of the inscription, it is significant that this form is typical of the area. In fact, the late Geoff Egan had noted in his The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450 that medieval lead whorls are more common in northern England than in the south, whole Ingvild \u00d8ye of the University of Bergen advises that both the shape and the material would make this piece unusual in a Norwegian context.<\/p>\nThe inscription is in two rows, one around the vertical wall of the whorl and one around the ring on the flat face that would have been uppermost when the whorl was in use. The forms of the runes, including a dotted e-rune and a particular form of o-rune, suggest that the inscription was made in the earlier 11th<\/sup> century - a date consistent, if only just, with that for the object itself. The whorl also has a small decorative motif cut on one side of the conical area: this is damaged but resembles a stylised plant-motif.<\/p>\nThe direction of the runes indicates that reading should start on the vertical wall. There is much to be discussed in specialised detail concerning the decipherment of the inscription: about half of it is very clear, and exciting for its contents; a quarter is tolerably clear; the remainder is very obscure. On the wall, the text reads: .o\u00feen.ok.einmtalr.ok.\u00fealfa.\u00feeir.<\/strong> The points in this transliteration represent marks between strings of letters, usually single knife-pricks. This sequence can confidently be translated as: \u00d3\u00f0inn and Heimdallr and \u00dej\u00e1lfa, they...'. \u00d3\u00f0inn and Heimdallr are major gods of the pre-Christian Viking pantheon. The name \u00dej\u00e1lfi is also known from Old Norse sources as a servant-boy of the god Thor; this is also an obscure poetic word associated with the sea. \u00dej\u00e1lfa, however, would be some previously unrecorded feminine counterpart of that name.<\/p>\nAround the face, starting at the clearest point, we can read: ielba.\u00feeruolflt.ok.kiriuesf.<\/strong> ielba per looks very much like hjelpa p\u00e9r, meaning '...help thee', which grammatically would follow on perfectly from the text on the wall. uolflt could represent a man's name, \u00dalflj\u00f3tr, and ok is 'and'. At present we can only make speculative guesses for the meaning of kiriuesf, which is also the most clumsily cut part of the inscription. This is a genuinely important find. It is evidence of the use of Old Norse in a North Sea coastal community in the early 11th<\/sup> century; a community that used local artefacts, but followed up-to-date innovations in Scandinavian runic literacy.<\/p>\nChurch dedications to St Clement are frequently associated with Scandinavian maritime communities, as shown in Barbara Crawford's The Churches Dedicated to St. Clement in Medieval England: A Hagio-Geography of the Seafarer's Saint in 11th<\/sup> century North Europe. Above all, if the text does include the statement '\u00d3\u00f0inn and Heimdallr and \u00dej\u00e1lfa, they help thee, \u00dalflj\u00f3tr...', this is striking evidence of the persistence of non-Christian cult: not an ostentatious display of militant paganism, but apparently in a simple invocation of traditional powers for individual, personal support.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2010-10-07 10:28:02","updated":"2011-12-09 16:31:12","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":null,"datefound1":"2010-09-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":null,"dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"3","subPeriodTo":"1","createdBy":"54","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"National importance","username":"adaubney","fullname":"Adam Daubney","institution":"LIN","usernameUpdate":"adaubney","fullnameUpdate":"Adam Daubney","primaryMaterial":"Lead Alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Complete","preservation":"Good","cert":null,"periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LINCOLNSHIRE","district":"EAST LINDSEY","knownas":"Saltfleetby","gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"WAW-4CA072","id":"405373","uniqueID":"PAS4C84CA070014D6","objecttype":"AMULET","classification":"Christian","subclass":null,"length":"17.31","height":null,"width":"14.65","thickness":"0.69","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"Finders reference: 4MARKS","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"850","numdate2":"1066","culture":null,"description":"A cast copper alloy fragment which is sub-square in plan. The two horizontal edges are the original edges and are slightly bevelled in profile. The two vertical edges have been cut in antiquity, as the patina continues oover the edges. One corner of the object is slightly bent, but this is probably due to damage rather than intention.<\/p>\n\n
There are runic inscriptions on both faces. Those on the outward face are well defined and well formed with serif feet. Barry Ager (British Museum) comments 'The inscription is incomplete, unfortunately, since at the left-hand end the strip has been cut vertically through the upright of a missing letter (perhaps E, I, M, H, or D) and there seem likely to have been other letters at this end, too. The last three of the four remaining runes have all been joined together and what is left of the inscription appears to read '(...)ADMO (...).'<\/p>\n\n
There are also runes on the reverse, but these are very faint and crudely incised but Barry Ager suggests they appear to read 'RLD'.<\/p>\n\n
The surface of the object has a delicate light blue\/green patina. It measures 17.31mm long, 14.65mm wide, 0.69mm thick and weighs 1.21g. XRF confirmed the material is copper alloy.<\/p>\n\n
Probably dates to the later Early Medieval period (based on the dating of Scandinavian material - refer to Notes).<\/p>","notes":"
Professor Hines (University of Cardiff) has kindly commented on this artefact and its inscription 'It's a remarkably nicely formed inscription on the one side, with a \"triple bind-rune\" (three letters in a sort of joined-up writing!) that is at least extremely rare, possibly unique.
\nBarry's reading of the clearer side is quite right: \"a\" then \"dmo\" joined together. We could rule out several possibilities for the truncated rune on the far left-hand side but there would be a good number remaining. I wouldn't immediately suggest an interpretation, though it would be quite realistic for that to be part of an Old English personal name.
\nI think the second side is probably \"red\" rather than rld ... this is on the basis of a faint second by-stave on the middle rune, that could create another bind-rune of e+d. But it certainly could be the letter \"l\". I'd need to see it under a microscope myself to try to sort that out, but it wouldn't necessarily be completely conclusive even so.'<\/p>
\n<\/p>\n\n
\n<\/p>\n\n
Professor Knirk (University of Oslo) has kindly commented on this artefact and its inscription; 'Concerning the inscription on the side with strong runes: It does read ?admo, and there probably was something before the remains of the first rune, which is in the break at the left edge. The remains of the first rune,
\nas Bary Ager wrote, could be e, i, m, h or d. But I am fairly sure the remains should be read as an uncertain m. Thus my reading is (--m)admo(--), where parentheses indicate uncertainty. As a matter of fact, I am fairly sure that there was an m-rune before the first certain rune, so the uncertainty is actually minimal. I see, in the stave at the edge, knife cuts near the top of the stave and 1\/3 or the way down; this corresponds exactly to the cuts where the crossing lines of the clear m-rune (on the left side) meet the last stave in the inscription.
\nWhether anything has followed the last rune, is a question. There seems to be a slightly larger empty space after the last rune; although this might indicate that the inscription ended here, I feel the material is not sufficient to make that statement. I would actually assume that the inscription
\ncontinued. Thus I have (--) at both ends of the inscription.
\nOtherwise I would assume that the language was Latin, not \"presumably Anglo-Saxon\". In Scandinavia, in Christian times (after 1000\/1050), inscriptions on metal plates are almost always religious texts in Latin or garbled Latin. My reaction to \"admo\" was the same; I can think of parts of
\nmany Latin words that this could represent. The Scandinavian parallels would also lead me to assume that this was a Christian amulet.
\nConcerning the other side: rld seems to be the reading, although the branch on the l appears to have a nick at the end. Only a new inspection of the object itself would reveal if this is actually to be read as an e-rune (the runic form resembles M; the e would then form a bind-rune with the
\nfollowing d) or as an a (thus with a lower branch which is difficult or impossible to see on the picture; like the a-rune on the other side). My reading then would be r(l)d, or probably (--)r(l)d(--), with an uncertain l-rune in the middle and possibilities that the inscription continued at both
\nends. A vowel instead of an l-rune would give us good linguistic possibilities, but the consonant cluster (rld), should that be confirmed, could represent the end of one word and the beginning of another. Or the whole thing could be \"nonsense\" (something we cannot grasp the meaning of; the runes are cut very lightly, perhaps only doodling).
\nMy contribution would thus be:
\n1. Uncertain m as the rune at the beginning of the strongly cut inscription.
\n2. Maybe more likely Latin language than Anglo-Saxon in those runes.
\n3. The object: perhaps a Christian amulet.
\n4. Perhaps uncertain l-rune on the other side (should be checked again; I could not make up my mind simply from the picture I received).<\/p>","reuse":null,"created":"2010-09-06 12:01:27","updated":"2011-06-15 10:16:00","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"3","datefound1":"2006-04-19","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"3","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"3","subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"7","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"National importance","username":"abolton","fullname":"Angie Bolton","institution":"WAW","usernameUpdate":"hgeake","fullnameUpdate":"Helen Geake","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Uncertain","preservation":"Good","cert":"Possibly","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"WARWICKSHIRE","district":"STRATFORD ON AVON","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"GPS"},{"old_findID":"BUC-337D72","id":"395404","uniqueID":"PAS4C2337D70014CD","objecttype":"NECKLACE","classification":"Grave goods","subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":"2008T57","broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"650","numdate2":"700","culture":"Anglo-Saxon","description":"
Grave Fill 2168, Skeleton 2167, Grave Cut 2166<\/p>\n
The following objects were recovered during controlled archaeological excavation of an Anglo Saxon cemetery. Grave 2166 contained the remains of a single individual buried in a supine position. The grave was orientated west-northwest (head) - east-southeast. The right arm was flexed so that the forearm and hand overlay the waist and may have clasped a set of iron shears. The position of the left forearm is unclear as the skeleton was very poorly preserved. A chatelaine comprising iron and copper alloy chain and two beads was located at the lateral side of the left femur. A copper alloy workbox was recovered to the lateral side of the right knee and iron box mounts were present lateral to the lower right leg. Objects made of silver, which are interpreted as necklace pendants probably suspended on a decayed organic thong were recovered from below the jaw. Typologically the finds suggest a late 7th - early 8th century date for the interment. <\/sup><\/p>\nNecklace Pendants and Bead<\/p>\n
(Finds 52a-q and Finds 71a-c)<\/p>\n
Find 52a and 52b<\/p>\n
One decorated and one undecorated silver disc, which appear to have been soldered together as a plain backing plate and a decorated frontispiece.<\/p>\n
The decorated disc is embossed with five interlinked loops formed of three concentric lines. A small embossed ring is present at the centre of the disc and at the centre of each of the loops. Undamaged areas at the edge of the decorated disc are denticulated. Solder is present on the reverse of the decorated disc and both sides of the undecorated disc. An eccentric hole is crudely punched through both discs, probably so that the object could be worn as a pendant. The remnants of solder on both sides of the plain disc suggest that its use as a pendant was a secondary function; originally it may have been a decorative mount to a metal object.<\/p>\n
Dia of Discs: 24mm. Th: 0.25mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52c<\/p>\n
Part of a silver disc decorated with a central embossed circle surrounded by an intricate design of semi-circular interwoven lines. A 1mm wide shallow groove and 1mm wide flange run around the periphery of the fragment of the disc. Two small eccentric sub-circular holes (<\/p>\n
c.1mm diameter) are punched through the disc, one is complete the other lies on the broken edge of the disc. The embossed side is worn while the decorative motif on the punched side is crisp and clear. The wear pattern and two small (rivet?) holes suggest that the original function may have been as a decorative mount. The object was recovered from the neck area, which suggests that it may have been reused as a pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: 20mm. Th: 0.25mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52d<\/p>\n
Three fragments of a hemispherical copper alloy disc with a flattened rim. All fragments are heavily corroded, two were refitted during conservation and the proportions of the other fragment suggest that it belongs to the same object. Parts of a bulla pendant, the sheet projects 5mm from the rim, the apex of the hemisphere is absent.<\/p>\n
Dia: 11mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52e<\/p>\n
Five fragments of a hemispherical silver disc with a flattened rim. The fragments were partially refitted during conservation to form the greater part of a bulla pendant. The apex of the hemisphere is absent. The silver of the concave and convex sides is tarnished, the tarnish is slightly less pronounced on the concave side.<\/p>\n
Dia: c.10mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52f<\/p>\n
Four distorted fragments of a small hemispherical silver disc with a flattened rim. Part of a hemispherical bulla pendant, the domed sheet projects 3mm from the rim, The apex of the hemisphere is absent. Tarnish is pronounced on the convex side and less pronounced on the concave side, which also exhibits encrusted patches of copper alloy corrosion.<\/p>\n
Dia: 9mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52g<\/p>\n
A small fragment of copper alloy sheet soldered to a small fragment of silver sheet. With the exception of a 1mm wide rim that is flattened to provide an attachment point, the remnant of silver sheet is bent at<\/p>\n
c.80???? to project away from the copper alloy sheet. It is probably part of the rim of a small bulla pendant consisting of a flat copper alloy backing plate and hemispherical silver sheet.<\/p>\n
L: 6mm. W: 1mm. The fragment of silver sheet projects 0.05mm from the copper alloy backing plate.<\/p>\n
Find 52h<\/p>\n
A copper alloy disc exhibiting slight edge damage but it is near complete. It is probably the backing plate of a hemispherical bulla pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: c.11mm. Th: 0.2mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52i<\/p>\n
A copper alloy disc exhibiting slight edge damage but it is near complete. A small sub-rectangular projection at the circumference of the disc could suggest an attachment point for a suspension loop. It is probably the backing plate of a hemispherical bulla pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: c.11mm. Th: 0.2mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52j<\/p>\n
Five fragments of an undecorated silver disc, which were refitted during conservation. Patches of solder are present on one side. It is probably the backing plate of a hemispherical bulla pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: 15m. Th: 0.2mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52k<\/p>\n
Six fragments of an undecorated silver disc, which were refitted during conservation. Patches of solder are present on one side. An irregular hole is evident at the centre of the disc, it appears to be damage rather than a deliberate perforation. It is probably the backing plate of a hemispherical bulla pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: 11mm. Th: 0.2mm<\/p>\n
.<\/p>\n
Find 52l<\/p>\n
An undecorated silver disc, with slight edge damage but otherwise complete. Small patches of solder are present on one side. It is probably the backing plate of a hemispherical bulla pendant.<\/p>\n
Dia: 8mm. Th: 0.2mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52m<\/p>\n
Two thirds of a sub-circular ring made of drawn silver wire. The wire is ovate in section - the sides lying perpendicular to the diameter of the ring are slightly flattened. The wire is undecorated and thins toward one end. The section at the thicker end is untarnished and recently broken; the section at the thinner end is tarnished suggesting old damage. Probably part of a slip knot ring.<\/p>\n
Dia Ring: 14mm. Dia Wire: 0.5mm - 0.8mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52n<\/p>\n
A 5.5mm and a 4.5mm long fragment of drawn silver wire. The pieces are circular sectioned, both have a slight curvature and they refit. All breaks are untarnished and recent. The larger fragment is decorated with parallel lines incised transversely onto the internal and external faces of the wire. The decorative lines appear not to have extended around the full circumference of the wire. Probably part of a slip knot ring<\/p>\n
Dia Ring: ?. Dia Wire: 1mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52o<\/p>\n
Two fragments, refitted during conservation, of a sub-circular ring made of drawn silver wire. The wire is undecorated, ovate in section and thins toward one end. The sides lying perpendicular to the diameter of the ring are flattened. Probably part of a slip knot ring.<\/p>\n
Dia Ring: c.12mm. Dia Wire: 0.5mm - 0.8mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52p<\/p>\n
A 6mm long curved fragment of drawn silver wire. The wire is undecorated and ovate in section - the sides lying perpendicular to the curvature are flattened. The break at one end o is tarnished and of some antiquity, the other break is untarnished and recent. Probably part of a slip knot ring.<\/p>\n
Dia Ring: ?. Dia Wire: 0.5mm - 0.8mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52q<\/p>\n
A sub-circular ring of drawn silver wire. Half of the wire is ovate in section and<\/p>\n
c.0.8mm in diameter, the sides lying perpendicular to the curvature having been slightly flattened. The remaining half of the wire has been beaten to a rectangular section (1.6mm wide max and 0.2mm deep) rectangular section. Breaks at either end of the object are tarnished suggesting damage of some antiquity. The wire is undecorated. Probably part of a slip knot hoop.<\/p>\n
Dia Hoop: c.20mm.<\/p>\n
Find 52r<\/p>\n
Round sectioned shaft of a copper alloy pin. The tip and head are missing, both breaks are patinated suggesting old damage. The shaft is slightly bent 6mm below the missing head. A 1mm diameter, 2mm long collar is present at the proximal end. The diameter of the shaft is 0.08mm below the shoulder of the collar, it then widens to 1.5mm before tapering for the final 144mm toward the broken tip.<\/p>\n
Max Shaft Dia: 1.5mm. L: 45mm.<\/p>\n
Find 71a<\/p>\n
A hemispherical bulla pendant made of a domed silver disc. The apex of the dome is dented and partly missing and a suspension loop is absent. Two thirds of a silver backing plate remain soldered in place.<\/p>\n
Dia: 11mm<\/p>\n
Find 71b<\/p>\n
A fragment of a sub-circular ring made of drawn silver wire. A third of the wire is ovate in section and<\/p>\n
c.0.6mm in diameter, the sides lying perpendicular to the curvature having been slightly flattened. The remaining half of the wire has been beaten to a rectangular section (1.6mm wide max and 0.2mm deep). Breaks at either end of the object are untarnished suggesting recent damage. The wire is undecorated. Probably part of a slip knot hoop.<\/p>\n
Approximate diameter of hoop 20mm<\/p>\n
Find 71c<\/p>\n
Bead made of (cowrie?) shell. Sub rectangular with eccentric perforation through the longer sides. Exterior surfaces badly degraded.<\/p>\n
L: 11mm. W: 7mm.. Th: 3mm.<\/p>\n
Shears<\/p>\n
Iron shears<\/p>\n
(Find 53). Heavily corroded and fragmented. The loop is u-shaped, rectangular sectioned (10mm x 2mm) and complete, the internal diameter of the loop is c.14mm. Part of one arm remains attached to the loop. The length from apex of the loop to the end of the section of arm is 45mm. Three other fragments of the arms, the longest measuring 20mm with a diameter c.5mm, were also recovered. The majority of both blades, which are corroded together, are present. X-radiography indicates that the blades project approximately 5mm from the arm. The longest surviving section of blade measures 60mm and is in three parts, the tip is missing. A fragment from near the tip of one of the blades was also recovered.<\/p>\n
Approximate total length 140mm.<\/p>\n
Chatelaine<\/p>\n
(Finds 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58)<\/p>\n
Find 54<\/p>\n
Corroded fragments of chain<\/p>\n
(Find 54), which includes five cast copper alloy figure of eight links, ferrous links and ferrous rods. Mineralised textile is present within the corrosion product.<\/p>\n
Find 55<\/p>\n
Bead, one perforated side slightly convex, the other perforated side flat. The slightly vesicular surface of the bead is an opaque reddish brown. The perforation reveals a dark grey, coarsely vesicular internal fabric containing infrequent yellow inclusions. Five discrete ovoid (<\/p>\n
c.8mm x c.6mm) blobs of finely vesicular opaque white glass are applied around the circumference of the bead. A c.5mm diameter sub-circular convex blob of lustrous black glass overlies one of the patches of white glass and a small fragment of lustrous black glass is also present on one other. The remaining three patches of white glass have a concave surface and were almost certainly overlain by similar blobs of lustrous black glass, now missing.<\/p>\n
Height: 9mm. Diameter: 20mm. Dia Perf: 5.5mm. The complete blob of white and black glass projects 3mm. Weight 5g.<\/p>\n
Find 56<\/p>\n
Blue glazed globular faience melon bead (reused Roman?). The glaze on the surface of the ribs is very worn and both edges of the perforation damaged to reveal a finely vesicular opaque light grey body fabric. Twenty one fine ribs run parallel with the perforation.<\/p>\n
Bead Height 17mm. Bead Dia: 19mm. Dia Perf: 8mm. Weight 7g.<\/p>\n
Find 57<\/p>\n
Three fragments of a chain. A cast copper alloy figure-eight link is interlinked with very corroded fragments of terminal loops of iron rod or chain links A 4mm wide and \u00bdmm thick folded copper alloy rim mount or suspension loop with a 1.5mm drilled hole is also present. A relatively large area of mineralised textile is preserved<\/p>\n
Find 58<\/p>\n
Fragments of iron chain. Two rods with a single terminal loop and smaller fragments of chain were recovered. Mineralised textile is present.<\/p>\n
Workbox<\/p>\n
Copper alloy workbox<\/p>\n
M B U G [ I?] T N<\/p>\n
Four areas of lightweight linen textile are preserved on the external surfaces of the box.<\/p>\n
(Find 59). A cylindrical container made in two halves which were joined with a hinge. The two halves of the cylinder each have one flared rim to which the domed ends of the box would have been crimped or soldered. The sheet metal is up to 0.5mm thick. The hinge is made of copper alloy (up to 1mm thick) and parts of it remain on both halves of the cylinder. The corroded remnant of an iron loop is present within the hinge. On the larger segment of the cylinder an empty rivet hole is present opposite the hinge whilst on the thinner segment a projecting flat-head rivet is present, the position of a catch is suggested. The larger and smaller halves of the cylinder are decorated with three parallel rows and two parallel rows of punched dots respectively. Lines of dots also radiate from the centre of the domed ends. Runes are inscribed on one of the larger sections of the cylinder (second row, second left above). The inscription reads:<\/p>\n
Dia Cylinder: c.40mm. Length: c.60mm<\/p>\n
Box<\/p>\n
Nine fragmented iron corner mounts and one possible iron fitting from a box<\/p>\n
(Finds 61, 62, 63 and 64). Mineralised leather, possibly embossed, and wood is present on many of the fragments<\/p>","notes":"
SEE ALSO BUC-330014, BUC-3395A5 & 33B493. The case is in TAR2008, no. 174, p. 110.<\/p>","reuse":null,"created":"2010-06-24 11:47:52","updated":"2012-03-02 10:57:48","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":null,"datefound1":"2008-01-26","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":"Part of the Wolverton Cemetery Excavations","museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":null,"dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"1","subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"53","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":"Regional importance","username":"rtyrrell","fullname":"Ros","institution":"BUC","usernameUpdate":"hgeake","fullnameUpdate":"Helen Geake","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":"Good","cert":null,"periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Controlled archaeological investigation (stratified)","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"BUCKINGHAMSHIRE","district":"MILTON KEYNES","knownas":"Wolverton","gridRefSource":"GPS"},{"old_findID":"LIN-84D1A4","id":"263890","uniqueID":"0014A684DB30151A","objecttype":"spindle whorl","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":"13","diameter":"29","quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1066","numdate2":"1500","culture":null,"description":"
A lead biconical spindle whorl. One side is has faint traces of linear decoration but it is very worn. The other side has moulded lines, some resembling the letter 'F', but perhaps pseudo-'runes'.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2009-07-23 12:46:59","updated":"2011-05-10 10:45:41","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2008-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":null,"objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"1","subPeriodTo":"3","createdBy":"54","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"adaubney","fullname":"Adam Daubney","institution":"LIN","usernameUpdate":"hgeake","fullnameUpdate":"Helen Geake","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LINCOLNSHIRE","district":"NORTH KESTEVEN","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"SF-AF52B8","id":"247169","uniqueID":"001499AF5AE015A7","objecttype":"Coin","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":"12.49","quantity":"1","other_ref":"EMC 2009.0110","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"710","numdate2":"765","culture":null,"description":"A silver Anglo-Saxon Sceat, c.710-765 AD. Similar to British Museum Series R, Rigold 3 Var. R1z; Abramson's 'Standard' group, sub-group 3, R120 (see Abramson, 2006: p. 116). Dr. M. Allen (Fitzwilliam Museum) notes that the left-facing bust and retrograde EPA runes on the current example are unusual and may indicate contemporary imitation. ","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2009-02-17 17:36:46","updated":"2011-02-24 12:19:48","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2009-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":null,"objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":null,"dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"3","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"773","obverse_description":"Beaded standard containing angular symbols and central annulet with pellet representing degenerate TOTII legend. Crosses pommees to each side, diagonals in angles. ","obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":"Radiate bust left, runic legend before, saltire and pellets behind, beaded pyramidal neck resting on beaded exergual line.","reverse_inscription":"Runic XMCF (EPA)","denomination":"Sceat","degree_of_wear":"","allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":"8","wearID":"","moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":"9","typeID":"1268","tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":"0","denominationQualifier":"1","mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":"1","initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"abrown","fullname":"Andrew Brown","institution":"SF","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":"Early Anglo-Saxon silver coin (sceatta)","type":"Series R : Metcalf R3. (Rigold R1z) (gepa)","reverseType":null,"county":"SUFFOLK","district":"FOREST HEATH","knownas":"Freckenham","gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"NMS-192D40","id":"237049","uniqueID":"001491194120103B","objecttype":"Brooch","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"58","height":null,"width":"24","thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"400","numdate2":"720","culture":null,"description":"Early Saxon copper alloy equal-armed brooch, facetted D-sectioned bow with flattened median band decorated with double line of stamped annulets between three engraved lines, rectangular panels defined by double transverse lines and with deep notch at each outside edge, elaborate cruciform terminals with incised notches at angles and four drilled holes forming both crosses, perforations outlined with stamped annulets and stamp of twin semi-circles, bordered at outer edges by twin incised lines and outward- facing stamps of twin semi-circles, single pierced lug with corroded fragment of iron pin and catch-plate on reverse, 24 x 58mm. Very fresh and crisp condition. This is clearly Early Anglo-Saxon in date, although it bears some resemblance to later ansate brooches such as the example from Little Barningham (Medieval Archaeology (2005) 338 and 341, fig. f).\r\n\r\nIt is rather different in the features you note from the late Merovingian\/Carolingian form with cruciform terminals, and definitely more closely associated with early Saxon types. The terminals appear to be copied from the head-plates of small-long brooches of Leeds's cross potent derivative type, which also have square cut-outs in the corners and four holes, e.g. examples from Rothwell, Northamptonshire, and Little Wilbraham, 79, Cambridgeshire (E.T. Leeds (1945) \u2018The distribution of the Angles and Saxons archaeologically considered\u2019, Archaeologia, 91, 1-106, fig. 10e-f). The facets at the ends of the bow occur on cruciform brooches. Another brooch, from Brunel Way, Thetford, uses the form of two trefoil-headed head-plates from small-longs in a similar way as matching terminals (K. Penn and P. Andrews (2000) 'An early Saxon cemetery at Brunel Way, Thetford', Norfolk Archaeology, 43.3, at 428, fig. 11A). This type of brooch is very uncommon and they may be experimental forms of the 6th century, based on the more usual Anglian 'bow tie' form of equal-arm brooch, but copying their terminals from other types of jewellery. According to Bente Magnus (B. Magnus (1999) 'Monsters and birds of prey. Some reflections on form and style of the Migration period', Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10, 161-172, at 164-6), one of the two main forms of 6th-century Scandinavian equal-arm brooches was created by joining two foot-plates of small square-headed brooches together with a bow, and it is conceivable that the maker of this brooch did something similar around this time.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2008-11-05 12:39:46","updated":"2011-02-24 13:15:55","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2008-08-01","datefound2":"2008-09-30","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":null,"objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":null,"dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"2","dateFoundToCertainty":"3","subPeriodFrom":"1","subPeriodTo":"1","createdBy":"769","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"krobbins","fullname":"Katherine Robbins","institution":"NMS","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"NORFOLK","district":"BROADLAND","knownas":"Beighton","gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"NARC-D886D1","id":"218833","uniqueID":"001482D88BE01853","objecttype":"brooch","classification":"Annular","subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1100","numdate2":"1400","culture":null,"description":"A medieval brooch: the ring from a high-late medieval annular brooch. The brooch is formed from a single sheet of copper alloy, flat in section. The brooch has no pin slot, which suggests that dress material must have been pulled through the ring itself in order to hold the pin securely.\r\n\r\nDecoration is unusual; rather than featuring the common stamped or punched decoration, it features a runic inscription, and irregular geometric motifs. The surface does not preserve evidence of tinning. This, together with the unusual (and presumably purely decorative) runes, make a medieval rather than Anglo-Saxon date most likely, though it should be noted that brooches of similar form are well known grave finds from the period c. AD 550-700.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2008-05-16 14:14:38","updated":"2011-02-24 13:15:16","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2008-04-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":null,"objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":"1","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"525","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"sashby","fullname":"Steven Ashby","institution":"RESEARCH","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"NORTHAMPTONSHIRE","district":"SOUTH NORTHAMPTONSHIRE","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"LVPL-A465B0","id":"213645","uniqueID":"00147EA46F50128A","objecttype":"FINGER RING","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":"2007T105","broadperiod":"POST MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1700","numdate2":"1900","culture":null,"description":"
Silver finger ring. This find went through the Treasure process but was declared not treasure. See below for the report. Surface metal analysis conducted at the British identified the composition of the ring as silver with mercury; no gold was detected. This is a most unusual alloy with no known parallels from any period. The ring weighs 7.47 grams. The ring consists of a hoop of plano-convex section which expands at the front to form a slightly ovoid bezel; diameter, 25 mm. The latter is punch-incised with three letters, possibly to be read in reverse order as the last on the right appears to be a reversed 'G'. The first letter is a 'T' and the central one is a vertical line with a slash through it, forming a rune-like character, although it is uncertain if it was intended to represent a rune as such, or some other letter. On the right-hand shoulder is a nick, possibly for testing the metal, while on the left there is a rough, deep groove underneath. The surface is scuffed with small scratches. The simple form of the ring from Ince Blundell is undiagnostic for dating purposes and, in view of the purity of the silver, the ring is unlikely to be of any antiquity. As the find can not be securely dated to pre-1707 it falls outside the provisions of the Treasure Act 1996. B.M. Ager Curator Department of Prehistory & Europe 25 July 2007<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2008-03-26 12:52:05","updated":"2012-03-07 11:59:54","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2007-01-28","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"16","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"285","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"fmcintosh","fullname":"Frances McIntosh","institution":"LVPL","usernameUpdate":"cbarton","fullnameUpdate":"Caroline Barton","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Complete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"POST MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"MODERN","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"MERSEYSIDE","district":"SEFTON","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"NARC-56D604","id":"209932","uniqueID":"00147B56D8D0139F","objecttype":"BROOCH","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"900","numdate2":"1100","culture":"Anglo-Scandinavian","description":"
Viking Age lead alloy disc brooch with runic inscription. <\/p>\n
Interestingly, in the centre of the brooch is a possible runic graffitto. The motif is in the form of a lozenge with 'tails', the runic 'epel' (approximating our letter 'o', and the final letter of the early Germanic 'elder futhark' alphabet). This rune has been used as an ideogram for the word 'homeland',as well as for the words 'estate' or 'inheritance' , all of which are interesting possibilities in the context of an Anglo-Scandinavian dress accessory (see below), though its actual meaning can only be speculated upon.<\/p>\n
This form of lead alloy brooch is typical of what may be termed the 'Anglo-Scandinavian' milieu. The Viking Age colonisation of 10th- to 11th-century England led to the production of a material culture that was neither recognisably Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon, but of a form and style unique to the context. These inexpensive lead alloy brooches, which in many ways mimic more expensive Scandinavian gold or silver, or copper alloy analogues, are typical of the type, and seem to express a desire (on the part of at least a certain proportion of the population) to display a Scandinavian identity. This type of disc brooch could be termed a 'nummular' brooch, as it is ultimately based on the form of contemporary coins.<\/p>","notes":"
Spot record only.<\/p>","reuse":null,"created":"2008-02-15 10:46:37","updated":"2012-03-02 10:39:38","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2008-01-17","datefound2":"2008-02-10","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":null,"dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"2","dateFoundToCertainty":"3","subPeriodFrom":"3","subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"525","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"sashby","fullname":"Steven Ashby","institution":"RESEARCH","usernameUpdate":"hgeake","fullnameUpdate":"Helen Geake","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"NORTHAMPTONSHIRE","district":"DAVENTRY","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"LIN-7D2361","id":"203723","uniqueID":"0014767D3B901E9F","objecttype":"weight","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"500","numdate2":"1066","culture":null,"description":"Bun shaped lead weight. The weight is circular in plan and decorated with possibly three symbols evenly spaced around the side wall. The surface of the weight is worn and consequently the symbols are hard to read, but look somewhat like the runes ansur, dagar and opila. The 'opila' rune looks like a fish in profile, and the addition of a vertical line down where the gill would be may mean that this is a picture rather than a rune.\r\n\r\nThe object is of uncertain date and there is no further provenance details other than 'Lincolnshire' to aid identification.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2007-12-18 14:05:45","updated":"2011-02-24 13:17:45","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":null,"datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"1","subPeriodTo":"3","createdBy":"54","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"adaubney","fullname":"Adam Daubney","institution":"LIN","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LINCOLNSHIRE","district":null,"knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"LANCUM-C1A508","id":"180313","uniqueID":"001464C1AEA01019","objecttype":"Weight","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"31.22","height":null,"width":"31.72","thickness":"8.75","diameter":"31.22","quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1400","numdate2":"1600","culture":null,"description":"A lead plano-convex spindle whorl. The whorl is nicely made, with a different decoration on each side. One side is decorated with several lines criss-crossing each other, resembling Norse runes (although they are not runes!). The other side is decorated with similar lines criss-crossing each other, but in addition, several dots in relief have been inserted between the lines.\r\n
\r\nIt has been noted that the weight of a spindle whorl is demonstrative of the thickness of yarn produced, with lighter spindle whorls (3 - 5 grams) being used for spinning cotton and the heavier ones (30 - 35 grams) for spinning wool (Margeson 1993, page 184). This example weighs 40.21 grams, so it seems likely that it would have been used to spin a heavier material such as wool.<\/p> \r\n","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2007-05-17 10:05:46","updated":"2011-02-24 13:47:38","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2006-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"3","subPeriodTo":"1","createdBy":"188","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"dboughton","fullname":"Dot Boughton","institution":"LANCUM","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead Alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"POST MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"NORTH YORKSHIRE","district":"HARROGATE","knownas":"Ripon","gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"IOW-86D066","id":"161905","uniqueID":"00145E86DED011EF","objecttype":"STRAP END","classification":"Thomas's Class D","subclass":null,"length":"27.5","height":null,"width":"9","thickness":"3.8","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"IOW2007-3-16","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"700","numdate2":"1000","culture":"Anglo-Saxon","description":"
An incomplete copper-alloy strap-end of Late Early-Medieval date (AD 850 - AD 1066). Length 27.5mm, width 9.0mm and 3.8mm thick. Weight 2.76g. <\/p>\n
The surviving part of the strap end is symmetrical in plan. The object has sinuous sides that are convex in profile at both ends but concave in the middle, forming a narrowed waist. The attachment end is split to form two leaves (or plates) that would have accommodated a strap or girdle. However, these are both incomplete due to an old transverse break that has occurred mid-way through a rivet hole. <\/p>\n
The lower half has a terminal in the form of a pointed knop. The lower part of each face, adjacent to the knop, is decorated with an engraved border line, in the shape of a pointed oval, which encloses an engraved cross. On one face this is a cross patt\u00e9e and the other appears to be a cross potent, although due to corrosion the style of each cross is difficult to determine. <\/p>\n
The piece is corroded but a patina has subsequently formed over the degraded surface on both faces. The patina ranges in colour from light to dark green. <\/p>\n
This strap-end belongs to a small group including NARC677<\/a>, a gilded silver strap end with an H-rune from Long Buckby, Northamptonshire. A description of this Northamptonshire piece (Treasure case no. 2000 T40) is given in the Treasure Annual Report 2000, 32, fig. 40: \"A silver strap-end with traces of gilding; it is broken off at both ends, but originally took the form of two flattened spatula ends separated by a narrow ribbed waist. The split end has two incised arcs which seem to represent a highly stylised version of the acanthus leaf often seen on strap-ends of the middle Saxon period, and is framed by an incised line; within the field so defined is a single T-rune. The opposite end has lost any terminating feature it originally had; it has a clear H-rune, and the remains of a possible 'i' rune where the plate is broken away. The back is plain, apart from the ribbing at the waist\". It is dated to the 8th century.<\/p>\nAnother example, also in silver, can be found at BH-F2CC91 (2011 T400) which has curvilinear relief decoration on one face of the upper half only. The group may be related to Thomas's Class D, which is thought to have a date-range including the 9th and 10th centuries (Thomas 2003,6).
<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2007-03-02 18:33:17","updated":"2012-04-17 11:03:36","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":"1","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2007-02-23","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":"Metal detecting rally","museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"2","subPeriodTo":"3","createdBy":"99","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"fbasford","fullname":"Frank Basford","institution":"IOW","usernameUpdate":"hgeake","fullnameUpdate":"Helen Geake","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":null,"surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Incomplete","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"ISLE OF WIGHT","district":"ISLE OF WIGHT","knownas":"Isle of Wight","gridRefSource":"GPS"},{"old_findID":"LANCUM-C516C5","id":"150487","uniqueID":"001455C517801522","objecttype":"Spindle Whorl","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":"9","diameter":"28","quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"ROMAN","numdate1":"200","numdate2":"1400","culture":null,"description":"Cast lead weight, probably a spindle whorl. It is of double-conical shape with a central perforation. Both sides are decorated with a series of lines resembling a row of the Algiz runes.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2006-11-16 11:54:32","updated":"2011-02-24 13:47:38","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"2","datefound1":"2006-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"2","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"3","subPeriodTo":"1","createdBy":"188","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"dboughton","fullname":"Dot Boughton","institution":"LANCUM","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead Alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Probably","periodFrom":"ROMAN","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LANCASHIRE","district":"FYLDE","knownas":"Kirkham","gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"CAM-755C98","id":"138693","uniqueID":"00144D759F0010B5","objecttype":"STRAP END","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"39","height":null,"width":"9","thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":null,"numdate2":null,"culture":null,"description":"A copper alloy strap end dating to the medieval period. The strap end an oval section body which tapers slightly to a rounded foot. Both the upper and lower surface of the strap end are decorated with horizontal and diagonal grooves, which resemble runes. At the attachment end, the strapend splits into two flat plates. Although the lower of the two plates is damaged, it is clear that both originally possessed two circular perforations. The strapend measures 39mm in length and a maximum of 9mm in width.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2006-08-07 16:19:12","updated":"2011-02-24 13:51:03","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2005-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":null,"dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"1","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"441","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"jfairburn","fullname":"James Fairburn","institution":"CAM","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Copper alloy","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"CAMBRIDGESHIRE","district":"SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"ESS-5FBE35","id":"130437","uniqueID":"0014445FCE201B2F","objecttype":"UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":"0.9","height":null,"width":"0.8","thickness":"0.5","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":"Treasure 2005 T298","treasureID":"2005T298","broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"800","numdate2":"900","culture":null,"description":"
Cast, gold fragment.The fragment is oblong, solid and was once part of a larger object. It is roughly D-shaped in cross section and tapering in height towards one end. At the higher end, the fragment appears to have been chopped. The shorter end shows some damage and it seems that part of the underside has been cut away here. The underside of the object is flat apart from a small dent and some minor ?cracks. The upper, curved, side is divided into two panels by a band running along the middle axis. It meets another band, that frames the lower edge of the object, at the narrower end.<\/p>\n
The fragment is engraved on both sides with runes of the Anglo-Saxon runic alphabet, or futhorc. Only three letters survive on each face: these may be transliterated respectively as (dots indicate where further letters are missing): (a) ...G D E (b) T \u00c6 A... The runes are set in relief on a recessed background, which may originally have contained niello. It is not clear what object this very small and damaged fragment came from. Although the shape is superficially reminiscent of a seventh-century sword pommel, cut in half, such pommel fittings are hollow, not solid like this, and the fragment is also very small, and stylistically later in date.<\/p>\n
It is not possible to make much sense from such truncated inscriptions, but two tentative interpretations may be offered. (a), which is probably the end of a word, from its form is likely to be the end of a verb in the third person, past tense. This could have thus been part of a formula, 'X verb Y', as in 'X made' or 'owned Y'. (b) is probably the beginning of a word; D. Parsons, Institute for Name Studies, Nottingham University, has suggested that it might be a form of the Old English 'teah', meaning 'tie', 'fastening' or, secondarily, 'box', 'case', 'casket', 'coffer'. It is possible but unprovable that this word might be the Y element, or part of it, in the formula suggested by the [unknown] verb on the other side. If the full inscription did follow such a formula, then it follows that an X element must have preceded the verb represented by its last three letters on side (a).<\/p>\n
This would have implications for the original scale of the object. The small letters, cut in relief against a background possibly originally inlaid with niello, are typical of ninth-century Anglo-Saxon inscriptions, such as the \u00c6thelwulf and 'Lancashire' rings and the piece is likely to date to that period. The fact that the fragment has been both struck and chopped up, perhaps for use as bullion, might suggest that this took place in a context of Viking activity in the later ninth or tenth century; Kelvedon is on the edge of an area of Scandinavian settlement focussed on Colchester. Scientific analysis has indicated a gold content of 91-93%, silver content of 5-7% and copper content of 1-2%. The reverse has small silvery coloured inclusions visible on the surface containing the elements osmium, iridium and ruthenium, indicating that the gold came from alluvial sources. An alluvial source for gold has been identified in at least one other ninth-century Anglo-Saxon object. Dimensions: Maximum L 0.9cm; W 0.8cm; Maximum H 0.5 cm; Minimum H 0.2cm;m Weight 3.1 grams In 2001 a fragment of Anglo-Saxon gold buckle was found on the same farm. It is reported in the Treasure Annual Report 2001, page 50 and is now within the collections at Braintree Museum.<\/p>","notes":"
This object was reported as treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act. It has been acquired by Braintree Museum.<\/p>","reuse":null,"created":"2006-04-19 10:03:30","updated":"2011-09-12 14:44:00","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2005-08-14","datefound2":null,"inscription":"Futhorc runes","disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"5","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"79","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"cmcdonald","fullname":"Caroline McDonald","institution":"ESS","usernameUpdate":"jasonlundock","fullnameUpdate":"Jason Lundock","primaryMaterial":"Gold","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":"Fragment","preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"ESSEX","district":"BRAINTREE","knownas":"Kelvedon","gridRefSource":"GPS"},{"old_findID":"LEIC-ECFB83","id":"106255","uniqueID":"001431ED01701449","objecttype":"Spindle whorl","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":"14","diameter":"24","quantity":"1","other_ref":"Pre-PAS ID2246.1998","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1066","numdate2":"1500","culture":null,"description":"Medieval lead spindle whorl, 24 mm in diameter. The whorl is biconical, with decoration of dots on one side and debased runes on the other.","notes":"Pre-PAS identification","reuse":null,"created":"2005-09-07 11:33:43","updated":"2011-02-24 13:50:36","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"1998-12-31","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":"3","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"76","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"wscott","fullname":"Wendy Scott","institution":"LEIC","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":"Good","cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LEICESTERSHIRE","district":"MELTON","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Finder"},{"old_findID":"LEIC-38FE80","id":"103595","uniqueID":"00142F3915001BA4","objecttype":"Spindle whorl","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":"13","diameter":"25","quantity":"1","other_ref":"ID 1983","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"400","numdate2":"1100","culture":null,"description":"Saxon or Viking lead spindle whorl, 25mm in diameter and 13mm thick. It is decorated with a debased form of Saxon or Viking runes. The lettering apparently reads 'MATILD' (or 'MATILDA') and is in two scripts. ","notes":"Pre P.A.S. Interpretation","reuse":null,"created":"2005-08-05 16:18:24","updated":"2011-02-24 13:50:36","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":"0","objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"1997-02-14","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":null,"dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"3","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"76","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"wscott","fullname":"Wendy Scott","institution":"LEIC","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":"Good","cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LEICESTERSHIRE","district":"BLABY","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":"From Map"},{"old_findID":"LANCUM-DA4293","id":"98701","uniqueID":"00142ADA6D601481","objecttype":"Weight","classification":"Lead","subclass":null,"length":"31","height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"ROMAN","numdate1":"100","numdate2":"1200","culture":null,"description":"Roman or Medieval lead weight, most probably used as spindle whorl. It is plano-convex with a central perforation and while one side is decorated with a simple relief of 'sun rays' around the central perforation, the others bears a rune-like pattern made up of multiple mouldings of the 'algiz' rune (z). However, it is probably just a geometrical pattern, not actually the rune.\r
\r It has been noted that the weight of a spindle whorl is demostrative of the thickness of yarn produced, with lighter spindle whorls (3-5g) being used for spinning cotton and heavier ones (30-35g) for spinning wool (Margeson, S. 1993, 184). This example weighs 31.19g and so it seems likely that it would have been used to spin a heady material such as wool.\r
\r The dating of unstratified spindle whorls is difficult. However, Egan (1998, 256) has argued that there was an apparent lack of interest in developing decorative versions of spindle whorls during the Medieval period, compared to the decorative examples of Roman and Saxon periods. Although decorated examples are known from the Medieval period, it seems more likelz that such a decorative example is earlier and this artefact therefore dates to the Roman or Saxon period.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2005-06-13 15:31:34","updated":"2011-02-24 13:47:38","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"1990-01-01","datefound2":"1996-01-01","inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"188","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"dboughton","fullname":"Dot Boughton","institution":"LANCUM","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"ROMAN","periodTo":"MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LANCASHIRE","district":"RIBBLE VALLEY","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"DENO-B53B63","id":"66795","uniqueID":"00140AB55440139C","objecttype":"coin","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":"12","quantity":"1","other_ref":"Derby Museum entry no. E4117","treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"675","numdate2":"750","culture":null,"description":"Anglo Saxon sceat, c.675-c.750, inscribed (runic) series. The obverse shows a diademed bust facing right with the letters TNC in front. The reverse shows the runic letters PADA with three beads below, all within a beaded circle. The runes are blundered. There appears to be other, Roman, lettering around the circle, including an M. Weight 1.17g, diameter 12.0mm. See North, 1963, English Hammered coinage Vol 1, no.154, p40, fig 1.59.","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2004-05-19 13:38:28","updated":"2011-02-24 13:53:32","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"2003-01-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":null,"dateFoundFromCertainty":"1","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"1","subPeriodTo":"2","createdBy":"134","obverse_description":"A diademed bust facing right with the letters TNC in front.","obverse_inscription":"TNC","reverse_description":"The runic letters PADA with three beads below, all within a beaded circle. The runes are blundered. There appears to be other, Roman, lettering around the circle, including an M.","reverse_inscription":"PADA (runic, blundered)","denomination":"Sceat","degree_of_wear":"very fine","allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":"very fine","moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":"0","denominationQualifier":"1","mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"ratherton","fullname":"Rachel Atherton","institution":"DENO","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Struck or hammered","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"NORFOLK","district":"BRECKLAND","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"KENT4701","id":"40245","uniqueID":"0013EA1612901E36","objecttype":"COIN","classification":null,"subclass":null,"length":null,"height":null,"width":null,"thickness":null,"diameter":"6","quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"700","numdate2":"750","culture":null,"description":"
Silver Frisian sceatta. BMC 2c Series D.<\/p>\n
Obv. Crude radiate bust left with two runes in the shape of angular 'S's.<\/p>\n
Rev. Plain cross with pellets in angles, with runes.<\/p>","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2002-09-27 00:00:00","updated":"2012-05-22 10:51:31","secwfstage":"3","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":null,"datefound1":"2002-09-01","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":null,"objectCertainty":null,"dateFromCertainty":"1","dateToCertainty":"1","dateFoundFromCertainty":null,"dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":"2","subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"48","obverse_description":"Crude radiate bust left with two runes in the shape of angular 'S'.","obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":"Plain cross with pellets in angles, with runes.","reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":"Sceat","degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"arichardson","fullname":"Andrew Richardson","institution":"KENT","usernameUpdate":"mattbutler","fullnameUpdate":"Matt Butler","primaryMaterial":"Silver","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Struck or hammered","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":null,"cert":null,"periodFrom":"EARLY MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"KENT","district":"GRAVESHAM","knownas":null,"gridRefSource":null},{"old_findID":"NLM4667","id":"12128","uniqueID":"0013EA1612201F90","objecttype":"CROSS","classification":"Absolution","subclass":null,"length":"42.1","height":null,"width":"25.2","thickness":"2","diameter":null,"quantity":"1","other_ref":null,"treasureID":null,"broadperiod":"MEDIEVAL","numdate1":"1200","numdate2":"1540","culture":null,"description":"
Lead absolution cross. The cross is complete and the terminal of the lower arm is pierced. Both sides of the cross are inscribed, however it is very worn in places. I am extremely grateful to Dr John Higgett at Edinburgh University for the following identification. The small size of the object accounts for the rather rough-looking lettering. On the right-hand face (if the hole is seen as the bottom) it looks as if there may have been the names of the evangelists. In the upper arm there might be the letters: <\/p>\r MAT
\r [.]EV[.]
\r [\/M\/]A[\/R\/]\r
Below the break there seem to be the bottoms of letters, perhaps angular C, V and a form of S with a vertical stem. An S with a vertical stem could derive from Insular minuscule scripts. There is an example on the 10th- to 11th-century Brussels Cross. Or possibly it is a runic S. That would give:
\r [\/C\/V\/S\/]
\r Below that we seem to have:
\r [\/7\/]IO
\r The text then continues vertically with the feet pointing to the left.
\r A[\/NN\/]E
\r <\/p>\r
This is followed by one or perhaps two letters. \r It is reasonable to reconstruct MAT[\/H\/]EV[\/S\/], MARCVS and IOANNE[\/S\/]. The character that has been transcribed as 7 is perhaps the 7-like symbol for Old English \/and\/ or Latin \/et\/ (found in a right-angled form, for example, on the Brussels Cross). Otherwise, this letter may have been T (part of ET?).
\r The evangelist that is missing from the script is Luke. It is likely that we would be looking for LVCAS in the right-hand arm of the cross, however the surface is too damaged for anything to be certain in the photograph.
\r The left-hand arm has a form that I take to be the \u2018Constantinian' form of the \/chi\/-\/rho\/ monogram of the first two letters of Christ's name in Greek. The \/chi\/ (X) is clear, as is the vertical of \/rho\/ (P). The bowl of the \/rho\/ is formed of two short straight lines. The indistinct forms beneath the \/chi\/ are probably meant to be the \/alpha\/ and \/omega\/ that are often found accompanying this monogram.
\r The other side of the cross is more problematic since it is difficult to make out anything on the upper arm. There seem to be two horizontal lines of writing going across the cross-arms, although it is unclear if they read continuously. On the left the horizontal would probably be the bottom of angular C, E or M. Then there is an uncertain letter, which is followed by a probable N. <\/p>\r
On the right there is what looks like IX. The \u2018X' might perhaps be runic: g in Anglo-Saxon runes (or perhaps a in Danish runes). \r In the next line we may have [\/T\/]ER followed by a gap.
\r The inscription again turns to a vertical layout on the stem of the cross. The first character is uncertain and all that can be seen is a diagonal stroke (or an inclined vertical). After that there seems to be an angular R, an I, what is probably a reversed N and another I.
\r [.]RI\/N\/I
\r It is unclear what this means.
\r
\r Alternatively but less probably, reading from the \u2018bottom' upwards, perhaps I[\/N\/]RI, which in the later Middle Ages and more recent times is often used to stand for \/Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum\/. How often the abbreviation is found in the early Middle Ages though is uncertain.
\r It is hard to judge the script from what must be extremely small letters scratched onto the lead. The letters seem mainly to be capitals. The A with a head-bar but no cross bar can be found in a number of Anglo-Saxon inscriptions. I have already mentioned the possible use of an S derived from a minuscule script. Again there are parallels in Anglo-Saxon inscriptions. The T in MAT looks like an angular version of the minuscule letter. Such mixed capitals are common in Anglo-Saxon inscriptions both in Latin and in Old English. It is possible but not certain that one or two runic characters were mixed in with the capitals. Again parallels can be found in Anglo-Saxon inscriptions.
\r <\/p>\r
The \u2018Constantinian' \/chi\/-\/rho\/ monogram is surprising and perhaps derives from the use of the monogram in charters. Regarding the date of the object, the lettering probably dates from the middle to later Anglo-Saxon period. It is possible that it is not English but the lettering could certainly be pre-Conquest English. The question of which way up it was to be viewed may be interesting. If suspended from the hole and worn around the neck of a living (or dead) person the text would be upside-down for the rest of the world but the right way up for the wearer. Lead crosses were sometimes used in the late pre-Conquest period and later in tombs to identify corpses, but it is possible that instead this was an amulet of some kind. Inscribed pieces of lead (not crosses) have been in Anglo-Saxon contexts in recent years at Flixborough and Kirkdale. <\/p>\r
Usually inscribed lead crosses were laid on the breast of the deceased as a form of absolution. This practice became more common in the second half of the eleventh century. Bury St. Edmunds has produced the largest number of these crosses dating from the 12th century. A series of plain poorly made crosses, possibly from 14th century plague pits, is known from the London Greyfriars (Cherry, J. Finds Research Group Datasheet 2 - 'Some Ecclesiastical and Monastic Finds')\r <\/p>\r ","notes":null,"reuse":null,"created":"2000-11-22 00:00:00","updated":"2011-02-24 13:15:37","secwfstage":"4","findofnote":null,"objecttypecert":"1","datefound1":"1999-06-16","datefound2":null,"inscription":null,"disccircum":null,"museumAccession":null,"subsequentAction":"1","objectCertainty":"1","dateFromCertainty":"2","dateToCertainty":"3","dateFoundFromCertainty":"3","dateFoundToCertainty":null,"subPeriodFrom":null,"subPeriodTo":null,"createdBy":"29","obverse_description":null,"obverse_inscription":null,"reverse_description":null,"reverse_inscription":null,"denomination":null,"degree_of_wear":null,"allen_type":null,"va_type":null,"mack":null,"reeceID":null,"die":null,"wearID":null,"moneyer":null,"revtypeID":null,"categoryID":null,"typeID":null,"tribeID":null,"status":null,"rulerQualifier":null,"denominationQualifier":null,"mintQualifier":null,"dieAxisCertainty":null,"initialMark":null,"reverseMintMark":null,"statusQualifier":null,"reason":null,"username":"melwes","fullname":"Marina Elwes","institution":"NLM","usernameUpdate":"dpett","fullnameUpdate":"Daniel Pett","primaryMaterial":"Lead","secondaryMaterial":null,"decoration":null,"style":null,"manufacture":"Cast","surfaceTreatment":null,"completeness":null,"preservation":"Fair","cert":"Certain","periodFrom":"MEDIEVAL","periodTo":null,"discmethod":"Metal detector","tribe":null,"region":null,"area":null,"ruler1":null,"ruler2":null,"period_name":null,"date_range":null,"mint_name":null,"wear":null,"category":null,"type":null,"reverseType":null,"county":"LINCOLNSHIRE","district":"SOUTH KESTEVEN","knownas":"LINCOLNSHIRE MARSTON","gridRefSource":"From Map"}]},"params":{"description":"rune","format":"json"}}